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Linear Circuits
An introduction to linear electric components and a study of circuits
containing such devices.
Dr. Bonnie Ferri
Professor
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Concept Map
2
Background
Resistive
Circuits
Reactive
Circuits
Frequency
Analysis
Power
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2
3 4
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Concept Map: Power
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Background
Resistive
Circuits
Reactive
Circuits
Frequency
Analysis
Power
Impedance,
phasors
Max power
transfer
Power
Concept Map: Power
4
Background
Resistive
Circuits
Reactive
Circuits
Frequency
Analysis
Impedance,
phasors
Max power
transfer
Power
Apparent power
Reactive power
Power factor
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Nathan V. Parrish
PhD Candidate & Graduate
Research Assistant
School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Root Mean Square
Introduce the root mean square statistic and how to calculate it.
Identify the equation for calculating root mean
square (RMS) value
Calculate the RMS values of simple periodic
functions
Find peak value from RMS
Lesson Objectives
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Average of a Sinusoid
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Root Mean Square
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Root Mean Square Example
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The voltage that goes into your home is
described by the root-mean-square
voltage. In the US, the voltage is
sinusoidal with 120V rms at 60 Hz.
What is the peak amplitude?
Example
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Defined the root mean square calculation
Calculated the RMS values of
Sinusoidal functions
Triangular functions
Applied to home power voltages
Summary
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Nathan V. Parrish
PhD Candidate & Graduate
Research Assistant
School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Power Factor and
Power Triangles
Part 1
Gain an understanding of the way that sinusoidal power is analyzed.
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Identify average power in resistive and
reactive devices
Calculate complex power
Lesson Objectives
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Instantaneous Power
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Average Power
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Average Power
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Complex Power
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What Complex Power Represents
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Calculated complex power
Identified the meaning behind complex power
Summary
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Nathan V. Parrish
PhD Candidate & Graduate
Research Assistant
School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Power Factor and
Power Triangles
Part 2
Gain an understanding of the way that sinusoidal power is analyzed.
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Use power triangles
Calculate
Power angle and power factor
Real and reactive power
Apparent power
Lesson Objectives
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Review of Complex Power
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Power Factor
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Complex Power for Impedances
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Complex Power for Impedances
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Complex Power for Impedances
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Complex Power for Impedances
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Complex Power for Impedances
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Only real power is being transformed to
heat/light/etc.
Reactive power causes increased current, so
more power is consumed by resistive
transmission lines
Private customers generally only charged for real
power, industrial customers charged for both
Implications
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Defined
Power angle and power factor
Real and reactive power
Apparent power
Illustrated using power triangles
Summary
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Nathan V. Parrish
PhD Candidate & Graduate
Research Assistant
School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Transformers
Present transformers, a circuit device commonly used in power
applications.
Identify physical transformers and their
circuit representations
Describe the physical function of
transformers
Lesson Objectives
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Transformer
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Primary Winding Secondary Winding
Amperes Law
Faradays Law of Induction
Relationship of Magnetic Field and Current
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Transformers are AC
devices
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Linear Transformer Model
Used primarily for communications applications
Uses impedances for analysis
Ideal Transformer Model
Used primarily for power transfer
Uses voltages and number of coil turns
Two Transformer Models
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Introduced transformers as a circuit device
Described the physical behavior of these
devices
Introduced two analysis models
Summary
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Nathan V. Parrish
PhD Candidate & Graduate
Research Assistant
School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Linear Model of
Transformers
Present linear model for analyzing transformers.
Identify the linear model of transformers
Use circuit analysis to analyze the behavior of
a transformer system
Apply this analysis to solving a transformer
circuit problem
Lesson Objectives
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Linear Transformer
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Reflected
impedance
Transformer Example
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Nathan V. Parrish
PhD Candidate & Graduate
Research Assistant
School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Ideal Transformers
Use the ideal transformer model for transformer analysis.
Identify the assumptions used for the ideal
transformer model
Use the ideal transformer model for doing
simple circuit analysis
Describe the importance of transformers in
power transmission
Lesson Objectives
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k : Coefficient of Coupling
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Coupling coefficient k=1
L1 = L2 =
Losses from coil
resistances are
negligible
The Ideal Transformer
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Properties of the Ideal Transformer
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Example
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Transformers allow a change from one
voltage to another voltage
High-voltage low-current power transmission
allows long-distance power distribution
systems
Implications
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Showed the ideal transformer model
Used the model to solve an example
system
Identified the usefulness of transformers
for power transmission
Summary
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Nathan V. Parrish
PhD Candidate & Graduate
Research Assistant
School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Linear Variable
Differential
Transformer
Explore LVDT sensors devices which use mutual inductance for
measurement.
Explain how LVDT sensors work
Identify relative position measured by a
LVDT based on magnitude and phase
Lesson Objectives
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Linear Variable Differential Transformer
Amplitude shows
displacement
Phase shows
direction
Capable of very high precision
Completely electrically shielded
Can operate in extreme conditions
Benefits of LVDT
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Described the behavior of LVDT sensors
Described how to identify the position by
measuring the voltage and phase
Described the benefits of such a sensor
Summary
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Presented the linear model
Derived the phenomenon of reflected
impedance
Used circuit analysis to analyze an example
transformer circuit
Summary
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Power
Concept Map: Power
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Background
Resistive
Circuits
Reactive
Circuits
Frequency
Analysis
Impedance,
phasors
Max power
transfer
Power
Apparent power
Reactive power
Power factor
Transformers
Be able to calculate the root-mean square of a periodic
function
Recognize that RMS is invariant to frequency
Use known RMS value equations to find RMS values
given peak values
Use known RMS value equations to find peak value
given RMS values
Important Concepts and Skills
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Calculate the complex power from either equations or phasors
Generate power triangles
Using power triangles, be able to find
Apparent power, |S|
Real (or average) power, P
Reactive power, Q
Power factor
Power angle
Important Concepts and Skills
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Using the phase angle, identify if a load is resistive,
capacitive, or inductive
From equations, identify if a load is resistive,
capacitive, or inductive
From a plot of current and voltage, identify if a load is
reactive, capacitive, or inductive
Recognize if a system is leading or lagging
Important Concepts and Skills
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Calculate the impedance which gives maximal power
transfer
Calculate the average power consumed when the load
gives maximal power transfer
Find the optimal purely resistive load for constrained
maximal power transfer
Calculate average power for purely resistive load
Important Concepts and Skills
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Describe the physical effects which make transformers work
Use the linear model to analyze a circuit with a transformer
Use the ideal model to analyze a circuit with a transformer
Identify circumstances when a transformer is an appropriate device to be
used in a system
Explain how the use of transformers allow long-distance power
distribution
Describe why transformers do not typically function for direct current
systems
Identify, from amplitude and phase, the relative displacement for an LVDT
transformer
Important Concepts and Skills
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