Closed sets.

Hausdor spaces 1 / 14
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces
2014-08-04 11:00
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Denition and properties 2 / 14
1 Denition and properties
2 Closure and interior
3 Hausdor spaces
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Denition and properties 2 / 14
Closed sets
Denition (Closed sets)
Let X be a space. We say that A is closed if X `A is open.
Unless we explicitly say otherwise, R will denote the space
of the real numbers with usual topology.
Examples
Any interval of the form [a; b] X, where X has the
order topology, is closed.
The set [0; 1) R is not closed (nor open), where R has
the usual topology.
In a discrete topology, any set is closed.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Denition and properties 2 / 14
Closed sets
Denition (Closed sets)
Let X be a space. We say that A is closed if X `A is open.
Unless we explicitly say otherwise, R will denote the space
of the real numbers with usual topology.
Examples
Any interval of the form [a; b] X, where X has the
order topology, is closed.
The set [0; 1) R is not closed (nor open), where R has
the usual topology.
In a discrete topology, any set is closed.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Denition and properties 2 / 14
Closed sets
Denition (Closed sets)
Let X be a space. We say that A is closed if X `A is open.
Unless we explicitly say otherwise, R will denote the space
of the real numbers with usual topology.
Examples
Any interval of the form [a; b] X, where X has the
order topology, is closed.
The set [0; 1) R is not closed (nor open), where R has
the usual topology.
In a discrete topology, any set is closed.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Denition and properties 2 / 14
Closed sets
Denition (Closed sets)
Let X be a space. We say that A is closed if X `A is open.
Unless we explicitly say otherwise, R will denote the space
of the real numbers with usual topology.
Examples
Any interval of the form [a; b] X, where X has the
order topology, is closed.
The set [0; 1) R is not closed (nor open), where R has
the usual topology.
In a discrete topology, any set is closed.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Denition and properties 2 / 14
Closed sets
Denition (Closed sets)
Let X be a space. We say that A is closed if X `A is open.
Unless we explicitly say otherwise, R will denote the space
of the real numbers with usual topology.
Examples
Any interval of the form [a; b] X, where X has the
order topology, is closed.
The set [0; 1) R is not closed (nor open), where R has
the usual topology.
In a discrete topology, any set is closed.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Denition and properties 2 / 14
Closed sets
Denition (Closed sets)
Let X be a space. We say that A is closed if X `A is open.
Unless we explicitly say otherwise, R will denote the space
of the real numbers with usual topology.
Examples
Any interval of the form [a; b] X, where X has the
order topology, is closed.
The set [0; 1) R is not closed (nor open), where R has
the usual topology.
In a discrete topology, any set is closed.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Denition and properties 3 / 14
Properties of closed sets
Theorem (Properties of closed sets)
Let X be a space. Then:
; and X are closed.
If A

is closed for each 2 I , then \

2I
A

is closed.
If A
1
; A
2
are closed, then A
1
[ A
2
is closed.
Proof.
Prove that if a collection of subsets of X satises the
previous conditions, then their complements form a
topology.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Denition and properties 3 / 14
Properties of closed sets
Theorem (Properties of closed sets)
Let X be a space. Then:
; and X are closed.
If A

is closed for each 2 I , then \

2I
A

is closed.
If A
1
; A
2
are closed, then A
1
[ A
2
is closed.
Proof.
Prove that if a collection of subsets of X satises the
previous conditions, then their complements form a
topology.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Denition and properties 3 / 14
Properties of closed sets
Theorem (Properties of closed sets)
Let X be a space. Then:
; and X are closed.
If A

is closed for each 2 I , then \

2I
A

is closed.
If A
1
; A
2
are closed, then A
1
[ A
2
is closed.
Proof.
Prove that if a collection of subsets of X satises the
previous conditions, then their complements form a
topology.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Denition and properties 3 / 14
Properties of closed sets
Theorem (Properties of closed sets)
Let X be a space. Then:
; and X are closed.
If A

is closed for each 2 I , then \

2I
A

is closed.
If A
1
; A
2
are closed, then A
1
[ A
2
is closed.
Proof.
Prove that if a collection of subsets of X satises the
previous conditions, then their complements form a
topology.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Denition and properties 3 / 14
Properties of closed sets
Theorem (Properties of closed sets)
Let X be a space. Then:
; and X are closed.
If A

is closed for each 2 I , then \

2I
A

is closed.
If A
1
; A
2
are closed, then A
1
[ A
2
is closed.
Proof.
Prove that if a collection of subsets of X satises the
previous conditions, then their complements form a
topology.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Denition and properties 3 / 14
Properties of closed sets
Theorem (Properties of closed sets)
Let X be a space. Then:
; and X are closed.
If A

is closed for each 2 I , then \

2I
A

is closed.
If A
1
; A
2
are closed, then A
1
[ A
2
is closed.
Proof.
Prove that if a collection of subsets of X satises the
previous conditions, then their complements form a
topology.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Denition and properties 4 / 14
Properties of closed sets
Theorem (Closed in subspaces)
Let Y be a subspace of X. Then A Y is closed in Y if
and only if there is C X closed in X such that
A = C \ Y.
Proof.
Theorem (Closed in closed)
Let Y be a subspace of X. If Y is closed in X and A Y
is closed in Y, then A is closed in X.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Denition and properties 4 / 14
Properties of closed sets
Theorem (Closed in subspaces)
Let Y be a subspace of X. Then A Y is closed in Y if
and only if there is C X closed in X such that
A = C \ Y.
Proof.
Theorem (Closed in closed)
Let Y be a subspace of X. If Y is closed in X and A Y
is closed in Y, then A is closed in X.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Denition and properties 4 / 14
Properties of closed sets
Theorem (Closed in subspaces)
Let Y be a subspace of X. Then A Y is closed in Y if
and only if there is C X closed in X such that
A = C \ Y.
Proof.
Theorem (Closed in closed)
Let Y be a subspace of X. If Y is closed in X and A Y
is closed in Y, then A is closed in X.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 5 / 14
Closure
Denition (Closure)
Let X be a space and D X. The closure of D is the
intersection of all closed sets that contain D. It is denoted
by D
Lemma
D is closed if and only if D = D.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 5 / 14
Closure
Denition (Closure)
Let X be a space and D X. The closure of D is the
intersection of all closed sets that contain D. It is denoted
by D
Lemma
D is closed if and only if D = D.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 6 / 14
Characterization of closure
Theorem (Properties of closure)
The closure of D X satises:
D is closed.
D D.
If A X is closed and D A, then D A.
Theorem (Characterization of closure)
The rst three properties in the last theorem characterize
D, in the sense that if R is a closed set that contains D,
and that is contained in any closed set that contains D,
then we must have R = D.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 6 / 14
Characterization of closure
Theorem (Properties of closure)
The closure of D X satises:
D is closed.
D D.
If A X is closed and D A, then D A.
Theorem (Characterization of closure)
The rst three properties in the last theorem characterize
D, in the sense that if R is a closed set that contains D,
and that is contained in any closed set that contains D,
then we must have R = D.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 6 / 14
Characterization of closure
Theorem (Properties of closure)
The closure of D X satises:
D is closed.
D D.
If A X is closed and D A, then D A.
Theorem (Characterization of closure)
The rst three properties in the last theorem characterize
D, in the sense that if R is a closed set that contains D,
and that is contained in any closed set that contains D,
then we must have R = D.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 6 / 14
Characterization of closure
Theorem (Properties of closure)
The closure of D X satises:
D is closed.
D D.
If A X is closed and D A, then D A.
Theorem (Characterization of closure)
The rst three properties in the last theorem characterize
D, in the sense that if R is a closed set that contains D,
and that is contained in any closed set that contains D,
then we must have R = D.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 6 / 14
Characterization of closure
Theorem (Properties of closure)
The closure of D X satises:
D is closed.
D D.
If A X is closed and D A, then D A.
Theorem (Characterization of closure)
The rst three properties in the last theorem characterize
D, in the sense that if R is a closed set that contains D,
and that is contained in any closed set that contains D,
then we must have R = D.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 7 / 14
Closure and subspaces
Note
If Y is a subspace of X and D Y, the closure of D in Y
and the closure of D in X might be dierent. The notation
D will always denote the closure in X.
Theorem (Closure and subspaces)
Let Y be a subspace of X and D Y. Then the closure
of D in Y equals D \ Y.
Proof.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 7 / 14
Closure and subspaces
Note
If Y is a subspace of X and D Y, the closure of D in Y
and the closure of D in X might be dierent. The notation
D will always denote the closure in X.
Theorem (Closure and subspaces)
Let Y be a subspace of X and D Y. Then the closure
of D in Y equals D \ Y.
Proof.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 7 / 14
Closure and subspaces
Note
If Y is a subspace of X and D Y, the closure of D in Y
and the closure of D in X might be dierent. The notation
D will always denote the closure in X.
Theorem (Closure and subspaces)
Let Y be a subspace of X and D Y. Then the closure
of D in Y equals D \ Y.
Proof.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 8 / 14
Other characterizations of closure
Denition (Intersecting sets)
We will say that the set A intersects the set B if A\B 6= ;
Denition (Neighborhood)
If x 2 X, a neigborhood of x is an open set U such that
x 2 U.
Theorem (Points in closure)
Let X be a space, A X and x 2 X. Then
x 2 A if and only if every neighborhood of x intersects A.
If the topology of X is given by the basis B, then x 2 A
if and only if every B 2 B that contains x intersects A.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 8 / 14
Other characterizations of closure
Denition (Intersecting sets)
We will say that the set A intersects the set B if A\B 6= ;
Denition (Neighborhood)
If x 2 X, a neigborhood of x is an open set U such that
x 2 U.
Theorem (Points in closure)
Let X be a space, A X and x 2 X. Then
x 2 A if and only if every neighborhood of x intersects A.
If the topology of X is given by the basis B, then x 2 A
if and only if every B 2 B that contains x intersects A.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 8 / 14
Other characterizations of closure
Denition (Intersecting sets)
We will say that the set A intersects the set B if A\B 6= ;
Denition (Neighborhood)
If x 2 X, a neigborhood of x is an open set U such that
x 2 U.
Theorem (Points in closure)
Let X be a space, A X and x 2 X. Then
x 2 A if and only if every neighborhood of x intersects A.
If the topology of X is given by the basis B, then x 2 A
if and only if every B 2 B that contains x intersects A.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 8 / 14
Other characterizations of closure
Denition (Intersecting sets)
We will say that the set A intersects the set B if A\B 6= ;
Denition (Neighborhood)
If x 2 X, a neigborhood of x is an open set U such that
x 2 U.
Theorem (Points in closure)
Let X be a space, A X and x 2 X. Then
x 2 A if and only if every neighborhood of x intersects A.
If the topology of X is given by the basis B, then x 2 A
if and only if every B 2 B that contains x intersects A.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 8 / 14
Other characterizations of closure
Denition (Intersecting sets)
We will say that the set A intersects the set B if A\B 6= ;
Denition (Neighborhood)
If x 2 X, a neigborhood of x is an open set U such that
x 2 U.
Theorem (Points in closure)
Let X be a space, A X and x 2 X. Then
x 2 A if and only if every neighborhood of x intersects A.
If the topology of X is given by the basis B, then x 2 A
if and only if every B 2 B that contains x intersects A.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 9 / 14
Examples of closures
Examples
If A = (0; 1] R, then A = [0; 1].
If A = Q R, then A = R.
In R with conite topology, if A R is nite, then
A = A. What is A for A = N?
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 9 / 14
Examples of closures
Examples
If A = (0; 1] R, then A = [0; 1].
If A = Q R, then A = R.
In R with conite topology, if A R is nite, then
A = A. What is A for A = N?
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 9 / 14
Examples of closures
Examples
If A = (0; 1] R, then A = [0; 1].
If A = Q R, then A = R.
In R with conite topology, if A R is nite, then
A = A. What is A for A = N?
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 9 / 14
Examples of closures
Examples
If A = (0; 1] R, then A = [0; 1].
If A = Q R, then A = R.
In R with conite topology, if A R is nite, then
A = A. What is A for A = N?
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 10 / 14
Limit points
Denition (Limit point)
Let X be a space, A X and x 2 X. We say that x is a
limit point of A if every neighborhood of x intersects A in
a point dierent from x. We denote the set of all limit
points of A by A
0
.
Theorem (Closure and limit points)
Let X be a space and A X. Then A = A [ A
0
.
It follows that A is closed if and only if A
0
A.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 10 / 14
Limit points
Denition (Limit point)
Let X be a space, A X and x 2 X. We say that x is a
limit point of A if every neighborhood of x intersects A in
a point dierent from x. We denote the set of all limit
points of A by A
0
.
Theorem (Closure and limit points)
Let X be a space and A X. Then A = A [ A
0
.
It follows that A is closed if and only if A
0
A.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 10 / 14
Limit points
Denition (Limit point)
Let X be a space, A X and x 2 X. We say that x is a
limit point of A if every neighborhood of x intersects A in
a point dierent from x. We denote the set of all limit
points of A by A
0
.
Theorem (Closure and limit points)
Let X be a space and A X. Then A = A [ A
0
.
It follows that A is closed if and only if A
0
A.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 11 / 14
Interior
Denition (Interior)
Let X be a space and D X. The interior of D is the
union of all open sets contained D. It is denoted by D

.
Theorem (Properties of interior)
The interior of D X satises:
D

is open.
D

D.
If U X is open and U D, then U D

.
U is open if and only if U = U

.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 11 / 14
Interior
Denition (Interior)
Let X be a space and D X. The interior of D is the
union of all open sets contained D. It is denoted by D

.
Theorem (Properties of interior)
The interior of D X satises:
D

is open.
D

D.
If U X is open and U D, then U D

.
U is open if and only if U = U

.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 11 / 14
Interior
Denition (Interior)
Let X be a space and D X. The interior of D is the
union of all open sets contained D. It is denoted by D

.
Theorem (Properties of interior)
The interior of D X satises:
D

is open.
D

D.
If U X is open and U D, then U D

.
U is open if and only if U = U

.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 11 / 14
Interior
Denition (Interior)
Let X be a space and D X. The interior of D is the
union of all open sets contained D. It is denoted by D

.
Theorem (Properties of interior)
The interior of D X satises:
D

is open.
D

D.
If U X is open and U D, then U D

.
U is open if and only if U = U

.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 11 / 14
Interior
Denition (Interior)
Let X be a space and D X. The interior of D is the
union of all open sets contained D. It is denoted by D

.
Theorem (Properties of interior)
The interior of D X satises:
D

is open.
D

D.
If U X is open and U D, then U D

.
U is open if and only if U = U

.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Closure and interior 11 / 14
Interior
Denition (Interior)
Let X be a space and D X. The interior of D is the
union of all open sets contained D. It is denoted by D

.
Theorem (Properties of interior)
The interior of D X satises:
D

is open.
D

D.
If U X is open and U D, then U D

.
U is open if and only if U = U

.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Hausdor spaces 12 / 14
Denition
Denition (Hausdor space)
We say that the space X is Hausdor if for any x; y 2 X
such that x 6= y, there are disjoint neigborhoods U; V of
x; y, respectively.
Examples
Any totally ordered set with the order topology is
Hausdor.
The product of two Hausdor spaces is Hausdor.
Any subspace of a Hausdor space is Hausdor.
The Sierpinski space is not Hausdor.
Is the conite topology on N Hausdor?
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Hausdor spaces 12 / 14
Denition
Denition (Hausdor space)
We say that the space X is Hausdor if for any x; y 2 X
such that x 6= y, there are disjoint neigborhoods U; V of
x; y, respectively.
Examples
Any totally ordered set with the order topology is
Hausdor.
The product of two Hausdor spaces is Hausdor.
Any subspace of a Hausdor space is Hausdor.
The Sierpinski space is not Hausdor.
Is the conite topology on N Hausdor?
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Hausdor spaces 12 / 14
Denition
Denition (Hausdor space)
We say that the space X is Hausdor if for any x; y 2 X
such that x 6= y, there are disjoint neigborhoods U; V of
x; y, respectively.
Examples
Any totally ordered set with the order topology is
Hausdor.
The product of two Hausdor spaces is Hausdor.
Any subspace of a Hausdor space is Hausdor.
The Sierpinski space is not Hausdor.
Is the conite topology on N Hausdor?
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Hausdor spaces 12 / 14
Denition
Denition (Hausdor space)
We say that the space X is Hausdor if for any x; y 2 X
such that x 6= y, there are disjoint neigborhoods U; V of
x; y, respectively.
Examples
Any totally ordered set with the order topology is
Hausdor.
The product of two Hausdor spaces is Hausdor.
Any subspace of a Hausdor space is Hausdor.
The Sierpinski space is not Hausdor.
Is the conite topology on N Hausdor?
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Hausdor spaces 12 / 14
Denition
Denition (Hausdor space)
We say that the space X is Hausdor if for any x; y 2 X
such that x 6= y, there are disjoint neigborhoods U; V of
x; y, respectively.
Examples
Any totally ordered set with the order topology is
Hausdor.
The product of two Hausdor spaces is Hausdor.
Any subspace of a Hausdor space is Hausdor.
The Sierpinski space is not Hausdor.
Is the conite topology on N Hausdor?
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Hausdor spaces 12 / 14
Denition
Denition (Hausdor space)
We say that the space X is Hausdor if for any x; y 2 X
such that x 6= y, there are disjoint neigborhoods U; V of
x; y, respectively.
Examples
Any totally ordered set with the order topology is
Hausdor.
The product of two Hausdor spaces is Hausdor.
Any subspace of a Hausdor space is Hausdor.
The Sierpinski space is not Hausdor.
Is the conite topology on N Hausdor?
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Hausdor spaces 12 / 14
Denition
Denition (Hausdor space)
We say that the space X is Hausdor if for any x; y 2 X
such that x 6= y, there are disjoint neigborhoods U; V of
x; y, respectively.
Examples
Any totally ordered set with the order topology is
Hausdor.
The product of two Hausdor spaces is Hausdor.
Any subspace of a Hausdor space is Hausdor.
The Sierpinski space is not Hausdor.
Is the conite topology on N Hausdor?
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Hausdor spaces 13 / 14
Properties of Hausdor spaces
Theorem (Points in Hausdor)
Every singleton in a Hausdor space is a closed set.
Proof.
Theorem (Limit points in Hausdor)
Let X be a Hausdor space and A X. Then x 2 X is a
limit point of A if and only if every neigborhood of x
contains innitely many points of A.
Proof.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Hausdor spaces 13 / 14
Properties of Hausdor spaces
Theorem (Points in Hausdor)
Every singleton in a Hausdor space is a closed set.
Proof.
Theorem (Limit points in Hausdor)
Let X be a Hausdor space and A X. Then x 2 X is a
limit point of A if and only if every neigborhood of x
contains innitely many points of A.
Proof.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Hausdor spaces 13 / 14
Properties of Hausdor spaces
Theorem (Points in Hausdor)
Every singleton in a Hausdor space is a closed set.
Proof.
Theorem (Limit points in Hausdor)
Let X be a Hausdor space and A X. Then x 2 X is a
limit point of A if and only if every neigborhood of x
contains innitely many points of A.
Proof.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Hausdor spaces 13 / 14
Properties of Hausdor spaces
Theorem (Points in Hausdor)
Every singleton in a Hausdor space is a closed set.
Proof.
Theorem (Limit points in Hausdor)
Let X be a Hausdor space and A X. Then x 2 X is a
limit point of A if and only if every neigborhood of x
contains innitely many points of A.
Proof.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Hausdor spaces 14 / 14
T
1
spaces
Singletons are closed if and only if T
1
Exercise: A
0
is closed for any A X.
Conite topology is T
1
.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Hausdor spaces 14 / 14
T
1
spaces
Singletons are closed if and only if T
1
Exercise: A
0
is closed for any A X.
Conite topology is T
1
.
Closed sets. Hausdor spaces j Hausdor spaces 14 / 14
T
1
spaces
Singletons are closed if and only if T
1
Exercise: A
0
is closed for any A X.
Conite topology is T
1
.