L-1 Introductionto Computer - PPSX

Introduction to Computer
Contents
What is a Computer
Characteristics of Computer
History of Computer
Generations of Computer
Classification of Computers
Computer System
Input-Process-Output Concept
Components of Computer Hardware
Application of Computers

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What is a Computer
Computer is an electronic device that
accepts data as input, processes the input
data by performing mathematical and
logical operations on it, and gives the
desired output.
Two categories
Digital Computer
Analog Computer

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Characteristics of Computer
Speed
Accuracy
Diligence
Storage capability
Versatility
Automation

History of Computer
Calculating machines ABACUS
Napiers Bone
Slide Rule
Pascals Adding and Subtraction Machine
Leibnizs Multiplication and Dividing Machine
Punch card system
Babbages Analytical Engine
Holleriths punched card tabulating machine
Evolution of computer to the current state
Five generations
Categorized on the basis of
Technology used by them (hardware and
software)
Computing characteristics (speed - number of
instructions executed per second)
Physical appearance
Their applications

First
1940-56
Vacuum
Tubes
Second
1956-63
Transistors
Third
1964-71
Integrated
Circuits
Fourth
1971-Present
Microprocess
ors
Fifth
Present and
Next
Artificial
Intelligence
First Generation: 1940-56
Vacuum tubes, magnetic drums,
punched cards, paper tapes and
printouts
Machine language
Computation time in milliseconds
Enormous in size
For scientific applications
Examples
UNIVersal Automatic Computer
(UNIVAC)
Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Calculator (ENIAC)
Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer (EDVAC)
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Punched Card
UNIVAC
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First Generation: 1940-56
Time magazine ran the cover story "The
Brain Builders" on Tom Watson, Jr., and
IBM on March 28, 1955. IBM had just
installed a model 702 Electronic Data
Processing Machine in its Monsanto HQ in
St. Louis, called "the giant brain." It had
2,500 tubes, did 7,200 logical operations
per sec., with punch card and magnetic
tape storage. It was the result of IBM slogan
"Think" and Tom Watson, Jr., who took over
presidency of IBM in 1952, and who led the
battle to automate American business. IBM
had orders for 14 model 702s at a monthly
rental of $20,000, and had delivered 19 of
the earlier model 701. The AEC had 3
model 701 machines, the Weather Bureau
had one model 701. IBM had just delivered
the NORC computer to the Navy, and had
109 orders for the new 704 and 705 models
that will cost IBM $1 million each to build.
Source: http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/recording/watson.html
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Second Generation: 1956-1963
Transistors, magnetic core technology
, magnetic tapes and magnetic disks,
concept of a stored program
Assembly language
Computation time in microseconds.
Reduced size compared to first
generation computers
Cost of commercial production was
very high
Examples
PDP-8
IBM 1401
CDC 1604
Third Generation: 1964-1971
Integrated Circuit (IC) chips, keyboard,
Monitor
Operating system, High-level languages
Computation time in nanoseconds
Quite small compared to second
generation computers
Accessible to mass audience
Produced commercially
Examples
IBM 370
PDP 11

DEC PDP 11
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Fourth Generation: 1971-Present
LSI, VLSI, Microprocessor, PC,
Semiconductor Memory, Linking of
computers, Mouse and Handheld Devices
GUI, OS like MS-DOS and MS-Windows
High-Level Programming Languages
Computation time in picoseconds
Smaller than computers of previous
generation
Widely available for commercial purposes
PC for home user
Examples
Intel 4004 chip was the first Microprocessor
IBM, Apples Macintosh
Fifth Generation: Present & Next
Using Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Expert Systems (ES), Neuro Linguistic
Programming (NLP), Speech recognition, Voice
recognition, Robotics etc.

Capable of learning and self organization

SLSI (Super-Large Scale Integration), large memory

Parallel processing

First
Generation
Second
Generation
Third
Generation
Fourth
Generation
Fifth
Generation
Vacuum
Tubes
Solid-State
Integrated
Circuits
LSI, VLSI
Micro-
processors
Greater
Power,
Smaller
Footprint
Trend: Toward Smaller, Faster, More Reliable, and Less Costly
Trend: Toward Easy to Purchase, and Easy to Maintain
Categories based on
Size
Type
Categories
Microcomputers
Minicomputers
Mainframe computers
Supercomputer

Categories based on
Size
Type
Categories
Microcomputers
Minicomputers
Mainframe computers
Supercomputer

Microcomputer
Small, low-cost, single-user digital computer.
Include
Desktop computer or PC: Stand-alone machine, not very
expensive, for single user.
Manufacturers: Apple, Microsoft, HP, Dell, Lenovo,
Notebook or laptop: Portable , small size, costlier than desktop
Netbook: Smaller notebooks, low weight, low cost, for web-
based applications.
Tablet computer: Input via stylus or pen, Portable
Handheld computer or PDA: Held on top of palm, small in size,
uses pen or stylus, limited memory, less powerful.
Smart phones: Cellular phones (function both as phone and
small PC), to access e-mail, download music, play games etc.
Manufacturers: Blackberry, Apple, HTC, Nokia, LG, Motorola
Minicomputers
Multi-user systems.
High processing speed
High storage capacity than the
microcomputers.
Support 4 to 200 users simultaneously.
Examples
PDP 11
IBM (8000 series)

Mainframe computers
Multi-user, multi-programming , high-performance computers.
Very high speed, large storage capacity
Used in centralized databases.
Access via dumb terminal, an intelligent terminal, or PC.
Dumb terminal: No own data storage & processing. Has I/O
device only.
Intelligent terminal: Has the I/O device, can do processing, but,
cannot store data of its own.
Use processing power and storage facility of mainframes
Examples
CDC 6600
IBM ES000 series.
Supercomputers
Fastest and the most expensive machines.
High processing speed
Speed in FLOPS (FLoating point Operations Per
Second).
Used for highly calculation-intensive tasks -
weather forecasting, climate research, molecular
research, biological research, nuclear research
Examples
IBM Roadrunner, IBM Blue gene
Intel ASCI red.
PARAM in India
Computer System
Four parts
Hardware: Mechanical parts of computer, e.g.
Keyboard, monitor, hard disk drive etc.
Software: Set of instructions (Program) and
documentation. Instructs the computer about
the task to be performed.
Data - Isolated values or raw facts.
Provided as input to computer for processing
Users -People who write computer programs
or interact with computer.
Application of Computers
Components -Computer Hardware
Three main components
I/O Unit - user interacts with computer via I/O unit
Input unit accepts data from the user (Devices - keyboard, trackball, mouse)
Output unit provides processed data to user (Devices - monitor and printer)
CPU - Controls, coordinates , supervises operations of computer.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) - performs arithmetic and logic operations on
input data.
Control Unit (CU) - controls overall operations of computer
Registers - temporary storage of data, instructions, addresses, intermediate
results
Memory Unit Stores data, instructions etc.
Main memory or Primary memory - Stores data, instructions, intermediate
results ,output, temporarily
Secondary memory Stores data, programs, output permanently
Magnetic disks, optical disks and magnetic tapes
Computer Fundamentals by Dr. Anita Goel

Components of Computer
Hardware/Block Diagram
CPU
Registers
Control
Unit
Arithmetic
and Logic
Unit
Input Unit Output Unit
Memory Unit
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Central Processing Unit ALU, Registers, CU
Memory Unit Cache, Primary, Secondary
Memory
Chapter-2: Computer System Hardware 26
Central Processing Unit
CPU or processor - brain of computer
Parts - ALU, CU, Registers
Executes stored program instructions, i.e. instructions
and data stored in memory before execution
Processing
Gets data and instructions from memory
Interprets instructions and perform operation
Sends processed data or result to memory
Fabricated as IC chip - microprocessor
Microprocessor plugged into Motherboard
Motherboard: A circuit board with electronic circuit etched
on it and connects microprocessor with other hardware
components
ALU
Two units arithmetic unit and logic unit.
Arithmetic unit
Performs arithmetic operations on the data
E.g. addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
Logic unit
Performs logic operations.
E.g. greater than, less than or equal to condition
Uses registers to hold data being processed.
Registers
High speed storage areas, least storage capacity, directly accessed &
manipulated by CPU during instruction execution
CPUs working memory
Some registers:
ACC (accumulator): stores the result of arithmetic and logic operation.
IR (instruction register): contain the current instruction most recently fetched.
PC (Program counter): contains the address of next instruction to be processed.
MAR (memory address register): contain the address of next location in the
memory to be accessed.
MBR (memory buffer register): temporarily stores data from memory or the data
to be sent to memory.
DR (data register): stores the operands and any other data.
Number of registers: Ten to hundreds
Depends on type & complexity of processor
Size of register (word size)
8, 16, 32, 64 bits
Nowadays, PCs have 64-bit registers
Control Unit
Organizes processing of data & instructions
Tells when to fetch data & instructions, what to
do, where to store results, sequencing of events
during processing etc.
Acts as a supervisor
Controls and coordinates activity of other
units
Does not do actual processing of data
Coordinates I/O devices
Holds CPUs Instruction Set (list of all
operations that CPU can perform)
Memory Unit
Cache Memory
Primary or Main memory
Secondary memory
Cache Memory
Very high speed memory in between RAM &
CPU
Increases speed of processing
CPU first checks cache for data. If data is not
found in cache, then looks for it in RAM
Cache
Built-in Level 1 (L1) cache & Level 2 (L2) cache.
Separate chip on motherboard for Level 3 (L3)
cache
CPUs have 256KB L1 cache & 2MB of L2 cache
Very expensive, so smaller in size.
Primary Memory
Main memory of computer. Semiconductor memory.
Stores data & instructions during processing of data
Two kinds - RAM and ROM
RAM
Volatile - temporary storage for data & instructions
Stores input data, before processing; output data before
sending to output device; intermediate results
Limited storage capacity, due to its high cost
ROM
Non-volatile, read only memory. Permanent storage
Stores standard processing programs that permanently
reside in computer
Comes programmed by manufacturer
Secondary Memory
Stores data & instructions permanently
Non-volatile memory
Provides back-up storage for data &
instructions
High storage capacity.
Cheaper than primary memory
Takes longer time to access data &
instructions, than the primary memory
E.g. Magnetic tape drive, floppy drive, disk
drive, optical disk drive

Interaction between CPU and Memory
Data Bus
Control Bus
Address Bus
CPU Memory
System
Bus

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