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Protection systems are installed to detect faults and isolate faulty equipment while minimizing disruption to other loads. Different types of generators contribute differently to fault current. Power electronic converters can contribute more or less than synchronous generators depending on the type of converter. Protection zones divide the system, with unit protection for generators and transformers, and non-unit protection on feeder lines providing backup. Common relay types include overcurrent, differential, and distance protection. Cost considerations differ between distribution and transmission systems.
Protection systems are installed to detect faults and isolate faulty equipment while minimizing disruption to other loads. Different types of generators contribute differently to fault current. Power electronic converters can contribute more or less than synchronous generators depending on the type of converter. Protection zones divide the system, with unit protection for generators and transformers, and non-unit protection on feeder lines providing backup. Common relay types include overcurrent, differential, and distance protection. Cost considerations differ between distribution and transmission systems.
Protection systems are installed to detect faults and isolate faulty equipment while minimizing disruption to other loads. Different types of generators contribute differently to fault current. Power electronic converters can contribute more or less than synchronous generators depending on the type of converter. Protection zones divide the system, with unit protection for generators and transformers, and non-unit protection on feeder lines providing backup. Common relay types include overcurrent, differential, and distance protection. Cost considerations differ between distribution and transmission systems.
J .B. Ekanayake PROTECTION IS INSTALLED TO : Detect fault occurrence and isolate the faulted equipment. How do you detect a fault? How do you minimise the disruption to adjacent loads? What are the risks associated with a fault? Synchronous Generator 33kV T1 CB1(Auto Reclose) CB2 Fuse T3 11kV CB4 CB3(Auto Reclose) T2 Induction Generator FAULT Fire in a 500 MVA transformer Fault current contribution from Synchronous generators 2 Fault current contribution from Induction generators Fault current contribution from Power electronically connected generators Power electronically controlled generators are now emerging. If the power electronic converter is: Thyristor based converters can contribute to 2 - 3 times rated current during a fault. The fault current contribution of an IGBT based converter is equal to full load current. Can design with higher rating, but cost will go up. Types of Fault 3 a b c a b c e /E / a b c //E e a b c 3/E e a b c Generator Transformer CB Relay CT VT Relay is a logical device, which detects the faults and instructs CB operation. A relay takes a decision based on the measurements received from current transformer (CT) and voltage transformer (VT). CTs and VTs reduce primary current and voltage to a low level suitable to input to relay 3 Zones of Protection CB1 provides protection for respective lines and back-up protection for down steam lines - Called Non-unit protection Generators and transformers have their own protection - Called unit protection GENERATION ZONE BUSBAR ZONE TRANSF- ORMER ZONE BUSBAR ZONE FEEDER ZONE BUSBAR ZONE FEEDER ZONE OVERLAP ZONE CB1 Main types of protection Over current For distribution feeders and transmission and sub-transmission circuits Differential For feeders, busbars, transformers, generators, etc. Distance For distribution feeders and transmission and sub-transmission circuits Typical relays according to IEEE/ANSI designation 50 Three-phase instantaneous 51 Three-phase time-delayed overcurrent (IDMT) 51V Three-phase voltage controlled time-delayed o/c 51N Earth fault time-delayed overcurrent 32 Reverse power 40 Loss of excitation 87 Phase differential 87N Earth fault deferential 27/59 Under or over voltage 81U/81O Under or over frequency 46 Negative phase sequence 67N Sensitive directional earth fault 64 Rotor field protection Cost DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Large numbers of switching and distribution points, transformers and feeders Economics often overrides technical issues Protection may be the minimum consistent with statutory safety regulations 4 Cost TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS Emphasis is on technical considerations rather than economics Economics cannot be ignored but is of secondary importance compared with the need for highly reliable, fully discriminative high speed protection Higher protection costs justifiable by high capital cost of power system elements protected Risk of security of supply should be reduced to lowest practical levels