SISOM 2013, Annual Symposium of the Institute of Solid Mechanics

and Session of the Commission of Acoustics, Bucharest 21-22 May

A NEW TRANSDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE EXTENICS
Victor VLADAREANU
1
, Radu Ioan MUNTEANU
2
, Ovidiu Ilie SANDRU
1
,
Paul SCHIOPU
1
and Vlad Grigore LASCU
3

1
University

Politehnica of Bucharest, ROMANIA
2
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, ROMANIA
3
Institute of Solid Mechanics of the Romanian Academy, ROMANIA

This paper endeavours to present a general outlook on the new scientific discipline of Extenics, its
main concepts and mathematical apparatus, as well as the main tools it introduces with regard to
general or specific fields. The paper investigates the main applications to date and suggests
opportunities for further research or inter-disciplinary collaboration as appropriate throughout the
paper.
Key Words: Extenics Theory, Artificial Intelligence, Basic-Element, Dependent Function, Extenics
Control.
1. INTRODUCTION
Extenics is a science whose stated aim is to deal with unsolvable problems. With applications in
artificial intelligence, business, marketing, planning, design, control theory and image processing, to name
just a few, it is one of the fastest developing new fields of study today.
In his 1983 paper, Extension Set and Non Compatible Problems, Cai Wen put down some of the
earlier concepts and established the foundation of what would later become Extenics Theory, a wide
spanning inter-disciplinary science [1](the reference is the 1990 translation). Early papers were few and far
between, before the framework of Extenics was established and it became recognized as a field of scientific
research in its own right. A further milestone is the 1988 paper by the same Prof. Cai, Rule of Processing the
Problem of Contradictory Conflict in Decision Systems[2], which brings important updates both in the
formal expressions and the tools used in Extenics. Thus was developed a formalism which would facilitate
working within the latest trends of technical processing and whose improvement is still on-going as an
important direction in Extenics. One of the first papers to discuss an involved engineering application was
published in 1994 by Prof. Wang and entitled Extenics control [3]. It provides a blueprint for the first
Extenics controller, which has subsequently undergone numerous modifications and opens up the field of
Extenics control proper (this is discussed further in Chapter 4). Since the beginning of the new millennium,
an expanded research group combined with the years of existing built-up expertise to produce new directions
of research in the field. Papers such as [4][5][6] outline the beginning of their respective specialized work,
making Extenics applications wide-spread in the academic and business world, especially in the Asian
continent. In 2012 a monograph work entitled Extenics Engineering was published in English [2] (the
previous Chinese version had come out in 2007), marking a very important step to promoting Extenics
world-wide.
Extenics is said to be a science combining Mathematics, Engineering and Philosophy [2]. With respect
to its application and use it is a trans-disciplinary science, classified as belonging to the wider field of
Artificial Intelligence. Extension Logic is purported by the authors to extend fuzzy logic, much in the same
way that fuzzy logic extends the classical Cantor logic [1]. This is necessary for work with Extension Sets in
contradictory problems and for Extension Strategy Generation Systems (ESGSs)[7].
The main goal of Extenics, as set forth in almost every paper that deals with the issue, as well as
throughout its theoretical mainframe, is the generation of solutions to contradictory problems [1]. This is of
course very important in and of itself, however in Extenics the process by which this goal is to be
achievedisalso of great scientific relevance. Contradictory problems, or seemingly impossible problems,
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197
have been solved throughout history by using human ingenuity. Extenics studies the creation of such
innovative ideas and seeks to develop procedures for understanding and creating new, original thought with
the help of modern day advances in computer science. It is partly for this reason that Extenics is classified as
part of Artificial Intelligence and is one of the fastest developing new fields of study in the world today.
Aside from Extension Sets and Logic, Extension Transformation is one of the core concepts in the
theory [2]. It is said that the only constant in life is change, and Extenics emphasizes the need to adapt
problem specifications to ever-evolving contexts. Transformation is at the basis of solutions to contradictory
problems, both from a theoretical and a practical standpoint. Basic element representations are designed to
support dynamic modelling (as a type of parametric modelling) and solution algorithms consist, for the most
part, of iterations of transforms and compound transforms.
The paper is organized as follows: the concepts of Extenics Theory will be further elaborated in
Chapter 2. Chapter 3 illustrates the key theory of contradictory problems, their definition and classification,
and their solution algorithms. Chapter 4 discusses the main application areas of Extenics and attempts to give
the reader a short introduction into the state of the art of each. Chapter 5 assists the work done in the
previous chapter by outlining a few of the most important works in recent Extenics Theory research and
provides a more in-depth discussion for each paper. The final chapter shows the main conclusions relating to
this field at the time of publication.
2. CONCEPTS OF EXTENICS THEORY
To be able to manipulate the outcomes of situations which represent contradictory problems, we need
to have in place a representation, as well as a set of tools and an environment model in which to do so. This
Chapter will briefly explain the theoretical basis of Extenics and describe the general model of thought in an
Extenics problem. The three pillars of Extenics Theory are Basic Element, Extension Set and Extension
Logic.
Extenics Theory maps all components of a given problem into elements, which provides the basis for a
working model of the problem. These are called Basic Elements and consist of the triplet formed by an
object, action or relation, a possibly infinite number of characteristics and their corresponding value relating
to the object. In mathematical form, we call = (

) = (

) a basic element in
Extenics Theory. The m means this particular triplet defines a matter-element (although all basic elements
are similar from a construction standpoint) [2].
As mentioned above, there are three types of Basic Elements (BEs): matter-element (ME), action-
element (AE) and relation-element (RE). These can also be parametric or dynamic, as is required by the
problem being modelled. It is worth noting that the values are not necessarily numerical: in another similarity
to fuzzy logic, linguistic variables are also permitted. Practical examples for each of these possibilities are
given below:
= (


0.1
20
) (1)
R = (
friendship antecedent Gilgamesh
consequent Enkidu
degree close
) (2)
= (



) (3)
One or more basic elements can be combined to form compound elements (CEs) for brevity of
expression in complex models, such as:
Victor VLADAREANU, Ovidiu Ilie SANDRU, Paul SCHIOPU, Vlad Grigore LASCU
198
=
(

(

4: 35

)
)

(4)
Each basic or compound element can be further expanded with one of four conjugate extensions: real
imaginary, hard soft, apparent latent and positive negative.
Elements are organized together with the help of Extension Sets. These provide a means of
classification for the initial problem, as well as the outcomes. Extension Sets are further processed using any
number of transformations to achieve a desired result and new norms are introduced for work on them, such
as Extenics Distances. Working with Extension Sets and the different classes of transformations to solve
contradictory problems is at the very core of practical Extenics Theory applications.
Extension Sets are defined as follows [2]: let U be an universe of discourse, u is any one element in U,
k is a mapping of U to the real field I and T=(T
U
,T
k
,T
u
) is a given transformation, we call

() *(, , )| , = () ;

, =

) + (5)
an extension set on the universe of discourse U, = () the dependent function and =

) the
extension function, wherein T
U
, T
k
and T
u
are the respective transformations of the universe of discourse U,
the dependent function k and the element u. The Extension Set, then, is defined in relation to a
transformation and an existing function mapped onto the universe of discourse. Following the transformation,
the Extension Set is divided into the positive and negative fields with regard to the dependent function value.
Four subsets are therefore defined: the positive stable, the positive transitive, the negative stable and the
negative transitive field. The stable fields are those for which the polarity of the dependent function is
unaltered by the transformation, whereas transitive (also named extensible) fields are those affected by the
change. This provides a useful classification and investigation tool for contradictory problem models. Figure
1 illustrates the four fields of the Extension Set.

Figure 1. Extension Set Fields
Extenics Distance extends the classical mathematic distance between a point and an interval to include
a non-zero value for points inside the interval itself. In normal mathematics, the distance from a point inside
and interval to that interval is always null, whereas in Extenics a point inside an interval is considered to
have a negative distance to the interval. Extenics distance is defined as(, ) = |
+
2
|

2
for x a
point on the real axis and =< , > an open or closed interval. From the mathematical expression, it can
be seen that the norm expresses in fact the distance from any point in the space to the nearest limit of the
interval. The value at the interval limits is () = () = 0, while the global minim of the Extenics distance
A New Trans-Disciplinary Science Extenics

199
is at the centre of the interval, where its value is (
+
2
) =

2
. This norm will further allow us to work
with nested interval in designing function mappings across interval [1]. The most important of these, from
the point of view of Extenics, is the Dependent Function. The Dependent Function gives out a measure for
the compatibility of a given incompatible problem once it has been translated into the Extenics model.
The Dependent Function is measured with regard to a point and two nested intervals. To understand the
Dependent Function, an intermediary metric is introduced, named the Place Value. This is defined as
(,
0
, ) = (, ) (,
0
) for a point x and two nested intervals
0
=<
0
,
0
>and =< , >.
The Elementary Dependent Function for nested intervals with no common endpoints is then [2].
() =
(,)
(,
0
,)
(6)
Extenics Transformations provide the building blocks of contradictory problem solutions. As can be
seen from the previous definitions, transformations are applied to Extension sets of potential solutions, and
this is the main tool that Extenics Theory has at its disposal. There are five basic classes of recognized
extension transformations: substitution, increasing / decreasing, expansion / contraction, decomposition and
duplication. These (an others) can be combined, both simultaneously and iteratively, to form a virtually
infinite number of compound transformations for incompatible problems. As a general rule, Extenics
transformations are not unique in effect. The study of their conducive effect is a current topic of great interest
among researchers in the field (see Chapter 4). There are also three types of Extenics transformations, based
on the primary intended target: transformations of the basic-element, of the dependent criterion and of the
universe of discourse. However, for the latter two, it must be kept in mind that their conducive effect is
usually much more pronounced. The same is true for transformations used in relation to the conjugate parts
of elements. Extension Logic studies the rules and effects of compatible transformations of contradictory
problems and is a combination of formal and dialectic logic. A brief comparison to the two classical logic
systems is outlined in Figure 2. Extension logic has many of the same advantages as fuzzy logic (i.e. the
ability to define custom norms and co-norms for a particular problem or element set, etc.) and extends the
range of application to the entire real numbers space. There is particular promise shown in research done
using working models of fuzzy logic that it can be extended to use with Extenics systems. Also, considerable
work has been done using Extenics and Dezert-Smarandache Theory, which has its own close analogies to
fuzzy theory [2][8][9].

Figure 2. Comparison between Cantor, Fuzzy and Extension Logic
It should be noted that the logical value of various characteristics can change with each transformation.
The study objective of the Extenics concepts and mathematical apparatus is to provide a formal expression
for quantitative and qualitative change.As will be seen in the next chapter, it is sometimes helpful if the
problem statement can be reformulated to a substitutable hypothesis with the use of Extenics tools and
formalism. The expanded model taken into consideration also enables a description of object connotation
through the four conjugate extensions. This also allows Extenics to create a logic system that is able to
describe ambivalent states, which proves vital in understanding and solving contradictory problems [2].


Victor VLADAREANU, Ovidiu Ilie SANDRU, Paul SCHIOPU, Vlad Grigore LASCU
200
3. CONTRADICTORY PROBLEMS
As relates to the formalism of contradictory problems, these are defined as a double of two sets: the
goal or goals of the problem and the conditions under which they are to be achieved. This is noted as
= or = (
1

2

) . Starting from this definition, we can differentiate between two

distinct types of contradictory problems: incompatible problems and antithetic problems.Incompatible
problems are defined by having a single goal or a non-conflictual set of goals which contradict the particular
conditions of the problem. In the case of multiple goals, it is of course sufficient for one goal to be
incompatible with the conditions to make it an incompatible problem. This is noted as = , .

Figure 3. Extension Strategy Generation Algorithm
Whereas incompatible problems have coherent goals, which are not accomplishable, antithetic
problems are defined by having a conflictual set of goals under current conditions. An antithetic problem is
noted as = (
1

2
) . Each goal in itself may or may not be incompatible with the conditions. If one of
them is, the problem is reduced to multiple incompatible problems instead. Obviously, no single-goal
problem can be an antithetic problem. This is an important distinction to make because the two types of
problems are solved slightly differently in Extenics [2]. Generally speaking, there are three ways in which to
solve an incompatible problem: (1) transformations of conditions, keeping the same goal; (2) transformation
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201
of one or more goals, with the same conditions; (3) solve the contradictory problem with both goals and
conditions changed. Figure 3 shows the general algorithm for extension strategy generation [2][7][10].
4. APPLICATION AREAS
There are a number of noteworthy applications areas that have to do with both practical achievements
in different fields, on the one hand, and with improving and growing the concepts of Extenics itself, on
another. It is of course paramount for such a young scientific field that the framework itself is developing, at
an almost equal rate to that of practical applications, and work is undertaken to perfect understanding of the
science itself. This chapter will give a look at the various directions of study under the current state of the art
in Extenics.
While with most scientific fields today the main mathematical and practical apparatus is finalized to a
great degree, this is not necessarily the case with Extenics. This is, in fact, one of the reasons for which
Extenics is one of the most exciting current fields of study. Work is still being carried out on achieving
formalization systems that can encompass greater and greater representations of the extended system of
Information Knowledge - Strategy for any given problem [2]. This is seen as an intermediary step to the
end goal of processing populations of potential solutions with the aid of a computer, which naturally requires
a coherent, unitary and preferably somewhat simpler representation.
A slightly different and more practice-oriented approach to involving the use of computers is the
Extension Strategy Generation System [7]. Work in any of these directions directly benefits both approaches.
This led to the actual implementation of data warehouse-type applications into various recommender systems.
This may or may not be, of course, coupled with other techniques for recommender systems which are
already a mainstay of artificial intelligence implementations.
Another field using data bases and Extenics is Extension Data Mining, which has seen quite a number
of practical implementations [4][11]. Extension Data Mining comprises a number of methods for extended
classification using data bases, extended clustering and conducive information. Extended clustering is of
great use in applications which require the manipulation of a great number of elements and also provides
insight into the most likely successful transformations. Data mining for conducive information refers to
investigating the conducive effect of transformations or combinations of transformations on the population of
solutions. This is also attempted with various other methods native to the field of Artificial Intelligence (such
as Neural Networks), as formalizing the standard effect of transformations would represent an important
breakthrough in computer implementations of Extenics algorithms.
Extension Marketing is one of the most straightforward applications of the current Extenics formalism.
Populations of solutions consisting of basic and compound elements are used for product and business
innovation and contradictory problem algorithms for market and resource extension. Especially helpful in
this field are the evaluation algorithms used for extended solutions [12].
Extension Planning is a somewhat related field which applies Extenics methods and algorithms for the
requirements of the business world. On a theoretical level, it is mostly concerned with the theory and
methods needed to reduce any problem to a known type of incompatible or antithetical problem [5]. With
regards to practical operations, extended planning is used for resource integration, project management,
crisis prevention and control and market development.
Extension Design applies Extenics theory and methods to product and (most importantly) concept
development [13][14]. Whereas Extension Marketing is mainly used from the viewpoint of product
marketability, Extension Design usually relates to a radical revision of a given concept, encompassing
anything from complex engineering applications to fast-moving consumer goods. The main difference, as
opposed to regular design concepts, is in the quantitative and qualitative formulations of the process. There is
an increasing trend in Extension Design towards using bionic models, thereby finding inspiration and
confirmation in nature.
Extension Control applies Extenics concepts, norms and algorithms to the study of control theory.
While classical control study deals with improving well-known indicators such as stability, rise time,
overshoot, etc., most applications are geared towards improving controller quality by extending the range of
the controller [3][15]. This is effect means increasing the possible universe of control. A number of papers
have dealt with the topic and there exist working models for practical controllers using Extenics: the upper
extended controller and an improved version, the basic extended controller. Newer research, however, is
Victor VLADAREANU, Ovidiu Ilie SANDRU, Paul SCHIOPU, Vlad Grigore LASCU
202
considering Extenics controllers for improving control action in the classical sense, as well as using fuzzy
Extenics applications in complex robot control [16].
Extension Detection is based on dividing all elements within the environment into detectable and
undetectable, thereby introducing a new characteristic into every element. It then uses correlations from
detectable basic and compound elements to measure the characteristics of undetectable elements. The novel
approach has inspired a number of papers on the subject [17].
5. PAPERS OF INTEREST
While an attempt was made to provide all possible suitable references for the directions of study
discussed, some papers merit further consideration on their own for being representative of the current
development of Extenics and of particular of interest to applying Extenics to a wide range of engineering
problems. It must be noted that there are a number of interesting papers on the subject that are unfortunately
as yet to be translated into English and, from that standpoint, do not enjoy widespread circulation in
international academic circles. These were omitted from consideration for the purposes of this paper.
At the top of the list for any works on Extenics Theory should be, due to considerations both of
completeness and of recent publication, the monograph Extension Engineering by Profs. Cai and Yang [2].
It is by far the most detailed work on the subject available and it has been translated into English since its
publication, as part of an effort to further promote the science outside of Asia. It covers most theoretical and
practical concepts of Extenics at the time of publication (2012) and provides useful references for those
works which are not discussed in detail due to space constraints. If, historically, Prof. Cais1983 paper is the
first landmark of Extenics, from an understanding standpoint, Extension Engineering would be it. It is a
point of reference in publications on Extenics Theory and, barring any completely unforeseen breakthroughs,
should stand as the foremost work on the subject for years to come.
As mentioned in the chapter discussing Extenics concepts, there are a number of different norms that
can be used to describe the relations of the various sets and basic elements. The situation is somewhat
analogous to the norms and co-norms in fuzzy logic, with which Extenics has a number of similarities. It has
surely not escaped notice, however, that all those discussed or alluded to in the initial chapter are one-
dimensional. In keeping with the trend of expanding the mathematical apparatus of Extenics, as well as
foreseeing the need for more complex norms in the future, Prof. Smarandache has, in his 2012 paper
Generalizations of the Distance and Dependent Function in Extenics to 2D, 3D, and n-D[9], laid the basis
for developing Extenics in higher dimensions [18]. The work also develops Extenics deeper from a
theoretical standpoint using the authors proficiency in complex mathematics and, among others, elements of
Dezert-Smarandache Theory [8]. Within another year, a second type of implementation for n-dimensional
dependent functions was independently developed by Prof. Sandru for use in his 2013 paper
Multidimensional Extenics Theory[19], which deals with the subject. Prof Sandru also generalized the
Elementary Dependent Function, the most commonly used Extenics function, to allow for a unified formal
expression for all dimensions.
An Extenics Based Intelligent Distance Learning Systemby Profs. Lee and Terashima provides a very
good example of Extenics implementation in a classical problem for the field of Artificial Intelligence. It
would probably serve as one of the best initial examples for a reader looking for a general, high grade, yet
straightforward application of Extenics to an actual problem. With web-based learning becoming one of the
major applications of the internet and by applying the Extenics engineering method, a model-based
intelligent curriculum website is proposed. In order to recognize the learning status of students to the
provided course effectively, the content of the course is divided in detail, so as to record the web page and
the period that students browsed more accurately. They show that through these experiments more accurate
information of students learning conditions can be obtained and analysed. Also, by applying the proposed
Extenics-based mechanism, instructors can provide students more adequate learning materials in accordance
with individual students aptitude [20].
A Novel Approach to Balance the Dynamic Load using Extension Theory on Heterogeneous Server
Cluster is, in some ways, the opposite of the previous paper. The work is rather involved for readers
unfamiliar with the subject, yet the application of Extenics is discernable even without full comprehension of
the task at hand.Load balancing in distributed computer systems is the process of redistributing the work load
among processors in the system to improve system performance. The paper uses the operation of matter-
element theory, extension set, and dependent function in extension theory as well as the membership degree
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of fuzzy math to set up an extension-based dynamic load balancing model of heterogeneous server cluster
[21].
Finally, papers such asExtension hybrid force-position control of mechatronics systems by Profs.
Vladareanu, Sandru and Yu illustrates a new direction in the field of Extenics control [22][23]. An extension
dynamic position-force control system integrating the multi-stage fuzzy method with solved acceleration in
position-force control and dynamic control loops using Extenics theory and the ZMP method is presented. It
is also noted that in addition to hybrid position-force control, three other main tasks are added, resulting from
the analysis of the robot's walking cycle, conforming to movement characteristics: real time balance control,
walking scheme control and predictable control of the walking robot movement. The results obtained show
that this allows the robot to adapt to rough terrain through a real time control with increased stability during
walking. A multi-microprocessor architecture is designed with multi-tasking control that allows a fast
feedback loop for real time robot control, improving stability and flexibility performance.
6. CONCLUSIONS
The paper gives a brief introduction into the world of Extenics Engineering. It attempts to summarize
as best possible the works and accomplished results before it and provide a glimpse into the future directions
of research. We have already seen that ideas can be generated using populations of potential solutions: in fact,
the entire field of Evolutionary Algorithms is more or less based on that initial assumption. Due to this
similarity, there is an increasing trend to combine the two in all manner of practical solutions in fields related
or unrelated to artificial intelligence. Perhaps the most important aspect of Extenics study is the hope that it
may one day provide, in part or completely, techniques for the independent creation of original thought by
machines, thereby revolutionizing the world of engineering as we understand it. Until then, however,
progress made every day by Extenics is used successfully in world-wide applications, making it one of the
most exciting fields of study in artificial intelligence today.
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