DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMM. ENGG.

B.I.T. MESRA, RANCHI

EC8105 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Modul ! 1"
An overview of satellite communication, Satellite orbits, Keplers law, Orbital Elements, Eclipse
effect, Sun transit outage, Placement of a satellite in a geostationary orbit, Station keeping and
Stabilization
T#$ Boo%&"
! "Satellite #ommunication$ Pratt % # & 'ostian
( "Satellite communication$, )ennis, *oddy, +c,raw -ill
Modul ! '"
Satellite .ink )esign/
'asic transmission t0eory, 1riss transmission e2uation, E3*P, #ompletion .ink design, System
noise temperature ,45 ratio, 6oise figure and 6oise temperature
T#$ Boo%&"
! "Satellite #ommunication$, Pratt % # & 'ostian,
( ")igital Satellite #ommunication$, 5ri 5 -a,+c,raw -ill
Modul ! ("
#ommunication Satellite Subsystems/
Space Platform 7'us8 and #ommunication Subsystem 7Payload8, Satellite Antennas, 1re2uency
reuse Antennas
T#$ Boo%"
! "Satellite #ommunication$, 5 Pratt % # & 'ostian,
Modul ! )"
Eart0 Stations/
Eart0 station antennas, 5racking, E2uipment for eart0 stations, E2uipment *eliability and Space
2ualification
T#$ Boo%"
! "Satellite #ommunication$, 5 Pratt % # & 'ostian
Modul ! 5"
Analogue Satellite #ommunication 9s )igital Satellite #ommunication, +ultiple Access
5ec0ni2ues / 1)+A #oncept, +#P# % S#P#, 5)+A frame efficiency and super frame
structure, 1rame Ac2uisition and Sync0ronisation, #)+A concept, P6 system, Spread
spectrum, )SSS, )S #)+A, 1-SS, 1- #)+A
T#$ Boo%&"
! "Satellite #ommunication$, 5 Pratt % # & 'ostian
( ")igital Satellite communication$, 5ri 5 -a, +c,raw -ill
: "Satellite #ommunication$, )ennis *oddy, +c,raw -ill
Modul ! *"
Efficient 5ec0ni2ues/
)emand Assignment +ultiple Access, )igital Speec0 3nterpolation and SPA)E
T#$ Boo%&"
! "Satellite #ommunication$, 5 Pratt % # & 'ostian
( ")igital Satellite communication$, 5ri 5 -a, +c,raw -ill
Modul ! +"
Special Purpose Satellite/
365E.SA5, 36+A*SA5, )'S, 9SA5, +SA5 and ,PS
T#$ Boo%"
! "Satellite #ommunication$, )ennis *oddy, +c,raw -ill
TUTORIAL
EC8005 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
!
&0at is a satellite; &0at was t0e origin of t0e satellite; &0en was t0e first commercial
satellite launc0ed;
(
&0at are satellite fre2uency bands; &rite down t0e fre2uency allocations of different
satellite systems;
:
&0at are t0e elements of a basic satellite subsystem;
<
)iscuss in brief t0e various design aspects of satellite communication systems
=
&0at do you mean by t0e terms orbit and 5ra>ectory; -ow many different types of
satellite orbits e?ist; )iscuss in brief
@
&0at is a geostationary orbit; &0at are t0e advantages and disadvantages of a
geostationary orbit; &0at is t0e difference between a geostationary and a
geosync0ronous satellite;
A
&0at is a +olniya Orbit; &0en it is advantageous to put t0e satellite in a +olniya Orbit;
B
)efine t0e following and e?plain/
7a8 Satellite Orbit
7b8 Satellite a?es
7c8 Eccentricity
7d8 inclination
C
)efine t0e following and e?plain/
7a8 SubDsatellite point
7b8 .ine of apsides
7c8 .ine of nodes
7d8 Ascending and descending node
7e8 Prograde and retrograde orbit
7f8 Apogee and perigee
7g8 Argument of perigee
708 +ean anomaly and 5rue anomaly
!E
State % e?plain t0e laws governing t0e c0aracteristics of t0e Orbit of a satellite
!!
S0ow t0at t0e radius vector of t0e satellite sweeps out e2ual areas in e2ual times 50us
derive an e?pression for t0e Orbital period of t0e satellite
!(
&0at is t0e average angular velocity and orbital velocity of a satellite; -ow would you
calculate t0e same;
!:
)etermine t0e orbital velocity of a satellite moving in a circular orbit at a 0eig0t of !=E km
above t0e surface of t0e eart0 , F @@A ? !E
D!!
6Dn
(
4kg
(
, +
E
F =CB ? !E
(<
kg, radius of
eart0 F @:AE km
!<
)efine t0e term apogee and perigee in a satellite orbit E?plain w0y t0e geostationary
satellites are not capable of illuminating Polar *egions
!=
A satellite moving in an elliptical eccentric orbit 0as t0e semiDma>or a?is of t0e orbit e2ual
to !@,EEE km 3f t0e difference between t0e apogee and t0e perigee in :EEEE km,
determine t0e orbit eccentricity
!@
Satellite G ! in an elliptical orbit 0as t0e orbit semiDma>or a?is e2ual to !B,EEEE km and
satellite G ( in an elliptical orbit 0as semiDma>or a?is e2ual to (<,EEE km )etermine t0e
relations0ip between t0eir orbital periods
!A
&0at are t0e necessary conditions for a satellite to appear stationary; State and e?plain
t0e Keplers laws of planetary motion
!B
E?plain w0at is meant by ascending and descending nodes 3n w0at units would t0ese be
measured, and in general, would you e?pect t0em to c0ange wit0 time;
!C
E?plain w0at is meant by 7a8 line of apsides and 7b8 line of nodes 3s it possible for t0ese
two lines to be coincident;
(E
#onsider an eart0 satellite so positioned t0at it appears stationary to an observer on
eart0 and serve t0e purpose of a fi?ed relay station for intercontinental transmission of
television and ot0er communication &0at will be t0e 0eig0t at w0ic0 t0e satellite s0ould
be positioned and w0at would be t0e direction of its motion; ,iven radius of eart0 to be
@<EE km and acceleration due to gravity on t0e surface of t0e eart0 to be CB m4sec
(!
A remote sensing satellite of t0e eart0 revolves in a circular orbit at a 0eig0t of (:E Km
above t0e eart0s surface &0at is t0e 7a8 orbital velocity 7b8 Period of revolution of t0e
satellite; *adius of t0e eart0 is @< ? !E
@
m and acceleration due to gravity at t0e surface
of t0e eart0 is CB m4sec
((
E?plain w0at is meant by apogee 0eig0t and perigee 0eig0t 50e #osmos !@A= satellite
0as an apogee 0eig0t of :C,:<( km and a perigee 0eig0t of @!: km )etermine t0e
semima>or a?is and t0e eccentricity of its orbit Assume a mean eart0 radius of @:A! km
(:
A satellite makes a circle around t0e eart0 in CE minutes #alculate t0e 0eig0t of a
satellite above t0e surface of t0e eart0 ,iven t0e radius of eart0 is @<EE km
(<
50e period of t0e moon around t0e eart0 in (A: days and t0e radius of t0e orbit is :C ?
!E
=
km, if , F @@A ? !E
D!!
6m
(
7kg8
D(
, find t0e mass of t0e eart0
(=
An artificial satellite circles around t0e eart0 at distance of :<EE km, #alculate t0e period
of revolution and orbital velocity ,iven radius of eart0 to be @<EE Km and eg to be CB
#m4Sec
(
(@
S0ow t0at for covering t0e globe t0ree communication satellites would be sufficient
(A
A satellite moving in a 0ig0ly eccentric +olniya orbit 0aving t0e fart0est and t0e closest
points as :=,EEE km and =EE km respectively from t0e surface of t0e eart0 )etermine
t0e orbital time period and t0e velocity at t0e apogee and perigee points 7Assume eart0s
radius F @:@E km8
(B
&0en an inclined orbit is useful; )iscuss t0e disadvantages of an inclined orbit
(C
&0at is meant by station keeping of a satellite; E?plain its significance and also t0e
means to ac0ieve it
:E
&0at is meant by look angles; E?plain t0ese wit0 reference to a geostationary satellite
and eart0 station
:!
-ow would you define t0e Azimut0 and Elevation angle in t0e conte?t of a satellite; &rite
down t0e mat0ematical e?pressions to calculate t0e same
:(
&0at do you mean by eart0s coverage angle and slant angle; )erive t0e e?pressions to
calculate eac0 of t0em
::
&0at do you mean by visibility of a satellite; &0at is a subsatellite point; )erive an
e?pression for t0e ma?imum central angular separation between t0e eart0 station and
t0e subsatellite point
:<
)etermine t0e magnitude of t0e velocity impulse needed to correct t0e inclination of (
o
in
t0e satellite orbit :=BEE km above t0e surface of t0e eart0 ,iven t0at t0e radium of
eart0 F @:@< Km mass of eart0 F =CB ? !E
(<
Kg and ,ravitational constant F @@A ? !E
D
!!
6Dm
(
4Kg
(

:=
#onsider an eart0 station located at longitude H
.
F BE
o
&est and latitude H
l
F <E
o
nort0
and a geostationary satellite at longitude H
S
F !(E
o
& #alculate t0e azimut0 angle A and
elevation angle E
:@
A geosync0ronous satellite moving in an e2uatorial circular orbit at a 0eig0t of :=BEE km
above t0e surface of eart0 gets inclined at an angle of (
o
due to some reason #alculate
t0e ma?imum deviation in latitude and also t0e ma?imum deviation in longitude Also
determine ma?imum displacements in kms caused by latitude and longitude
displacements 7*
E
F@:@< kms8
:A
A geostationary satellite moving in an e2uatorial circular orbit is at a 0eig0t of :=AB@ km
from eart0s surface 3f t0e eart0s radius is @:AB km determine t0e t0eoretical ma?imum
coverage angle Also determine t0e ma?imum slant angle
:B
S0ow t0at t0e 0eig0t of a geostationary orbit is :=,B:B km A non sync0ronous satellite
orbits t0e eart0 wit0 a mean attitude of !=EE km )etermine 0ow many times t0e satellite
orbits t0e eart0 in one day
:C
E?plain 0ow t0e solar eclipse affects t0e working of a communication satellite +ention
t0e duration and mont0 w0en t0e eclipse effects are ma?imum
<E
)etermine t0e ma?imum s0adow angle t0at occurs at e2uino?es for a satellite orbiting in
a circular e2uatorial orbit at a 0eig0t of !:@(( km above t0e surface of t0e eart0
Assume eart0s radius to be @:AB kms Also determine t0e ma?imum daily eclipse
duration
<!
E?plain 0ow a satellite is placed in a geostationary orbit
<(
1ind t0e velocity of satellite at t0e perigee and apogee of its elliptical orbit in terms of t0e
semi ma>or a?is Ia and t0e eccentricity e
<:
1or t0e inclination angle i F (B
o
, and t0e velocities of a satellite at t0e apogee and
perigee as !@! km4s and :EA km4s respectively, calculate t0e value of t0e incremental
velocity re2uired to correct t0e orbit inclination and to ac0ieve orbit circularization
<<
&0at is meant by satellite stabilization; E?plain its significance and t0e met0ods to
ac0ieve t0is
<=
E?plain t0e spin stabilization and t0reeDa?is stabilization of t0e satellite
<@
6ame t0e launc0 ve0icles and t0e agencies using it to launc0 t0e satellite
<A
7a8 1ind t0e ma?imum line of sig0t distance between two satellites at t0e same 0eig0t
-
7b8 A satellite is in a circular orbit at an attitude - F !E,EEE km 1ind t0e
ma?imum eclipse time
<B
&0at is t0e basis on w0ic0 satellite uplink and down link fre2uencies decided;
<C
&0y is t0e uplink fre2uency different from t0e down link fre2uency;
=E
1ind t0e coverage angle of a satellite for w0ic0 it is visible of a minimum elevation angle
E
min
F !E
o
for t0e following circular orbits *
E
F @:AB!== km
7a8 geostationary
7b8 - F !E,EE km
7c8 - F (E,EEE km
=!
)erive t0e satellite link design e2uation 1ind out e?pression for #46 and ,45 ratios
E?plain t0e importance of t0ese ratios on satellite link design
=(
&0at is t0e system noise temperature; -ow does it affect t0e #46 and ,45 ratios;
=:
)efine effective isotropically radiated power 7E3*P8
=<
A system designer is to vary link parameters in order to ac0ieve a target value of
received power )erive t0e 1rills e2uation used for calculation of received power in a
satellite link
==
-ow would you account for t0e transmission losses in a satellite link;
=@
)erive t0e e?pression for t0e power received by t0e receiving antenna in terms of E3*P
gains and losses
=A
A satellite at a distance of <E,EEE km from a point on t0e eart0s surface radiates a
power of (& from an antenna wit0 a gain of !A d' in t0e direction of t0e observer 1ind
t0e flu? density at t0e receiving point, and t0e power received by an antenna wit0 an
effective area of !E m
(

=B
3f t0is satellite operates at a fre2uency of !! ,-z, and if t0e receiving antenna 0as a gain
of =(: d' , find t0e received power
=C
E?plain t0e procedure to calculate t0e system noise temperature
@E
A <D,-z receiver 0as t0e following gains and arise temperatures/
5
in
F =E K ,
*1
F (: d'
5
*1
F =E K ,
m
F E d'
5
on
F =EE K ,
31
F :E d'
5
31
F !EEE K
@!
1or a satellite transponder wit0 a receiver antenna gain of (( d', and (6A gain of !E d'
and an e2uivalent noise temperature of ((
o
K, determine t0e ,45 figure of merit
@(
A satellite eart0 station 0aving an antenna of diameter :E m and overall efficiency of @BJ
works at signal fre2uency of <!=E +-z At t0is fre2uency t0e system noise temperature
is AE
o
K w0en antenna points at t0e satellite at an elevation angle of (B
o
#alculate t0e
,45 ratio of t0e eart0 station 3n case t0e noise temperature rises to BB
o
K, w0at would be
t0e new ,45 ratio;
@:
A microwave communication link is to be designed for t0e @< G @C ,-z band using a
sync0ronous satellite a distance of (<,@EE miles from t0e transmitter site 1or e?cellent
reception, it is desirable to ac0ieve at t0e satellite a signalDtoDnoise ratio of at least !EE
#alculate t0e transmitter power and antenna re2uirements for t0is purpose
@<
1or t0e complete link of a satellite, prove t0at
7#468
5
D!
F 7#468
K
D!
L 7#468
)
D!
w0ere #46 is t0e signal to noise power spectral density ratio 50e suffi? 5, K and )
stands for total, uplink and downlink respectively
@=
#onsider a Ku band fu F !<(=Dfd F !!C= ,-z satellite system wit0 following system
parameters
6oise band widt0 F :@ +-z
,K45u F !@ d'4K 7Antenna gain to noise temp ratio8
Satellite saturation E3*P
s
F << d'&
Antenna diameter 7eart0 station8 F A m
5ransmit antenna gain at !<(= ,-z 7,58 F =A@ d'
*eceive antenna gain at !!C= ,-z 7,8 F =@: d'
#arrier power into antenna 7Pt8 F !A< &
+a?imum uplink and downlink slant range 7u % dd8 F :A=E@ km
5racking losses !( d' 7.u8 and EC d' 7.d8
System noise temp 758 F !@E K
'ased on t0e above parameters, calculate carrier to noise ratio for uplink, for downlink
and total
@@ 3f a purely resistive attenuator is inserted into a receiver system suc0 t0at a loss of faster
( occurs in t0e power available between input and output, t0en prove t0at
i 5
eff
F 5
s
7( G !8
&0ere 5
eff
is t0e effective temperature of a noise source 5
s
is t0e system noise
temperature
@A E?plain various satellite subsystems functions and c0aracteristics
@B &0y back up batteries are necessary in spite of solar arrays; &0at are different types of
solar arrays used;
@C E?plain t0e type of electric power supply being used in t0e satellite
AE &0at is a propulsion subsystem; E?plain its constituent and t0eir functions &0ic0 is t0e
most popular propellant being used;
A! E?plain t0e construction of a repeater and s0ow t0e difference between a simple repeater
and a regenerative repeater
A( &0at type of antenna systems are being used in satellite communication subDsystem;
A: &0at are t0e c0aracteristics t0at are most important in satellite antenna;
A< &0at are global beam and spot beam antennas; ,ive t0eir applications
A= &0at are t0e telemetry, tracking and command 753 % #8 subDsystems;
A@ E?plain 0ow attitude and orbit control is ac0ieved from an eart0 station;
AA &0at are fre2uency reuse antennas;
AB E?plain 0ow t0ermal control subDsystem works
AC E?plain t0e operation of a transponder unit
BE )ifferentiate between a 5ransparent and *egenerative repeater system used in satellite
communication
B! )raw t0e block diagram of a Single #onversion and )ouble #onversion 5ransponder
B( )efine reliability S0ow t0at reliability decreases e?ponentially
B: )iscuss t0e term E2uipment reliability and Space 2ualification
B< &0at is redundancy; )iscuss its importance in t0e conte?t of Satellite #ommunication
B= &0at are t0e different parameters on w0ic0 t0e design of a parabolic reflector depends;
B@ #alculate t0e effective area of a !EDft parabolic reflector antenna at a fre2uency of 7a8
<,-z 7b8 !(,-z
BA An antenna 0as a gain of <@ d' at !( ,-z #alculate its effective area #alculate t0e
gain of a : m reflector antenna at 7a8 @ ,-z and 7b8 !< ,-z
BB 1ind t0e gain and beamwid0 of an antenna of diameter ( m operating at !< ,-z
Assume an aperture efficiency of @E J
BC E?plain w0y t0e low noise amplifier of a receiving system is placed at t0e antenna end of
t0e feeder cable
CE )iscuss t0e re2uirement of a large eart0 station and a small eart0 station antenna
C! #ompare t0e front fed and Offset fed parabolic reflector antenna
C( -ow t0e gain of a large eart0 station antenna be optimized;
C: )iscuss t0e beam waveguide feed system for a large #assegrain Antenna System
C< )iscuss t0e tracking system used for tracking satellites wit0 a large antenna
C= &0at are t0e various E2uipments used in t0e Eart0 station; E?plain eac0 of t0em
C@ )raw t0e simplified block diagram of a large eart0 stations e2uipment using
1)+41+41)+A tec0nology
CA )iscuss t0e drawbacks of using 1)+41+ for satellite multiple accessing system
CB )erive an e?pression relating t0e 7S468 to 7#468 in an analog telep0one 1)+41+41)+A
telep0one c0annel -ow t0e e2uation can be modified to include preemp0asis and
weig0ting factor
CC An 365E.SA5 9 transponder using a global beam ac0ieves a !AB d' 7#468
i
at an eart0
station 50e transponder carries CA( c0annels on a single carrier, t0e 1)+41+ signal
fully occupies a :@D+-z bandwidt0 in t0e transponder 3f t0e weig0ted 7S468 on t0e top
baseband c0annel is =!E d', find t0e rms testDtone deviation and t0e rms multicarrier
deviation t0at must be used #ompare t0ese wit0 t0e tabulated values
!EE A single carrier t0at will occupy 7w0en modulated8 C +-z of an 365E.SA5 9 transponder
can produce a 7#468
i
of !<A d' at a standard eart0 station using t0e satellites global
beam Assuming an BEEEDp &p space segment noise allocation, 0ow many telep0one
c0annels can t0e transponder carry;
!E! E?plain w0at is meant by fre2uencyDdivision multiple access, and s0ow 0ow t0is differs
from fre2uencyDdivision multiple?ing
!E( 'riefly describe t0e various multiple access tec0ni2ues and compare t0eir performance
c0aracteristics
!E: E?plain w0at is meant by 'ack off and w0y is it necessary in multiple access systems
!E< &0at is meant by singleDcarrier per c0annel;
!E= E?plain w0at t0e acronym S#P# stands for E?plain in detail t0e operation of a pre
assigned S#P# network
!E@ )escribe guard time
!EA &0at is primary advantage of 5)+A as compared to 1)+A;
!EB &0at is primary advantage of 1)+A as compared to 5)+A;
!EC &0at is an advantage of #)+A as compared to 5)+A and 1)+A;
!!E &0at are t0e disadvantages of #)+A;
!!! )efine and e?plain w0at is meant by frame efficiency in relation to 5)+A operation
!!( 3n a 5)+A network t0e reference burst and t0e preamble eac0 re2uires =@E bits, and t0e
nominal guard interval between bursts is e2uivalent to !(E bits ,iven t0at t0ere are
eig0t traffic bursts and one reference burst per frame and total frame lengt0 is
e2uivalent to <E,BEE bits, calculate t0e frame efficiency
!!: E?plain t0e principle be0ind spectrum spreading and dispreading and 0ow t0is is used to
minimize interference in a #)+A system
!!< )escribe w0at a reference burst is for 5)+A and e?plain t0e following terms/ Preamble,
#arrier *ecovery se2uence, bit timing recovery, uni2ue word and correlation spike
!!= )escribe fre2uency 0opping
!!@ #ontrast preDassignment and demand assignment
!!A )escribe )igital speec0 3nterpolation tec0ni2ue
!!B 'riefly describe t0e SPA)E system &0at is t0e function of t0e common signaling
c0annel;
!!C &0at is a commonDsignaling c0annel, and 0ow it is used;
!(E E?plain w0at is )A+A; )ifferentiate between #entralized and )istributed )A+A
!(! &0at is )'S; E?plain t0e function wit0 t0e 0elp of a block diagram
!(( &0at is a 9SA5; )escribe t0e operation of a typical 9SA5 system State briefly w0ere
9SA5 systems find widest application
!(: &0at is an 36+A*SA5; )iscuss t0e ground and space segment of 36+E*SA5
!(< &0at is an 365E.SA5; )iscuss t0e evolution of 365E.SA5
!(= &0at is a +SA5; )iscuss briefly
!(@ &0at are various ,PS services; )escribe its accuracy
!(A )iscuss t0e satellite segment of ,PS
!(B )iscuss t0e control segment and user segment of ,PS
!(C &0at is )ifferential ,PS; &0en is it necessary to use )ifferential ,PS;
!:E E?plain w0y a minimum of four satellites must be visible at an eart0 location utilizing t0e
,PS system for position determination