Japanese Verbs and Adjectives

ADJECTIVES
ii adjectives modifying a noun: add i omoshiroi eiga
na adjectives modifying a noun: add na genkina sensei
Conjugation affirmative negative
ii adjectives present oishii desu oishiku arimasen
past oishikatta desu oishiku arimasendeshita
Exception: ii present ii desu yoku amarimasen
past yokatta desu yoku arimasendeshita
na adjectives present genki desu genki ja arimasen
past genki deshita genki ja arimasendeshita
It looks like or something seemingly has properties
ii adjectives drop i, add s desu oishi s desu
exception ii yosa s desu
na adjectives drop na, add s desu genki s desu
!"entuk negative menjadi nai to nasa se"elum s desu#
VERBS
$er" ta"eru kau
%oot ta"e kai
&resent ta"emasu kaimasu
&resent 'egative ta"emasen kaimasen
have not( yet mada( ) 'eg mada( ta"emasen mada( kaimasen
*hanges and activities
+hy dont ,e- &res 'eg ) ka ta"emasenka kaimasenka
.ets( &res ) mash ta"emash kaimash
/hall ,e##- .et me do( &res ) mashka ta"emashka kaimashka
&ro"a"ly( $er" ) desh ta"eru desh kau desh
0lso: *hecking for agreement
!ie you understand *hinese, right-1
*autious prediction $er" ) dar ta"eru dar kau dar
!ie I think ( ,ould "e interested in(1
2uestion on ones opinion $er" ) deshka ta"eru deshka kau deshka
!ie +hich is more difficult-1
TE forms (forma!
%3 ver"s 45 remove ru and add te ta"eru 45 ta"ete
3 ver"s 45 remove ru6, u, tsu and add tte kau 45 katte, matsu 45 matte, toru 45 totte
45 remove mu, "u, nu and add nde yomu 45 yonde, oso"u 45 osonde, shinu 45 shinde
45 remove ku and add ite kaku 45 kaite !Exception: iku 45 itte1
45 remove gu and add ide oyogu 45 oyoide
45 remove su and add shite hanasu 45 hanashite
Irregular: suru 45 shite kuru 45 kite
6 If vo,el "efore ru is a, o, or u, its a 3 ver"# If vo,el is i or e, could "e %3 or 3 ver"#
&lease do for me( 7e ) kudasai ta"ete kudasai katte kudasai
8ou may do( 7e ) mo ii desu ta"ete moiidesu katte moiidesu
8ou may not do( 7e ) ,a ikemasen ta"ete ,a ikemasen katta ,a ikemasen
9o : or more activities 7e ) other ver" ta"ete, nomimasu katte, urimasu !sell1
&ast event connected to 7e ) iru ta"eteimasu katteimasu
present, or action occurring no, is eating is "uying
7rying something( 7e ) miru !to see1 ta"etemiru kattemiru
0n action performed in 7e ) oku ta"ete oku katte oku
preparation for something.
7e forms for ii adj adj ) kute oishikute
Irregular ii yokute
na adj adj ) de genkide
noun ) desu noun ) de nihonjinde
Verb stems ta"emasu kaimasu
&urpose of movement stem ) ni ) move ver" ta"e ni ikemasu kai ni ikemasu
go to eat go to "uy
;ope or aspiration stem ) tai desu ta"etai desu kaitai desu
I ,ant to do(
7hey ,ant to do( stem ) tagatteimasu ta"etagatteimasu kaitagatteimasu
*onjugates as ii adj: ta"etaku aremasen kaitaku arimasen

(Verb stems cont"!

7oo much or to excess stem ) sugiru !%3 ver"1 ta"e sugimashita kai sugimashita
ii < na adj drop i < na taka sugimasu shi=uka sugimasu
too expensive too >uiet
S#ort forms (casua!
3sed in casual conversations, and as a sign of familiarity !.ong forms imply keeping a proper distance1
- 'o need for ka for >uestions? rising tone is sufficient
4 9a at end of na adj or noun < desu is usually dropped
Conjugation 0ffirmative 'egative
Verbs
&resent yomu yomanai
9ictionary form !see "elo,1
&ast yonda yomanakatta
Te form, replace te@de ,ith %eplace i,ith katta
ta@da
6 &resent 'egative: %3 ver" 45 drop %3, add nai
3 ver" 45 drop 3, add anai !ver" ends ,ith u, add ,anai instead eg kau1
Irregular ver": suru 45 shinai kuru 45 konai aru 45 nai
ii adjectives
&resent ka,aii ka,aikunai
9ictionary forms %eplace arimasen ,ith nai
&ast ka,aikatta ka,aikunakatta
%eplace i,ith katta %eplace i,ith katta
na adjectives
&resent shi=ukada shi=ukajanai
%eplace desu ,ith da %eplace arimasen ,ith nai
&ast shi=ukadatta shi=ukajanakatta
%eplace da ,ith datta %eplace i ,ith katta
$oun % desu
&resent gakusei da gakuseijanai
%eplace desu ,ith da %eplace arimasen ,ith nai
&ast gakuseidatta gakuseijanakatta
%eplace da ,ith datta %eplace i ,ith katta
2uoted speech
;e@she@they said( short ) to ) itteimashita ta"eta iru to itteimashita katta to itteimashita
I think that( short ) to ) omoimasu ta"eta to omoimasu kau to omoimasu
to represents the ending of a >uoted section (#
&lease dont( neg ) 9e kudasai ta"enai de kudasai ka,anai de kudasai
(S#ort forms cont"!
$er"s < adjectives as nouns short ) noga !or kotoga1 ta"erunoga kaukotoga
act of eating act of "uying
I intend to do( present ) tsumori desu ta"erutsumori desu kautsumori desu
9o such things as 0 < A past ) ri( suru ta"etari, nondari shimasu kattari, uttari shimasu
;ave the experience of( past ) kotoga aru ta"etakotoga arimasu ka- Battakotoga arimasu ka-
It is "etter !for you1 to do(
affirmative: past ) hgaii desu ta"eta hgaii desu katta hgaii desu
negative: present ) hgaii desu ta"eru hgaii desu kau hgaii desu
!/o<so1 must do( neg ) nakucha ikemasen ta"anai nakucha ikemasen ka,anai nakucha ikemasen
It is necessary to(
Explanatory sentences short ) ndesu !casual: no1 ta"eru ndesu kau ndesu
0s it happens( I am eating !,hich is ,hy I cant talk right no,1
Cor na adj < nouns: na comes "et,een shi=ukanan desu gakuseinan desu
/omething is scheduled( present ) yotei desu ta"eru yotei desu kau yotei desu
&otentia verbs
/omeone can, or has the a"ility to do something, or something is possi"le#
*onjugates as %3 ver"#
%3 ver" 45 drop final D%3, add Drareru ta"erareru
3 ver" 45 drop final D3, and Deru ikeru
Irregular: kuru 45 korareru suru 45 dekiru
9ekiru al,ays takes ga its particle# Ethers can still use ,o or ga#
!note: some speakers drop ra from %3 &otential ver"s1