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Objective:
Theory:
- All parts of the body are colonized by microorganisms that they come into contact with
external environment, either directly or indirectly
- Microbes are found: skin, oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, intestinal tract and
urogenital tract
Skin
- Not a favorable place for growth of many microorganisms, it’s a relatively dry ecosystem,
(exception are areas that contain numerous hair follicles and sebaceous and sweat glands
- Limited nutrients
- Salt concentration may slow growth
- Acidic (pH 4 – 6) secretions are also somewhat inhibitory
- Sweat and sebaceous gland secretions promote growth of normal flora
- Secretions provide water and liberate nutrients: amino acids, lipids
- Many disease causing microorganisms are inhibited by the utilization of lipids and
lipolytic flora that result in the release of fatty acids
- Indigenous microflora is primarily Gram +
- Includes coccoid forms such as micrococci and staphylococci and diphtheroids such as
the corynebacteria and propionibacteria, as well as some yeasts, such as Pityrosporum sp.,
that require oily substances for growth
Throat
- Normal flora contains a variety of microorganisms
- Most common indigenous population include members of: staphylococci, streptococci,
corynebacteria, spirochetes, actinomycetes and mycoplasmas, yeasts and viruses
- Infection diagnosis often achieved by plating throat swab material unto blood agar, which
readily differentiates throat flora by hemolytic type
Nasal
- Nasal passage flora similar to external skin flora
- Gram +
- Salt-tolerant organisms: Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermis, aerobic diphtheroids
predominate
- 10 – 30% individuals carry S. aureus, coagulase positive, permanently or sporadically
- Easily tested with TGA agar
GI Tract
- Microorganisms outnumber us 10 to 1 on our body, most of which inhabit GI Tract,
- Predominantly mouth and large intestine
- Feces contain about 1012 bacteria per gram (about 40% by wt of total fecal mass
- Bacteria predominantly obligate anaerobes such as Bacteroides
Urinary Tract
- Normal flora of UT restricted to about first cm of urethra
- Microorganisms not normally found in upper urethra, bladder, ureters or kidneys
- ♀ reproductive tract possesses a large vaginal microflora throughout
- Vaginal flora of ♀ of reproductive age is a mix of: lactobacilli, anaerobic Bacteroides,
Clostridium, aerobic diphtheroids, staphylococci and yeasts
- Lactobacilli lower vaginal pH 3.5 – 4.5
- Before puberty, after menopause, lactobacilli are less numerous in response to different
hormonal levels.
Questions:
1–
2–
Alpha hemolysis - caused by oxidative effect of peroxide waste on heme
Beta-hemolysis – caused by lysis of the red blood cells by the bacterial exoenzymes known as
hemolysis.
3–
Macconkey Agar, which is both a selective and a differential media, could be used to
determine the presence of E. coli. This medium allows for the differentiation of lactose
fermenting and non lactose fermenting Gram negative enteric bacilli such as E.coli and
P.vulgaris.
4–
The results for all the plates were as expected, except the growth on the Tellurite Glycerine Agar
plates. The plate with the S. eareus gave the expected results, however; the plate with the S.
epidermis had similar results. There was not supposed to be any growth in this plate. The growth
can perhaps be explained by the fact that the plate was not inspected in the recommended 24 hour
time frame, but instead 1 week later. This theory is further enforced by the evident “slower”
growth on the plate that should not have had any growth.
Conclusion:
was achieved.
The use of four different types of Agar were used to attain the objective.
In the case of the Tellurite Glycerine Agar, we saw the importance of analyzing results of time
sensitive experiments. The assumption that the growth was due to prolonged exposure is based
on the fact that we were already told that coagulase-positive staphylococci would grow black
colonies within 24 hours. The fact that there was growth in both plates, is an indication that the
experiment was not done correctly. In this case, we are able to identify the infraction, analysis
one week later, instead of 24 hours later.