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Worked solutions: Chapter 8

Equilibrium

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Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2008.
This page from the Chemistry: For use with the IB Diploma Programme SL Teachers Resource may be reproduced for classroom use.
Section 8.1 Exercises
1 The concentration of reactants decreases rapidly at first and then more gradually until the
concentration stops changing. The concentration of products increases rapidly at first and then
more gradually until the concentration stops changing.
2 An open system is open to the surroundings and gaseous products (and reactants) can leave the
vessel. A closed system is not open to the surroundings so nothing can enter or leave the vessel.
As a result, equilibrium can be established in a closed system because both reactants and
products are present.
3 Observations could be made of constant colour intensity, constant gas pressure, constant
temperature, constant electrical conductivity, or constant pH.
4 A chemical reaction is said to be in a state of dynamic equilibrium at a specified temperature
when the rate of the forward reaction is exactly equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.
Section 8.2 Exercises
1 a K
c
=
2
2 3
2
4
2
2
] ) [Cu(NO
] [O ] [NO [CuO]

b K
c
=
2
2
3
] [CO][H
OH] [CH

c K
c
=
] ][I [H
[HI]
2 2
2

d K
c
=
] [I
] ][I [I
3
2


2 a K
c
=
] [COCl
] [CO][Cl
2
2
K
c
=
2
2
2
2
2
] [COCl
] [Cl [CO]
= K
c
2

b K
c
=
1/2
2
1/2
1/2
2
] [Cl [CO]
] [COCl
=
c
1
K

3 a If a system is at equilibrium and any of temperature, pressure or concentrations of the
species are changed, the reaction will proceed in such a direction as to partially
compensate for this change.
b An increase in temperature would cause an exothermic reaction to proceed to the left (in
favour of the endothermic process).
c The equilibrium constant for this reaction would decrease as a result of the increase in
temperature.
Worked solutions: Chapter 8
Equilibrium

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This page from the Chemistry: For use with the IB Diploma Programme SL Teachers Resource may be reproduced for classroom use.
4 a i Equilibrium position moves to right.
ii Equilibrium constant increases.
b i Equilibrium position moves to left.
ii Equilibrium constant decreases.
c i Equilibrium position moves to right.
ii Equilibrium constant increases.
d i Equilibrium position moves to left.
ii Equilibrium constant decreases.
5

6 a Equilibrium position moves to right as extra reactant is added.
b Equilibrium position moves to left as extra product is added.
c Equilibrium position moves to right as extra reactant is added.
d Equilibrium position moves to left as extra product is added.
7 a Equilibrium position moves to right as extra reactant is added.
b Equilibrium position moves to right as the reaction is endothermic.
c Equilibrium position moves to right as product is being removed.
8 a Equilibrium position moves to right as there are more moles of product than reactant.
b Equilibrium position moves to right as some product is lost.
c Equilibrium position moves to right as extra reactant is added.
d Equilibrium position moves to right as the NaOH will react with the H
3
O
+
that is present as
a product of reaction, thus removing it.
9 a Addition of excess oxygen will ensure greater yield as excess reactant used.
b Employing a catalyst will not increase the yield, as only rate of reaction will be improved.
c Supplying extra heat will not increase the yield, as the reaction is exothermic.
Worked solutions: Chapter 8
Equilibrium

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This page from the Chemistry: For use with the IB Diploma Programme SL Teachers Resource may be reproduced for classroom use.
10

Section 8.3 Exercises
1 The catalyst used is made from porous iron(III) oxide that has been treated with hydrogen gas,
and small amounts of aluminium and calcium oxides and potassium hydroxide. The reaction
solidifies the mixture of materials and makes it porous, increasing its surface area and so its
effectiveness.
2 According to Le Chteliers principle an increased yield can be achieved by:
increasing the concentration of one of the reactants
removing product from the reaction mixture as it forms
increasing the gas pressure (4 mole of reactant gases produce only 2 mole of product gases,
so an increase in pressure would enhance the forward reaction)
decreasing the temperature, as the forward reaction is exothermic.
A compromise is reached with respect to temperature, as low temperatures will result in an
unacceptably slow rate of reaction. The pressure used is greater than atmospheric pressure but
not too high, as high-pressure vessels are expensive to build and maintain.
3 a The catalyst has no effect on the position of equilibrium.
b The catalyst increases the rate of the reaction.
4 The first catalyst used industrially in this process was platinum. Unfortunately, platinum is very
expensive and tends to be poisoned quickly and so lose its effectiveness. A much cheaper, but
still acceptable, catalyst is vanadium(V) oxide, V
2
O
5
. The catalyst is laid out in a series of three
or four trays in pellet form. By using trays of pellets the catalysts surface area is increased, and
so is its effectiveness.
5 According to Le Chteliers principle an increased yield can be achieved by:
increasing the concentration of one of the reactants
removing product from the reaction mixture as it forms
Worked solutions: Chapter 8
Equilibrium

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This page from the Chemistry: For use with the IB Diploma Programme SL Teachers Resource may be reproduced for classroom use.
increasing the gas pressure (3 mole of reactant gases produce only 2 mole of product gases,
so an increase in pressure would enhance the forward reaction)
decreasing the temperature, as the forward reaction is exothermic.
In practice, elevated temperatures are used to improve the rate of reaction (the reaction
proceeds very slowly at low temperatures) and atmospheric pressure is used to save money on
the costs associated with high-pressure equipment. A catalyst is also used to further improve
the rate of reaction, making up for the loss of product at higher temperatures.
Chapter 8 Review questions
1 a K
c
=
] [O ] [SO
] [SO
2
2
2
2
3
mol
1
dm
3

b K
c
=
6
2 4
4
3
] ][H [P
] [PH
mol
3
dm
9

c K
c
=
] [CO [LiOH]
O] ][H CO [Li
2
2
2 3 2
mol
1
dm
3

d K
c
=
7
2
4
3
6
2
4
2
] [O ] [NH
O] [H ] [NO
mol
1
dm
3

2 a Formation of reactants would be favoured.
b Formation of products would be favoured.
c Formation of reactants would be favoured.
d Formation of products would be favoured.
3 a K
c
=
] [O ] [SO
] [SO
2
2
2
2
3
mol
1
dm
3

b The second experiment was conducted at the higher temperature as the equilibrium
constant was smaller. As this is an exothermic reaction, an increase in temperature favours
the reverse reaction, resulting in a smaller equilibrium constant.
4 a K
c
=
c
1
K
=
x
1

b K
c
= K
c
2
= x
2

c K
c
=
3
c
1
K
=
3
1
x

5 K
c
=
3
2 2
2
3
] ][H [N
] [NH
mol
2
dm
6

As the forward reaction is exothermic, an increase in temperature favours the reverse reaction,
resulting in a smaller equilibrium constant.
Worked solutions: Chapter 8
Equilibrium

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This page from the Chemistry: For use with the IB Diploma Programme SL Teachers Resource may be reproduced for classroom use.
6 a i The position of equilibrium moves to the right.
ii The equilibrium constant increases.
b i The position of equilibrium moves to the left.
ii The equilibrium constant decreases.
c i The position of equilibrium moves to the left.
ii The equilibrium constant decreases.
d i The position of equilibrium moves to the right.
ii The equilibrium constant increases.
7 a The equilibrium position would move to the right to compensate for the loss of product.
b The equilibrium position would move to the right to compensate for the loss of product.
c The equilibrium position would move to the left to compensate for the loss of reactant.
d The equilibrium position would move to the left to compensate for the loss of reactant.
8 Answers in bold.
Change Equilibrium position Equilibrium constant
Add nitrogen gas Right No change
Cool gases Right Increases
Increase pressure Right No change
Remove hydrogen Left No change
Employ a catalyst No change No change
9 a The position of equilibrium moves to the left to partially compensate for the fact that extra
product has been added.
b The position of equilibrium moves to the left to partially compensate for the fact that this
exothermic equilibrium has been heated.
c The addition of an inert gas has no effect on the position of equilibrium.
d The position of equilibrium moves to the right to partially compensate for the fact that
some product has been removed.
e A catalyst has no effect on the position of equilibrium, just on the rate of reaction.
Worked solutions: Chapter 8
Equilibrium

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This page from the Chemistry: For use with the IB Diploma Programme SL Teachers Resource may be reproduced for classroom use.
10

11 a The position of equilibrium moves to the right to partially compensate for the fact that
extra reactant has been added.
b The position of equilibrium moves to the left to partially compensate for the fact that some
reactant had been removed.
c The position of equilibrium moves to the left to partially compensate for the fact that there
were more moles of reactant than product and so the dilution affected the reactant more
than the products.
d The position of equilibrium moves to the left to partially compensate for the fact that heat
has been provided to this exothermic equilibrium reaction.
12 a The reaction reaches equilibrium four times, as this is the number of occasions that the
concentrations of all three species remain unchanged for a period of time.
b At the 10-minute mark a quantity of COCl
2
was added, as its concentration increased
virtually instantaneously.
c Over this period of time the concentrations of CO and Cl
2
were increasing and that of
COCl
2
was decreasing, so the reaction was proceeding to the left (backwards).
d K
c
=
] [CO][Cl
] [COCl
2
2
mol
1
dm
3

e At the 30-minute mark the concentrations of all three species decreased almost
instantaneously. To achieve this, either a valve was opened to release some gases or the
volume of the vessel was increased.
13 a Low temperatures and high pressure favour a high yield in the Contact process.
b A catalyst is used to help raise the rate of reaction and hence the yield in a given amount of
time.
Worked solutions: Chapter 8
Equilibrium

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14 A compromise must be reached in order to produce SO
3
industrially because a high pressure,
which would favour position of equilibrium and rate of reaction, would be very expensive and
difficult to maintain, so only moderate pressures are used. Temperatures are also moderate,
rather than low, to keep the rate of reaction to a reasonable value, even though the position of
equilibrium is moved to the left by the higher temperatures.
15 Ammonia is made in the Haber process.
N
2
(g) + 3H
2
(g) 2NH
3
(g)
K
c
=
3
2 2
2
3
] ][H [N
] [NH
mol
2
dm
6

Chapter 8 Test
Part A: Multiple-choice questions
Question Answer Explanation
1 B The term dynamic equilibrium refers to a state of balance in which the forward and
the backward reactions are still progressing, but macroscopic properties are
constant. Thus, the reactants and products keep reacting.
2 A At equilibrium, the rate of the forward reaction is the same as the backward
reaction.
3 D It can be seen that as the temperature increases, the equilibrium constant
increases. This occurs for an endothermic reaction; thus the ionization of water is
endothermic.
4 D The forward reaction is exothermic and for the reaction to proceed to the right, the
temperature must be decreased. There are 4 mol of reactants and 2 mol of
products. For the reaction to proceed to the right, where there are fewer products,
the pressure must be increased. Adding a catalyst does not affect the position of
equilibrium. For the reaction to proceed to the right, product must be removed.
5 C Adding a catalyst increases the rate of both the forward and reverse reactions
equally, but does not affect the position of equilibrium.
6 A For an exothermic reaction to proceed in the forward direction, temperature must
decrease. In this reaction there are 2 mol of reactants and only 1 mol of products.
Thus, for the reaction to proceed to the right, where there are fewer gaseous
molecules, the pressure must be increased.
7 B The concentration of products is always in the numerator and the concentration of
reactants in the denominator. The concentration of a product or reactant is always
raised to the power of the coefficient. Thus NH
3
and O
2
are products and their
coefficients are 4 and 5 respectively.
8 C Adding a catalyst does not affect the position of equilibrium. Removing or
decreasing the concentration of a product (O
2
) will shift the position of equilibrium to
the right; increasing the volume of the container will decrease the pressure so the
reaction will proceed to the side with more gaseous molecules, that is, to the right.
9 B This is an exothermic reaction. When the temperature is increased, the reaction will
proceed in the backwards direction, and thus the value of K
c
will decrease (as the
value of the numerator decreases and the denominator increases).
10 C When a reaction goes almost to completion, the K
c
value must be very large (>>1).
Worked solutions: Chapter 8
Equilibrium

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This page from the Chemistry: For use with the IB Diploma Programme SL Teachers Resource may be reproduced for classroom use.
Part B: Short-answer questions
1 a Any two of the following:
The rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
The concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant.
Macroscopic properties remain constant.
The system is closed.
(2 marks)
b Homogenous means all the reactants and products are in the same phase.
(1 mark)
c K
c
=
3
2 2
2
3
] ][H [N
] [NH

(2 marks)
d Finely divided iron is the catalyst.
A catalyst has no effect on the value of K
c
. A catalyst merely increases the rate at which
equilibrium is attained, but it does not affect the yield obtained.
(3 marks)
2 a K
c
=
] ][I [H
[HI]
2 2
2

The equilibrium constant has no units because they cancel for reactants and products
(i.e. numerator and denominator).
(2 marks)
b Concentration of product (HI) is greater than concentration of reactants.
(1 mark)
c An increase in pressure will have no effect.
(1 mark)
d As the reaction is endothermic, increasing temperature will shift equilibrium position to the
right. This will increase the concentration of products, making the numerator larger and so
increasing the value of K
c
.
(1 mark)
3 a It is an exothermic reaction, so as temperature increases K
c
decreases.
As temperature increases, the rate of reaction also increases due to the increasing number
of particles with E > E
a
.
(2 marks)
Worked solutions: Chapter 8
Equilibrium

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This page from the Chemistry: For use with the IB Diploma Programme SL Teachers Resource may be reproduced for classroom use.
b Rate of reaction increases as pressure increases because the concentration increases, and
therefore collisions become more likely.
Increasing the pressure has no effect on K
c
. (Temperature is the only factor that alters K
c

value.)
(2 marks)
c A pressure of 1000 atmosphere is not used because it is too expensive.
(1 mark)
Part C: Data-based question
a i Reactions B and D are endothermic and so an increase in temperature will shift the
position of equilibrium to the right.
(2 marks)
ii Reactions B and D have fewer mol of particles on the left, so an increase in pressure will
shift the position of equilibrium to the left.
(2 marks)
b A catalyst has no effect on position of equilibrium so it has no effect on the value of K
c
. The
rate of the forward and reverse reactions are increased equally. So there is no change in the
concentrations of reactants or products (K
c
only changes if temperature alters).
(4 marks)
Part D: Extended-response question
a i Catalyst is vanadium(V) oxide (V
2
O
5
).
(1 mark)
ii Catalyst does not affect the value of K
c
as the concentration of neither reactants nor
products is changed.
The rate of the forward and reverse reactions are increased equally.
Catalyst increases the rate of the reaction by providing an alternative path for the reaction
with a lower activation energy.
(4 marks)
b Collisions are more energetic so more molecules have E E
a
. Collisions are more frequent.
(2 marks)
c i Increasing the pressure shifts the equilibrium position to the right, because this is the side
with fewer gas molecules.
(2 marks)
ii Removing sulfur trioxide shifts the equilibrium position to the right to compensate for loss
of SO
3
by producing more SO
3
.
(2 marks)
Worked solutions: Chapter 8
Equilibrium

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This page from the Chemistry: For use with the IB Diploma Programme SL Teachers Resource may be reproduced for classroom use.
iii Using a catalyst has no effect as forward and backward rates are increased equally.
(2 marks)
d The reaction is exothermic.
K
c
decreases with increasing temperature (i.e. back reaction is favoured and heat is used up).
(2 marks)

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