CONTENTS

Intro (Items I - II in one file)

I. Preface
II. Definitions
Chapter 1 : General Elements
Chapter 2 : Command and Control
Chapter 3 : Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence
Chapter 4 : Employment of Forces
Chapter 5 : Types of Operations
Chapter 6 : Foot Patrols
Chapter 7 : Tracing
Chapter 8 : Follo!-"p Operations
Chapter 9 : #ttacs on Terrorist Camps
Chapter 10 : #m$us%ing of Terrorists
Chapter 11 : S!eeps
Chapter 12 : &efense'Protection of sensiti(e points
Chapter 13 : )o(ement Security
Chapter 14 : )ines and *oo$y Traps
Chapter 15 : Land !ir "perations #co$in% soon&
Chapter 16 : 'isce((aneo)s #co$in% soon&
Chapter 17 : Lo%istics in C"I* #co$in% soon&

+++*",-+++ !(so co$in% soon the co$p(ete ./0 C"I* 'an)a( on PD0 for$at for
do1n(oad. ,his is the co$p(ete ori%ina( 1975 2ersion.
Preface

!nti3terrorist operations #!,"P/& are fo)%ht on a 1ide front: the ar$4 forces5 2ario)s
%o2ern$ent depart$ents and the ci2i(ian pop)(ation a(( ha2e a ro(e to p(a4. In
i$p(e$entin% the anti3terrorist action contained herein5 $e$6ers of the ar$4 forces $)st
appreciate the 2ita( need for cooperation and the )nder3standin% of each other7s
characteristics and capa6i(ities.
!,"P/ 1arfare pro6a6(4 p(aces a %reater 6)rden of responsi6i(it4 on the indi2id)a( than
does an4 other for$ of conf(ict. It connotes s$a(( %ro)ps and (i%ht sca(es. Catch31ords
are: thoro)%h trainin%5 se(f3discip(ine5 s8i(( at ar$s5 initiati2e5 %)i(e5 end)rance and a6o2e
a((5 the 1i(( to 1in.
Definitions
1. Insurgent+ !n indi%eno)s or forei%n nationa( not reco%ni9ed as a 6e((i%erent 64
internationa( (a15 ai$in% to o2erthro1 a %o2ern$ent 64 force. In re2o()tionar4
1ar the ter$s :%)erri((a5 7I :re2o()tionar45: :terrorist: or :ins)r%ent: are )sed on
occasion to indicate differences in the opposition. ;hen it is not necessar4 to
indicate specific differences5 ho1e2er5 :ins)r%ent: is )sed to co2er a(( the ro(es
i$p(ied 64 the fore%oin% ter$s. It is a(so ta8en to inc()de s)ch additiona( ter$s as
:sa6ote)r5: :ene$4: :ins)rrectionist: or :re6e(5: 1here app(ica6(e.
2. Terrorist+ ! s)pporter of a dissident faction #in fact5 an ins)r%ent&5 1ho is trained
for or resorts to or%ani9ed 2io(ence for po(itica( ends.
3. Insurgency+ ! for$ of re6e((ion in 1hich a dissident faction insti%ates the
co$$ission of acts of ci2i( diso6edience5 sa6ota%e and terroris$5 and 1a%es
irre%)(ar 1arfare in order to o2erthro1 a %o2ern$ent. In its )(ti$ate sta%es it
co)(d esca(ate to a conf(ict on con2entiona( (ines. !(tho)%h ins)r%enc4 often starts
interna((45 it has se(do$ 6een 8no1n to s)cceed 1itho)t o)tside assistance5
s)pport and enco)ra%e$ent.
4. Counter-insurgency (COIN)+ !(( $eas)res5 6oth ci2i( and $i(itar45 )nderta8en
64 a %o2ern$ent5 independent(4 or 1ith the assistance of friend(4 nations5 to
pre2ent or defeat ins)r%enc4. #Refers to the Rhodesian Security Forces&
5. Counter-insurgency operations (COIN Ops). Co)nter3ins)r%enc4 operations
are the $i(itar4 aspects of co)nter3ins)r%enc4. ,hese consist of: !nti3terrorist
operations #!,"P/&5 Ps4cho(o%ica( operations #P/<"P/&5 operations in s)pport
of ci2i( a)thorities #"/C!&.
6. #nti-terrorist operations (#TOPS)+ !n4 $i(itar4 operation a%ainst terrorists.
7. Psyc%ological operations (PS,OPS)+ !n action cond)cted o2er a predeter$ined
period of ti$e and consistin% of the app(ication of 2ario)s coordinated $eas)res5
directed at the pop)(ation in %enera( or the inha6itants of a specific area or socia(
%ro)p5 o1n ar$ed forces5 or at the ene$4 in accordance 1ith deter$ined
doctrines and techni=)es. ,he4 are cond)cted 64 $i(itar4 forces5 ci2i( a)thorities
or 64 6oth in con>)nction 1ith each other5 to achie2e an o6>ecti2e of
ps4cho(o%ica( action.
8. operations in support of ci(il aut%orities (OSC#) : !n4 $i(itar4 operation in
s)pport of ci2i( a)thorities5 1hich in2o(2es pri$ari(4 the $aintenance of (a1 and
order and essentia( ser2ices5 in the face of ci2i( dist)r6ance and diso6edience.
9. )ilitary forces ()F) + !(( $i(itar45 para$i(itar4 and po(ice forces en%a%ed in
co)nter3ins)r%enc4 operations.
10.Contact+ !n4 for$ of enco)nter 6et1een $i(itar4 forces and terrorists5 other than
a $ere si%htin%.
11.Incident+ ! terrorist act res)(tin% in a cri$ina( offence 6ein% co$$itted5 or
interference 1ith the ri%hts of others.
12.*order control operations+ ?order contro( or co)nter3penetration operations
cond)cted 1ith the ai$ of sec)rin% o)r o1n 6orders and pre2entin% the ene$4
fro$ crossin%5 or pre2entin% s)pp(ies5 reinforce$ents5 etc. fro$ crossin% to
s)pport ene$4 e(e$ents that $a4 ha2e s)cceeded in penetratin%. ,his inc()des the
e(i$ination of the ene$4 and the destr)ction of his transit faci(ities in 6order
areas.
13.#rea operations + "perations carried o)t 1ith the ai$ of co2erin% an area 1ith a
fra$e1or8 of $i(itar4 or%ani9ations5 1or8in% in c(ose cooperation 1ith the ci2i(
a)thorities5 in order to e(i$inate the ene$4 1ho $a4 ha2e esta6(ished hi$se(f in
the area5 or 1ho $a4 ha2e infi(trated the area.7
14.)ilitary forces+ ,he forces of the ar$45 air force and na24.
15.#u-iliaries+ Indi2id)a(s or %ro)ps of the (oca( pop)(ation 1ho are or%ani9ed and
contro((ed 64 the $i(itar4 forces5 to assist 1ith and s)pport co)nter3ins)r%enc4
operations.
16.Fro.en area : ! c(ear(4 defined area5 in 1hich $i(itar4 forces are prec()ded fro$
operatin% for a fi@ed period of ti$e. !n4 $i(itar4 force a(read4 operatin% in the
area to 6e dec(ared fro9en 1i(( 6e 1ithdra1n fro$ s)ch an area at (east fo)r ho)rs
6efore the set period.
17.No-go area+ !n area fro$ 1hich a(( ci2i(ians are e@c()ded 64 an order of the
protectin%3a)thorit45 to ens)re that the4 do not 6eco$e in2o(2ed in operations
cond)cted 64 $i(itar4 forces a%ainst terrorists. "n(4 a)thori9ed $e$6ers of the
$i(itar4 forces 1i(( $o2e in no3%o areas. *o action $a4 6e instit)ted a%ainst the$
for an4 death or in>)r4 ca)sed to an4 person 1ithin the area 64 an4 act perfor$ed
in %ood faith in the co)rse of operations cond)cted d)rin% the ti$e 1hi(e the order
is in force.
General Elements
SECTION /+ T0E ENE),
1. General . ,he ins)r%ent threat to so)thern !frica is a rea( and co$p(e@ one5 ai$ed
at re$o2in% the 1hite $an7s inf()ence on the s)63continent at a(( costs. Ins)r%ents
are trained5 indoctrinated and e=)ipped $ain(4 64 co$$)nist co)ntries. ,his
$an)a( is on(4 concerned 1ith one aspect of this threat5 na$e(4 the r)ra(
terrorists.
2. C%aracteristics . ,he ene$4 is )s)a((4 care(ess of death. Ae has no $enta(
do)6ts5 is (itt(e tro)6(ed 64 h)$anitarian senti$ents5 and is not $o2ed 64
s(a)%hter and $)ti(ation.5 Ais )p6rin%in% and standard of (i2in% $a8e hi$ 1e((
fitted to hardships. Ae re=)ires (itt(e s)stenance and co$fort5 and can (oo8 after
hi$se(f. Ais standard of 6)shcraft is )s)a((4 of a hi%h order and he has a 8een
practiced e4e for the co)ntr4 and the a6i(it4 to $o2e across it at speed on foot. Ae
is )s)a((4 ph4sica((4 fit5 6ein% a6(e to co2er (on% distances rapid(4 carr4in% a
hea24 (oad. Ae is capa6(e of 6ein% trained to )se $odern and co$p(icated
1eapons to %ood effect. Ae is ta)%ht to read a $ap5 )se radios and 2oice
proced)re and effecti2e(4 e$p(o4 si$p(e 6)t dead(4 6oo64 traps.
3. Tactics . -ne$4 tactics are 6ased on the fo((o1in%:
i. 0(e@i6(e5 i$a%inati2e and )northodo@ operations5 re(4in% a6o2e a(( on
s)rprise.
ii. "ffensi2e action5 e2en 1hen te$porari(4 on the defensi2e.
iii. ! hi%h de%ree of foot $o6i(it4.
i2. ,he a6i(it4 to e@p(oit the ad2anta%es of ni%ht operations.
2. Detai(ed preparations 6efore an4 attac8B (oca( s)perior stren%th and
fa2ora6(e conditions 6ein% a prere=)isite.
2i. 0re=)ent )se of a(( t4pes of a$6)sh.
2ii.-@tensi2e )se of 6oo64 traps. i$pro2ised $ines5 o6stac(es and fie(d 1or8s
)sin% (oca((4 a2ai(a6(e $ateria(.
2iii.-2adin% decisi2e en%a%e$ents.
4. #rms . ,he terrorists are nor$a((4 1e(( ar$ed 1ith $odern a)to$atic or
se$ia)to$atic rif(es5 s)6$achine %)ns and $achine %)ns. Aand %renades are in
a6)ndance. 'ore sophisticated ar$s are in )se on an e2er increasin% sca(e5 e.%.5
%renade (a)nchers5 $ortars5 %)ns and e2en anti3aircraft $achine %)ns. ,he )se of
$ines is a fa2orite terrorist tactic. 'ost ar$s ori%inate fro$ co$$)nist co)ntries5
6)t the terrorists are a(so trained to )se the $i(itar4 forces I o1n 1eapons a%ainst
the$5 6e the4 sto(en or capt)red in co$6at. ;hen forced to5 he can re2ert to
pri$iti2e 1eapons s)ch as $)99(e (oaders5 spears and 6o1s and arro1s.
5. E1uipment . ,he terrorists are 1e(( e=)ipped 1ith $odern ite$s s)ch as radio
sets5 p(astic e@p(osi2es5 $ap readin% aids5 first3aid 8its and rations. Ao1e2er5
1hen forced to5 his trainin% a((o1s hi$ to fa(( 6ac8 on pri$iti2e $eans in order to
i$pro2ise and s)r2i2e.
6. 2ulnera$ility of t%e terrorist . ,he $ost i$portant factors are the need for the
s)pport of the (oca( pop)(ation and e@terna( assistance. ,hese sho)(d 6e e@p(oited
64 a(( concerned 1hen co)nterin% the terrorist threat. if he is c)t off fro$ o)tside
assistance5 and finds no co$fort or aid fro$ the (oca( pop)(ation5 his 1ar 1i(( 6e
o2er. It is a(so i$portant to re$e$6er that the terrorist is nor$a((4 discip(ined 64
indoctrination to accept an ideo(o%4 forei%n to his o1n tri6a( 6ac8%ro)nd.
0)rther$ore5 the %ro)p is nor$a((4 he(d to%ether $ore 64 stron% (eadership than
64 co$$on ca)se. Ph4sica( or ps4cho(o%ica( action ai$ed at these so)rces co)(d
easi(4 )nder$ine his discip(ine5 and 6rea8 his $ora(e.
SECTION 3+ TE44#IN #N& C5I)#TE
1. ,heatres of operation in so)thern !frica are characteri9ed 64 terrain and c(i$atic
conditions that ad2erse(4 affect the dep(o4$ent of $odern ar$ies.
2. Ceo%raphica((45 the terrain ran%es fro$ se$i3desert to $o)ntaino)s areas5 and
$an4 areas are thic8(4 2e%etated. ,his ca)ses the fo((o1in% restrictions:
a. 'o6i(it4.
i. Dehic(e $o2e$ent is nor$a((4 restricted to an )nderde2e(oped
road net1or85 paths and trac8s.
ii. .i2ers in f(ood ha$per $o6i(it4.
6. "6ser2ation of the ene$4 and of s)pport 1eapons fire is diffic)(t5 if not
i$possi6(e5 and $a4 re=)ire increased air effort.
c. .adio trans$ission and reception ran%es are %reat(4 red)ced.
d. *a2i%ation is diffic)(t and ca((s for i$pro2ised $ethods.
e. -$p(o4$ent of ar$s is often restricted to infantr4 on foot.
f. Liaison and contro( are diffic)(t.
3. /o)thern !frica is 8no1n for its e@tre$e c(i$atic conditions and this ca((s for:
a. ! hi%h de%ree of ph4sica( fitness and a period of acc(i$ati9ation for a((
troops.
6. Proper $edica( co2er a%ainst tropica( diseases and a hi%h standard of
persona( h4%iene.
c. Protecti2e $eas)res and proper $aintenance of a(( 1eapons and
e=)ip$ent.
d. ,he rain4 season red)ces 2ehic(e $o2e$ent considera6(45 as roads and
trac8s 6eco$e i$passa6(e in p(aces5 th)s p(acin% %reater e$phasis on air
s)pport.
4. operationa( areas 1i(( co2er 2ast areas and are nor$a((4 re$ote fro$ per$anent
6ase faci(ities. ,his ca)ses (on% (ines of co$$)nications and co$p(icates
(o%istica(. s)pport.
5. ?eca)se of the (ar%e areas to 6e co2ered5 )nits and s)63)nits are nor$a((4 far
apart. ,his ca((s for de(e%ation of po1ers of co$$and5 and freedo$ of action to
(o1er (e2e(s5 necessitatin% %ood co$$)nications and (iaison at a(( (e2e(s.
6. ;i(d(ife5 insects and repti(es are in a6)ndance and ca(( for proper trainin% and
preca)tionar4 $eas)res.
SECTION 6+ OT0E4 F#CTO4S
a. General . ,his section e$phasi9es those factors 1hich ha2e a specia(
app(ication to s)ccessf)( anti3terrorist operations.
6. Cooperation . ,he $i(itar4 $)st ne2er (ose si%ht of the para$o)nt
i$portance of c(ose )nderstandin% and cooperation 1ith ci2i(ian
co)nterparts. ,his princip(e $)st 6e fo((o1ed at a(( (e2e(s of cooperation5
e.%.5 ar$4air force5 $i(itar4po(ice5 etc.
c. 0earts and minds . En(ess the tr)st5 confidence and respect of the peop(e
are 1on 64 the %o2ern$ent and the $i(itar4 forces5 the chance of s)ccess
is %reat(4 red)ced. If the5 peop(e s)pport the %o2ern$ent and the $i(itar4
forces5 the ene$4 6eco$es iso(ated and c)t off fro$ its s)pp(ies5 she(ter
and inte((i%ence.
d. Intelligence . /)ccessf)( !,"P/ depend )pon an efficient inte%rated
inte((i%ence "r%ani9ation5 p(anned and contro((ed on a nationa( or theatre
of operations 6asis. Cood inte((i%ence is the 8e4 to s)ccessf)( operations.
Der4 (itt(e of 2a()e 1i(( 6e achie2ed 1itho)t ti$e(4 and acc)rate
inte((i%ence5 and co$$anders 1i(( often ha2e to p(an specia( operations
and ta8e considera6(e ris8s to o6tain 2a()a6(e inte((i%ence. ?efore
)nderta8in% $i(itar4 operations a%ainst terrorists5 the district in 1hich the4
are operatin% sho)(d 6e thoro)%h(4 st)died and a dossier prepared 64 the
po(ice or ci2i(ian inte((i%ence )nit5 1or8in% in con>)nction 1ith the (oca(
ci2i( a)thorities 1here necessar4.
e. Security of $ases . It is f)nda$enta( to the s)ccess of !,"P/ that a(( 6ases
are sec)re5 1hether it 6e a $a>or 6ase5 $o6i(i9ation center5 insta((ation5
airfie(d5 po(ice post or patro( 6ase. !(( $e$6ers of the $i(itar4 forces5
1hate2er their tas8s5 $)st 6e trained to ta8e an effecti2e and acti2e part in
the defense and protection of insta((ations.
f. Planned pattern of operations . "perations $)st 6e p(anned on the 6asis
of s4ste$atica((4 %ainin% and $aintainin% contro( of the co)ntr4 or area
concerned5 64 the esta6(ish$ent and constant e@pansion of contro((ed
areas. ?4 esta6(ishin% contro((ed or safe areas5 ene$4 freedo$ of
$o2e$ent is c)rtai(ed and a safe p(ace is pro2ided for the (oca( indi%eno)s
peop(e a1a4 fro$ the inf()ence and inti$idation of the ene$4.
%. Sei.ing and %olding t%e initiati(e . ! c(ear3c)t po(itica( po(ic4 and
offensi2e action 64 the $i(itar4 forces are essentia( for sei9in% and ho(din%
the initiati2e. -2er4 effort $)st 6e $ade to do$inate an4 area in 1hich the
$i(itar4 forces are operatin%.
h. Speed7 mo$ility and fle-i$ility . 'i(itar4 forces $)st 6e e=)ipped5 trained
and acc)sto$ed to operatin% for (on% periods )nder the sa$e conditions as
the ene$45 1hi(e f)(( )se $)st 6e $ade of air s)pport to pro2ide additiona(
$o6i(it45 reconnaissance5 air stri8e capa6i(it4 and a f(e@i6(e ad$inistrati2e
s4ste$.
i. Surprise and security . ,he strictest sec)rit4 in p(annin% is essentia( if
s)rprise is to 6e achie2ed. Loss of s)rprise pro6a6(4 $eans an
)ns)ccessf)( operation and at (east a te$porar4 (oss of initiati2e.
>. Ground forces . If s)ccess is to 6e achie2ed5 it is essentia( that s)fficient
infantr45 to%ether 1ith ar$or and other s)pportin% ar$s5 are dep(o4ed on
the %ro)nd. ,he infantr4 $)st 6e hi%h(4 trained5 acc(i$ati9ed and $asters
of $odern techni=)es. !ir $o6i(it45 $odern 1eapons5 %ood
co$$)nications and fire s)pport5 as 1e(( as first c(ass foot $o6i(it4 are
a(so essentia(.
8. Training . /)ccess in !,"P/ is on(4 possi6(e if troops are hi%h(4 trained5
s)pre$e(4 fit and s)fficient(4 to)%h5 c)nnin% and s8i((f)( to o)tfi%ht the
ene$4 on his o1n %ro)nd. ;hi(e f)(( )se $)st 6e $ade of technica(
s)periorit4 in firepo1er5 $o6i(it4 and e=)ip$ent5 a(( troops $)st
ne2erthe(ess 6e trained to s)ch a pitch that the4 are f)((4 confident that
$an for $an the4 are 6etter fi%hters than the ene$4. ,he t1o $ost
i$portant trainin% re=)ire$ents are s)pre$e ph4sica( fitness and the
a6i(it4 to shoot acc)rate(4 at f(eetin% tar%ets at short and $edi)$ ran%es.
(. #ir support . !(tho)%h air po1er in itse(f does not %)arantee s)ccess in
!,"P/5 the tactica( concept re(ies pri$ari(4 on it for strate%ic and tactica(
$o2e$ent5 fire s)pport and (o%istic s)pport5 1ith partic)(ar e$phasis on
the )se of he(icopters and (i%ht aircraft in reconnaissance5 ar$ed and
s)pport ro(es.
$. offensi(e action . ,he tactica( concept is essentia((4 offensi2e fro$ the
6e%innin%. ,he co$$ander $)st5 ho1e2er5 6ear in $ind the protracted
nat)re of operations5 the %reat 6oost to $ora(e of s)ccess and the
correspondin% dan%er of fai()re. Ae $)st a2oid actin% on too %reat a sca(e
pre$at)re(4 and he $)st ens)re that his initia( offensi2e operations are
1ithin the capa6i(ities of the $i(itar4 forces he has a2ai(a6(e.
n. Conclusion . ,he o)tstandin% (esson fro$ recent re2o()tionar4 1ars is that
no sin%(e pro%ra$ 33po(itica(5 socia(5 ps4cho(o%ica(5 econo$ic or $i(itar4
31i(( in itse(f s)cceed. It is a co$6ination of a(( these e(e$ents5 to%ether
1ith a >oint %o2ern$entpo(ice$i(itar4 approach to the pro6(e$5 1hich
1i(( co)nter the efforts of the ene$45 and restore (a1f)( a)thorit4.
Command and Control
SECTION /+ INT4O&"CTION
1. ! principa( re=)ire$ent of s)ccess a%ainst terrorists is the a6i(it4 to coordinate the
actions of a(( the ci2i( and $i(itar4 forces of the %o2ern$ent. !n ade=)ate s4ste$
is re=)ired to achie2e concerted action. *o standard "r%ani9ation 1o)(d 6e
s)ita6(e for a(( sit)ations. !n4 s4ste$ of co$$and and contro( $)st ta8e into
acco)nt the constit)tion of the co)ntr45 the persona(ities of its (eaders5 the si9e and
effecti2eness of its sec)rit4 forces and $an4 other factors. ,he s4ste$ sho)(d
ens)re:
a. ,hat a co$$on ai$ is deter$ined and adhered to.
6. ,hat ti$e(4 and acc)rate inte((i%ence is prod)ced on 1hich so)nd
decisions can 6e ta8en.
c. ,hat $)t)a( cons)(tations and so)nd p(annin% occ)r a$on% those
concerned at a(( (e2e(s and at a(( ti$es to effecti2e(4 co)nter ene$4 action
in a(( areas.
d. ,hat the econo$ic (ife of the co)ntr4 contin)es.
SECTION 3+ CO))#N&
1. Co$$and is defined as the a)thorit4 2ested in an indi2id)a( of the ar$ed forces
for the direction5 coordination and contro( of $i(itar4 forces.
2. ,he %enera( princip(es of co$$and and contro( are app(ica6(e to the cond)ct of
!,"P/ 6)t the app(ication thereof $)st 6e ad>)sted to s)it different
circ)$stances and sit)ations.
3. ,he $ost i$portant aspects5 ho1e2er5 re%ardin% co$$and d)rin% !,"P/ are
(eadership5 %ood discip(ine and the $aintenance of contro( to ens)re that a((
p(anned action is acco$p(ished in order to achie2e a %i2en $ission.
4. ,he responsi6i(ities of co$$anders and their i$$ediate associates and the
re(ationship 6et1een senior co$$anders and their s)6ordinates re$ain the sa$e5
1hether con2entiona( or anti3terrorist operations are cond)cted. Ao1e2er5 d)rin%
!,"P/ the fo((o1in% are i$portant:
a. Detai(ed p(annin% of tactica( operations at a (o1 (e2e( and 1here possi6(e
decentra(i9ed to co$pianders)nits act)a((4 in2o(2ed5 inc()din% the
dep(o4$ent of reser2es.
6. Detai(ed coordination in the effort to o6tain infor$ation.
c. Detai(ed p(annin% and coordination of a(( acti2ities re(ated to the ci2i(ian
pop)(ation.
d. Inte%ration of ps4chosocia( acti2ities into operationa( p(annin%.
e. Detai(ed p(annin% and coordination of a(( (o%istic s)pport in accordance
1ith the tactica( p(an. ,his is to inc()de air s)pp(4.
f. Der4 caref)( and contin)a( attention to standards and condition of $en5
e=)ip$ent and 1eapons.
5. ,o f)rther ens)re that co$$and is e@ercised efficient(4 at a(( (e2e(s and 1ith the
$ini$)$ de(a4 the fo((o1in% are a(so necessar4 re=)ire$ents:
a. Cood channe(s of co$$and5 %ood (iaison and %ood co$$)nications. ,his
i$p(ies that pro2ision $)st 6e $ade for first c(ass te(eco$$)nications
and5 if possi6(e5 for rapid air5 road or rai( $o2e$ent.
6. Cood standard operationa( proced)res at a(( (e2e(s.
c. Cood cooperation 6et1een $i(itar4 forces and 6et1een $i(itar4 forces and
ci2i( or%ani9ations and representati2es.
d. ! hi%h standard of (eadership 1ith co$$and 6ein% decentra(i9ed5
therefore a((o1in% $a@i$)$ f(e@i6i(it4 and initiati2e.
e. ! %ood "r%ani9ation and 6a(anced forces for the cond)ct of !,"P/.
f. ,he se(ection and caref)( a((ocation of areas of tactica( responsi6i(it4 to
)nits and co$$anders.
%. ,he $aintenance of hi%h $ora(e.
h. ,he iss)ance of c(ear5 concise and )na$6i%)o)s orders.
6. In the e2ent of $i(itar4 e(e$ents fro$ one nationa( force participatin% direct(4 in
the operations of another nation5 or operatin% in concert there1ith a(tho)%h
re$ainin% in their o1n co)ntr45 this $i(itar4 in2o(2e$ent 1i(( ta8e one or $ore of
the fo((o1in% for$s:
a. Coordinated operations. *o co$6ined co$$and and contro( "r%ani9ation
1i(( 6e re=)ired since nationa( forces 1i(( operate independent(4 )nder
their o1n or%ani9ations.
6. Supported operations. ,he s)pportin% forces 1i(( re$ain )nder the
co$$and of their o1n nationa( co$$anders5 6)t 6e )nder the operationa(
contro( of the co$$ander 6ein% s)pported.
c. Combined operations. 0or co$6ined operations5 a Co$6ined 0orces
Co$$ander #C0C& 1i(( 6e appointed and 1i(( 6e pro2ided 1ith a staff for
a Co$6ined AF. ,he C0C 1i(( ha2e operationa( co$$and of a(( forces
a((ocated to the operation5 and $a4 6e assisted 64 a Co$6ined !ir 0orces
Co$$ander #C!0C&.
SECTION 6+ 5E#&E4S0IP #N& &ISCIP5INE
5eaders%ip
1. ?eca)se of the 2er4 nat)re of !,"P/ and 6eca)se of the $an4 pro6(e$s pec)(iar
to these t4pes of operations5 2er4 $)ch $ore is e@pected fro$ the >)nior (eader
than d)rin% con2entiona( operations.
2. ,he ene$4 2er4 se(do$ presents a %ood tar%et to the $i(itar4 forces 6eca)se he
a2oids contact 6)t stri8es 2io(ent(45 )ne@pected(4 and at a ti$e and p(ace of his
o1n choice.
3. ,o see8 o)t and destro4 this e()si2e ene$45 the cond)ct of !,"P/ is 6ased on a
pattern of s$a(( )nits or e(e$ents5 i.e.5 patro(s5 1ho ha2e the tas8 of (ocatin% and
s)6se=)ent(4 e(i$inatin% the ene$4. ,his res)(ts in the $a>or share of operations
6ein% cond)cted and (ed 64 >)nior (eaders.
4. 0re=)ent(4 these s$a(( e(e$ents or patro(s are re=)ired to operate on their o1n
a1a4 fro$ their $ain 6ases for (on% periods5 or to $an iso(ated (oo8o)ts or
o6ser2ation posts. ,his $eans that these >)nior (eaders 2er4 often ha2e to $a8e
rapid decisions5 on3the3spot p(annin%5 and e@ec)te the tas8 1ith 1hate2er is
a2ai(a6(e in the 1a4 of $en5 1eapons and $ateria(.
5. ?eca)se of the nat)re of operations as descri6ed a6o2e5 it fre=)ent(4 happens that
the >)nior co$$ander is the on(4 a)thorit4 representin% the $i(itar4 forces in a
(ar%e area. ,h)s the >)nior (eader is not on(4 a co$$ander5 6)t $a4 a(so5 6eca)se
of his position5 (iaise 1ith ci2i( a)thorities5 (oca( pop)(ation5 etc. ,his is an
additiona( responsi6i(it4 and ca((s for a hi%h standard of tact5 )nderstandin%5
dip(o$ac4 and so)nd >)d%$ent on the part of the >)nior (eader.
6. 0or these >)nior (eaders to 6e s)ccessf)( and to 6e a6(e to s)ccessf)((4 (ead their
$en )nder these 2er4 tr4in% conditions5 the fo((o1in% are essentia( for %ood
(eaders and (eadership:
a. ! 2er4 hi%h standard of trainin% and se(f3confidence.
6. .apid acc(i$ati9ation to (oca( conditions and circ)$stances.
c. ! hi%h sense of responsi6i(it4 and the a6i(it4 to cooperate and
co$$)nicate 1ith other ser2ices5 ar$s and ci2i( a)thorities.
d. ,he a6i(it4 to thin8 c(ear(4 and (o%ica((4 and a so)nd 8no1(ed%e of
proced)res and 6att(e dri((s at the appropriate (e2e(.
e. ,he a6i(it4 to insti(( confidence in s)6ordinates.
f. /o)nd initiati2e and f(e@i6(e $ind 1hich 1i(( stand the$ in %ood stead
)nder a(( conditions.
7. ,he a6i(it4 to $aintain a hi%h standard of discip(ine and $ora(e at a(( ti$es )nder
a(( conditions.
&iscipline
1. ,his is an i$portant aspect and $)st at a(( ti$es 6e %i2en 2er4 caref)(
consideration. ?eca)se of the nat)re of !,"P/ and 6eca)se5 2er4 often5 the
$i(itar4 forces $a4 operate )nder e@tre$e pro2ocation5 a 2er4 hi%h de%ree of
se(f3discip(ine is essentia( at a(( (e2e(s. If of a hi%h standard5 it 1i(( %)arantee the
correct re(ationship 6et1een co$$anders and their s)6ordinates and 6et1een the
$i(itar4 forces and the pop)(ation.
2. ! hi%h de%ree of discip(ine $)st a(so 6e e@ercised in respect to the fo((o1in%:
a. Security . ,his inc()des the safe%)ardin% of p(ans5 orders5 $aps5 f)t)re
intentions5 the correct )se of radio5 te(ephone and other $eans of
te(eco$$)nications.
6. )o(ement . C(assification of roads5 protection of $i(itar4 as 1e(( as
ci2i(ian con2o4s and of airfie(ds5 rai(1a4s5 har6ors and doc8s5 etc.
c. Operational discipline . Correct dri((s and proced)res re%ardin% $en and
co$$anders 6ein% adhered to in operationa( areas5 i.e.5 d)rin% patro((in%
or a$6)shin% or in ti(e te$porar4 or patro( 6ase5 etc. !(( personne( $)st
6e ar$ed at a(( ti$es and %ood spoor #trac8& discip(ine $)st 6e enforced.
SECTION 8+ 5OGISTICS IN #TOPS
Introduction
1. /o)nd (o%istics are 2ita( for the s)ccessf)( cond)ct of an4 operation. -ffecti2e
(o%istica( p(annin% can on(4 6e achie2ed if the (o%istic staffs ha2e an inti$ate
8no1(ed%e of operationa( thin8in%. ,herefore5 contin)o)s and c(ose (iaison
6et1een operationa( and (o%istic staffs is essentia(.
2. ,his section of the !,"P/ 'an)a( is desi%ned to %i2e )nit and s)63)nit
co$$anders a %enera( )nderstandin% of so$e aspects of (o%istics in !,"P/
operations5 and to (ist responsi6i(ities. ,he aspects co2ered are:
a. /)pp(45 1hich inc()des a(( co$$odities re=)ired 64 a )nit to (i2e and fi%ht
1hi(e dep(o4ed on !,"P/ operations #rations5 a$$)nition5 P"L5 etc.&.
6. 'aintenance and reco2er4.
c. Cas)a(t4 e2ac)ation and hospita(i9ation.
d. ,ransportation.
3. !,"P/ operations de$and f(e@i6i(it4 in (o%istics as 1e(( as a c(ear de(e%ation of
responsi6i(ities 6eca)se of:
a. ,he 1ider dispersion of )nits and s)63)nits5 1hich res)(ts in %reater
responsi6i(ities 6ein% p(aced on co$$anders.
6. ,he increased 2)(nera6i(it4 of (o%istica( )nits and (ines of co$$)nication5
1hich creates a need for stron%er sec)rit4 $eas)res.
c. ,he hi%h cost of s)pp(4in% 1ide(4 dispersed )nits5 1hich creates the need
to e@p(oit (oca( reso)rces.
d. ,he )ns)ita6i(it4 of a s4ste$ 1hich pro2ides s)pp(ies on a sin%(e
co$$odit4 6asis5 and th)s the need for a $ethod 1hich e$p(o4s the
princip(e of co$posite s)pp(ies.
e. ,he 2)(nera6i(it4 of and (i$itations to %ro)nd $o2e$ent5 1hich co)(d
res)(t in the increased )se of air transportation.
f. ,he (ac8 of i$$ediate $edica( faci(ities for cas)a(ties5 1hich co)(d res)(t
in the increased )se of air e2ac)ation.
%. ,he diffic)(ties in rep(ace$ent of defecti2e ite$s5 1hich de$and the
$etic)(o)s $aintenance of a(( stores and e=)ip$ent.
h. ,he $o6i(e nat)re of !,"P/ operations5 1hich creates the need for
e(e$ents to 6e se(f3s)fficient for (on%er periods.
4. Enit and s)63)nit co$$anders 1i(( 6e ad2ised of (o%istics arran%e$ents 64 $eans
of ad$inistrati2e orders. D)rin% !,"P/ operations )nits and s)63)nits 1i(( ha2e
(o%istics e(e$ents attached for i$$ediate s)pport5 1here s)ch attach$ent is
considered necessar4.
Supply
1. ! c(ear di2ision of responsi6i(ities is i$portant if s)pp(4 in the fie(d is to f)nction
effecti2e(4.
2. ,he (o%istic staffs are responsi6(e for deter$inin%:
a. ,he $eans of distri6)tin% )nit re=)ire$ents.
6. ,he fre=)enc4 of res)pp(4.
c. ,he (e2e( of reser2es to 6e he(d.
d. ,he (ocation and t4pe of stora%e5 inc()din% the esta6(ish$ent of d)$ps if
re=)ired.
e. ,he de%ree of (oca( p)rchase possi6(e or necessar4.
f. ,he so)rce fro$ 1hich stoc8s are to 6e ac=)ired.
3. ,he )nit or s)63)nit co$$ander is responsi6(e for ens)rin% that:
a. Ae )nderstands 1here and fro$ 1ho$ the )nit or s)63)nit 1i(( 6e
s)pp(ied.
6. Ais )nit or s)63)nit ho(ds s)fficient reser2es5 6earin% in $ind the
fre=)enc4 of res)pp(4. Ae pro2ides ade=)ate protected stora%e faci(ities to
pre2ent (oss of or
c. Da$a%e to s)pp(ies.
d. Ae deter$ines the e@tent to 1hich (oca( reso)rces can 6e )ti(i9ed.
4. .es)pp(4 d)rin% !,"P/ operations $a4 6eco$e diffic)(t5 therefore the
$a@i$)$ conser2ation of a(( s)pp(ies $)st 6e e@ercised.
)aintenance and 4eco(ery
1. 'aintenance in the fie(d inc()des 6oth pre2enti2e $eas)res a%ainst da$a%e5 and
the repair of a(( )nit and persona( e=)ip$ent. D)e to rep(ace$ent diffic)(ties in
!,"P/ operations5 e2er4 effort $)st 6e $ade to pre2ent da$a%e and
deterioration of e=)ip$ent. 0)rther$ore5 defecti2e 2ehic(es and e=)ip$ent sho)(d
6e repaired in sit)ations 1here2er possi6(e.
2. .eco2er4 is the ter$ app(ied to the 6ac8 (oadin% of defecti2e 2ehic(es and
e=)ip$ent 1hich cannot 6e repaired :in sit).: In certain cases 1here reco2er4 is
not practica6(e5 consideration sho)(d 6e %i2en to canni6a(i9ation and destr)ction
so as to den4 the ene$4 )se of an4 a6andoned $ateria(. !n effort sho)(d 6e $ade
to (ea2e the :6att(efie(d: c(ean5 as da$a%ed co$ponents $a4 6e of )se to the
ene$45 e2en to the e@tent of %ainin% a ps4cho(o%ica( ad2anta%e fro$ the
8no1(ed%e of his o1n s)ccesses and a(so to den4 p)6(ic 8no1(ed%e thro)%h the
press $edia.
3. In addition to the fore%oin%5 the (o%istic staffs are responsi6(e for:
a. /endin% repair tea$s for1ard if first (ine reso)rces are not capa6(e of
rectif4in% the defecti2e ite$s.
6. ,he reco2er4 of a(( 2ehic(es and e=)ip$ent that cannot 6e repaired :in
sit).:
c. ,he 6ac8 (oadin% of )nser2icea6(e 2ehic(es and e=)ip$ent to the nearest
repair a%enc4.
4. In addition to the %enera( responsi6i(ities o)t(ined5 the )nit or s)63)nit
co$$anders are to:
a. -ns)re that the4 are a1are of the 2ario)s repair channe(s and a%encies
a2ai(a6(e5 inc()din% ci2i(ian contractors5 and the proced)res to 6e
fo((o1ed.
6. Pro2ide protection for repair and reco2er4 tea$s 1hen necessar4.
Casualty E(acuation and 0ospitali.ation
1. In !,"P/ operations the 1ide dispersion of )nits and s)63)nits 1i(( $a8e the
i$$ediate treat$ent of cas)a(ties diffic)(t. It 1i(( 6e rare(4 possi6(e to
decentra(i9e a2ai(a6(e $edica( personne( to pro2ide the re=)isite staff at s)63)nit
(e2e(..
2. ,he (o%istic staffs are responsi6(e for:
a. ,he %enera( $edica( po(ic4.
6. ,he desi%nation of e2ac)ation ro)tes and $eans.
c. Aospita(i9ation.
3. Enit or s)63)nit co$$anders are to 6e f)((4 con2ersant 1ith:
a. ,he proced)re for the e2ac)ation of cas)a(ties 6oth 64 air and %ro)nd.
6. ,he proced)re for the res)pp(4 of $edica( stores.
Transportation
1. ,he rep(ace$ent of transport d)rin% !,"P/ operations $a4 6e a diffic)(t as 1e((
as ti$e3cons)$in% process and one 1hich $a4 affect operationa( p(annin%. ,he
efficient $aintenance of a(( $odes of transport is therefore essentia( for ens)rin%
$a@i$)$ a2ai(a6i(it4 and efficienc4.
2. It $)st 6e 6orne in $ind that ro)te c(assification and ene$4 o6stac(es $a4 (i$it
the )se of road transport.
3. ;here practica6(e5 consideration is to 6e %i2en to the )se of in(and 1ater1a4s.
,his $ethod of transport $a45 at ti$es5 6e $ore econo$ica( and sec)re.
4. Lo%istic staffs are responsi6(e for deter$inin% and pro2idin% transport
re=)ire$ents 1hich )nits and s)63)nits need o2er and a6o2e their nor$a(
esta6(ish$ent. ,his co)(d inc()de:
a. .oad and rai( transport.
6. !ir transport5 inc()din% the necessar4 %ro)nd faci(ities.
c. /ea and in(and 1ater transport.
5. Enit and s)63)nit co$$anders are responsi6(e for:
a. ,he efficient $aintenance of a(( $odes of transport at their disposa(.
6. Enderstandin% the proced)res for re=)isitionin%hirin% non3$i(itar4
2ehic(es.
c. Pro2idin% ro)te c(earin% and escort parties for the protection of res)pp(4
con2o4s.
d. Enderstandin% the proced)re for re=)estin% a(( for$s of air transport. ,his
inc()des 6ein% con2ersant 1ith the preparation of (andin% 9ones #LGs&5
droppin% 9ones #DGs& and airstrips. 0)rther infor$ation is contained in
this $an)a(.
SECTION 9+ CONC5"SION
D)rin% a(( !,"P/5 the >)nior (eader p(a4s a 2er4 i$portant ro(e. ,he s)ccess of a((
!,"P/ depends )pon a hi%h standard of (eadership and a 2er4 efficient co$$and and
contro( s4ste$. Co$$anders at a(( (e2e(s carr4 hea24 responsi6i(ities5 especia((4 at the
(o1er (e2e(s. Conse=)ent(45 co$$anders and (eaders $)st 6e specia(ists in their o1n
ri%ht and $)st 6e 2er4 caref)((4 prepared.
Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence

SECTION /+ GENE4#5
1. ,his chapter dea(s 1ith the $ore i$portant aspects of inte((i%ence and co)nter3
inte((i%ence d)rin% !,"P/.
Importance of Intelligence
1. D)rin% con2entiona( operations the ene$4 is c(ear(4 defined and easi(4
identifia6(e. ,he nat)re of his "r%ani9ation and e=)ip$ent5 to%ether 1ith the
re(ati2e ease of identification5 faci(itates the inte((i%ence personne(7s7 tas8 of
predictin% f)t)re ene$4 actions. ! $a>or characteristic of !,"P/5 ho1e2er5 is
that the terrorist $er%es 1ith or $a4 6e part of a (oca( pop)(ation. -ne$4 action is
(i8e(4 to 6e characteri9ed 64 %)erri((a tactics e$p(o4in% e=)ip$ent re=)irin%
2irt)a((4 no (ar%e3sca(e identifia6(e preparation.
2. D)rin% !,"P/ therefore5 a $ore intensi2e inte((i%ence effort is de$anded in
order to pro2ide co$$anders 1ith the detai(ed and ti$e(4 inte((i%ence re=)ired.
Inte((i%ence concernin% the (oca( pop)(ation 6eco$es a pri$e re=)ire$ent. !n
efficient inte((i%ence s4ste$ is essentia( to ens)re that !,"P/ are s)ccessf)( and
there is no 1aste of ti$e5 $anpo1er or reso)rces.
Importance of Counter-Intelligence
1. ,he 2a()e of effecti2e co)nter3inte((i%ence cannot 6e o2ere$phasi9ed. ,o offset
his inferiorit4 in $anpo1er5 e=)ip$ent and reso)rces5 the ene$4 re(ies on
s)rprise to achie2e s)ccess. ,he de%ree of s)rprise he attains is in direct
proportion to the a$o)nt of inte((i%ence he is a6(e to co((ect. En(ess the ene$47s
inte((i%ence co((ection is co)ntered5 he 1i(( 6e a6(e to concentrate his (i$ited
$eans 1ith i$p)nit4 a%ainst 2)(nera6(e areas and 1here reaction 64 forces 1i((
6e 1ea8est.
2. -ffecti2e co)nter3inte((i%ence d)rin% !,"P/ is a%ain co$p(icated 64 the ene$4
infi(tratin% the (oca( pop)(ation. ,his can faci(itate his co((ection efforts and
pre>)dice the co)nter3inte((i%ence tas8. /o)nd cooperation 6et1een a(( affected
forces5 ser2ices and ci2i( a)thorities ass)$es e2en %reater i$portance.
4esponsi$ility Of Commanders
1. Co$$anders at a(( (e2e(s are responsi6(e for the coordination and processin% of
inte((i%ence re=)ired for the p(annin% and cond)ct of operations. ,his
responsi6i(it4 e$6races the fo((o1in%:
a. ,he co((ection of infor$ation.
6. ,he co((ation of infor$ation.
c. ,he disse$ination of inte((i%ence to a(( (e2e(s.
d. ,hose co)nter3inte((i%ence $eas)res re=)ired to ens)re $i(itar4 sec)rit4
1ithin a co$$ander7s sphere of responsi6i(it4.
2. Co$$anders $)st decide 1hether to react i$$ediate(4 )pon
infor$ationinte((i%ence recei2ed5 or 1hether to de(a4 reaction )nti( additiona(
infor$ation is o6tained. Co$$anders $)st ens)re that their actions do not
pre$at)re(4 6etra4 the infor$ation the4 ha2e at their disposa(5 as )nti$e(4 action
co)(d co$pro$ise the s)ccess of f)t)re operations. /)ccessf)( )ti(i9ation of
inte((i%ence re=)ires e@perience and a thoro)%h 8no1(ed%e of the ene$4 in the
area.
3. Coordination. ,he s)ccessf)( cond)ct of !,"P/ dictates c(ose cooperation and
interaction 6et1een sec)rit4 forces5 ci2i( a)thorities and the (oca( pop)(ation. It
a(so de$ands the coordination of the efforts of the 2ario)s or%ani9ations and
a%encies contri6)tin% to the o2era(( inte((i%ence effort in the area. D)p(ication of
%aps in the inte((i%ence effort res)(tin% fro$ poor coordination co)(d ne)tra(i9e
the effecti2eness of the 1ho(e inte((i%ence effort. 'i(itar4 forces are )na6(e to
co((ect a(( the infor$ation the4 re=)ireB on the other hand5 the4 $a4 ac=)ire
infor$ation 1hich does not direct(4 concern the$. ,his e$phasi9es the need for
the centra(i9ation and coordination of the entire inte((i%ence effort.
SECTION 3+ INTE55IGENCE
Nature of Information
1. In !,"P/ the co((ection of infor$ation sho)(d concentrate on:
a. ,he interna( ene$4 and5 if possi6(e5 the e@terna( s)pport.
6. "ther i$portant factors s)ch as:
i. Pop)(ation.
ii. ,errain.
iii. C(i$atic and $eteoro(o%ica( conditions.
2. Internal enemy. It is essentia( to 8no1:
a. a. 'i(itar4 Characteristics.
i. 1. "r%ani9ation and stren%th.
ii. 2. 'eans at his disposa(.
iii. 3. ,actica( doctrine and proced)re.
i2. 4. "perationa( capa6i(ities.
2. 5. Co$6at efficienc4 and $ora(e.
2i. 6. Inte((i%ence and (iaison s4ste$s. ,he $eans )sed5 e.%.5 co)riers5
post office5 etc.
2ii.7. /tandard of trainin%.
6. Leaders5 their persona(ities5 operationa( effecti2eness5 nor$a(
hideo)ts6ases5 re(ati2es5 friends and (o2ers.
c. Po(itica(5 ps4cho(o%ica( and socia( o6>ecti2es and acti2itiesB propa%anda
$ethods and infi(tration into 2ario)s or%ani9ations.
d. -cono$ic $eans and a2ai(a6i(it4 of food.
e. Ph4sica( condition and standard of hea(th.
f. Professed or proc(ai$ed ideo(o%4.
%. /ecret or%ani9ations.
h. ?ases 1hich are5 or co)(d possi6(4 6e5 )sed.
3. External support.
a. -@terna( aid its nat)re5 i$portance and scope.
6. ,rainin% 6ases5 their (ocation and stren%th.
c. Proced)res and ro)tes )sed.
d. Contact and (in8s 1ith (oca( pop)(ation #persona(ities and $ethod of
co$$)nication&.
4. Population. ! thoro)%h 8no1(ed%e of the pop)(ation5 1ith e$phasis on the
fo((o1in% points5 is necessar4:
a. C)sto$s and dress.
6. ,ri6es5 (an%)a%es and dia(ects.
c. .e(i%io)s5 socia( and tri6a( or%ani9ations5 inc()din% chiefs5 ad2isers and
or%ani9ers.
d. Po(itica( tendencies.
e. Ca)ses of discontent and anta%onis$. Aopes and desires5 fears and
fr)strations.
f. -@istin% re(ations 1ith the a)thorities5 and 1ith the ene$4.
%. -cono$ic reso)rces and (i$itations.
h. /tandard of hea(th.
5. Terrain. In order to ne)tra(i9e an4 initia( ad2anta%es the ene$4 $a4 ha2e
res)(tin% fro$ his :perfect identification 1ith the terrain5: it is 2ita( to o6tain5 as
soon as possi6(e5 a thoro)%h 8no1(ed%e of the terrain. Points 1hich sho)(d
recei2e consideration are:
a. !reas $ost (i8e(4 to 6e )sed as 6ases 1hich 1o)(d )s)a((4 ha2e the
fo((o1in% characteristics:
i. Diffic)(t access.
ii. Co2er fro$ aeria( reconnaissance.
iii. Locations fa2orin% defense and offerin% co2ered 1ithdra1a( ro)tes.
i2. !2ai(a6i(it4 of 1ater.
6. 'ost (i8e(4 ene$4 tar%et areas5 e.%.. insta((ations.
c. .oads5 trac8s and paths5 inc()din% those (eadin% o)t of the area 1ith
specia( reference to areas 6orderin% on hosti(e co)ntries.
d. Location and capa6i(ities of 6rid%es5 ferries and o6(i%ator4 crossin% points.
e. !reas 1here troop $o2e$ent 1i(( 6e diffic)(t.
f. Location of 2i((a%es5 far$s and other sett(e$ents.
%. Crops5 their c4c(es and the possi6i(it4 of 6ein% ad2anta%eo)s(4 )sed 64 the
ene$4 or 64 %o2ern$ent forces.
h. Possi6(e so)rces of 1ater. /)ita6(e (ocations for $i(itar4 6ases.
6. Climatic and environmental conditions. It is of i$portance to %ather data
concernin% conditions 1hich $a4 restrict the $o6i(it4 of troops or 1hich $a4
ena6(e the ene$4 to carr4 o)t s)rprise actions. Infor$ation sho)(d therefore 6e
co((ected on the fo((o1in%:
a. .ainfa(( and its possi6(e conse=)ences.
6. ,e$perat)re 2ariations.
c. "cc)rrence of fo% 33 nor$a( ti$es and (ocations.
d. "cc)rrence of th)nderstor$s5 hi%h 1inds5 etc.
e. Infected and )nhea(th4 areas5 e.%.5 tsetse5 6i(har9ia5 etc.
Sources of Information
1. ,here are n)$ero)s so)rces of infor$ation. /o$e of the $ore si%nificant are:
a. Pop)(ation. ,he ene$4 1i(( often (i2e a$on% the pop)(ation5 and th)s
these peop(e #pro2ided their confidence and tr)st is 1on thro)%h ade=)ate
and efficient protection& 1i(( 6e one of the 6est so)rces of infor$ation.
6. Discontented e(e$ents. Ci2i( ser2ants5 for$er chiefs or tri6es$en 1ho5 for
po(itica( or persona( reasons5 appear to 6e discontented or disi(()sioned
1ith the s)62ersi2e $o2e$ent.
c. Capt)red personne(5 doc)$ents and $ateria(. ,hese for$ 2ita( so)rces of
infor$ation. It is therefore essentia( that the circ)$stances of the capt)re
sho)(d 6e recorded. Detai(s of the record sho)(d inc()de 1hen5 1here5
ho15 and 64 1ho$ interro%ated5 as 1e(( as the %ist of initia( or co$6at
interro%ation. ,hese so)rces of infor$ation sho)(d 6e hand(ed as fo((o1s:
i. Capt)red personne(. Personne( 1ho s)rrender5 or 1ho are capt)red5
are one of the $ost i$portant so)rces of infor$ation in !,"P/5
not on(4 6eca)se of the 8no1(ed%e the4 ha2e5 6)t a(so 6eca)se of
the doc)$ents or $ateria( the4 $a4 ha2e in their possession. It is
i$portant that prisoners 6e retained for the shortest possi6(e ti$e
64 the capt)rin% )nit 6efore 6ein% sent 6ac8 to )nder%o $ore
detai(ed interro%ation. Care sho)(d 6e ta8en that capt)red terrorists
are not %i2en an opport)nit4 to co$$)nicate 1ith each other.
ii. Capt)red doc)$ents. ,hese 1i(( not nor$a((4 pro2ide infor$ation
for i$$ediate e@p(oitation 64 the troops 1ho capt)re the$. ,he4
$a45 ho1e2er5 6e of %reat 2a()e to hi%her head=)arters. ,herefore5
after a 6rief per)sa( the4 sho)(d 6e sent5 as =)ic8(4 as possi6(e5 to
the ne@t hi%her head=)arters.
iii. Capt)red $ateria(. Is %enera((4 of tactica( and technica( 2a()e5
either of i$$ediate or f)t)re interest. It is i$portant to 2erif4
ori%in and $an)fact)re.
d. 'aps and aeria( photo%raph4. ,hese are )sef)( for o6tainin% 8no1(ed%e of
the terrain. !ir photo%raphs ta8en at periodic inter2a(s are partic)(ar(4
)sef)( for the detection of ne1 trac8s and chan%es in c)(ti2ation or
sett(e$ents.
e. .adio trans$issions. ,hese constit)te another so)rce of infor$ation of
considera6(e 2a()e. /ophisticated e=)ip$ent and 1e((3trained specia(ists
are necessar4 to e@p(oit this so)rce. in addition5 radio intercepts fro$
hosti(e nei%h6orin% co)ntries $a4 1e(( pro2ide infor$ation re%ardin%
terrorist acti2it4.
f. Loca( a)thorities. ,hese $a4 6e a 2a()a6(e so)rce of infor$ation 64 2irt)e
of their detai(ed and inti$ate 8no1(ed%e of an area.
Collecting #gencies
1. ,he co((ection and e@p(oitation of infor$ation sho)(d 6e centra(i9ed at the (e2e( at
1hich the !,"P/ are p(anned and directed. Co$$anders at a(( (e2e(s $)st
2i%oro)s(4 p)rs)e an acti2e po(ic4 of co((ectin% infor$ation. Infor$ation 1i(( not
6e e@c()si2e(4 o6tained 64 the $i(itar4 forces and sho)(d 6e ac=)ired fro$ a((
a2ai(a6(e co((ectin% a%encies. /o$e of these are:
a. .econnaissance patro(s.
6. /pecia( a%ents.
c. Loca( a)thorities.
d. "6ser2ation posts #"P7s&.
2. Reconnaissance patrols. .econnaissance is an e@ce((ent 1a4 of %ainin%
infor$ation. ,he entire area of interest sho)(d 6e co2ered 64 $eans of (and and
air patro(s. /pecia( e$phasis sho)(d 6e %i2en to roads5 trac8s5 possi6(e areas for
6ase ca$ps5 and s)pp(4ar$s caches. Patro((in% $)st 6e )nderta8en 64 da4 and 64
ni%ht and sho)(d 6e intensified not red)ced5 d)rin% periods of 6ad 1eather #rain5
fo%5 etc.&. !(( patro(s sho)(d 6e in radio contact 1ith the (oca( pop)(ation to %ain
infor$ation.
3. Special agents. ,he e$p(o4$ent and contro( of specia( a%ents is nor$a((4 a
po(ice f)nction. ,he )se of a%ents 64 $i(itar4 forces sho)(d 6e in f)(( and constant
cooperation and coordination 1ith the po(ice. !%ents are infi(trated into or
o6tained fro$ the ene$4 or fro$ the pop)(ation. Infor$ation %ained fro$ a%ents
sho)(d 6e caref)((4 co$pared 1ith that recei2ed fro$ other so)rce. It is e@tre$e(4
i$portant that the acti2ities of specia(i9ed a%encies 6e s)pp(e$ented 64 )nits
operatin% in the fie(d5 1ho 1o)(d 6e trained to re%ard the co((ection and pro$pt
reportin% of infor$ation as one of their pri$e d)ties.
4. Local authorities. ,he 8no1(ed%e 1hich the4 possess of the terrain and
pop)(ation sho)(d 6e f)((4 e@p(oited. In addition the4 co)(d 6e tas8ed 1ith
%ainin% specific infor$ation.
5. "6ser2ation posts #"P7s&.
a. "ne $ethod of operatin% c(andestine(4 1hich has e2o(2ed fro$ operations
has 6een the )se of o6ser2ation posts. D)rin% the dr4 season5 1hen the
operationa( area is a($ost entire(4 6)rnt o)t5 the )se of "P7s is diffic)(t d)e
to the (ac8 of co2er. D)rin% this period the )se of "P7s is red)ced 1hi(e the
searchin% of 8raa(s and iso(ated thic8 areas is increased. ,o do this
effecti2e(45 !frican so(diers sho)(d 6e )sed to s)pp(e$ent -)ropean )nits
1here2er possi6(e. ,his o2erco$es the co$$)nication pro6(e$ 1hen
searchin% 2i((a%es5 =)estionin% (oca(s5 and 1hen doin% (istenin% patro(s at
ni%ht. !part fro$ this5 the !frican so(dier )nderstands the (oca( inha6itants
6etter and is therefore $ore (i8e(4 to pic8 )p an4 )n)s)a( or s)spicio)s
actions.
6. ?eca)se of the e@tensi2e )se of "P7s 64 $i(itar4 forces #140&5 a(( (oca(s
and terrorists soon 6eco$e a1are of '0 )sin% hi%h %ro)nd for "P7s. -2er4
effort sho)(d therefore 6e $ade to re$ain c(andestine and effecti2e. ,o
achie2e this:
i. Choose )n(i8e(4 op Positions #i.e.35 thic8 co2er instead of hi%h
%ro)nd&.
ii. ;hen occ)p4in% "P7s5 1a(8 in 64 ni%ht.
iii. Do not de6)s 1ithin 55000 $eters of "P positions to 6e occ)pied.
i2. ,a8e preca)tions to ens)re no trac8s are (eft5 i.e.5 )se ci2i(ian
foot1ear5 1ear soc8s o2er foot1ear5 don7t $o2e o2er c)(ti2ated
(and or on 1e((3)sed paths.
2. Do not sta4 in one "P for too (on%.
2i. Ese s$a((5 (i%ht(4 e=)ipped %ro)ps. "n(4 t1o $en sho)(d occ)p4
the "P 1hi(e the re$ainder of the stic8 is concea(ed near64.
2ii..estrict $o2e$ent on "P7s to a 6are $ini$)$.
2iii."6ser2e so$ethin% specific5 e.%.5 s)spect 8raa(.
i@. ;here necessar45 )se t1o3$an "P7s in i$$ediate pro@i$it4 to
8raa(s.
@. Ese ni%ht32ie1in% e=)ip$ent 1here possi6(e.
@i. !(( (istenin% "P7s sho)(d ha2e an !frican e(e$ent5 1here possi6(e.
6. 'a@i$)$ ad2anta%e $)st 6e ta8en of a )nit7s detai(ed 8no1(ed%e of an area. ,o
achie2e this it 1i(( 6e necessar4 for a )nit to $aintain detai(ed records of a((
infor$ation it has %ained concernin% its area. ,his 1i(( ens)re contin)it4 and 1i((
pro2ide a 2a()a6(e so)rce of infor$ation 1hen )nits are rotated.
Conclusion
1. "ne of the %reatest diffic)(ties that inte((i%ence staff ha2e to contend 1ith d)rin%
operations is inco$p(ete and 2a%)e5 and so$eti$es inacc)rate and contradictor45
reports on incidents or ene$4 acti2it4. on other occasions reports are considera6(4
de(a4ed. ,herefore5 it cannot 6e too stron%(4 stressed that the speed4 and acc)rate
passa%e of infor$ation fro$ a(( (e2e(s can 6e 2ita( to an operation.
SECTION 6+ CO"NTE4-INTE55IGENCE
Introduction
1. In the fie(d of co)nterinte((i%ence5 $i(itar4 sec)rit4 is of the %reatest interest and
i$portance to the $i(itar4 forces. ,he sec)rit4 of the 6orders5 har6ors5 airports5
tra2e(ers and 6a%%a%e5 1hich a(so has %reat i$portance5 is the responsi6i(it4 of the
po(ice.
2. /ec)rit4 is a s)6>ect that is not p)re(4 the concern of e@perts5 6)t that of e2er4one.
,he e@pert 1i(( $a8e a specia(ist contri6)tion to sec)rit45 6)t the s)ccess of his
1or8 1i(( depend (ar%e(4 )pon the efficienc45 a(ertness and co$$on sense of the
a2era%e officer and so(dier.
3. It is not a practica6(e proposition to station specia(ists in e2er4 p(ace 1here
c(assified infor$ation is he(d5 1here 2ita( e=)ip$ent or stores are (ocated5 or
1here peop(e are s)scepti6(e to s)62ersion. Creat re(iance is therefore p(aced on
the cooperation of indi2id)a(s 1ho $)st perfect(4 )nderstand the i$portance of
co)nter3inte((i%ence 1ith respect to sec)rit4.
)ilitary Security
1. ilitary security5 1hich is one of the facets of co)nter3 inte((i%ence5 is concerned
1ith the i$position of contro(s 64 the $i(itar4 1ithin the $i(itar4. ,hese contro(s
ta8e the for$ of:
a. "rders and instr)ctions.
6. Ph4sica( sec)rit4 $eans.
c. /creenin% of ser2ice5 personne(5 1hen necessar4.
2. Constant vigilance is necessar4 if sec)rit4 is to 6e preser2ed. ,he terrorist 1ith
his n)$ero)s infor$ers 1i(( 6e =)ic8 to e@p(oit an4 6reaches 64 sec)rit4 forces.
,h)s the ed)cation of a(( ran8s in the dan%ers of the indirect attac8 and in the
reasons for sec)rit4 orders and ph4sica( sec)rit4 $eas)res is essentia(. Certain
$eas)res are therefore necessar4 to pre2ent the ene$4 fro$ %ainin% infor$ation:
a. Denial measures. ,hese are $eas)res ai$ed at den4in% the ene$4 the
opport)nit4 of o6tainin% infor$ation. /o$e e@a$p(es of denia( $eas)res5
and circ)$stances 1hich $a4 (ead to a 6reach of sec)rit45 are:
i. -2er4 $i(itar4 person is responsi6(e to his co$$ander for the
safe%)ardin% of infor$ation.
ii. Con2ersations on c(assified s)6>ects 1hich $a4 6e o2erheard in
p)6(ic p(aces5 or on the te(ephone or radio. /o$e of the 1orst
e@a$p(es ha2e ta8en p(ace in $esses and 6ars 1ithin the hearin% of
6ar$en and other )na)thori9ed persons. Indi2id)a(s often 6oast of
their position5 achie2e$ents and 8no1(ed%e.
iii. Disc)ssions of operationa( or c(assified $atters 1ith 1i2es5
re(ati2es and friends are not per$itted. !(( these are )na)thori9ed
persons and s)ch $atters are not their concern.
i2. .o)tine sho)(d often 6e chan%ed5 e.%.5 re(ief of %)ards.
2. ,he techni=)es and proced)res in the $o)ntin% and e@ec)tion of
operations sho)(d periodica((4 6e $odified5 th)s a2oidin% repetition
1hich $a4 faci(itate the identification of $i(itar4 force acti2ities.
2i. ,he n)$6er of persons in2o(2ed in the p(annin% of an operation
sho)(d 6e restricted. ,he :need to 8no1: and :need to ho(d:
princip(es 1ith re%ard to c(assified $ateria( sho)(d 6e app(iedB this
app(ies partic)(ar(4 to operation orders.
2ii.!2oid ho(din% e@traordinar4 conferencesorders 1hich $a4 re2ea(
that an operation is to 6e $o)nted.
2iii.Prior a6nor$a( air and (and reconnaissance sho)(d 6e a2oided.
i@. -ns)re that personne( participatin% in an operation do not carr4 an4
persona( or officia( doc)$ents 6esides identification papers.
@. Detain a(( persons enco)ntered in the o6>ecti2e area5 or its
i$$ediate 2icinit4 )nti( after the operation.
@i. Containers of c(assified doc)$ents sho)(d ne2er 6e (eft )n(oc8ed
and )nattended.
@ii.C(assified doc)$ents sho)(d not 6e (eft )nattended5 th)s per$ittin%
the$ to 6e read5 sto(en or photo%raphed 64 )na)thori9ed persons.
@iii.C(assified doc)$ents sho)(d 6e contro((ed thro)%h an efficient
re%istr4 s4ste$.
@i2.C(assified doc)$ents sho)(d on(4 6e he(d in p(aces 1here their
sec)rit4 is %)aranteed.
@2.C(assified 1aste sho)(d 6e safe%)arded prior to destr)ction.
@2i.,he access to $i(itar4 esta6(ish$ents and 6)i(din%s sho)(d 6e
strict(4 contro((ed. !(( persons 1or8in% 1ithin $i(itar4 insta((ations
sho)(d 6e sec)rit4 2etted and iss)ed 1ith identification cards. !
2isitors7 re%istr4 sho)(d 6e $aintained.
@2ii.He4s to offices in 1hich c(assified $ateria( is he(d or disp(a4ed
sho)(d 6e strict(4 contro((ed.
@2iii./ec)rit4 c(earance sho)(d 6e o6tained for (ect)res and artic(es
6efore their de(i2er4 or p)6(ication.
@i@.*o c(assified (etters sho)(d 6e inc()ded in :Dai(4 0i(es: 1hich are
circ)(ated.
6. Deception measures. ,hese are $eas)res desi%ned to $is(ead the ene$4.
/o$e of the steps 1hich $a4 6e ta8en d)rin% the p(annin% and e@ec)tion
of an operation are:
i. /tart r)$ors5 %i2in% the ene$4 fa(se infor$ation concernin% 4o)r
p(ans5 1hich $a4 >)stif4 preparations for the intended operation.
ii. Infor$ation concernin% areas of interest sho)(d not 6e restricted to
the area of i$$ediate concern. /i$)(taneo)s %atherin% of
infor$ation 1i(( he(p to concea( the rea( intentions.
iii. C)ides or (oca( trac8ers sho)(d 6e o6tained as (ate as possi6(e and
sho)(d not 6e restricted to those 1ho co$e fro$5 or ha2e
8no1(ed%e of the o6>ecti2e area.
i2. !d2anta%e sho)(d 6e ta8en of the ni%ht and )nfa2ora6(e 1eather
conditions to $o)nt operations.
2. Dep(o4$ents in fa(se directions sho)(d 6e initiated. ,hese co)(d
coincide 1ith the dep(o4$ent of the force 1hich is to )nderta8e the
operation.
2i. "pen(4 si$)(ate the )n(oadin% of 2ehic(es and secret(4 contin)e
1ith the dep(o4$ent.
2ii.Carr4 o)t reconnaissance in areas other than the area of interest.
2iii.!rti((er4 or air force preparator4 fire $a4 6e (aid do1n in areas
other than5 6)t in c(ose pro@i$it4 to5 the chosen o6>ecti2es.
3. Press. ?eca)se of p)6(ic desire for ne1s5 the presence or intr)sion of the press
$)st 6e e@pected. In the interests of sec)rit4 it is therefore necessar4 to contro(
their acti2ities. Detai(ed 6e(o1 is a %)ide for hand(in% $e$6ers of the press:
a. ;hate2er their (e2e(5 co$$anders are to adhere to the directi2es iss)ed 64
hi%her a)thorit4.
6. Press $e$6ers sho)(d a(1a4s present their credentia(s in the e@ec)tion of
their d)t4. ,he p)rpose of their 2isit sho)(d a(1a4s 6e $ade 8no1n 64
their hi%her a)thorit4. In a(( cases press representati2es $)st 6e
acco$panied 64 a d)(4 =)a(ified officer or non3co$$issioned officer.
c. ,he4 sho)(d on(4 6e %ranted freedo$ of action co$pati6(e 1ith sec)rit4.
d. .e(ations 1ith the press sho)(d 6e cordia( 1itho)t5 ho1e2er5 di2)(%in%
infor$ation on s)6>ects 1hich5 for sec)rit4 reasons5 sho)(d not 6e
disc)ssed.
e. En(ess a)thori9ed5 press conferences sho)(d not 6e he(d. F)estions as8ed
sho)(d 6e 1ritten do1n and ans1ers on(4 pro2ided after appro2a(.
f. 0i($s and photo%raphs sho)(d 6e strict(4 contro((ed. .estricted ite$s and
insta((ations 1hich sho)(d not 6e photo%raphed sho)(d 6e predeter$ined.
4. Censorship easures.
a. Censorship of correspondence of $i(itar4 personne( 1i(( on(4 6e
i$p(e$ented after a %o2ern$ent decision.
6. Personne( sho)(d 6e constant(4 re$inded that the4 sho)(d not inc()de
detai(s of a c(assified nat)re in their persona( correspondence.
Employment of Forces
Ta$le of Contents
1. /ection 1: General
2. /ection 2: Infantry
3. /ection 3: #rmour
4. /ection 4: Ca(alry
5. /ection 5: #rtillery
6. /ection 6: Engineers
7. /ection 7: Telecommunications
8. /ection 8: 5ogistics
9. /ection 9: #ir force
10./ection 10: Paratroops
11./ection 11: Na(y
12./ection 12: Police
13./ection 13: #u-iliaries

SECTION /+ GENE4#5
1. 'i(itar4 s)ccess in !,"P/ is dependent on the correct )se of 1e((36a(anced #6)t
predo$inant(4 infantr4& %ro)nd forces a%ainst the ene$4. ,his force 1i(( need the
s)pport of the air force to f)(fi(( its tas85 and5 1hen app(ica6(e5 that of the na24.
2. ,he pri$ar4 ro(e of the ar$4 is to see8 o)t and destro4 the ene$4. ,his is done 64
iso(atin% hi$ fro$ the rest of the co$$)nit45 and 6e pre2entin% hi$ fro$ ta8in%
sanct)ar4 in nei%h6orin% areas5 th)s forcin% hi$ o)t into the open and into 6att(e.
3. In the initia( sta%es of. !,"P/5 the ar$4 $)st 6e prepared to operate in s)63)nit
and s$a((er %ro)ps. ,his ca((s for %ood >)nior (eadership5 hi%h $ora(e and proper
trainin%. /)ccess at p(atoon (e2e( 1i(( in2aria6(4 deter$ine the s)ccess of the
1ho(e operation.
SECTION 3+ INF#NT4,
1. Infantr4 1i(( in2aria6(4 6e the do$inant ar$ d)rin% !,"P/ 6eca)se:
a. ,he inherent characteristics of infantr4 $a8e the$ idea((4 s)ited for
e$p(o4$ent on an4 )ncon2entiona( tas85 )nder an4 circ)$stances5 1ith or
1itho)t the s)pport of other ar$s.
6. ,he nat)re of the operations5 terrain5 c(i$ate and the characteristics and
tactics of an irre%)(ar ene$4 1i(( often $a8e the e$p(o4$ent of other
ar$s tactica((4 i$practica6(e and )necono$ica(.
2. ,he ro(es in 1hich infantr4 are e$p(o4ed are descri6ed in detai( in the fo((o1in%
chapters of this $an)a(.
SECTION 6+ #4)O"4
General
1. ?eca)se of their characteristics5 tan8s are %enera((4 )ns)ita6(e for e$p(o4$ent in
!,"P/. ,herefore this $an)a( dea(s on(4 1ith ar$ored cars and infantr4 co$6at
2ehic(es. It sho)(d 6e noted5 ho1e2er5 that so$e of the tas8s $entioned co)(d
e=)a((4 1e(( 6e carried o)t 64 tan8s5 especia((4 in )r6an areas.
2. .estrictions. ,he )se of ar$ored 2ehic(es in !,"P/ is restricted 64 the fo((o1in%
factors:
a. D)(nera6i(it4. ,he nat)re of the terrain nor$a((4 fa2ors the )se of e2en
ho$e$ade 1eapons a%ainst ar$or. ,his ca((s for increased infantr4
protection.
6. Dispersed dep(o4$ent of )nits. ,his factor ca)ses a hea24 6)rden on the
s)pp(4 of f)e( and co$p(icates the proper $aintenance of ar$ored
2ehic(es.
c. Lac8 of $o6i(it4. In parts of the co)ntr45 the 2e%etation is so dense that
ar$ored 2ehic(es are restricted to roads and trac8s. If forced to %o cross3
co)ntr45 the4 ha2e a 2er4 (i$ited fie(d of 2ision and $o2e$ent 1i(( 6e
2er4 s(o1.
#rmored Care
1. ,as8s. !r$ored cars ha2e 6een )sed s)ccessf)((4 in !,"P/ in 2ario)s co)ntries.
,heir tas8s $a4 inc()de:
a. /ho1 of force. !r$ored cars can 6e )sed to sho1 force in a certain area5
or to $a8e a s)dden appearance at a tro)6(e spot.
6. Protection of sensiti2e points. !r$ored cars in cooperation 1ith infantr4
can 6e )sed to protect sensiti2e points. ,horo)%h coordination 6et1een
infantr4 and ar$or is essentia(.
c. .oad escort d)ties:
i. !r$ored cars are s)ita6(e for escortin% con2o4s.
ii. !r$ored cars )sed for this tas8 pro2ide protection and s)pport.
d. Patro((in%. ,he fo((o1in% can 6e inc()ded:
i. .oad patro(s to 8eep roads open.
ii. Patro(s in certain areas to carr4 o)t specific tas8s5 for e@a$p(e5
contro( of the pop)(ation of an iso(ated co$$)nit4.
iii. ?o)ndar4 or area iso(ation patro(s5 inc()din% $o6i(e patro(s d)rin%
6order contro( operations.
i2. Patro((in% of certain areas as part of an encirc(in% cordon5 c)rfe15
or contro((ed area operation.
e. .oad 6(oc8s. !r$ored cars 1i(( nor$a((4 esta6(ish e$er%enc4 road
6(oc8s5 and road 6(oc8s 1hich prohi6it or contro( entrance5 d)rin% a
specific operation.
f. "ffensi2e action. !r$ored car 1eapons can 6e )sed for ne)tra(i9in% or
destr)cti2e fire 1hen offensi2e action is re=)ired. ,he4 can 6e )sed
independent(4 or in s)pport of the infantr4. *or$a( fire and $o2e$ent
tactics are )sed. ,he direct fire capa6i(ities of ar$ored car 1eapons are
idea( to s)pport infantr4 in c(ose pro@i$it4 to the ene$4.
%. I(()$ination. !r$ored cars are pro2ided 1ith f(e@i6(e andor co)p(ed
spot(i%hts and co)(d a(so 6e fitted 1ith other i(()$inatin% e=)ip$ent5
inc()din% infrared5 if so desired.
2. !dditiona( tas8s. ,he fo((o1in% tas8s can a(so 6e carried o)t 1here s)fficient
ar$ored cars are a2ai(a6(e:
a. ,he pro2ision or s)pp(e$entation of the co$$)nication s4ste$s.
6. ,raffic contro(.
c. .einforce$ent of threatened areas.
d. -ncirc(in% operations.
i. 0or$ part of the encirc(in% force.
ii. ?e e$p(o4ed as stops.
iii. Patro( the area 6ehind the $ain encirc(e$ent positions.
e. Pro2ision of a $o6i(e reser2e.
f. Pro2ision of fire s)pport for infantr4 attac8s and destr)ction of ene$4
stron%ho(ds.
#rmored Personnel Carriers (#PC)'Infantry Com$at 2e%icles (IC2)
1. ,as8s. 'echani9ed infantr4 can 6e )sed to carr4 o)t a(( of the tas8s re=)ired of
nor$a( infantr4 in !,"P/ 1hen dis$o)nted. D)e to their 2)(nera6i(it4 in c(ose
co)ntr4 the e$p(o4$ent of !PCsICDs sho)(d 6e restricted. Ao1e2er5 their
characteristics per$it the$ to operate as fo((o1s:
a. .apid $o2e$ent into5 thro)%h or near o6>ecti2es or tro)6(e spots.
!PCsICDs ena6(e troops to 6e $o2ed speedi(4 and 1ith co$parati2e
i$$)nit4 fro$ distant asse$6(4 or for$in%3)p p(aces and 6e de(i2ered5 fit
and fresh5 in or near the tro)6(e spot.
6. Ese as a fire s)pport 6ase. ;hen in c(ose contact 1ith the ene$4 and
1hen the infantr4 ha2e de6)sed5 the !PCsICDs co)(d 6e )sed to pro2ide
s)pportin% fire to the infantr4.
c. .o2in% operations #$o6i(e co()$ns&. D)rin% !,"P/5 )nits 1i(( often 6e
responsi6(e for sec)rit4 d)ties o2er (ar%e areas in 1hich disorders $a4
6rea8 o)t si$)(taneo)s(4 in se2era( centers. 'echani9ed infantr4 can 6e
)sed to pro2ide $o6i(e co()$ns to:
i. /ho1 the f(a% and ad2ertise the presence of troops in certain areas.
ii. /)ppress5 64 pro$pt offensi2e action5 an4 dist)r6ances 6e4ond the
contro( of the (oca( ci2i( a)thorit4.
iii. Contro( an area in 1hich troops are not nor$a((4 stationed.
i2. ?e a reser2e.
2. Patro( an area or %i2en stretch of road.
d. Protection of sensiti2e points. 0or this tas8 the infantr4 1i(( 6e de6)ssed
and dep(o4ed 1hi(e a2ai(a6(e !PCsICDs can 6e )sed as fo((o1s:
i. ?4 da4.
a. ,o co2er the sensiti2e point andor approaches 1ith fire.
6. ,o patro( certain areas or stretches of road aro)nd the
sensiti2e point.
ii. ?4 ni%ht. /ited in positions to i(()$inate the sensiti2e point5 or
certain approaches to it5 1ith head(i%hts and to co2er these
approaches 1ith $achine3%)n fire.
e. Road escort duties. In (ar%e sca(e !,"P/5 con2o4s5 ad$inistrati2e
eche(ons5 or 2ehic(es 1i(( in2aria6(4 re=)ire so$e for$ of ar$ored escort.
!PCsICDs f)((4 or partia((4 $anned are s)ita6(e for the tas8.
f. Shoc! action. ,he appearance of $echani9ed infantr4 1ith their
!PCsICDs on the scene of a disorder $a4 in itse(f ha2e the necessar4
sa()tar4 effect on terrorists or rioters.
SECTION 8+ C#2#54,
General
1. Characteristics. -@perience has ta)%ht )s that ca2a(r4 can 6e effecti2e(4 )sed in
fair(4 open co)ntr4 to reach inaccessi6(e and re$ote areas. ,he characteristics of
ca2a(r4 are:
a. Radius of action. !n increased radi)s of action for patro(s5 especia((4
1here )nits ha2e (ar%e areas of responsi6i(it4.
6. Speed. 'o)nted patro(s ha2e %reater speed than nor$a( foot patro(s.
c. Surprise. ,he speed at 1hich $o)nted patro(s can $o2e $a4 (ead to the
achie2e$ent of s)rprise.
d. Shoc! effect. /peed of $o2e$ent and s)rprise $a4 ha2e a shoc8 effect on
the ene$4. ,his 1i(( a(so res)(t in a ps4cho(o%ica( effect on the ene$45
especia((4 if the $o)nted $en are a6(e to en%a%e the ene$4 1ith fire 1hi(e
on the $o2e.
e. "bility to follo# up. ?eca)se of %reater speed5 $o6i(it4 and end)rance5
$o)nted )nits ha2e a 6etter fo((o13)p capa6i(it4 than troops on foot.
f. Endurance. 'o)nted patro(s5 1ith the addition of pac8 ani$a(s5 can 6e
se(f3s)pportin% for periods of )p to ten da4s. It $)st 6e 6orne in $ind5
ho1e2er5 that the addition of pac8 ani$a(s 1i(( red)ce the speed and
$o6i(it4 of the $o)nted patro(s.
%. Psychological effect on (oca( pop)(ation. It is a %enera((4 accepted fact
that a $o)nted $an has a ps4cho(o%ica( ad2anta%e o2er a dis$o)nted
$an.
h. Dual role. Dependin% on terrain and (oca( conditions and the tactica(
re=)ire$ent5 ca2a(r4 )nits can 6e e$p(o4ed in the dis$o)nted ro(e. 0or
e@a$p(e5 the $o)nted )nit can reach an area 1hich is inaccessi6(e to
2ehic(es5 etc.5 dis$o)nt and then carr4 o)t operations as a dis$o)nted
force.
i. "daptability to terrain. ,he $o2e$ent of $o)nted patro(s need not
necessari(4 6e confined to roads5 tracts5 etc. ,he4 ha2e the capa6i(it4 of
$o2in% rapid(4 o2er open terrain and 1ith ease o2er $ost other t4pes of
terrain.
>. "bility to sense danger. ,he horses instinct 1i(( often pro2ide the rider
1ith ear(4 1arnin% of dan%er or an4thin% )n)s)a(.
8. Carrying capabilities. ,he horse is capa6(e of carr4in% (oads that are not
)s)a((4 carried 64 a $an.
2. Capabilities. ,he capa6i(ities of $o)nted patro(s are as fo((o1s:
a. 'o)nted patro(s can operate )p to distances of 150 to 250 8i(o$eters 1ith
re(ati2e ease in $ost t4pes of terrain.
6. ,hese patro(s can $o2e at an a2era%e speed of si@ to se2en 8i(o$eters per
ho)r in $ost t4pes of terrain.
c. 'o)nted patro(s can 6e on the $o2e for si@ to ei%ht ho)rs dai(45 %i2in% a
dai(4 operationa( radi)s of appro@i$ate(4 30 to 50 8i(o$eters. 0or
$a@i$)$ perfor$ance the4 sho)(d rest one da4 in fo)r.
d. ,he4 can 6e se(f3s)pportin% for periods of )p to fi2e da4s. ,his period can
6e increased )p to ten da4s 64 $a8in% )se of pac8 ani$a(s.
e. ,he4 are )sef)( in capt)rin% andor ro)ndin% )p scattered e(e$ents of the
ene$4 or pop)(ation.
3. Limitations. ,hese are as fo((o1s:
a. . Diffic)(t4 in $o2in% thro)%h dense 6)sh.
6. Diffic)(t4 in $o2in% thro)%h $arsh4 areas5 s1a$ps or $)dd4 areas.
c. /(o1ness in crossin% $a>or 1ater o6stac(es5 e.%.5 (ar%e ri2ers.
d. Increased (o%istic s)pport of ca2a(r4 )nits 6eca)se of the =)antities of
fodder and 1ater that ha2e to 6e carried to pro2ide for the horses.
e. Diffic)(t4 in $aintainin% si(ence. *at)ra( horse noises5 s)ch as 6(o1in%
thro)%h their nostri(s and the >in%(e of e=)ip$ent5 $a8e a si(ent approach
diffic)(t.
f. Certain %eo%raphica( areas $a4 6e denied to horse3$o)nted patro(s
6eca)se of certain ani$a( diseases or sic8nesses5 e.%.5 areas of tsetse f(4
infestation.
Tactical Employment
1. 0ro$ e@perience %ained it has 6een fo)nd that $o)nted )nits can 6e e$p(o4ed on
the fo((o1in% tas8s:
a. Patro((in%. ,his can 6e in the for$ of (on%3ran%e or short3distance patro(s
either as fi%htin% or reconnaissance patro(s.
6. 0o((o13)p operations. ?eca)se of its characteristics5 the horse can 6e
effecti2e(4 e$p(o4ed in the fo((o13)p ro(e.
c. In s)pport of other )nits. $o)nted patro(s can 6e )sed to s)pport other
)nits either as additiona( patro(s in the nor$a( patro( pro%ra$ or 64
patro((in% nor$a((4 distant and inaccessi6(e areas.
d. Contro( of pop)(ation. ?eca)se of their characteristics5 $o)nted patro(s
$a4 6e )sed for certain aspects of pop)(ation contro( and for 2isitin%
pop)(ated areas to $aintain contact 1ith the (oca(s.
2. ,roops e$p(o4ed as $o)nted patro(s $)st 6e trained to fire their 1eapons 1hi(e
$o)nted. ,his 1i(( assist5 sho)(d the ene$4 appear s)dden(45 in ha2in% a shoc8
effect on the ene$4 and in %ainin% the initiati2e. In this case5 e(e$ents not
act)a((4 in2o(2ed in the action can rapid(4 react and s)rro)nd or p)rs)e the
ene$4.
3. It $)st 6e %enera((4 accepted5 ho1e2er5 that the horse is $ere(4 a $eans of
con2e4ance and that nor$a((4 the troops 1i(( dis$o)nt and fi%ht on foot. In this
case5 ade=)ate preca)tionar4 $eas)res $)st 6e ta8en to safe%)ard the horses and
$en detai(ed to re$ain 1ith the$ a%ainst possi6(e ene$4 action.
4. 'o2e$ent of $o)nted patro(s $)st not 6e (i$ited or restricted to roads5 paths5
etc. ,he co$$ander $)st se(ect his o1n ro)tes5 direction5 etc.5 for nor$a(
patro((in%. ;hi(e $o2in%5 the patro( sho)(d not 6e 6)nched 6)t spread o)t5 the
for$ation 6ein% dictated 64 the nat)re of the terrain. ,his 1i(( red)ce the effect of
a$6)shes5 $ines and 6oo64 traps.
5. 'o)nted patro(s sho)(d a(1a4s operate o2er a (ar%e front and in depth. it $a4
often 6e necessar4 to s)peri$pose their patro( pro%ra$ o2er that of the nor$a(
foot patro(s5 there64 ens)rin% 6etter co2era%e and a %reater area.
SECTION 9+ #4TI55E4,
1. "dvantages. 0ie(d arti((er4 offers certain distinct ad2anta%es o2er air s)pport.
,hese are as fo((o1s:
a. ,he )se of %)ns is not restricted 64 6ad 1eather.
6. !rti((er4 can operate e=)a((4 1e(( 64 da4 or ni%ht.
c. !rti((er4 is capa6(e of a $ore s)stained effort5 and 1hen re=)ired5 can %i2e
ro)nd3the3c(oc8 s)pport o2er se2era( da4s.
2. Limitations. ,he e$p(o4$ent of fie(d arti((er4 in its con2entiona( ro(e 1i(( often
6e restricted 64:
a. ,he nat)re of the operations 1hich:
i. 'a4 render the e$p(o4$ent of arti((er4 i$practica( o1in% to the
diffic)(t4 of (ocatin% s)ita6(e tar%ets.
ii. 0or (e%a( reasons #$ini$)$ force&5 $a4 prec()de the )se of
arti((er4 a(to%ether.
6. ,he (ac8 of s)ita6(e roads and dep(o4$ent areas. In diffic)(t terrain this
1i(( pre2ent the p(acin% of the 1eapon 1ithin firin% ran%e of the tar%et5
)n(ess the 1eapon is air3transporta6(e 64 he(icopter.
c. ,he pro6(e$ of o6ser2ation. ,he contro( of fire 64 $eans of %ro)nd
o6ser2ation 1i(( a(1a4s pro2e diffic)(t in 6)sh4 terrain. ,herefore. $ore
)se 1o)(d ha2e to 6e $ade of air o6ser2ation posts. Predicted shootin%
1o)(d 6eco$e the r)(e and not the e@ception.
d. ,he pro@i$it4 of o1n troops to the tar%et5 as infantr4 contact 1ith the
ene$4 is in2aria6(4 $ade at distances 1ithin the dan%er 9one of the
1eapon.
3. Tas!s. !rti((er4 can 6e e$p(o4ed in its con2entiona( ro(e to carr4 o)t the
fo((o1in% tas8s:
a. $lushing. In diffic)(t terrain the ene$4 can 6e f()shed 64 arti((er4 fire.
6. %arassing. Aarassin% fire can 6e )sed to 8eep terrorists on the $o2e 1hen
their 1herea6o)ts are 8no1n5 or to harass the$ %enera((4 64 $ethodica((4
searchin% an area.
c. &loc!ing escape routes. ;hen troops are en%a%ed in fo((o13)p operations
after a contact or incident5 arti((er4 fire can 6e )sed to diss)ade the ene$4
fro$ )sin% certain (i8e(4 escape ro)tes.
d. Deception. !rti((er4 fire into an area a1a4 fro$ that in 1hich troops are
operatin% $a4 decei2e the ene$4 as to ar$4 intentions5 %i2in% the$ a
fa(se sense of sec)rit4 and co2erin% the noise of $o2e$ent $ade 64
troops.
e. Destructive shoots. !rti((er4 fire can 6e )sed to destro4 (ocated ene$4
6ases5 hideo)ts5 6arricades5 ho)ses or h)ts.
f. Counter'bombardment. !rti((er4 fire directed a%ainst ene$4 $ortar and
arti((er4 positions.
%. Illumination. ?4 firin% i(()$inatin% she((s at ni%ht5 areas can 6e
i(()$inated for short periods.
h. Target indication. Co(ored s$o8e can 6e e$p(o4ed to indicate tar%ets to
stri8e aircraft.
i. Sho# of force. ,he 2a()e of arti((er4 in this ro(e $)st not 6e for%otten.
C)ns (ocated in pop)(ated areas and firin% in f)(( 2ie1 of the inha6itants
$a4 ha2e a $ar8ed effect on ci2i(ian $ora(e.
>. Protection of convoys. !rti((er4 )nits can 6e e$p(o4ed to pro2ide con2o4
protection 64 pro2idin% fire s)pport to the con2o4 co2erin% the 1ho(e
ro)te fro$ a static position5 or fro$ prese(ected positions sho)(d it 6e a
(on% ro)te5 or 64 acco$pan4in% the con2o4. !n arti((er4 officer 1ith the
necessar4 co$$)nications and assistance 1i(( acco$pan4 the con2o45
actin% as a for1ard o6ser2ation officer. Ais tas8 1i(( 6e to ca(( for the
re=)ired arti((er4 s)pportin% fire. ,his fire s)pport can either 6e
prep(anned or i$pro$pt).
8. &order control. In certain cases and certain areas it $a4 6e possi6(e to )se
arti((er4 fire to co2er possi6(e crossin% p(aces or 8no1n areas thro)%h
1hich the ene$4 nor$a((4 $o2es once he has crossed the 6order. ,his
t4pe of tas8 does create certain pro6(e$s for the arti((er4 s)ch as findin%
s)ita6(e o6ser2ation posts or accidenta((4 firin% across the 6order into the
other territor4. ;ith the introd)ction of sensor4 de2ices to detect ene$4
$o2e$ent5 it is possi6(e to ha2e the arti((er4 fire )nits (in8ed to these
sensor4 de2ices and pro2idin% responsi2e fire sho)(d $o2e$ent 6e
detected.
(. (eapon locating. 'ortar (ocatin% radar co)(d 6e e$p(o4ed in the $ore
ad2anced sta%es of !,"P/.
$. Leaflet dropping. ,he carrier she(( can 6e )sed for the distri6)tion of
propa%anda (eaf(ets.
n. Covering fire. Ender certain specia( and )n)s)a( circ)$stances for
!,"P/5 co2erin% fire fro$ fie(d arti((er4 $a4 6e possi6(e. Partic)(ar
consideration $)st 6e %i2en to the need for sec)rit4 #e.%.5 ran%in% shots&
and the pro@i$it4 of stop %ro)ps.
4. Local protection. /ec)rit4 arran%e$ents for the protection and sec)rit4 of %)n
positions5 co$$and posts5 o6ser2ation posts and 1a%on (ines $)st a(1a4s 6e
$ade. !rti((er4 personne( $)st 6e trained to )nderta8e their o1n (oca( protection.
SECTION :+ ENGINEE4S
1. !s in a(( other for$s of 1arfare5 the en%ineers 1i(( 6e in %reat de$and5
partic)(ar(4 as ene$4 acti2ities e@pand.
2. Tas!s. ,he pri$ar4 tas8s for the en%ineers are:
a. Constr)ction5 i$pro2e$ent and $aintenance of roads5 6rid%es5 and
$i(itar4 6ases.
6. Constr)ction and i$pro2e$ent of defensi2e 1or8s inc()din% $inefie(ds in
and aro)nd sensiti2e points5 inc()din% 6oo64 traps.
c. .epair of da$a%e ca)sed 64 ene$4 sa6ota%e.
d. ;ater s)pp(4.
e. Constr)ction and $aintenance of te$porar4 (andin% %ro)nds and strips.
f. !ssistance in crossin% 1ater o6stac(es.
%. C(earin% and ne)tra(i9in% ene$4 $ines and 6oo64 traps.
3. ,he en%ineers $a4 a(so 6e ca((ed )pon to repair and $aintain p)6(ic )ti(it4
ser2ices s)ch as 1ater1or8s5 po1er stations5 etc.5 and assist the ci2i(
ad$inistration in tri6a( areas to pro2ide 6asic a$enities to the (oca( pop)(ation.
SECTION ;+ TE5ECO))"NIC#TIONS
1. Enits dep(o4ed o2er (ar%e areas5 and the 2)(nera6i(it4 of (ine co$$)nications5
$a8e the radio an essentia( $eans of co$$)nicatin%.
2. Dispersed dep(o4$ent and the t4pe of terrain ca(( for %reat in%en)it4 on the part of
the radio operator5 and re(a4 stations on 2anta%e points #inc()din% aircraft& $)st
6e re%arded as co$$on practice.
3. Dep(o4$ent of 6ases and head=)arters are often dictated 64 co$$)nication
re=)ire$ents5 and co$$anders at a(( (e2e(s $)st see8 the ad2ice of their si%na(s
representati2es on this $atter.
4. C(i$atic e@tre$es ad2erse(4 affect the (ife of radio 6atteries5 and re=)ire proper
p(annin% and rep(enishin% arran%e$ents.
5. Doice proced)re and sec)rit4 cannot 6e i%nored in this t4pe of operation. It is
8no1n that terrorists ha2e 6een )sin% standard co$$ercia( radios for interception
p)rposes5 and $i%ht 2er4 1e(( 6e $onitorin% ar$4 trans$issions.
SECTION <+ 5OGISTICS
1. ,he (o%istic s)pport of 1ide(4 dispersed )nits in s$a(( %ro)ps cannot 6e done 64
con2entiona( res)pp(4 s4ste$s5 and the points (isted 6e(o1 sho)(d 6e considered
in p(annin% operations a%ainst terrorists.
2. -ach iso(ated )nit5 re%ard(ess of its si9e5 $)st 6e $ade as se(f3s)fficient as
possi6(e. ,his inc()des res)pp(45 $edica( and $aintenance aspects.
3. ;hen possi6(e5 $a@i$)$ )se $)st 6e $ade of (oca( reso)rces5 6)t not at the
e@pense of the ci2i(ian pop)(ation of the area.
4. !(( (o%istic $o2es in an area of operations 1i(( ca(( for protection and escorts 33
this $a4 hea2i(4 ta@ a co$$ander7s co$6at reso)rces.
5. ,he air force $a4 6e ca((ed )pon to rep(enish s)pp(ies #air3(anded or dropped& on
a per$anent 6asis to )nits dep(o4ed in inaccessi6(e areas. Cas)a(t4 e2ac)ation 64
air 1i(( a(so recei2e a hi%h priorit4.
SECTION =+ #I4 FO4CE
1. It sho)(d 6e the constant ai$ in a(( !,"P/ to $a8e f)(( )se of the ad2anta%es that
ste$ fro$ the a6i(it4 to )se air po1er 1ith (itt(e ene$4 interference. D)rin%
!,"P/ the air force can pro2ide a =)ic8 reaction to re=)ests for offensi2e air
operations5 cas)a(t4 e2ac)ation and (o%istic s)pport.
SECTION />+ P#4#T4OOPS
1. Paratroops are 6asica((4 infantr4 troops5 6)t ha2e the specia( capa6i(it4 of 6ein%
dep(o4ed to their area of operation or onto their o6>ecti2e 64 $eans of the
parach)te. ,here are5 ho1e2er5 a n)$6er of ad2anta%es and disad2anta%es 1hen
dep(o4ed 64 parach)te.
a. "dvantages
i. /)rprise.
ii. /hoc8 action.
iii. 'o6i(it4 pro2ided 64 the aircraft to reach distant o6>ecti2es.
6. Disadvantages
i. De(a4 in re%ro)pin% and 2)(nera6i(it4 d)rin% this phase.
ii. Der4 (i$ited transportB conse=)ent(4 a(( $o2e$ent 1i(( 6e on foot
and a(( stores and e=)ip$ent $anpac8ed. ,his i$$ediate(4 res)(ts
in a (i$itation on e=)ip$ent and a$$)nition carried.
iii. Li$it of d)ration of action )n(ess i$$ediate5 and5 if necessar45
pro(on%ed air s)pport is a2ai(a6(e.
i2. -$p(o4$ent s)6>ect to 1eather conditions and a2ai(a6i(it4 of air
transport aircraft.
2. 0ire effecti2eness a($ost entire(4 confined to s$a(( ar$s and
$ortar fire.
2. Tas!s. ?earin% in $ind their (i$itations and that the4 are specia(ists in their o1n
ri%ht5 paratroops 1i(( 6e tas8ed at the hi%hest (e2e( to %ain $a@i$)$ 6enefit and
res)(ts fro$ their capa6i(ities. Possi6(e tas8s co)(d 6e the fo((o1in%:
a. /ec)rin% specia( points of tactica( or strate%ic 2a()e prior to $a>or troop
$o2e$ents5 e.%.5 passes5 6rid%es5 crossin% p(aces.
6. .e(ie2in% or reinforcin% pinned3do1n or s)rro)nded $i(itar4 forces that
$a4 6e diffic)(t to reach in ti$e or 6eca)se of stron% ene$4 opposition.
c. !ctin% as stops or c)t3off %ro)ps in positions that cannot 6e reached in
ti$e 64 %ro)nd forces.
d. -$p(o4$ent as a force reser2e.
3. It is considered that the droppin% of parach)te troops 64 parach)te 1i(( 6e 2er4
rare5 6ein% )sed on(4 1hen nor$a( infantr4 cannot 6e dep(o4ed 64 he(icopter.
SECTION //+ N#2,
1. )eneral. ,he ro(e of the na24 d)rin% !,"P/ ass)$es %reater i$portance 1hen it
is possi6(e to e$p(o4 na2a( e(e$ents. *e2erthe(ess the na24 1i(( carr4 o)t
$issions that $a4 ha2e a direct or indirect effect on !,"P/.
2. Tas!s. D)rin% !,"P/5 na2a( tas8s can 6e:
a. /ec)rit4 and coasta( $ariti$e defense 64 patro((in%5 and coast %)ard d)ties
in coasta( 1aters to pre2ent dise$6ar8in%5 res)pp(4 or e2ac)ation of the
terrorists 64 sea.
6. /ec)rit4 and defense of coasta( and in(and shippin% thro)%h contro( and
protection.
c. Cenera( transport and (o%istic s)pport to the ar$ed forces and ci2i(ian
a)thorities 64 $ariti$e or in(and shippin%.
d. !$phi6io)s operations5 6oth pri$ar4 and secondar45 e$p(o4in% sea 6orne
forces and appropriate na2a( $eans.
e. Cooperation 1ith the other ser2ices in (and operations5 e$p(o4in% sea
6orne forces5 1hen the sit)ation re=)ires it.
f. /)pportin% na2a( %)n fire to (and operations cond)cted ad>acent to the
coast. %. Ps4cho(o%ica( and socioecono$ic actions in coasta( and in(and
1aters.
SECTION /3+ PO5ICE
1. )eneral. In 6oth co)nter3ins)r%enc4 and interna( $i(itar4 operations5 po(ice
essentia((4 re$ain responsi6(e for the $aintenance of (a1 and order and for the
in2esti%ation of cri$e. ,he cond)ct of $i(itar4 operations a%ainst an ar$ed
ene$4 is o)tside this f)nction.
2. Roles. In !,"P/5 po(ice f)nctions 1i(( ta8e the for$ of:
a. "6tainin%5 co((atin% and disse$inatin% inte((i%ence 1hich is 2ita( to the
s)ccess of !,"P/.
6. Detai(ed interro%ation of terrorists to o6tain $a@i$)$ inte((i%ence.
c. .e%)(ar 6riefin% of force co$$anders in re%ard to the terrorist threat5 in
partic)(ar5 the presence and intention of terrorists.
d. Patro((in% the frin%es of the operationa( areas 1ith the ai$ of:
i. Chec8in% reports of terrorist acti2it4.
ii. Chec8in% $o2e$ents5 i.e.5 the esta6(ish$ent of road 6(oc8s and
chec8in% 2ehic(es5 trac8s and p)6(ic transport.
iii. Disse$ination of propa%anda.
i2. !((a4in% fears on the part of the ci2i(ian pop)(ation.
e. Pre2ention or detection of )na)thori9ed entr4 of persons thro)%h ports5
airports and across the 6orders. !(so to esta6(ish co)nter3sa6ota%e
$eas)res to pre2ent the trans$ission or carria%e of ad2erse infor$ation
andor s)62ersi2e (iterat)re and propa%anda and the s$)%%(in% of ar$s
and e@p(osi2es.
f. In2esti%ation of cri$es co$$itted 64 terrorists.
%. Pro2ision of %)ides and interpreters in s)pport of the $i(itar4 forces.
SECTION /6+ #"?I5I#4IES
1. Dependin% on their (o4a(t4 to the %o2ern$ent5 and de%ree of terrorist inf()ence
and contro(5 the (oca( pop)(ation5 co)(d 6e of %reat assistance to the $i(itar45
either as indi2id)a(s or in %ro)ps:
a. Indi2id)a((4
i. C)idestrac8ers.
ii. Interpreters.
iii. ,rans(ators.
i2. Inte((i%ence a%ents or infor$ers.
2. Propa%anda a%ents.
2i. ;or8ers.
6. Co((ecti2e(4
i. La6or )nits.
ii. Enits for se(f defense #$i(itia&.
iii. Co$6at )nits.
2. It $)st 6e 6orne in $ind that the trainin% and ar$in% of se(ected $e$6ers of the
(oca( pop)(ation for the defense of their o1n 2i((a%es and other 8e4 points is not to
6e initiated at )nit (e2e(5 6)t is s)6>ect to $i(itar4 or %o2ern$ent po(ic4.
Types of Operations

SECTION /+ INT4O&"CTION
1. ,he ai$ of this chapter is to %i2e %)idance on the tactics and techni=)es to 6e
)sed 64 $i(itar4 forces 1hen cond)ctin% operations in r)ra( areas a%ainst an
ene$4 e$p(o4in% )ncon2entiona( $ethods and tactics.
2. "nce a )nit has 6een $o6i(i9ed and co$$itted to its operationa( area and
responsi6i(ities5 the co$$ander of s)ch a )nit 1i(( find5 on arri2a(5 that he is
re=)ired to:
a. Pro2ide for the sec)rit4 of his o1n 6ase.
6. C)ard 8e4 insta((ation7s.
c. ;hen (e%a((4 a)thori9ed5 ens)re contro( of the (oca( pop)(ation5 perhaps
64 c)rfe1s5 chec8points5 patro(s5 etc.
d. Pro2ide protection for $o2e$ent of a(( 8inds.
e. Cond)ct area operations.
f. 'aintain a reser2e to $eet $inor contin%encies thro)%ho)t his area and
a(so possi6(4 to react to the re=)ire$ents of another force5 operation or
head=)arters.
3. ,he co$$ander7s appreciation 1i(( esta6(ish the priorities for the a6o2e tas8s
sho)(d it not 6e possi6(e to cond)ct the$ si$)(taneo)s(4. It is $ost i$portant that
a re2erse not 6e inf(icted on the $i(itar4 forces soon after their arri2a(5 not on(4
6eca)se of the serio)s effect it 1o)(d ha2e on ci2i(ian $ora(e5 6)t a(so on the
)nit7s $ora(e.
4. ,he desire to do e2er4thin% at once 1ith $ini$)$ reso)rces $)st 6e 6a(anced
a%ainst the ris8 of defeat. ,he pro6(e$ for the $i(itar4 force co$$ander 1i(( 6e
to decide 1hat proportion of his reso)rces he can afford to a((ot to the 2ario)s
tas8s confrontin% hi$. Ae $)st decide his priorit4 tas8s and a((ocate his forces
accordin%(4 a(tho)%h5 as operations de2e(op5 he 1i(( need to re2ise his priorities.
5. It sho)(d 6e re$e$6ered that the ene$4 1i(( se(do$ present a static tar%et.
Conse=)ent(4 the co$$ander5 in his p(annin%5 $)st not e@pect to cond)ct
operations a%ainst fi@ed o6>ecti2es. ?earin% in $ind the ene$47s characteristics5
he $)st 6e f(e@i6(e eno)%h to cater for a(( sit)ations.
6. ,he fo)r $ain re=)ire$ents for s)ccess are:
a. Encounter actions. ,he a6so()te necessit4 for the adoption of the actions
set o)t in Chapter 6. -@perience sho1s the4 ens)re $a@i$)$ s)ccess
a%ainst terrorists in contacts or incidents and5 e=)a((4 as i$portant5 the4
sa2e cas)a(ties.
6. Snap shooting. ,he 2ita( i$portance of acc)rate and =)ic8 shootin% fro$
a(( positions and a(( t4pes of co2er.
c. *ffensive action. ,he need for i$$ediate offensi2e action5 6oth in
p(annin% at a(( (e2e(s and a(so in tactica( en%a%e$ents.
d. Discipline. ,he necessit4 in operations of discip(ine and a(( that it stands
for. ,errorists 1i(( a2oid action 1ith discip(ined troops 6)t the4 can e@pect
a $eas)re of s)ccess a%ainst troops 1hose discip(ine is poor.
SECTION 3+ *O4&E4 CONT4O5 OPE4#TIONS
General
1. "im. ,he ai$ of 6order contro( operations or co)nter3penetration operations is to
$a8e the 6order as sec)re as possi6(e5 there64 pre2entin% ene$4 %ro)ps fro$
crossin%B or pre2entin% s)pp(ies or reinforce$ents fro$ crossin% to s)pport ene$4
%ro)ps that $a4 ha2e s)cceeded in crossin%.
2. It is a 8no1n fact that part of the ene$47s tactics and characteristics is to esta6(ish
safe 6ases in nei%h6orin% co)ntries fro$ 1hich the4 can (a)nch their attac8s
across the 6order and to 1hich the4 can ret)rn sho)(d the press)re app(ied a%ainst
the$ 64 the $i(itar4 forces 6e too %reat. ,he 2er4 s)ccess of their operations is
dependent )pon these safe 6ases.
3. ,he ene$4 has no respect for internationa( 6o)ndaries and is a6(e to cross the
6o)ndar45 1hether it 6e an i$a%inar4 (ine thro)%h the 6)sh5 a ri2er5 a r)%%ed 6it
of coast(ine or e2en a fence5 at prese(ected crossin% p(aces.
4. ,here are tho)sands of 8i(o$eters of 6order 1hich $a4 ha2e to 6e protected.
?eca)se of these 2ast distances5 it 1i(( 6e i$possi6(e to co2er e2er4 $eter 1ith
troops. ?earin% this in $ind and $a8in% $a@i$)$ efficient )se of the $anpo1er
1hich is a2ai(a6(e5 a 2er4 1e((3tho)%ht3o)t p(an5 "r%ani9ation and s4ste$ for
6order contro( $)st 6e deter$ined and 2i%oro)s(4 and effecti2e(4 app(ied. In
those areas 1here the ene$4 is $ore acti2e5 or 1here e@terna( s)pport is $ore
si%nificant5 hi%her priorit4 of troop a((ocation sho)(d 6e %i2en.
Factors #ffecting Success
1. 0actors affectin% the s)ccess of this t4pe of operation are as fo((o1s:
a. Cooperation 1ith the (oca( inha6itants and a(so the (oca( %o2ern$ent
ad$inistrati2e or%ani9ations.
6. 'a@i$)$ )se of infor$ers5 partic)(ar(4 on the other side of the 6order.
,hese infor$ers are nor$a((4 contro((ed 64 the sec)rit4 po(ice andor
$i(itar4 forces.
c. 0(e@i6i(it4 in the p(annin% and e@ec)tion of a(( operations.
d. /ec)rit4.
e. Cooperation 6et1een a(( participatin% forces5 i.e.5 $i(itar4 and po(ice.
f. ! hi%h standard of trainin%5 patro((in% and ph4sica( fitness.
%. ,he entire operation $)st ha2e depth to it5 therefore $a8in% it $ore
diffic)(t for the ene$4 to penetrate.
h. !6i(it4 to 6e )northodo@ and ori%ina( in the p(annin% and e@ec)tion of
operations. !2oid 6ein% stereot4ped.
i. ;e(( or%ani9ed and f(e@i6(e (o%istica( s)pport.
>. /i$p(icit4 in p(annin% and econo$ica( )se of $anpo1er.
8. ! readi(4 a2ai(a6(e reser2e to 6e dep(o4ed either 64 air5 road or on foot to
assist 1here2er and 1hene2er re=)ired.
Patterns of Operations
1. ,he fo((o1in% factors 1i(( deter$ine the a((ocation of tas8s and responsi6i(ities:
a. *at)re of terrain.
6. -@tent of 6order.
c. -ne$4 threat and acti2it4.
d. -@terna( s)pport to the ene$4.
e. !2ai(a6i(it4 of forces.
f. Loca( pop)(ation.
2. !reas are di2ided into )nit and s)63)nit areas of tactica( responsi6i(it4.
?o)ndaries 6et1een these areas $)st 6e 1e(( defined 1ith no %aps. ,hese
6o)ndaries $)st 6e chan%ed fro$ ti$e to ti$e to pre2ent the ene$4 fro$
disco2erin% the 6order protection p(an. ,roop densit4 in these areas 1i(( 6e
deter$ined 64 ene$4 acti2it4.
3. %ead+uarters. ,he $ain head=)arters for s)ch an operation 1i(( 6e (ocated at a
position fro$ 1hich effecti2e co$$and and contro( can 6e e@ercised and 1here
a(( the necessar4 co$$)nication re=)ire$ents e@ist5 i.e.5 airfie(d5 rai(3 and road
head and co$$)nication centers5 etc.
4. ,nit head+uarters. ,his sho)(d 6e centra((4 sit)ated in the )nit7s area of
responsi6i(it45 prefera6(4 1here %ood or reasona6(e co$$)nication faci(ities e@ist
s)ch as an airfie(d5 a rai(3 or road head and he(icopter (andin% faci(ities. ,he4
sho)(d a(so 6e (ocated c(ose to or at the (oca( ad$inistrati2epo(ice post5 sho)(d
there 6e one in the area. ,he $ain re=)ire$ents re$ain5 ho1e2er5 effecti2e
co$$and and contro( of a(( forces concerned5 accessi6i(it4 and %ood
co$$)nications.
5. Patro( 6ases and patro(s. Per$anent patro( 6ases sho)(d 6e esta6(ished a(on% the
6order and in depth. ,hese 6ases can either 6e co$pan4 or p(atoon 6ases. ,he4
sho)(d 6e so spaced and sited that patro(s operatin% fro$ the$ can effecti2e(4
patro( the area5 1itho)t ha2in% to co2er (on% distances. ,hese 6ases $)st 6e
tactica((4 sited and 1e(( protected a%ainst possi6(e ene$4 attac8s. !ccessi6i(it4
and nat)ra( 1ater s)pp(ies $)st 6e considered 1hen sitin% s)ch 6ases. Patro((in%
fro$ these 6ases can 6e done as fo((o1s:
a. ?order patro(s. /tron%5 1e((36a(anced patro(s $o2e on foot5 their tas8 or
ai$ 6ein% to patro( the 6order to pre2ent penetration or to search for si%ns
of recent ene$4 crossin%s and possi6(e crossin% p(aces. ,he4 $)st 6e
prepared to fi%ht sho)(d the4 enco)nter an4 ene$4. ,hese patro(s $)st
ha2e %ood co$$)nications 1ith their 6ases and $)st 6e prepared to spend
se2era( da4s a1a4 fro$ their 6ases. ,he4 $)st $a8e contact 1ith the (oca(
inha6itants in their areas in order to 6)i(d )p the confidence5 cooperation
and friend(4 re(ationship 1ith the (oca(s. ,his is 2ita((4 i$portant 6eca)se
e2er4 (oca( 1ho is friend(4 to1ards the $i(itar4 forces is a potentia(
infor$er 1ho can or $a4 6e a6(e to pro2ide 2a()a6(e infor$ation
re%ardin% the ene$4. !(tho)%h operatin% to a 1e((3coordinated patro(
pro%ra$5 these patro(s $)st a(so 6e prepared to )se their o1n initiati2e5
e.%.5 to a$6)sh possi6(e crossin% p(aces 1hich 1ere not foreseen.
6. /tandin% patro(s. /ho)(d the a2ai(a6i(it4 of troops and the terrain a((o1 it5
a series of s$a(( standin% patro(s can 6e )sed to $aintain o6ser2ation
d)rin% the da4 o2er possi6(e crossin% p(aces5 or stores5 that $a4 6e so)rces
of s)pp(ies for the ene$4. D)rin% the ho)rs of dar8ness5 these standin%
patro(s co)(d 6eco$e (istenin% posts 1ith the d)a( p)rpose of a$6)shin%
(i8e(4 crossin% p(aces. ,hese patro(s sho)(d 6e pro2ided 1ith
co$$)nications. ,he4 $)st operate 1ith the )t$ost stea(th and fre=)ent(4
chan%e their positions to a2oid detection. ,he4 $)st 6e prepared to spend
se2era( da4s a1a4 fro$ their 6ase. if possi6(e5 the4 sho)(d contact an4
friend(4 forces $o2in% thro)%h their area.
c. 'otori9ed patro(s. /ho)(d the terrain a((o1 it5 or sho)(d there 6e
reasona6(e roads or trac8s in the area5 $otori9ed patro(s co)(d 6e )sed.
Ese can 6e $ade of nor$a( 6atta(ion5 co$pan45 and p(atoon transport or
ar$ored cars. ,his t4pe of patro( 1i(( nor$a((4 not 6e 2er4 s)ccessf)( 6)t
it does ser2e as a deterrent and does afford the (oca( co$$ander and
$i(itar4 forces the opport)nit4 of 2isitin% sett(e$ents in the area5 therefore
$aintainin% contact and 6)i(din% )p %ood re(ation3 ships. ;ith this t4pe of
patro(5 re%)(ar ro)tes and ti$in%s $)st 6e a2oided 6eca)se of the
possi6i(it4 of ene$4 a$6)shes. It is a(so a $eans 1here64 a co$$ander
can $a8e contact 1ith his foot patro(s or standin% patro(s that $a4 6e
operatin% so$e distance a1a4 fro$ his patro( 6ase.
d. Patro(s in depth. ,hese patro(s operate fro$ 6ases sited in depth to the
act)a( 6order patro( 6ases. ,heir tas8 is to search for and destro4 ene$4
e(e$ents or %ro)ps that $a4 ha2e s)cceeded in penetratin% in(and. ,he4
$a4 react to infor$ation passed on to the$ 64 the 6order patro(s or to
indications the4 $a4 ha2e disco2ered as a res)(t of their o1n 2i%oro)s
patro( pro%ra$5 or to infor$ation passed on to the$ 64 hi%her
head=)arters5 sec)rit4 po(ice or (oca( infor$ers. ,hese are stron%5 1e((3
6a(anced patro(s that $a4 6e assisted 64 specia( trac8ers5 trac8in% tea$s5
or do% tea$s5 1ith %ood co$$)nications to the patro( 6ase and %ro)nd3to3
air5 6eca)se the4 $a4 fre=)ent(4 ca(( for air s)pport 1hen contact 1ith the
ene$4 has 6een $ade. ,he4 $)st 6e a%%ressi2e and $)st 6e prepared to
spend se2era( da4s a1a4 fro$ the patro( 6ase and5 sho)(d contact 6e $ade
1ith the ene$45 to $aintain contact )nti( the ene$4 is e(i$inated.
e. ,he patro( pro%ra$ and pattern for the patro(s operatin% in depth $)st 6e
caref)((4 coordinated and 1e(( p(anned. ,hese patro(s can either operate
fro$ a 6ase (ine or nat)ra( feat)res s)ch as ri2ers5 rid%es5 sp)rs5 etc.5
patro((in% (atera((45 for1ard and in1ard or radiatin% o)t1ard in a((
directions fro$ a centra( point 1hich is the patro( 6ase.
f. ;hiche2er s4ste$ is )sed5 re%)(ar patterns5 ro)tes and ti$in% $)st 6e
a2oided.
6. !ids to 6order contro(. ,he ph4sica( protection of a (on% 6order 1ith troops is not
a(1a4s possi6(e 6eca)se of the pro6(e$ of $anpo1er. ,here are5 ho1e2er5 certain
aids that co)(d 6e considered:
a. a. !ircraft patro(s. ,hese ser2e as a deterrent5 and re%)(ar 2is)a( and photo
reconnaissance of the 6order area co)(d indicate the crossin% of %ro)ps of
terrorists.
6. 6. ?oat patro(s. ;hen the 6order is defined 64 a ri2er5 6oat patro(s co)(d
6e )sed in $)ch the sa$e 1a4 as $otori9ed patro(s.
c. /ensor4 de2ices. Li$ited areas co)(d 6e co2ered 64 )sin% sensor4 de2ices5
%i2in% 1arnin% and appro@i$ate position of s)spect $o2e$ent in the area.
d. .estricted areas. ;hen possi6(e5 certain areas of the 6order co)(d 6e
c(eared of (oca( inha6itants #if an4& and a(( presence in that 1e((3defined
area restricted to the $i(itar4 forces on(4. .o)tine chec8in% o)t of the area
$a4 indicate ene$4 acti2ities. ,hese areas pro2ide co$p(ete freedo$ of
action 64 $i(itar4 forces5 e.%.5 6o$6in%5 arti((er4 en%a%e$ents5 and the
erection of 6arriers inc()din% $inefie(ds5 6ar6ed 1ire and 6oo64 traps.
Conclusion
1. ?order contro( operations are (on%3ter$ operations that re=)ire caref)( p(annin%
and coordination and the 2i%oro)s app(ication of s)ch p(ans. In2aria6(4 the 6order
patro(s are $ore of a deterrent than an4thin% e(se5 6eca)se it is nor$a((4 the
patro(s in depth that ph4sica((4 %et in2o(2ed in action 1ith the ene$4B 6)t the
$ost effecti2e $eas)re for contro((in% the 6order is an acti2e5 1e((3p(anned patro(
pro%ra$ e@ec)ted 64 1e((3(ed5 1e((3trained and 1e((3ar$ed patro(s.
SECTION 6+ #4E# OPE4#TIONS
)et%od
1. ! s4ste$atic approach is necessar4 to co)nter terrorists a(read4 esta6(ished in an
area. ,he territor4 sho)(d 6e di2ided into sectors and troops a((ocated accordin% to
re=)ire$ents. Co$$anders of these sectors 1i(( 6e %i2en their tas8s in 6road
o)t(ine 64 the appropriate head=)arters. ,hereafter these co$$anders $)st
deter$ine their o1n o6>ecti2es 1ithin their areas of tactica( responsi6i(it4. ,he4
1i(( 6e responsi6(e for the p(annin% and cond)ct of operations in these sectors5
1hich i$p(ies that the decentra(i9ation of co$$and is of )t$ost i$portance5
a((o1in% for %reater f(e@i6i(it4. ,he ai$ sho)(d 6e to co2er the area concerned
1ith a fra$e1or8 of $i(itar4 or%ani9ations 1or8in% in c(ose cooperation 1ith the
ci2i(ian a)thorities.
2. !i$ of area operations. ,he 6asic ai$ of this t4pe of operation is to e(i$inate
terrorists. In its si$p(est for$ it $eans searchin% for a s$a(( 6and of ene$4 1ho
$i%ht ha2e infi(trated into an area5 1hi(e it co)(d a(so indicate operations a%ainst
n)$ero)s %ro)ps5 1e(( esta6(ished in the area5 1ith a certain de%ree of contro(
o2er the (oca( pop)(ation. in this case it 1i(( 6e necessar4 to ne)tra(i9e the ene$47s
inf()ence5 destro4 their presence5 re%ain the (oca( pop)(ation7s tr)st and s)pport
for the %o2ern$ent and pre2ent the rec)rrence of ene$4 presence and inf()ence.
Scope of Operations
1. Dependin% on the de%ree of the ene$47s pro%ress in esta6(ishin% hi$se(f5 the ai$
of area operations 1i(( not 6e achie2ed o2erni%ht and 1i(( ca(( for a pro%ressi2e
approach o2er a period of ti$e5 in the fo((o1in% pattern:
a. -sta6(ish a $i(itar4 presence in the area5 and %ain infor$ation concernin%
the ene$45 (oca( pop)(ation and terrain5 etc.
6. -ns)re that 8e4 points5 2i((a%es and (ines of co$$)nication are protected
a%ainst ene$4 interference.
c. Cond)ct P/<"P/ ai$ed at the (oca( pop)(ation and the ene$4.
d. Cond)ct operations a%ainst 8no1n ene$4 6ases and areas in order to 6rea8
his $i(itar4 potentia(.
e. /earch for and destro4 the re$ainder of the ene$4.
f. 'aintain per$anent contact 1ith the pop)(ation and do$inate the area
)nti( the ci2i( ad$inistration can do 1itho)t $i(itar4 s)pport.
%. Cond)ct operations in s)pport of ci2i( a)thorities #"/C!& as re=)ired.
Employment of Forces
1. !rea operations ca(( for the e$p(o4$ent of an infantr4 force capa6(e of achie2in%
its ai$ 64 $a8in% )se of the necessar4 s)pportin% ar$s and ser2ices. !r$ored
fi%htin% 2ehic(es5 arti((er4 and en%ineers can a(( 6e )sed 1ith %reat s)ccess in this
t4pe of operation. !ir s)pport is indispensa6(e.
2. 0orces a((ocated to an area $)st 6e s)fficient to achie2e the ai$ of the operation.
! hi%h de%ree of $o6i(it4 )nder a(( conditions5 and f(e@i6i(it4 in the p(annin% and
e@ec)tion of operations 1i(( assist in attainin% 6etter res)(ts. ,he presence of a
(ar%e ene$4 %ro)p 1i(( so$eti$es necessitate the )se of additiona( troops5
a((ocated 64 hi%her head=)arters for this specific operation.
#rea #llocation and Su$di(ision
1. Decidin% on or (ocatin% operationa( areas5 or e2en s)63di2idin% a )nit area5 1i((
a(1a4s re=)ire an appreciation of the sit)ation. ,he fo((o1in% para%raph inc()des
the i$portant factors to 6e considered in $a8in% this appreciation.
2. 0actors.
a. a. Characteristics of the operationa( area.
i. ,errain. 'o6i(it45 o6ser2ation and concea($ent are $ore fa2ora6(e
to the terrorist5 and the )se of ar$s and ser2ices other than infantr4
is direct(4 dictated 64 the t4pe of terrain.
ii. C(i$atic conditions. ,he rain4 season $a4 restrict road $o2e$ent
considera6(45 and e@tre$e te$perat)res 1i(( dictate the si9e of an
area that can effecti2e(4 6e contro((ed 64 troops on foot.
iii. Co$$)nication net1or8.
I. .oads and rai(1a4 (ines are necessar4 for (o%istica( s)pport.
II. .oads and trac8s he(p in dep(o4in% troops and co$$ittin%
reser2es =)ic8(4.
III.!irfie(ds deter$ine s)pp(4 6ases and head=)arter sites.
i2. Loca( reso)rces. !2ai(a6i(it4 of 1ater5 (oca( p)rchase faci(ities5
hospita(s and c(inics5 acco$$odation and recreationa( faci(ities a((
ha2e a 6earin% on a((ocatin% areas and sitin% of head=)arters.
2. Loca( pop)(ation. ,he presence of the (oca( pop)(ation is one of the
$ost i$portant factors in this t4pe of operation:
I. ,he n)$6er of troops re=)ired for the protection of the
(oca(s #1hen re=)ired& 1i(( restrict their area of
responsi6i(it4.
II. It is ad2isa6(e to (et $i(itar4 areas coincide 1ith the
ethno(o%ica( %ro)pin% of the pop)(ation.
III.,he densit4 of the pop)(ation $a4 restrict the e$p(o4$ent
of arti((er4 and the air force in certain of their ro(es. d. ,he
de%ree of terrorist inf()ence o2er the (oca( pop)(ation
dictates the attit)de5 sec)rit4 and ps4cho(o%ica( action of the
$i(itar4 forces.
3. ?)i(t3)p areas. ,he presence of 6)i(t3)p areas 1i(( ca(( for $i(itar4 forces to 6e
co$$itted on non3r)ra( tas8s5 e.%.5 protection of 8e4 points and "/C!.
4. -ne$4. ;hen the ene$4 is 1e(( esta6(ished in an area5 the fo((o1in% points
re=)ire consideration:
a. ,he stren%th of the ene$4 and his "r%ani9ation 1i(( deter$ine the $i(itar4
re=)ire$ent.
6. If his o1n area di2ision is 8no15 it $a4 6e 6etter to tr4 and fit that of the
$i(itar4 accordin%(4. It is $)ch easier to co((ect infor$ation and operate
a%ainst one ene$4 %ro)p5 than ha2in% e(e$ents of t1o or $ore to dea(
1ith.
c. !reas #co)ntries& pro2idin% sanct)ar4 or assistance and his (o%istica( and
inte((i%ence s4ste$s are a(so to 6e considered.
d. 'eas)re of s)pport 64 (oca( pop)(ation.
5. 0riend(4 forces.
a. ,he n)$6er of troops a2ai(a6(e5 their standard of trainin% and the
a2ai(a6i(it4 of s)pportin% e(e$ents #1ith an4 restrictions on their )se& 1i((
deter$ine the si9e of areas a((ocated.
6. 0or ease of cooperation and coordinated action5 it is ad2isa6(e to ha2e
$i(itar4 6o)ndaries coincidin% 1ith that 3 of the ci2i( ad$inistration and
po(ice.
Conclusion
1. !rea operations can on(4 6e s)ccessf)((4 conc()ded if there is inti$ate
cooperation 6et1een the ci2i( ad$inistration5 the po(ice and the $i(itar4. !((
actions sho)(d 6e >oint(4 p(anned5 poo(in% a(( a2ai(a6(e infor$ation.
2. !n e@ce((ent >oint inte((i%ence s4ste$ is a prere=)isite for s)ccess and sho)(d 6e
de2e(oped at a(( (e2e(s.
3. ,he s)pport of the (oca( pop)(ation is 2ita( and the %reater part of o)r
ps4cho(o%ica( action p(an sho)(d 6e directed at achie2in% this ai$.
4. 'i(itar4 s)ccess can on(4 6e achie2ed 64 1e((3trained and 1e((3$oti2ated troops5
inspired 1ith an offensi2e spirit that ref(ects itse(f 64 constant(4 do$inatin% the
area 1ith patro(s5 a$6)shes5 road 6(oc8s and si$i(ar a%%ressi2e tactics.
Foot Patrols
SECTION /+ GENE4#5
1. ! co$$on feat)re of r)ra( operations is that5 irrespecti2e of 1hether an operation
has 6een p(anned at 6ri%ade or at troop (e2e(5 or 1hether it has 6een desi%ned to:
a. search an area of 6)shB
6. disr)pt terrorist food s)pp(iesB
c. 8eep terrorists on the $o2eB
d. p)rs)e a specific %an% 1ith the aid of trac8ersB or
e. s1eep pro%ressi2e(4 a (ar%e area of 6)sh 1ith a (ar%e n)$6er of troops5
the troops ta8in% part in it 1i(( a($ost in2aria6(4 find the$se(2es f)nctionin% in
the ro(e of a patro( 1hich is o)t of 2is)a( contact 1ith other troops and 1i(( ha2e a
(oca( ai$ of contactin% and e(i$inatin% terrorists.
2. ,he a6i(it4 to carr4 o)t s8i((f)( patro((in%5 1hich 1i(( res)(t in contactin% and
e(i$inatin% the terrorists5 is the pri$e re=)ire$ent for a(( troops en%a%ed in r)ra(
operations. In this respect5 therefore5 co$$anders at a(( (e2e(s sho)(d consider
patro( p(annin% caref)((4 and 6ase this on a rea(istic appreciation5 1hether the
sit)ation 6e si$p(e or co$p(e@.
*asic #spects of Patrolling
1. Characteristics. ! patro( $)st 6e s$a(( eno)%h to $o2e si(ent(4 and 4et ha2e
s)fficient effecti2e fire po1er. ,he stren%th of the patro( 1i(( 6e deter$ined 64 the
si9e of terrorist %an%s 8no1n to 6e operatin% in the area. Patro(s $)st a($ost
in2aria6(4 6e :a(( p)rpose: operations5 prepared to fi%ht5 a$6)sh5 p)rs)e and
reconnoiter.
2. Leadership and morale. /ince patro((in% is fre=)ent(4 done 64 patro(s of
appro@i$ate(4 p(atoon and section stren%th5 the4 1i(( often 6e co$$anded 64
>)nior officers or non3co$$issioned officers. ,hese >)nior (eaders $)st 6e 1e((
trained and their (eadership =)a(ities de2e(oped to the f)(( 6efore the4 can
co$$and. ,heir (eadership $)st 6e of the hi%hest standard to achie2e the ai$ of
the patro(5 th)s insti((in% confidence and hi%h $ora(e.
3. Patrol areas. ;hene2er possi6(e5 a patro( co$$ander $)st 6e %i2en the (i$it and
6o)ndaries of his patro( area so that he 8no1s the e@act area of his responsi6i(it45
there64 $ini$i9in% the ris8 of patro( c(ashes. ,hese 6o)ndaries $)st5 1here2er
possi6(e5 fo((o1 c(ear nat)ra( feat)resB for e@a$p(e5 rid%es5 ri2ers5 roads or trac8s.
if this is not possi6(e5 it is essentia( that a(( $i(itar4 forces are a1are that
operations are ta8in% p(ace in the area.
4. It sho)(d 6e $ade c(ear to patro( co$$anders 1hat (atit)de is to 6e a((o1ed
re%ardin% 6o)ndaries in the e2ent of a patro( enco)nterin% fresh terrorist trac8s
(eadin% o)t of its area.
5. ;hene2er possi6(e5 the $a@i$)$ freedo$ sho)(d 6e %i2en to patro(s to fo((o1 )p
)ne@pected enco)nters rather than ris8 (osin% the chance of en%a%e$ent. In
practice5 it is a($ost i$possi6(e for a patro( in the 6)sh to pinpoint its position
s)fficient(4 acc)rate(4 to hand o2er to another )nit5 and in an4 case the de(a4
1hich s)ch a co)rse 1o)(d in2o(2e 1o)(d a($ost certain(4 res)(t in the (oss of
contact 1ith the terrorists.
6. If5 at the start of an4 operations5 it is possi6(e that a patro( $a4 ha2e to cross the
)nit or s)63)nit 6o)ndaries5 c(earance sho)(d 6e arran%ed 6efore the patro( (ea2es
6ase.
7. If5 d)rin% an operation5 a patro( needs to cross an4 )nit or s)63)nit 6o)ndaries5
c(earance 1i(( 6e o6tained.
SECTION 3+ P5#NNING7 P4EP#4#TION #N&
*4IEFING
Planning and Preparation
1. /tren%th. ,he stren%th of the patro( depends on the fo((o1in%:
a. ,he $ission.
6. ,he nat)re of the area to 6e patro((ed.
c. !(( a2ai(a6(e infor$ation a6o)t the ene$4 in the area.
d. !ttit)de of the pop)(ation.
e. Distance to 6e co2ered.
f. D)ration.
2. .o)tes and ti$in%.
a. "n(4 in e@ceptiona( circ)$stances sho)(d a patro( ret)rn 64 its o)t1ard
ro)te.
6. :,i$e in: as )nderstood in nor$a( $i(itar4 patro((in% $)st 6e e(astic5 as
speed of $o2e$ent is 2er4 diffic)(t to esti$ate and the possi6i(it4 of a
contact $a8es it necessar4 to a((o1 e@tre$e (atit)de in this $atter.
3. /ec)rit4. ,his is an essentia( factor to consider 1hen p(annin% a patro(5 as the
introd)ction of patro(s into an operation area 1itho)t the (oss of sec)rit4 is a
$a>or pro6(e$. -2er4 $eans of a2oidin% o6ser2ation 64 ci2i(ians $)st 6e )sedB
for e@a$p(e5 $o2e$ent 64 ni%ht5 the )se of indirect ro)tes and deception.
Deception co)(d inc()de the )se of ci2i(ian 2ehic(es5 1atercraft and trains.
4. Cas)a(t4 e2ac)ation. ,he pro6(e$ of cas)a(t4 e2ac)ation 1hen troops are
co$$itted to thic8 6)sh in re$ote areas $)st a(1a4s recei2e prior consideration
64 a(( concerned.
5. ,o o6tain the $a@i$)$ 6enefit fro$ an4 patro( it is essentia( that:
a. !(( patro(s 6e sent o)t 1ith a c(ear(4 defined $ission. In a reconnaissance
patro( this sho)(d ta8e the for$ of a =)estion or series of =)estions posed
to the patro( co$$ander. 0i%htin% patro(s 1i(( ha2e tas8s s)ch as the
search for and destr)ction of a part4 of terrorists or the pre2ention of
contact 6et1een terrorists and ci2i(ians in a fi@ed area5 e.%.5 in food contro(
operations. ,he $ission $)st 6e c(ear(4 stated and )nderstood 64 the
patro( co$$ander and his $en.
6. !de=)ate preparation and p(annin% 6e $ade 64 the patro( co$$ander. c.
,he patro( is caref)((4 and thoro)%h(4 6riefed 1ith a(( a2ai(a6(e
infor$ation.
6. Information. ,he fo((o1in% $)st a(1a4s 6e st)died and passed on to a patro(
co$$ander 6efore his patro( is sent o)t:
a. ,opo%raph4. 0)(( )se sho)(d 6e $ade of $aps5 air photo%raphs5 air
reconnaissance and (oca( 8no1(ed%e. ! patro( :%oin% $ap: sho)(d 6e 8ept
)p to date and infor$ation sho)(d 6e handed o2er to re(ief patro(s and
passed 6ac8 to s)perior head=)arters at re%)(ar inter2a(s. ;hene2er
possi6(e the patro( co$$ander sho)(d 6e %i2en the opport)nit4 of prior
$eetin%s 1ith $i(itar4 personne( ha2in% (oca( 8no1(ed%e of the patro(
area.
6. ,errorists. Infor$ation $a4 6e a2ai(a6(e fro$ a n)$6er of so)rcesB for
e@a$p(e5 capt)reds)rrendered terrorists5 air reconnaissance 6oth 2is)a(
and photo%raphic5 capt)red doc)$ents5 infor$ers5 etc. ,he past histor4 of
terrorist acti2ities in the area sho)(d a(so 6e st)died.
c. 'i(itar4 forces. ?o)ndaries and $o2e$ents of a(( $i(itar4 forces in the
area sho)(d 6e considered. If app(ica6(e5 patro(s sho)(d 6e ad2ised of
defense3force tas8s and the 1herea6o)ts of $inefie(ds5 6oo64 traps and
restricted area.
d. Pop)(ation. 'o2e$ent and ha6its of the pop)(ation $)st 6e st)died if
$o2e$ent 64 troops is to re$ain sec)re. ,he re(ationship 6et1een the
(oca( pop)(ation and the terrorists sho)(d 6e esta6(ished.
SECTION 6+ FO4)#TIONS #N& )O2E)ENT
Patrol Formations
1. In operations so far5 the patro( for$ation fo)nd to 6e $ost satisfactor4 is the fo)r
or fi2e %ro)p pattern 1ith the co$$and %ro)p centra((4 p(aced. Ao1e2er5
for$ations adopted 64 a patro( 1i(( 2ar4 and the patro( (eader sho)(d constant(4
2ar4 the infor$ation to $eet the re=)ire$ents of the terrain and the tactica(
sit)ation.
2. ,he patro( sho)(d consist of fo)r or fi2e %ro)ps:
a. ,he patro( co$$ander and his co$$and %ro)p are positioned 1here
contro( can 6est 6e $aintained at a(( (e2e(s. ,he other %ro)ps are
positioned to the front5 f(an8s and rear. -ach of the %ro)ps sho)(d 6e %i2en
their areas of responsi6i(it4 for o6ser2ation 6efore the patro( $o2es o)t. In
a(( cases the %ro)p s4ste$ pro2ides for f(an8 and reser2e %ro)ps5 1ith a
co$$and %ro)p centra((4 sit)ated.
6. Idea((4 each %ro)p sho)(d ha2e a radio for contro( 1hi(e either on the
$o2e or to dep(o4 tactica((4 on a contact.
c. *o distances 6et1een %ro)ps are (aid do1n as this 1i(( depend on the
terrain. ,he4 sho)(d 6e s)fficient(4 far apart to pre2ent an a$6)sh of the
entire patro(5 6)t s)fficient(4 c(ose to 6e a6(e to s)pport each other 1ith
fire in the e2ent of a contact.
d. ;ith this %ro)pin% s4ste$ the co$$ander has the capa6i(it4 of
$ane)2erin% part or parts of his patro( in the e2ent of a contact5 dependin%
on the tactics 6ein% e$p(o4ed 64 the terrorists.
e. "pen or c(ose for$ation are )sed dependin% entire(4 on the condition of
the 6)sh and %ro)nd 6ein% co2ered. Distances 6et1een indi2id)a(s 1i((
2ar4 accordin% to 2isi6i(it4.
f. ,he %ro)p co$$anders $)st contin)a((4 appreciate the %ro)nd and 2ar4
the for$ation of their %ro)p to s)it it. /i$i(ar(4 the patro( co$$ander
$)st contin)o)s(4 appreciate the tactica( position of the patro(. in re(ation
to the %ro)nd to 6e a6(e to ta8e considered i$$ediate action in the e2ent
of a contact. 0or e@a$p(e5 there $a4 e2en 6e occasions 1hen the
co$$ander prefers to 8eep t1o3thirds of his patro( stren%th in reser2e.
%. ,he a((ocation of positions to patro( personne( 1ithin %ro)ps is not ri%id.
-ach co$$ander has persona( preferences5 and factors of the 2ario)s t4pes
of fire s)pport a2ai(a6(e are a(so f(e@i6(eB circ)$3 stances5 to%ether 1ith
persona( preferences5 o2erride an4 atte$pt to dictate ri%id dri((s. Leaders
sho)(d therefore rehearse their o1n $ane)2erin% in the 6)sh.
h. ,he si9e of the patro( dictates the n)$6er of $en in each %ro)p. !s the
stren%th increases5 so the n)$6er of $en in each %ro)p can 6e increased.
?!/IC P!,."L 0".'!,I"*/
)o(ement of Patrols
1. Silence. ,his is essentia( at a(( ti$es. Contro( is e@ercised 64 $eans of si(ent
si%na(s.
2. ,rac8s and trac8 discip(ine.
a. Circ)$stances $a4 dictate the )se of trac8s5 6)t patro(s $)st rea(i9e that
64 doin% so5 the4 r)n the ris8 of 6ein% a$6)shed.
6. ;hen $o2in% on trac8s5 (ea2in% footprints in soft or sand4 patches sho)(d
6e a2oided.
c. /tic8 trac8 discip(ine $)st 6e enforced.
3. Aa(ts.
a. ;hen ha(ted5 positions for a((3aro)nd defense $)st 6e adopted.
6. ,he )s)a( ha(t of ten $in)tes in the ho)r sho)(d 6e o6ser2ed.
4. ,he s)ccess of an4 patro( depends on %ood o6ser2ation. 'en $)st 6e ta)%ht to
o6ser2e e2er4 $o2e$ent5 si%n of trac8s5 6ro8en fo(ia%e5 s$o8e5 noise5 etc.
5. ,roops $)st 6e trained to disre%ard the %enera( pattern of the fo(ia%e and to (oo8
thro)%h5 instead of at5 the 2e%etation.
6. Positions of patro( $e$6ers.
a. Commanders. ,he patro( co$$ander 1i(( nor$a((4 6e positioned to
ena6(e hi$ to contro( his patro( and to inf()ence a 6att(e 64 )sin% his
reser2e5 1hich he sho)(d nor$a((4 contro( hi$se(f. Ae $)st not 6eco$e so
in2o(2ed in the for1ard e(e$ents d)rin% contact that he cannot contro( the
6att(e.
6. )uides.
i. ,he 1ord :guide: as )sed here $eans so$e6od4 1ith an inti$ate
8no1(ed%e of an area or so$eone 1ho can (ead the $i(itar4 forces
to a 8no1n terrorist (ocation. ,hese $a4 6e s)rrendered or capt)red
terrorists or (o4a( !fricans.
ii. ,he correct position for a %)ide is 1ith the patro( co$$ander. ,he
patro( co$$ander 1i(( $a8e decisions as to direction and tactics5
)sin% the %)ide7s ad2ice as he 1ishes.
c. Trac!ers. ,he trac8er tea$ is so positioned that no trai(s 1i(( 6e
o6(iterated 64 $e$6ers of the patro(5 6)t a(so to a((o1 proper (in8 )p 1ith
the fo((o13)p patro(.
7. 'aintainin% contact 6et1een %ro)ps.
a. !(tho)%h the attention of the (eadin% e(e$ents is to the front5 responsi6i(it4
for $aintainin% contact 6et1een %ro)ps sho)(d 6e fro$ front to rear and
rear to front.
6. If contact is (ost5 6oth portions of the patro( ha(t.
c. ,he rear portion of the patro( casts for1ard tr4in% to fo((o1in% the trai( of
the (eadin% e(e$ent.
8. Conc()sion. /o)nd patro( for$ations are necessar4 in order that:
a. Contro( is e@ercised.
6. 'o2e$ent is faci(itated.
c. ,he patro( is read4 for i$$ediate action.
SECTION 8+ )ET0O&S OF P#T4O55ING
1. ,he troop co$$ander5 or force co$$ander5 1hi(e p(annin% his patro( pro%ra$5
$)st 6ear certain factors in $ind 1hich 1i(( he(p hi$ in arri2in% at the 6est or
$ost effecti2e $ethod that he sho)(d )se to effecti2e(4 patro( his a((otted area.
,he factors that he sho)(d consider are:
a. ,he nat)re of the terrain.
6. ,he t4pe of patro(5 i.e.5 fi%htin% or reconnaissance.
c. ,he t4pe of operation.
d. ,he tactics or ha6its of the ene$45 sho)(d the4 6e 8no1n.
e. ,he presence and attit)de of the (oca( pop)(ation. f. /tandard of trainin%
and co$6at efficienc4 of his o1n troops.
2. Aa2in% %i2en caref)( consideration to the a6o2e3$entioned factors5 the p(atoon or
force co$$ander has the fo((o1in% $ethods of patro((in% 1hich he $a4 )se:
a. $an method. In this case the patro(s radiate o)t1ard fro$ the patro( 6ase
or center point on a specific 6earin% for a specific distance5 a(( t)rn in the
sa$e direction at ri%ht an%(es to the o)t1ard ro)te and $o2e for a specific
distance5 then t)rn a%ain at ri%ht an%(es in the direction of the point of
ori%in and ret)rn to the point of ori%in5 i.e.5 patro(s 6ased on a specific
6earin%. ,his $ethod is 2er4 )sef)( 1hen searchin% for specific ene$4
si%ns or 1hen cond)ctin% search operations in 2er4 dense 6)sh or forests.
,he dia%ra$ 6e(o1 i(()strates this $ethod.
6. &aseline method. In this $ethod5 patro(s operate fro$ a 6ase(ine 1hich
co)(d 6e a path5 trac85 ri2er or feat)re. ,he patro(s start fro$ the 6ase(ine
and a(( $o2e in the sa$e direction on a co$pass 6earin% para((e( to each
other for a specific distance and t)rn a%ain at ri%ht an%(es in the direction
of point of ori%in and $o2e 6ac8 to the 6ase(ine on a co$pass 6earin%.
,his $ethod is )sef)( 1hen endea2orin% to :c)t: across possi6(e ene$4
$o2e$ent or trac8s or 1hen searchin% fair(4 dense 6)sh or forests.
Distances 6et1een patro(s 1i(( 6e deter$ined 64 the terrain. ,he dia%ra$
6e(o1 i(()strates this $ethod.
c. Stream or river line method. In this $ethod5 the patro(s fo((o1 the ri2ers
or strea$s in the area. "n the o)t1ard >o)rne45 the patro( $o2es on one
side of the ri2erstrea$5 and on the ret)rn >o)rne45 co2ers the other side of
the ri2erstrea$5 th)s ens)rin% that 6oth sides ha2e 6een co2ered. ,he
ene$45 >)st (i8e the $i(itar4 forces5 re=)ires 1ater and this t4pe of patro(
sho)(d disco2er 1here the ene$47s 1ater point is or 1here he pro6a6(4
crossed the ri2er or strea$.
d. "rea method. ,his is pro6a6(4 the $ore co$$on $ethod of patro((in% that
1i(( 6e )sed. In this case the patro( is %i2en an area and 6o)ndaries and a
(i$itation5 this 6ein% the f)rthest point to 1hich it $)st patro(. It $a4 a(so
6e %i2en certain points of interest 1hich it $)st ha2e a (oo8 at. 0)rther5 the
patro( co$$ander is entire(4 responsi6(e for p(annin% 2er4 caref)((4 and
se(ectin% a ro)te that 1i(( 6e the 6est for hi$ to ena6(e hi$ to carr4 o)t his
tas8. Ae $)st p(an to search a(( possi6(e ene$4 hideo)ts5 ro)tes fo((o1ed
64 the ene$45 possi6(e 1ater ho(es or sprin%s in his area and at the sa$e
ti$e p(an to a2oid possi6(e ene$4 a$6)sh positions and diffic)(t areas to
tra2erse s)ch as deep ra2ines or c(iffs. !(tho)%h the patro( co$$ander
caref)((4 p(ans his ro)te prior to co$$encin% his patro((in%5 he need not
ri%id(4 adhere to his p(anned ro)te. Ae $)st 6e prepared to 6rea8 a1a4
fro$ his p(anned ro)te sho)(d he see or notice so$ethin% that (oo8s
interestin% or s)spicio)s so$e distance a1a4. ,he secret of the s)ccess of
this $ethod of patro((in% is $a8in% the 6est )se of the terrain5 i.e.5
conto)rs5 sp)rs5 rid%es5 ri2ers5 etc.5 1itho)t )nnecessari(4 tirin% the $en5
and 4et co2erin% the $a@i$)$ a$o)nt of %ro)nd in the ti$e (aid do1n.
,his is a far3ran%in% patro( and co2ers a %reater distance and area than the
other $ethods.
SECTION 9+ &4I55 ON 4ET"4N
1. De6riefin%.
a. ;hate2er the ti$e of da4 or ni%ht5 the troop co$$ander or 6riefin% officer
$)st 6e a2ai(a6(e to de6rief the patro( co$$ander. ,he co$$ander $a4
re=)ire the infor$ation )r%ent(4 to p(an the ne@t operation. 6. De6riefin%
$)st 6e thoro)%h and reports $)st 6e c(ear.
2. Dri((s for reception on ret)rn. ! so)nd dri(( $)st 6e fo((o1ed for the reception of
patro(s on their ret)rn to 6ase. Points to 6e considered are:
a. ! hot $ea( and drin8 sho)(d 6e pro2ided.
6. ;eapons $)st 6e c(eaned.
c. ! 6ath5 if possi6(e.
d. C(ean c(othes5 if possi6(e.
e. .est $)st 6e arran%ed.
f. Disc)ssion sho)(d 6e he(d on $ista8es $ade and (essons (earned.
3. !dditiona( re=)ire$ents are (eft to the discretion of the co$$ander.
SECTION :+ ENCO"NTE4 #CTIONS
General
1. -nco)nters 1ith terrorists are s)dden5 short5 and often so )ne@pected that the
opport)nit4 to inf(ict cas)a(ties is (ost. ;hat is re=)ired is i$$ediate5 positi2e and
offensi2e action.
2. 0or this reason it is essentia( for si$p(e enco)nter actions to 6e ta)%ht and
thoro)%h(4 practiced. It is i$practica( to atte$pt to co2er e2er4 contin%enc4 64
co$$ittin% to paper n)$ero)s :dri((s5: 6eca)se not on(4 1o)(d the4 tend to
cra$p initiati2e 6)t the4 1o)(d not 6e read or di%ested or re$e$6ered in the
stress of action. It is5 ho1e2er5 i$portant to teach an action to cope 1ith an4
sit)ation co$$on(4 $et. ,he princip(es )nder(4in% the action $)st 6e si$p(icit45
a%%ression5 s peed and f(e@i6i(it4.
3. ?efore a patro( (ea2es its 6ase5 the co$$ander in his 6riefin% sho)(d inc()de
directions for enco)nter action. ,his is necessar4 each ti$e 6eca)se patro(s 2ar4
in stren%th and "r%ani9ation accordin% to the nat)re of their tas8s. In addition5 the
$ention of the enco)nter actions app(ica6(e to the operation 1i(( act as a re$inder
to the troops ta8in% part and so he(p the$ to a2oid 6ein% s)rprised.
4. ! hi%h standard of 1eapons trainin%5 $ar8s$anship and a thoro)%h )nder3
standin% and instincti2e a1areness of 1eapon capa6i(ities and (i$itations 1i((
ens)re that enco)nter actions are s)ccessf)((4 e@ec)ted.
T%e Encounter #ctions
1. It is i$portant to note that a(tho)%h enco)nter actions are )s)a((4 ta)%ht on a
section 6asis5 the4 can 6e adopted for )se 64 a p(atoon. ,hese actions are
app(ica6(e to the 2aried for$s of terrain and in a(( cases nor$a( infantr4 $inor
tactics or section and p(atoon 6att(e dri((s )s)a((4 app(4 after the initia( contact.
,hese enco)nter actions are a so)nd fra$e1or8 on 1hich (eaders at a(( (e2e(s
sho)(d 6)i(d as their e@perience dictates. it sho)(d 6e re$e$6ered5 ho1e2er5 that
no action5 dri(( or order 1i(( achie2e s)ccess )n(ess the (eader and $en ha2e
practiced the$ to a sta%e of instincti2e action5 ref(e@ and i$$ediate reaction to
fir$ and confident initiati2e on the part of the (eader.
2. If a patro( is acco$panied 64 persons 1ho ha2e (itt(e or no 8no1(ed%e of
enco)nter actions5 e.%.5 %)ides5 infor$ers5 s)rrendered terrorists5 etc.5 the patro(
(eader sho)(d 8eep the$ strict(4 )nder contro( and in his 2ie1. ,hese persons
sho)(d 6e 6riefed as thoro)%h(4 as possi6(e 6efore the patro( starts. It $a4 pro2e
as 1e(( to rehearse enco)nter actions for these persons or e2en for ine@perienced
troops 6efore a patro( $o2es o)t on operations.
3. -nco)nters 1ith ene$4 co)(d fa(( )nder one of the fo((o1in% headin%s:
a. Situation ". ,he initiati2e is 1ith the $i(itar4 forces #terrorists seen first&.
Reaction: I$$ediate a$6)sh.
6. Situation &. ,he initiati2e is sp(it 6et1een the $i(itar4 forces and the
ene$4 #si$)(taneo)s si%htin%&. Reaction- I$$ediate offensi2e action.
c. Situation C. ,he initiati2e is 1ith the terrorist #$i(itar4 forces are fired on
1ith s$a(( ar$s or are a$6)shed&. Reaction: I$$ediate offensi2e action
to an ene$4 a$6)sh.
4. !ction for /it)ation !.
a. ,his 1i(( 6e )sed for sit)ations 1hen terrorists are seen first 64 the $i(itar4
forces.
6. -@p(anation of action.
i. Leadin% e(e$ents %i2e si(ent si%na(s.
ii. Dependin% on the co2er and distance5 $i(itar4 forces $a8e an4
reasona6(4 si(ent atte$pt to %o to %ro)nd in the 6est possi6(e fire
position. 'ini$)$ $o2e$ent and si(ence $a4 pro2e 2ita(. 0ire
1i(( 6e opened on(4 on the orders of the patro( co$$ander or in the
e2ent of the position 6ein% detected 64 the ene$4.
iii. ,he co$$ander no1 $a8es a =)ic8 assess$ent and iss)es si(ent
si%na(sorders accordin%(4. Ais ai$ $)st 6e to e(i$inate as $an4
terrorists as possi6(e )sin% the c(osest ran%e and the 6est se(ected
8i((in% %ro)nd.
Note: The above actions are in effect a minor ambush. At troop level it is
not normally possible to deploy into a particular area. At section level it
may be possible to move everyone into specific positions if movement is
acceptable and the terrorists are approaching along a definite route, i.e.,
a track, river bed or game trail.
5. !ction for /it)ation ?.
a. a. I$$ediate offensi2e action $a4 6e ta8en 1hen $i(itar4 forces:
i. -nco)nter sentries o)tside a terrorist 6ase peri$eterB
ii. -nco)nter part of the terrorist 6ase peri$eterB
iii. -nco)nter a $o2in% terrorist %ro)pB
i2. -nco)nter a 2isi6(e static terrorist %ro)p #in a 6ase5 at a restin%
p(ace5 dra1in% 1ater&.
6. -@p(anation of the action.
i. -(e$ents in contact or in c(ose pro@i$it4 p)t do1n a hea24 2o()$e
of contro((ed fire 1ith the ai$ of 1innin% the firefi%ht and
e(i$inatin% terrorists. It $a4 6e possi6(e for these e(e$ents to
e@ec)te i$$ediate s8ir$ishin%. ,he $a@i$)$ )se of %renades and
(i%ht $ortars sho)(d 6e $ade.
ii. Patro( co$$ander $a8es a =)ic8 appreciation and p(an and iss)es
orders for the re=)ired action.
iii. If an assa)(t is to ta8e p(ace5 the ro)te ta8en for dep(o4$ent and
assa)(t depends on the %ro)nd. Consideration $)st 6e %i2en to the
dep(o4$ent of c)t3off %ro)ps5 possi6(4 )sin% the patro( reser2e.
,he assa)(t p(an $)st inc()de co2erin% fire.
i2. ,hro)%ho)t the pre(i$inar4 sta%es of this action5 the patro(
co$$ander $)st ens)re that the firefi%ht is 1on and the c)t3off
%ro)ps are $o2ed into positions if at a(( possi6(e.
2. *or$a( reor%ani9ation sho)(d ta8e p the assa)(t i.e.5 face after a((3
aro)nd defense5 c(earancesec)rit4 patro(s5 thoro)%h search of the
area5 reportin% the contact. ?)t5 if at a(( possi6(e5 contact 1ith the
ene$4 sho)(d 6e $aintained 1ith i$$ediate fo((o13)p action.
6. !ction for /it)ation C.
a. ,his action $a4 6e )sed 1hen $i(itar4 forces are a$6)shed and in
sit)ations 1here part of the $i(itar4 force patro( is pinned do1n.
Note: n the case of most situations detailed belo!, the military forces !ill
not be able to confirm, until much later in the resulting action, the
strength of the enemy.
6. -@p(anation of the action.
i. -(e$ents )nder fire or in c(ose pro@i$it4 %o to %ro)nd and p)t
do1n a hea24 2o()$e of contro((ed fire 1ith the ai$ of 1innin% the
fire3fi%ht and e(i$inatin% terrorists. It $a4 6e possi6(e for these
e(e$ents to e@ec)te i$$ediate s8ir$ishin%. ,he $a@i$)$ )se of
%renades and (i%ht $ortars sho)(d 6e $ade.
ii. Patro( co$$ander $a8es a =)ic8 appreciation and p(an and iss)es
orders for the re=)ired action.
iii. If an assa)(t is to ta8e p(ace5 the ro)te ta8en for dep(o4$ent and
assa)(t depends on the %ro)nd. Consideration $)st 6e %i2en to the
dep(o4$ent of c)t3off %ro)ps5 possi6(4 )sin% the patro( reser2e.
,he assa)(t p(an $)st inc()de co2erin% fire.
i2. ,hro)%ho)t the pre(i$inar4 sta%es of this action5 the patro(
co$$ander $)st ens)re that the firefi%ht is 1on and the c)t3off
%ro)ps are $o2ed into positions if at a(( possi6(e.
2. *or$a( reor%ani9ation sho)(d ta8e p(ace after the assa)(t5 i.e.5 a((3
aro)nd defense5 c(earancesec)rit4 patro(s5 thoro)%h search of the
area5 reportin% the contact. Ao1e2er5 contact 1ith the ene$4
sho)(d 6e $aintained 1ith i$$ediate fo((o13)p action.
c. Ao1e2er5 1here the 1ho(e patro( is pinned do1n5 the %ro)p 1i(( ha2e to
e@tricate itse(f 64 $a@i$)$ fire and $ane)2erin%. "n(4 then can
s)6se=)ent action 6e ta8en as a res)(t of an appreciation and p(an5 1hich
$a4 6e either offensi2e action5 or a 1ithdra1a(5 dependin% on the
cas)a(ties s)stained and the stren%th of the ene$4.
7. ;hen a 6att(e is at c(ose ran%e5 the side that opens fire and app(ies the hea2ier and
$ore acc)rate 1ei%ht of fire 1i(( 1in. /8ir$ishin% $o2e$ent 1i(( conso(idate the
firefi%ht. ,he enco)nter actions5 therefore5 are nor$a((4 :Co to %ro)nd5 1in the
firefi%ht.
8. /)6se=)ent action is 6ased on the co$$ander7s initiati2e.
9. ,o so$e e@tent5 the app(ication of the actions e@p(ained a6o2e is affected 64 a
patro( for$ation. If the for$ation has a (eadin% e(e$ent of appro@i$ate(4 one3
third of the (oca( stren%th and the patro( co$$ander $o2es into a position fro$
1hich he can co$$and and contro( an4 6att(e5 the nor$a( princip(es of fire and
$ane)2er can 6e s)ccessf)((4 app(ied. In a(( cases5 the 6asic princip(es of a
p(atoon in 6att(e $)st 6e app(ied 64 the co$$ander to the circ)$stances of the
sit)ation.
10.It is $ost i$portant to e$phasi9e that there are three $ain actions that ta8e p(ace:
a. Co to %ro)nd.
6. ;in the firefi%ht.
c. Conc)rrent 1ith a. and 6. a6o2e5 the co$$ander $)st =)ic8(4 assess the
sit)ation and %i2e appropriate orders. ;hene2er possi6(e5 the patro(
Co$$ander is to 8eep his s)perior head=)arters f)((4 infor$ed a6o)t the
contact5 i.e.5 1hat has happened5 1here it is5 1hat the terrorists are doin%
and 1hat the $i(itar4 forces are intendin% to do.
4eorgani.ation
1. !fter an enco)nter action5 reor%ani9ation sho)(d 6e carried o)t as in nor$a( 6att(e
dri((s. Ao1e2er5 in !,"P/ so$e actions are needed in addition to nor$a(
reor%ani9ation proced)res. ,he fo((o1in% se=)ence of action sho)(d 6e adopted
for the reor%ani9ation phase after enco)nter actions:
a. ,a8e )p a((3aro)nd defense.
6. !ttend to o1n cas)a(ties.
c. /1eep and search the i$$ediate area for terrorist cas)a(ties.
d. /ec)re (i2e terrorists and ens)re no terrorists are fei%nin% death.
e. /)6$it i$$ediate radio report on the contact.
f. ,rac8ers sho)(d carr4 o)t a 3603de%ree sec)rit4 patro( a6o)t 2003300
$eters fro$ the scene of contact to esta6(ish three re=)ire$ents:
i. /ec)re the area fro$ co)nter3attac8 and esta6(ish sentries.
ii. 0ind o)t 1hat direction 1as ta8en 64 f(eein% terrorists.
iii. /e(ect a (andin% 9one for he(icopter re=)ire$ents.
%. "r%ani9e the fo((o13)p5 if re=)ired.
h. "r%ani9e a s1eep of the tar%et area to (oo8 for hidin% terrorists5 ar$s5
doc)$ents53caches5 ca2es5 etc.
i. Conso(idate a(( actions ta8en and p(an an a$6)sh of area after a f)((
appreciation.
>. .eport 64 radio a(( action 6ein% ta8en. 8. D)rin% f. #a6o2e& it $a4 6e
possi6(e to:
i. /)6$it the initia( contact report to co2er the ro)%h o)t(ine of the
contact and sit)ation.
ii. Ca(( in specia(ists5 e.%.5 interro%atorsinterpreters.
iii. -2ac)ate cas)a(ties and res)pp(4 a$$)nition.
i2. Interro%ate capt)red terrorists and co$pare n)$6ers of 6odies5
pac8s5 s(eepin% p(aces5 if an45 to esti$ate terrorists7 stren%th.
SECTION ;+ P#T4O5 *#SES
General
1. It is se(do$ that a r)ra( patro( can 6e finished in one da4. ?asin% )p5 64 da4 or
ni%ht5 is therefore a part of $ost patro(s. Pro2ided there is a dri(( for esta6(ishin%
and 6rea8in% a 6ase5 there sho)(d 6e no 1aste of ti$e or conf)sion.
2. ,he 6ases $a4 6e patro(5 troop or co$pan4 6ases5 and the %enera( princip(es to 6e
fo((o1ed are the sa$e. Irrespecti2e of si9e5 a 6ase is a secret ca$p fro$ 1hich
patro(s operate. It $a4 6e in e@istence for one ni%ht or for $onths5 dependin% on
the si9e and tas8s of the forces occ)p4in% it. It is diffic)(t to 8eep the presence of
a 6ase secret for an4 (en%th of ti$e d)e to the nor$a( 6ase noises s)ch as radios
and 2ehic(es. It $)st5 ho1e2er5 6e sec)re a%ainst attac8 at a(( ti$es.
Siting a *ase
1. ;e((3trained and hardened troops can $a8e a 6ase practica((4 an41here5 6)t
o62io)s(4 so$e p(aces are 6etter than others. ,he fo((o1in% are the $ain factors
in2o(2ed in sitin% a 6ase:
a. Position.
6. /ec)rit4.
c. .adio co$$)nications.
d. .es)pp(4.
e. Aard standin%.
f. !2ai(a6i(it4 of 1ater.
%. !2oidance of %a$e trac8s.
2. Position. ,he 6ase $)st 6e so sited that the operationa( tas8 $a4 6e carried o)t.
*o diffic)(t4 sho)(d 6e e@perienced 64 a patro( in (ea2in% or ret)rnin% to 6ase in
order to acco$p(ish its ai$.
3. /ec)rit4.
a. Deception. ,his sho)(d a(1a4s 6e p(anned. /o$e s)%%estions are as
fo((o1s:
i. ,he ho)rs of dar8ness sho)(d5 1hen possi6(e5 6e )sed to co2er the
approach $arch.
ii. It $a4 so$eti$es 6e necessar4 to detain (oca( inha6itants 1ho ha2e
6()ndered into patro(s d)rin% the approach $arch.
iii. D)rin% the approach $arch5 centers of pop)(ation sho)(d 6e
a2oided.
i2. 0a(se airdrops can 6e $ade to %i2e the i$pression that troops are
present in an area 1here in fact there are none.
2. Do not )se the o62io)s p(ace for a 6ase.
2i. *o $ore than one trac8 sho)(d (ead into a 6ase. ! s)%%ested
$anner in 1hich to (a4 a decepti2e trac8 is to a((o1 it to pass the
6ase at an an%(e. ,his 1o)(d a((o1 the occ)pants of a 6ase to hear
persons approachin% and so act as a 1arnin%.
6. Silence. ,he 6ase $)st 6e esta6(ished si(ent(45 and the )se of $achetes5
entrench$ent too(s5 etc.5 $)st 6e 8ept to a $ini$)$. "n occasions5 in
thic8 6)sh5 it $a4 6e necessar4 to c(ear a peri$eter path or interna( paths
to per$it =)ic8 and si(ent $o2e$ent 1ithin the 6ase.
c. $ires. ,he )se of coo8ers sho)(d 6e (i$ited as the4 can 6e s$e((ed for
so$e considera6(e distance. 0ires sho)(d 6e s$o8e(ess5 and it is desira6(e
that the4 6e e@tin%)ished 6efore (ast (i%ht.
d. Dress and e+uipment. 'e$6ers of a patro( 6ase sho)(d not 6e a((o1ed to
(ea2e ite$s of dress and e=)ip$ent (4in% aro)nd5 nor sho)(d the4 6e
a((o1ed to (o)n%e aro)nd in a state of )ndress. ! 1hite to1e( or t3shirt5 or
e2en the 1hiteness of a person7s 6od4 can 6e seen fro$ a considera6(e
distance and pre>)dice the sec)rit4 of the 6ase. !(( ite$s of c(othin% and
e=)ip$ent sho)(d 6e co(ored >)n%(e %reen5 8ha8i or 6(ac8. ;hite artic(es
$)st 6e co2ered or sp(ashed 1ith $)d.
e. Stand'to. It is essentia( in operations a%ainst terrorists for a(( $en to 6e
a(ert 1hen initia((4 6asin% )p and >)st 6efore first and (ast (i%ht. D)rin%
these periods5 the co$$ander satisfies hi$se(f that a(( preca)tions ha2e
6een ta8en to ens)re the sec)rit4 of the 6ase. #/ee para%raph h. 6e(o1.&
!dditiona( reasons for this stand3to proced)re are:
i. It ena6(es e2er4 $an to chec8 that he 8no1s e@act(4 the disposition
of his nei%h6ors to the f(an8s5 front and rear. ,his is the 6est
safe%)ard a%ainst conf)sion sho)(d the 6ase 6e attac8ed.
ii. It ens)res that e2er4 $an rises in the $ornin%5 retires for the ni%ht
and %oes on sentr4 d)t4 proper(4 e=)ipped and 1ith a(( ite$s of
ar$s5 a$$)nition and e=)ip$ent read4 at hand.
iii. -2enin% stand3to $a4 6e con2enient(4 )sed 64 the co$$ander to
chec8 ar$s5 e=)ip$ent and stores.
i2. /)63)nit co$$anders detai( da4 and ni%ht sentries and can chec8 at
stand3to that e2er4 $an 8no1s his to)r of d)t4 and his orders.
2. Co$$anders can chec8 that each $an 8no1s 1hat to do in case of
a(ar$5 and 8no1s 1hat troops5 if an45 are o)tside the patro( 6ase
and their e@pected ti$e of ret)rn.
2i. Co$$anders are a6(e to ens)re the strict o6ser2ance of $edica(
preca)tions5 and to inspect $en and 1eapons.
f. /entries 64 da4.
i. /entries $)st 6e posted5 partic)(ar(4 to o6ser2e trac8s (eadin% past
or into the 6ase.
ii. ,heir positionin% sho)(d 6e s)ch that a ti$e(4 1arnin% $a4 6e
%i2en to the 6ase on the approach of an4 person#s&.
iii. /entries sho)(d a(so 6e posted near (atrines and 1ater points 1hen
in )se.
%. /entries 64 ni%ht.
i. Do)6(e sentries sho)(d a(1a4s 6e posted if the patro( has s)fficient
$en.
ii. /entries $)st ha2e so$e $eans of 1a8in% their co$$ander
si(ent(4.
iii. ,i$in%s for sentr4 d)t4 for do)6(e sentries sho)(d o2er(ap5 e.%.5
one $an on fro$ 0100 to 0300 ho)rs and his co((ea%)e on fro$
0200 to 0400 ho)rs. If there are on(4 sin%(e sentr4 arran%e$ents5
the sentr4 co$in% on d)t4 sho)(d arri2e 30 $in)tes ear(4 to ad>)st
to ni%ht 2ision and %et acc)sto$ed to sa(ient feat)res in the 2icinit4
of the 6ase.
h. Patro(s.
i. Security patrols. ! sec)rit4 patro( $)st 6e sent o)t to ens)re that
the area s)rro)ndin% the se(ected site for a 6ase ca$p is c(ear of
terrorists. ,his patro( sho)(d %o o)t each da4 at first (i%ht and (ast
(i%ht. /tand3to sho)(d 6e $aintained )nti( the patro( ret)rns to
report the area c(ear or other1ise. ,his patro( is 2ita( to a2oid an4
chance of s)rprise attac8 64 terrorists5 and co)(d pic8 )p spoor (aid
d)rin% the ni%ht.
ii. .ormal patrols. Patro((in% $)st 6e caref)((4 contro((ed 64 the
co$$ander so that trac8s in the area of the 6ase are 8ept to a
$ini$)$.
i. Carrying of #eapons. -2er4 $an $)st 6e ar$ed at a(( ti$es. ,he reason is
o62io)s5 6)t on(4 strict discip(ine 1i(( ens)re that this r)(e is o6ser2ed.
>. "larm scheme.
i. ;hen firin% starts5 or the a(ar$ si%na( is %i2en5 e2er4 $an $o2es
si(ent(4 to his stand3to position. ,here $)st 6e no f)rther
$o2e$ent in the 6ase )nti( stand3do1n is %i2en. ,his s4ste$
ens)res that an4one $o2in% d)rin% the period of the a(ar$ $)st 6e
a terrorist and can 6e dea(t 1ith accordin%(4. It is essentia( that the
a(ar$ sche$e 6e practiced 64 da4 and 64 ni%ht.
ii. ,here sho)(d 6e no firin% at ni%ht )nti( the terrorists are a certain
tar%et.
iii. /he(( scrapes sho)(d 6e d)% 1hene2er possi6(e and sho)(d ser2e
the d)a( p)rpose of 6ein% the a(ar$ position and s(eepin% position.
8. Leaving a base. ;hen (ea2in% a 6ase5 e2er4 effort $)st 6e $ade to
o6(iterate an4 si%ns of occ)pation and in partic)(ar an4 te((3ta(e $ar8s of
the ti$e of occ)pation. !n4 she(ters sho)(d 6e destro4ed 6efore the 6ase is
2acated.
4. Radio communications. ! 6ase $)st ha2e %ood faci(ities for radio
co$$)nication. !(tho)%h it 1o)(d 6e prefera6(e for %ood co$$)nications to site
a 6ase on hi%h %ro)nd5 this 1i(( not a(1a4s 6e possi6(e fro$ a tactica( point of
2ie15 and therefore the co$$ander of a 6ase $)st co$pro$ise in the se(ection of
his 6ase site.
5. Resupply. ;hen operatin% in re$ote areas5 the on(4 $ethod of res)pp(4 $a4 6e
air. !ir s)pp(45 1ith the inc)$6ent se(ection of a droppin% 9one5 $)st not 6e
a((o1ed to affect the tactica( sitin% of the 6ase. ,he pro@i$it4 of the droppin%
9one to a 6ase is pre>)dicia( to the sec)rit4 of a 6ase. ,herefore5 a (on% carr4 is
prefera6(e to forfeitin% sec)rit4. !n a(ternati2e is to 2acate the 6ase and $o2e on
after ta8in% an airdrop.
6. %ard standing. ,he 6ase $)st a((o1 $en to s(eep in co$fort. Do not se(ect an
area 1hich is 1et )nderfoot and do not e@pect to s(eep co$forta6(4 on steep
s(opes. 0(at and dr4 %ro)nd that drains =)ic8(4 is the 6est.
7. "vailability of #ater. ,he 6ase sho)(d 6e sited near 1ater. -@cessi2e $o2e$ent
fro$ the 6ase to the 1ater3point $a4 1e(( pre>)dice the sec)rit4 of the 6ase )n(ess
there is an e@tre$e(4 1e((3co2ered ro)te. ,he decision as to 1hether to site the
6ase c(ose to 1ater or so$e distance a1a4 1i(( 6e inf()enced 64 the (oca(
sit)ation. ,errorists5 for e@a$p(e5 fre=)ent(4 site their 6ases so$e distance a1a4
fro$ 1ater in order to o6tain $a@i$)$ sec)rit4.
8. !2oidin% %a$e trac8s. !s these trac8s are not on(4 )sed 64 %a$e5 6)t $a4 1e((
6e )ti(i9ed 64 terrorists5 a 6ase sho)(d not 6e sited across or in the 2icinit4 of s)ch
trac8s. /ho)(d %a$e )se s)ch a trac8 and scent h)$ans5 the4 are (i8e(4 to (ea2e
the trac8 and create a ne1 trac85 so %i2in% an indication to the terrorists that
h)$ans are in the 2icinit4.
Se1uence of Esta$lis%ing a *ase
1. ! s)%%ested se=)ence for the esta6(ish$ent of a 6ase is as fo((o1s:
a. ,he patro( co$$ander and escort 1i(( $o2e to the area 1here he considers
he 1i(( site his 6ase.
6. ;hen he has se(ected his site5 he ca((s for1ard the re$ainder of the patro(.
,he patro(5 in co$in% for1ard5 is to e@ercise ca)tion in )sin% the trac8 and
ro)te )sed 64 the patro( co$$ander.
c. ;hen the patro( arri2es5 the patro( co$$ander indicates on the %ro)nd 12
o7c(oc8 and 6 o7c(oc8 positions for the 6ase and detai(s positions for each
%ro)p.
d. Cro)ps5 )nder their co$$anders5 $o2e into their indicated positions
accordin% to the c(oc8 s4ste$5 and $a8e contact 1ith the %ro)ps on their
(eft and ri%ht.
e. !t the sa$e ti$e the patro( co$$ander orders stand3to and sends o)t (oca(
sec)rit4 patro(s to ens)re that the area 1ithin hearin% distance is c(ear of
stra4 (oca( pop)(ation and terrorists. ,hese patro(s sho)(d circ(e the 6ase
a6o)t 400 $eters o)t searchin% for spoor and (istenin% for forei%n so)nds.
f. ;hi(e the (oca( sec)rit4 patro(s are searchin% the area5 the patro(
co$$ander =)ic8(4 %oes aro)nd $a8in% ad>)st$ents to %ro)p positions to
ens)re a((3aro)nd defense is esta6(ished and the $en are a(ert.
%. ,he patro( is to re$ain at stand3to )nti( the (oca( sec)rit4 patro(s ret)rn.
h. "n ret)rn of the (oca( sec)rit4 patro(s5 and 6efore stand3do1n5 the patro(
co$$ander ho(ds an order %ro)p and orders are iss)ed. ,he fo((o1in%
points $a4 6e co2ered:
i. /entries5 pass1ords5 stand3to5 stand3do1n and a(ar$ sche$e.
ii. ?ase sec)rit4 and search patro(s.
iii. .o)tin% for ne@t da4.
i2. 'aintenance of 1eapons.
2. ;ater.
2i. Coo8in%5 fires and s$o8in%.
2ii.Latrines.
i. *o $atter ho1 tired the $en $a4 he or 1hat the sit)ation5 the se=)ence
s)%%ested a6o2e sho)(d 6e fo((o1ed as near as possi6(e. !ppropriate
sec)rit4 arran%e$ents (isted in this section sho)(d a(so 6e ta8en for se$i3
per$anent 6ase ca$ps.
>. /ho)(d a te$porar4 6ase 6e occ)pied in da4(i%ht5 it $a4 6e desira6(e to p
first sec)re the area 64 $eans of patro(s to $ini$i9e the chance of ene$4
interference d)rin% occ)pation.
#dministration of a *ase
1. If 6ase ad$inistration is not of a hi%h standard5 patro((in% fro$ the 6ase 1i((
deteriorate5 6eca)se (i2in% in it 1i(( 6e )np(easant and tirin%. /o$e of the points
1hich re=)ire attention are:
a. Latrines. ,hese are nor$a((4 o)tside the 6ase and 1i(( 6e protected 64 the
sentr4 (a4o)t.
6. Disposal of refuse. .ef)se $)st 6e disposed of in s)ch a $anner that
sca2en%ers #e.%.5 6a6oons5 >ac8a(s5 h4enas5 etc.& 1i(( not di% it )p. it is
s)%%ested that a (i8e(4 $ethod of disposa( is to di% the (atrine pits deep
eno)%h to acco$$odate e@creta and ref)se. ,his 1i(( )s)a((4 deter 1i(d
ani$a(s and sca2en%ers fro$ di%%in% )p the pits.
c. Tins. !(( tins sho)(d 6e p)nct)red 6efore 6)ria( so as to render the$
)se(ess.
d. (ater purification. ,he patro( co$$ander is responsi6(e for ens)rin% that
a(( 1ater is steri(i9ed 6efore )se.
e. Coo!ing. !rran%e$ents for coo8in% 1i(( depend on the sit)ation and the
instr)ctions of the patro( co$$ander. -@perience has sho1n that coo8in%
in pairs has $an4 ad2anta%es. Ao1e2er5 this is not the on(4 $ethod and
dependin% on the sit)ation it $a4 e2en 6e necessar4 to coo8 a1a4 fro$ the
6ase and then 6rin% the food to the 6ase for cons)$ption. !(ternati2e(45
the sit)ation $a4 per$it centra(i9ed coo8in% in the 6ase.
f. Duties. Ender nor$a( conditions5 1hen a patro( of p(atoon stren%th is
co$$itted for a (on% period5 it has 6een fo)nd that t1o section patro(s
dep(o4ed and one in 6ase is the $ost efficient $ethod of rotatin% d)ties.
,he sections rotate on a dai(4 6asis 1ith the one in 6ase responsi6(e for the
sec)rit4 of the 6ase and fati%)es.
Conclusion
1. ! patro( co$$ander $)st appreciate not on(4 the i$portance of esta6(ishin% a
6ase5 6)t a(so of esta6(ishin% an efficient one5 1hether it 6e a fra$e1or8
dep(o4$ent 6ase or a se$i3per$anent 6ase. !n efficient 6ase is one in 1hich:
a. ,he sec)rit4 arran%e$ents are so)nd and 8no1n to a((.
6. D)ties are e2en(4 distri6)ted and rest is or%ani9ed.
c. /trict h4%iene r)(es and 1ater discip(ine are (aid do1n and o6ser2ed.
d. ! hi%h a((3aro)nd standard of discip(ine and ro)tine is $aintained.
SECTION <+ PO#C0ING P4OCE&"4E IN
F4IEN&5, FO4CES #4E#
General
1. D)rin% operations5 there 1i(( 6e occasions 1hen a patro( fo((o1in% )p a terrorist
part45 e.%.5 after a contact or 64 trac8in%5 reaches the (i$it of its 6o)ndar4 and
1ishes to contin)e the fo((o13)p in another )nit7s or s)63)nit7s area.
2. 61. ,o a2oid de(a4 in the fo((o13)p5 =)ic8 c(earance for a patro( to operate in
another )nit7s area is necessar4.
Principles
1. ;hen c(earance is re=)ired5 the fo((o1in% princip(es 1i(( 6e o6ser2ed as far as
possi6(e:
a. (ithin a battalion. /ho)(d a co$pan4 re=)est c(earance to operate in the
area of another7 co$pan4 of the sa$e 6atta(ion5 a)thorit4 to do so $a4 6e
%i2en 64 6atta(ion head=)arters. ?atta(ion head=)arters $)st infor$ the
second co$pan4 of the e@tent of the c(earance5 and that co$pan4 $)st in
t)rn infor$ the p(atoon#s& in2o(2ed.
6. Inter'battalion. ;hen a 6atta(ion 1ishes to operate in another 6atta(ion7s
area5 prior c(earance fro$ the second 6atta(ion $)st 6e o6tained5 either
direct or thro)%h for$ation head=)arters. If c(earance is o6tained direct5
the for$ation head=)arters $)st 6e ad2ised as soon as possi6(e.
c. Inter'formation. Ender no circ)$stances 1i(( a patro( cross into the area
of another for$ation 1itho)t the a)thorit4 of that for$ation. C(earance in
these cases 1i(( 6e o6tained at for$ation (e2e(.
d. &oundaries. ;hene2er c(earance is %ranted5 the c(eared area 1i(( 6e
6o)nded 64 easi(4 reco%ni9a6(e nat)ra( feat)res. Crid (ines 1i(( not 6e
)sed to define a c(eared area.
Emergency Poac%ing
1. In an e$er%enc45 1hen co$$)nications are i$possi6(e5 a patro( co$$ander $)st
decide 1hether the tar%et is 1orth the ris8 of a c(ash 1ith the $i(itar47s o1n
forces. /ho)(d he decide to cross5 it is inc)$6ent )pon hi$ to ens)re that:
a. !n4 terrorists seen are positi2e(4 identified as s)ch 6efore fire is opened.
6. Ae is confident that he can identif4 hi$se(f to an4 friend(4 forces
enco)ntered 6efore fire is opened 64 the$.
2. ;hen entr4 into another )nit or s)63)nit7s area has 6een $ade5 f)(( partic)(ars of
the reason for and e@tent of the entr4 1i(( 6e %i2en to the appropriate head=)arters
as soon as possi6(e.
SECTION =+ P#T4O5 O4&E4S #I&E )E)OI4E
1. /it)ation
2. ,errain.
a. !n4 infor$ation a6o)t %ro)nd.
6. Ese of $aps5 air photos5 2is)a( reconnaissance and patro( :%oin%: $aps.
3. -ne$4.
a. /tren%th.
6. ;eapons and dress.
c. Hno1n or (i8e(4 (ocations5 acti2ities5 ha6its and 6ac8%ro)nd.
d. ,hreat and capa6i(ities.
4. Pop)(ation.
a. !ttit)de to1ards o1n troops and ene$4.
6. .e(ationship 1ith the ene$4.
c. Dai(4 ro)tine.
d. ,raditiona( a)thorities.
5. "1n forces.
a. !cti2ities of other patro(s.
6. !ir and arti((er4 tas8s5 if an4.
c. 0ire s)pport a2ai(a6(e.
6. 'ission. ,he $ission $)st 6e specific and c(ear(4 defined. It ta8es the fo((o1in%
for$s:
a. .econnaissance patro( 33 =)estion.
6. 0i%htin% patro( 33 definite ai$.
7. -@ec)tion
a. /tren%th and co$position of patro(.
6. Indi2id)a( tas8s.
c. ,i$e of (ea2in% and anticipated ti$e of ret)rn.
d. .o)tes o)t and in. If he(icopters are to 6e )sed5 (ocation of (andin% points.
e. /pecific area of interest.
f. ?o)ndaries.
%. Pro6a6(e 6o)nds and rende92o)s.
h. 0or$ations.
i. 0ire discip(ine.
>. Deception and co2er p(an.
8. !)thorit4 to enter another )nit7s or s)63)nit7s area of responsi6i(it4.
(. !ction to 6e ta8en on $eetin% terrorists.
$. !ction to 6e ta8en on $eetin% (oca( pop)(ation.
n. !ction if a$6)shed.
o. !ction if (ost.
p. Do not:
i. 'o2e in fi(e in open co)ntr4.
ii. 'o2e thro)%h defi(es.
iii. .et)rn 64 the sa$e ro)te as that )sed for o)t1ard $o2e.
i2. .e(a@ 6eca)se 4o) are nearin% 6ase.
8. /ec)rit4 $eas)res d)rin% ha(ts.
9. !d$inistration and Lo%istics
a. .ations and 1ater.
i. ,4pe and n)$6er of da4s to 6e carried.
ii. Coo8in% and eatin% arran%e$ents.
iii. ;ater discip(ine and =)antit4.
6. -=)ip$ent and dress.
i. Chan%e of c(othin%5 if re=)ired.
ii. Lar%e or s$a(( pac8.
iii. I$portant ite$s s)ch as $aps5 co$passes5 6inoc)(ars and air
photos.
i2. 0oot1ear.
2. Poncho capes.
2i. ,orches5 etc.
10.;eapons.
a. ,4pe.
6. Proportion and distri6)tion.
11.!$$)nition.
a. ,4pe and distri6)tion.
6. /i%na( cartrid%es.
c. -@p(osi2es and 6oo64 traps.
d. I(()$inatin% aids.
12.'edica(.
a. a. 'edica( arran%e$ents.
i. 0irst fie(d dressin% and first3aid 8its.
ii. 'edica( order(4 and ha2ersac8.
iii. ;ater3steri(i9in% ta6(ets.
i2. /a(t ta6(ets. Aan5
2. !nti3$a(aria proph4(actics.
2i. /na8e6ite o)tfits. 102
2ii.Insect repe((ent.
2iii.0oot po1er.
i@. Ese of $edicines.
6. Cas)a(t4 e2ac)ation arran%e$ents.
i. 0riend(4 forces 33 1o)nded8i((ed.
ii. -ne$4 33 1o)nded8i((ed.
13./pecia( e=)ip$ent.
a. Ca$era.
6. 0in%erprint o)tfits.
c. -(ectronic direction3findin% e=)ip$ent.
d. etc
14.Inspect a(( e=)ip$ent and $en #a2oid ratt(es and co)%hs&.
15.Prisoners. Aand(in% of ene$4 capti2es.
16..es)pp(4.
a. Prep(anned.
6. -$er%enc4.
17.Co$$and and /i%na(s
a. Cenera( instr)ctions.
i. .adio net and fre=)encies #inc()din% air&.
ii. /ched)(es.
iii. /pecia( instr)ctions.
6. Codes.
i. *et identification si%ns.
ii. Codes.
iii. Pass1ords.
i2. !)thentication ta6(es.
c. Chec8 and test sets.
i. !ntennae.
ii. C; 8e4s.
iii. /pare 6atteries.
d. Cro)ndair co$$)nications.

i. DG pane(s and DG (etter
ii. Cro)ndair si%na( code.
iii. /tee( $irrors (a$ps.
18.Location of co$$ander and second in co$$and.
19.0ina( chec8. Chec8 thoro)%h(4 that a(( points ha2e 6een )nderstood 64 patro(
$e$6ers.
20.Aand /i%na(s
,hese si%na(s are in addition to the nor$a( con2entiona( si%na(s5 that is5 ad2ance5
ha(t5 c(ose in5 t)rn aro)nd5 r)n5 etc.:
a. -ne$4 seen or s)spected. ,h)$6 pointed to1ards the %ro)nd fro$ a
c(enched fist.
6. *o ene$4 in si%ht #or !(( c(ear&. ,h)$6 pointed )p1ards fro$ a c(enched
fist.
c. Li%ht $achine3%)n %ro)p. C(enched fist.
d. .if(e %ro)p. ,1o fin%ers pointed )p1ards.
e. /ection co$$ander. ,1o fin%ers he(d a%ainst ar$.
f. P(atoon co$$ander. ,1o fin%ers he(d on sho)(der.
%. <o). Point at $an concerned.
h. 'e. Indicate at o1n chest.
i. Ci2e co2erin% fire. ;eapon 6ro)%ht into the ai$5 indicatin% direction. ?e
prepared to %i2e co2erin% fire5 if necessar4.
>. ,rac8 >)nction. !r$s crossed.
8. Ao)se5 h)t or 6)i(din%. Aand for$ed into an in2erted :D7 indicatin% the
shape of roof.
(. .econnaissance. Aands he(d )p to the e4es as if )sin% 6inoc)(ars.
$. !ttac8. C(enched fist s1)n% 2i%oro)s(4 o2er sho)(der and point to
direction attac8 is re=)ired.
n. I$$ediate a$6)sh. "pen hand p(aced o2er the face fo((o1ed 64 pointin%
to the a$6)sh position.
o. .econnaissance %ro)p. C(enched fist 1ith forefin%er )pri%ht.
p. ;ater #ri2er5 strea$5 etc.&. Ci2e the si%n for 1a2es 1ith the hand.
SECTION />+ P#T4O5 &E*4IEFING P4O-FO4)#
1. Cenera(.
a. !rea.
6. !i$.
c. /tren%th and co$position.
d. D)ration #1ith ti$es and dates&.
e. .o)tes fo((o1ed.
2. ,errain.
a. ;as the infor$ation acc)rateI if not5 1hat inacc)racies 1ere disco2eredI
6. ;as the $ap acc)rateI If not5 1hat 1ere the inacc)raciesI
c. If air photos 1ere )sed5 1ere the4 he(pf)(I
d. ;hat 1as the condition of the trac8s fo((o1edI
e. Did the trac8s sho1 si%ns of recent )seI
f. ;here ri2ers 1ere crossed5 or fo((o1ed5 1ere there:
i. !n4 6rid%es #inc()din% t4pe&I
ii. 0ordsI
iii. !n4 recent trac8s near crossin% p(acesI
%. Crops and c)(ti2ation 33 o(d and ne1I
3. Pop)(ation. If an4 (oca( inha6itants 1ere contacted o)tside their nor$a( areas:
a. ;hat 1as their ph4sica( conditionI
6. ;ere the4 friend(4I
c. ;h4 1ere the4 in that areaI
d. ,ri6a( affi(iationI
e. ;hat infor$ation did the4 pro2ideI
f. Inf()ence of po(itica( %ro)psI
%. Inf()ence of chiefs2i((a%e head$enI
h. Inf()ence of spirit $edi)$sI
4. Aides or ca$ps fo)nd.
a. Crid referenceI
6. ;as it occ)piedI If so5 64 ho1 $an4I If not5 ho1 (on% e2ac)atedI
c. *)$6er of h)tsshe(ters and esti$ated n)$6er of occ)pantsI
d. Insta((ations of a te$porar4 or per$anent nat)reI
e. !n4 sentr4 postsI If so5 ho1 1ere the4 sitedI
f. !n4 1arnin% si%na(s or 6oo64 trapsI
%. Detai(s of entr4 and e@it trac8s.
h. !n4 food d)$ps in or near the ca$pI
i. !n4 ar$s or a$$)nition fo)ndI If so5 1hat condition and =)antit4I
>. ;ere there an4 radio or press faci(itiesI
8. !n4 doc)$ents fo)ndI If so5
i. ;here 1ere the4 fo)ndI
ii. Aas the p(ace of findin% 6een indicated on each doc)$entI
iii. ;here are the4 no1I
(. !n4 indication of direction ta8en 64 terrorists 1hen (ea2in% the ca$pI
5. Contacts.
a. ;here 1as contact $adeI
6. Ao1 $an4 1ere there and of 1hat raceI
c. Ao1 1ere the4 dressedI If in )nifor$5 %i2e detai(s.
d. Detai(s and condition of ar$s.
e. -sti$ate of =)antit4 of a$$)nition.
f. Indication of condition of a$$)nition. e %. Indication 1hich co)(d (ead to
the identification of the (eader.
%.
h. Ao1 1ere the orders %i2en and ho1 1as (iaison $aintainedI
i. ;hat for$ation did the4 adopt in:
i. !ttac8I
ii. DefenseI
>. /nipersI
8. !n4 a)to$atic 1eapons or 1eapons $anned 64 a tea$I
(. Did the4 appear hea(th4I
$. ;hat 1as their $ora(e (i8eI
n. ;as (an%)a%e spo8en identifiedI
o. Did the4 )se an4 s4ste$ of si%na(s #inc()din% radio&I
p. !n4 cas)a(ties:
i. "1n troopsI
ii. -ne$4I
=. !n4 capt)red ene$4I
r. !n4 s)rrendered ene$4I
s. Aa2e the ene$4 dead 6een identifiedI If not:
i. ;ere photo%raphs ta8enI
ii. ;ere there an4 reco%ni9a6(e identification $ar8sI
t. ;hen en%a%e$ent 1as 6ro8en off:
i. In 1hich direction did the ene$4 disappearI
ii. Did the4 )se 8no1n trac8sI
iii. ;here 1ere 4o) 1hen the ene$47s trac8s co)(d no (on%er 6e
fo((o1edI
6. Co$$ents.
Tracing
SECTION /+ GENE4#5
1. ,rac8in% p(a4s a specia( and 2er4 i$portant part in $aintainin% contact 1ith the
ene$45 in (ocatin% their ca$ps and hides5 and in fo((o1in% )p after a contact or an
incident.
2. ;itho)t considera6(e practica( e@perience no $an can 6eco$e an e@pert5 6)t 1ith
a (itt(e 6asic 8no1(ed%e5 1e(( app(ied5 $ost $en can 6eco$e :6)sh $inded.: !s
6)shcraft5 1hich inc()des the a6i(it4 to trac85 is essentia((4 a practica( s)6>ect5 no
a$o)nt of theori9in% can $a8e an e@pert. Practice in the fie(d is essentia(. !s 1ith
$ost s8i((s5 6)shcraft $)st 6eco$e an a)to$atic action 1hich 1i(( 6e of the
%reatest 2a()e in act)a( operations.
3. ,he ai$ of this chapter is to %i2e so$e %)idance to troops e$p(o4ed in !,"P/ in
the techni=)es of trac8in%.
SECTION 3+ T4#C@ING TEC0NIA"ES
1. ,o assist troops in the trac8in% of indi2id)a(s or 6ands of ene$45 so$e s)%%ested
techni=)es are (isted 6e(o1.
2. !ction on findin% trac8s.
a. En(ess it is possi6(e to fo((o1 the spoor 1ith either a ci2i(ian trac8er or a
trac8er tea$5 an4one findin% spoor sho)(d iso(ate the scene and 8eep that
area free of $i(itar4 forces )nti( the arri2a( of trac8ers. !n i$$ediate
report sho)(d 6e $ade to hi%her head=)arters %i2in% the fo((o1in%
infor$ation:
i. -sti$ated n)$6er of terrorists.
ii. -sti$ated a%e of spoor.
iii. Direction.
i2. !n4 other )sef)( infor$ation s)ch as (ocation5 terrain5 t4pe of
trac8s5 etc.
6. It is a6so()te(4 essentia( that the spoor is not o6(iterated or dist)r6ed 64 the
disco2erers. ,he spoor and s)rro)ndin% area $)st re$ain )nto)ched )nti(
the arri2a( of a trac8er or trac8er tea$. It is not possi6(e to fo((o1 one
preser2ed spoor 1hen the re$ainder of the area has 6een tra$p(ed f(at 64
$i(itar4 forces.
c. It fre=)ent(4 pa4s to 6ac8trac8 1hen 2er4 fresh trac8s are fo)nd5
partic)(ar(4 ear(4 in the $ornin% 1hen the4 $a4 (ead fro$ a ca$p.
3. !ction 1hen trac8in%.
a. ;or8 in pairs 1hen possi6(e.
6. Ese a pointer to indicate the trac8s. ,his can 6e a stic8 or e2en a rif(e.
c. ;hen a trai( is faint5 (eapfro% the trac8ers.
d. ,he trac8er 1ho has the r)n of a trac8 $)st 8eep on it and on(4 chan%e
1hen the r)n is 6ro8en.
e. In the interests of speed5 trac8 ahead 1here possi6(e and not at 4o)r feet.
f. Dependin% on conditions5 )se %ro)nd or aeria( trac8in%5 6)t if possi6(e5 )se
aeria( trac8in% for speed.
%. ,hin8 ahead and (isten for 6ird and %a$e a(ar$s 1hich co)(d indicate
$o2e$ent or presence of h)$ans ahead.
h. ?ear in $ind $inor detai(s 1hich aid trac8in%5 e.%.5 sand on roc8s5
o2ert)rned (ea2es5 etc.
i. Patro( $e$6ers not e$p(o4ed 1ith the act)a( trac8in% 1i(( adopt an open
for$ation and 6e on the a(ert for ene$4 action.
>. ,he person or persons doin% the trac8in% $ost at a(( ti$es 6e protected 64
$e$6ers of the patro(.
8. ,rac8in% in o2ercast 1eather and aro)nd $idda4 1i(( 6e diffic)(t d)e to
(ac8 of shado1 1hich %i2es depth.
(. ,rac8 64 :fee(in%: o2er dead (ea2es on da$p %ro)nd for indentations if a((
e(se fai(s.
$. Do not ta(8 33 co$$)nicate 64 $eans of hand si%na(s.
n. ,o ascertain 1hether %an%s are in the area5 (oo8 for si%ns at fr)it3 6earin%
trees5 1ater ho(es5 trappin% sites5 6eehi2es or o6ser2ation points. !(so
1atch for si%ns of fires5 partic)(ar(4 in the ear(4 $ornin% or (ate e2enin%.
o. If the trac8 s)dden(4 6eco$es 1e((3hidden 6)t not (ost5 circ(e do1n1ind
and tr4 to pic8 )p scent5 s$o8e or fire(i%ht5 especia((4 at ni%ht.
p. ?e constant(4 a1are of the possi6i(it4 of tric8er4 or deceptionB for
e@a$p(e5 $en t)rnin% to1ards 1ater5 then %oin% fro$ tree to tree in the
opposite directionB hidin% )nder1ater or )nder%ro)nd in a 1i(d ani$a(s
6)rro1B shoes tied on 6ac81ardsB %rass 6ent 6ac8B 1a(8in% 6ac81ards or
on the side of the feetB or t4in% catt(e hoo2es onto the shoes or feet.
=. /t)d4 the ene$47s ha6its at e2er4 opport)nit4.
4. !ction sho)(d the trai( sp(it. ,rac8ers $)st 6e trained to report i$$ediate(4 to the
patro( co$$ander an4 atte$pt 64 the ene$4 to sp(it )p. ,he patro( co$$ander
then decides5 on the ad2ice of the trac8er5 1hich trac8 1i(( 6e fo((o1ed. ,he
sp(ittin% point sho)(d 6e $ar8ed so that the trac8ers can ret)rn to it and5 if
necessar45 start a%ain. ,o assist the trac8ers in pic8in% )p the trac8s a%ain a fe1
hints are (isted 6e(o1:
a. -@a$ine an4 (o%s5 stones5 etc.5 in the i$$ediate 2icinit4 of the trac8 for
si%n of dist)r6ance.
6. -@a$ine (ea2es and %rass on either side of the trac8 for si%ns of
dist)r6ance.
c. !tte$pts at deception5 )n(ess done 64 an e@pert5 1i(( often %i2e a c(earer
indication of 1here the trac8 is (ocated.
5. !ction 1hen the trac8 is (ost.
;hen the trac8 is (ost5 the (eadin% trac8er sho)(d indicate that he has reached the
(ast 2isi6(e si%n of the trac8 he is fo((o1in%. ,rac8ers $)st 6e trained ne2er to
pass 6e4ond this point 1itho)t first infor$in% the patro( co$$ander of its e@act
(ocation. ! si$p(e dri(( for the search is:
a. Leadin% trac8er ha(ts the patro( and indicates the position of the (ast 2isi6(e
si%n to the patro( co$$ander.
6. ,he si%n is $ar8ed for f)t)re reference.
c. 0(an8 trac8ers do a circ)(ar cast 1or8in% to1ards one another in the hope
of pic8in% )p the spoor a%ain.
d. ;hi(e the f(an8 trac8ers are carr4in% o)t the search as descri6ed a6o2e5 the
trac8er 1ho 1as on the spoor carries o)t a 3603de%ree search )p to
appro@i$ate(4 15 $eters to his i$$ediate front.
e. "nce the spoor has 6een re(ocated5 the trac8er 1ho fo)nd the spoor then
ta8es o2er as $ain trac8er. ,he re$ainder of the tea$ fa(( into an
appropriate trac8er for$ation.
6. Ese of aircraft for trac8in%.
a. a. Li%ht aircraft andor he(icopters can acti2e(4 assist patro(s d)rin% the
trac8in% of terrorist %ro)ps 64:
i. /pottin% terrorists fro$ the air5 6earin% in $ind that the terrorists
are (i8e(4 to ta8e co2er on hearin% aircraft. !ircraft $a4 a(so 6rea8
sec)rit4 and indicate to terrorists that the4 are 6ein% fo((o1ed.
ii. /(o1in% do1n the terrorists as the4 atte$pt to 8eep )nder co2er5
there64 ena6(in% the trac8ers to c(ose 1ith the$.
6. Dis)a( air reconnaissance 1i(( pro2ide 2a()a6(e infor$ation concernin% the
nat)re of the co)ntr4 ahead of the fo((o13)p %ro)p. ,his infor$ation
sho)(d ena6(e the patro( to assess:
i. Li8e(4 ro)tes ta8en 64 terrorists.
ii. !$6)sh positions.
iii. Ca$ps.
c. Ae(icopters $a4 6e )sed to )p(ift trac8ers in the (eapfro% ro(e #e@p(ained in
%reater detai( in /ection 4 of Chapter 8: 0o((o13)p "perations&.
SECTION 6+ #NTI-T4#C@ING )E#S"4ES
1. Detai(ed 6e(o1 are a n)$6er of points 1hich sho)(d 6e ta8en into consideration:
a. ,hin8 1hen $o2in%. Do not re(a@.
6. Do not 6eco$e re%)(ar in ha6it.
c. !2oid the o62io)s.
d. ;atch the nat)re of the co)ntr4 caref)((4 and )se t4pes of %ro)nd 1hich
are diffic)(t to trac8 in.
e. Ese 1eather to ad2anta%e5 that is5 $o2e in rain.
f. Carr4 a stic8 1ith 1hich to 6end %rass and 6ranches 6ac8.
%. "n specia( operations5 to increase deception5 1ear s$ooth3so(ed shoes
1hich (ea2e (ess distincti2e prints5 or %o 6arefoot or )se $otor3tire sanda(s.
h. ;a(8 on the side of the foot 1hen necessar4 as this (ea2es no hee( or toe
$ar8s.
i. Cross trac8s5 roads or strea$s 64 crossin% in trees or on roc8s. if this is not
possi6(e 1hen crossin% a 1ide sand4 trac8 or road5 cross at one p(ace5 each
$an steppin% caref)((4 on the footprints of the (eadin% $an5 there64
(ea2in% on(4 one set of prints.
>. ?e caref)( 1ith /$o8e4 fires5 to6acco s$e((5 soap in strea$s or ri2ers5
6ird and %a$e a(ar$s or insect or fro% si(ences.
8. Do not 6e too te$pted to )se 1ater as a (ine of $o2e$ent5 as this is 1here
the ene$4 1i(( pro6a6(4 search or (oo8 for si%ns of sec)rit4 forces in the
area.
(. ;ith a (ar%e part45 1here possi6(e5 a2oid $o2in% in sin%(e fi(e as this 1i((
(ea2e definite si%ns and a trac8. $o2e in open for$ation instead.
SECTION 8+ 0INTS ON T4#I5S #N& T4#C@ING
1. Cenera(.
a. It is e@tre$e(4 diffic)(t to $o2e si(ent(4 and =)ic8(4 in $ost parts of the
6)sh and conse=)ent(4 this re=)ires a (ot of practice and concentration.
6. ,here are $an4 paths in the 6)sh $ade 64 %a$e d)rin% their ni%ht(4 or
seasona( $o2e$ents. ,hese ani$a(s a2oid steep or s(ipper4 s(opes5 and
therefore %a$e paths 1i(( nor$a((4 pro2ide eas4 %oin%. ,errorists and
$i(itar4 patro(s )se these trai(s 1hen =)ic8 si(ent $o2e$ent is re=)ired.
,roops sho)(d therefore e@ercise e@tre$e ca)tion 1hen )sin% these trai(s
as the4 $i%ht 1e(( 6e a$6)shed.
2. ,rac8in% spoor.
a. ,here are t1o distinct t4pes of spoor5 %ro)nd spoor and aeria( spoor. ,he
%ro)nd si%n is nor$a((4 $ade 64 a 6oot3 or footprint5 and aeria( spoor is in
the for$ of tra$p(ed %rass5 6ro8en 6)shes5 6ro8en co61e6s5 etc.
6. ,he fo((o1in% are si%ns the e@perienced trac8er (oo8s for 1hen trac8in%
spoor:
i. Cr)shed and 6ent %rass and 2e%etation.
ii. ?ro8en t1i%s and (ea2es.
iii. "2ert)rned (ea2es and stones.
i2. ')d disp(aced fro$ strea$s.
2. ?ro8en co61e6s.
2i. ,he state of the de1 on a trai(.
2ii.')d or scratches on stones and (o%s.
c. an. ?arefoot prints are soft ro)nded i$pressions for$ed 64 the hee(5 6a((
of foot5 or toes. ;o$en7s trac8s are %enera((4 s$a((er and ha2e on the
1ho(e t1o characteristics. 0irst(45 the4 tend to 6e pi%eon3toed5 and
second(45 their toes are $ore sp(a4ed o)t than $en7s.
d. Running men. Points to o6ser2e are s8id $ar8s5 depth of i$pression5
r)nnin% on 6a((s of feet and toes5 sp(a4ed o)t toes and 6ad(4 da$a%ed
2e%etation5 1ith res)(tant (ac8 of concea($ent of trai(.
e. Loaded men. /hort footsteps5 deeper i$pressions than nor$a( in soft
%ro)nd5 and toes sp(a4ed o)t.
f. "nimals. D)e to the fact that $ost ani$a(s ha2e c(o2en hoo2es5 the
i$pressions for$ed on the %ro)nd ha2e sharp5 c(ear3c)t ed%es.
3. J)d%in% the a%e of trac8s.
a. ;eather. ,he state of the 1eather 33 rain5 1ind5 s)nshine 33 sho)(d a(1a4s
6e 6orne in $ind as it is one of the $ost i$portant points in decidin% the
a%e of a trac8.
6. "6(iteration 64 rain or (i%ht rain. ?4 re$e$6erin% 1hen it (ast rained5
$ore acc)rate >)d%$ent of the a%e of trac8s is possi6(e. If the trac8s are
poc83$ar8ed5 o62io)s(4 the4 1ere $ade 6efore the rain5 and if the4 are
not poc83$ar8ed the4 1ere $ade after the rain. /i$i(ar(45 64 (oo8in% to
see if the trac8s ha2e 6een poc83$ar8ed 64 (i%ht rain drippin% fro$ trees5
the a%e can 6e esta6(ished.
c. ,he state and position of trodden 2e%etation. Dario)s %rasses ha2e
different %rades of resi(ience5 and on(4 practice and e@perience 1i(( ena6(e
a trac8er to )se this factor to >)d%e acc)rate(4 the a%e of the spoor.
d. ?ent %rass or (ea2es. !n indication of the a%e of a trac8 $a4 6e %ained 64
its dr4ness. ?ent %rass 1i(( 6e %reen initia((4 6)t after a fe1 da4s 1i(( t)rn
a 6ro1n co(or. !%ain5 the a$o)nt of s)nshine and rain d)rin% the (ast fe1
da4s sho)(d 6e ta8en into acco)nt.
e. I$pression in $)d. !(1a4s note the state of dr4ness of a trac8 in $)d or
soft %ro)nd. if the trac8 is 2er4 fresh5 1ater 1i(( not ha2e r)n 6ac8 into the
depression $ade 64 a foot. Later the 1ater r)ns 6ac85 and (ater sti(( the
$)d 1hich has 6een p)shed )p aro)nd the depression5 and the $)d 8ic8ed
for1ard 64 the food (ea2in% the %ro)nd5 6e%ins to dr4.
f. Ca$e trac8s. .e$e$6er that $ost ani$a(s (ie )p d)rin% the da4 and $o2e
a6o)t at ni%ht. ,herefore5 if h)$an prints on $ain forest %a$e trai(s ha2e
at (east a do)6(e set of ani$a( spoor s)peri$posed and these spoor sho1
that the %a$e has $o2ed in 6oth directions5 an4 h)$an prints are pro6a6(4
at (east one ni%ht o(d. If the ani$a( spoor sho1 that %a$e has $o2ed in
one direction on(45 then the h)$an prints 1ere pro6a6(4 $ade d)rin% the
ni%ht5 after the %a$e had $o2ed do1n to 1ater 6)t 6efore the %a$e $o2ed
6ac8.
4. Infor$ation re%ardin% terrorist $ethods of concea(in% trac8s and ca$ps sho)(d
a(so 6e so)%ht.
5. 0actors affectin% trac8in%. ,here are certain factors 1hich affect trac8in%.
a. ;hether the %ro)nd is hard or soft5 ston4 or $)dd4.
6. ,he t4pe of co)ntr4.
c. ,he 1eather 33 thin%s (ac8 depth in o2ercast 1eather.
d. ,he position of the s)n re(ati2e to the direction of tra2e(. ,he $ost s)ita6(e
position is 1hen one has to trac8 to1ards the s)n.
e. ,he foot1ear of the h)$an =)arr4. ! distinct 6oot pattern is o62io)s(4
easier to fo((o1 than a p(ain3so(ed spoor.
f. ,he e@tent to 1hich other si$i(ar trac8s $a4 conf)se and possi6(4 6()r the
spoor. %. Concentration and the effect of 1eariness.
6. ,hin%s the trac8er $)st (oo8 for.
a. 0ootprints and i$pressions of foot1ear: the rh4th$ of the spoor or the
(en%th of stride of the =)arr4. ,his is a %)ide to 1here the ne@t footprint
$a4 6e fo)nd.
6. ,ra$p(ed %rass. soi(5 and $ar8s in the soi( 1here indirect press)re $a4
ha2e (eft no i$pression
c. Dist)r6ed stones5 stic8s or so .
d. Lea2es 1hich ha2e 6een t)rned5 cr)shed5 8ic8ed or p)((ed off treesB
6ranches and t1i%s 6ent or 6ro8en and 2e%etation p)shed asideB the
ref(ection of (i%ht fro$ %rass or (ea2es disp(aced at an an%(eB the co(or of
6ent and 6ro8en 2e%etationB and scratched or chipped 6ar8.
e. Discarded 1rappin% and $asticated 2e%etation.
f. f. Co61e6s 6ro8en or 1iped off onto a near64 tree or 6)sh.
%. Erine and e@cre$ent5 fre=)ent(4 indicated 64 ho)se f(ies and 4e((o1
6)tterf(ies5 and d)n% 6eet(es d)rin% the rains.
h. /nares and traps5 ro66ed 6ees7 nests and s$o8e.
i. ,he state of de1 on the spoor.
>. ')d disp(aced fro$ strea$s or $)d on stones and (o%s.
8. /=)ashed ani$a( or insect (ife5 and 1hether it has 6een attac8ed 64 ants.
7. ! trac8er has $an4 thin%s to consider 1hi(e trac8in%. Ae $)st possess certain
=)a(ities5 s)ch as a6o2e a2era%e e4esi%ht5 $e$or45 inte((i%ence5 fitness5
anticipation and )nderstandin% of nat)re. Patience5 persistence ac)te o6ser2ation
and nat)ra( instinct are the 6asis of %ood trac8in% ,here are ti$es 1hen p)re
instinct a(one 1i(( dra1 a trac8er in the correct direction. !(( )nits sho)(d ens)re
that trainin% in a%%ressi2e 6)shcraft is $aintained at the hi%hest possi6(e standard.
SECTION 9+ "SE OF &OGS IN #TOPS
General
1. "im. ,he ai$ of this section is not to instr)ct on the hand(in% and trainin% of
do%s5 6)t to pro2ide an infantr4 co$$ander 1ith s)fficient 6ac8%ro)nd
infor$ation to ena6(e hi$ to )sef)((4 dep(o4 an4 do%s and do% hand(ers that $a4
6e p(aced at his disposa(.
2. Ender no circ)$stances 1i(( a do% 6e attached to an ar$4 for$ation 1itho)t the
ser2ice of a hand(er a(so 6ein% pro2ided. ,he do% and hand(er are a hi%h(4 trained
tea$5 and a do% cannot 6e hand(ed 64 another person.
3. ,he hand(er is an e@pert in his o1n fie(d and can %i2e ad2ice on the capa6i(it4 of
his do% and the conditions )nder 1hich it can 6e )sed to 6est effect. Ae is not5
ho1e2er5 responsi6(e for the tactica( dep(o4$ent of his do%. ,he decision5 ho1
and 1hen to )se the ani$a( and its hand(er5 rests 1ith the (oca( ar$4 co$$ander.
4. ,o o6tain the $a@i$)$ 2a()e fro$ trained 1ar do%s5 it is essentia( to ha2e an
)nderstandin% of the conditions 6est s)ited for their e$p(o4$ent. Do%s5 (i8e the
rest of the ani$a( 8in%do$5 are s)6>ect to o)tside inf()ences 1hich ha2e a direct
6earin% on their 6eha2ior. It fo((o1s5 therefore5 that the perfor$ance of an4 do%5
no $atter ho1 hi%h(4 trained5 is not constant and it cannot 6e e@pected to 1or8
efficient(4 )nder e2er4 t4pe of condition. ,his is often not f)((4 appreciated5 and
instances ha2e occ)rred 1here ad2erse criticis$ has 6een (e2e(ed a%ainst a do%
si$p(4 6eca)se the person responsi6(e for its e$p(o4$ent 1as i%norant of its
(i$itations. 0)(( 2a()e 1i(( on(4 ste$ fro$ a f)(( 8no1(ed%e and 6etter
)nderstandin% of the capa6i(ities and characteristics of the do%s. It $)st 6e
re$e$6ered that a do% tires easi(4 and conse=)ent(4 $)st 6e )sed sparin%(4 and
to the 6est possi6(e ad2anta%e.
5. ,he efficienc4 of a do% is in direct ratio to that of its hand(er. It is5 therefore5 $ost
i$portant to se(ect s)ita6(e $en for trainin% as hand(ers. Aand(ers $)st5 therefore5
on(4 6e chan%ed if a6so()te(4 essentia(.
6. ;ar do%s are a 2a()a6(e 1eapon 1hich5 1hen proper(4 )sed5 pro2ide an
ad2anta%e o2er the ene$4. ,he f)((est )se sho)(d therefore 6e $ade of the$.
7. ,he t4pes of 1ar do%s that are in co$$on )se are:
a. Patro( do%.
6. ,rac8in% do%.
c. 'ine detection do%.
d. C)ard do%.
e. Do%s for )se in cro1d contro( p)rposes 1i(( not 6e disc)ssed in this
section.
8. Li$itations. Certain (i$itations $)st 6e stressed:
a. ,he do% is apt to 6eco$e perp(e@ed 1hen (ar%e n)$6ers of peop(e are in a
s$a(( area5 e.%.5 1hen opposin% forces are in c(ose contact.
6. ,he do% is apt to 6eco$e 6e1i(dered 1hen the $a%nit)de and n)$6er of
e@traneo)s so)nds are a6nor$a(5 e.%.5 1hen the 6att(e is intense.
c. ,he do% cannot differentiate 6et1een ene$4 and its o1n troops. 0)((
6riefin% to a patro( is essentia( to pre2ent :pointin%: on scattered e(e$ents
or %ro)ps of troops.
T%e Patrol &og
1. )eneral. ! patro( do% 1or8s 64 :air scent: and hearin%5 and is trained to %i2e
si(ent 1arnin% of an4 indi2id)a( or %ro)p of indi2id)a(s 64 pointin%. Ae is not
ta)%ht to attac8 and cannot 6e )sed as a trac8er. ,he patro( do% is therefore )sef)(
for %i2in% si(ent 1arnin% of a$6)shes5 atte$pts at infi(tration5 and the presence of
an4 :forei%n 6od45: 6efore s)ch presence can 6e detected 64 a h)$an. Ae can 6e
1or8ed either 64 da4 or 64 ni%ht5 in $ost 8inds of 1eather and co)ntr4.
2. ,he distance at 1hich 1arnin% is %i2en depends )pon the fo((o1in% factors:
a. !6i(it4 of the hand(er to :read: his do%.
6. ;ind direction and 2e(ocit4.
c. Concentration of scent.
d. A)$idit4.
e. Densit4 of 2e%etation.
f. Do()$e of noise in the 2icinit4.
%. Condition and fitness of do%.
h. Indi2id)a( inherent a6i(it4.
3. "perationa( e$p(o4$ent. ,he patro( do% can 6e e$p(o4ed in t1o 1a4s:
a. "n a (ead.
6. Loose in front.
In 6oth cases5 the do% is contro((ed 64 a hand(er.
4. ;hen $o2in% to an operationa( area5 the do% is 8ept at hee( 33 1hi(e in this
position5 the do% 8no1s he is off d)t4 and is not on the a(ert. ;hen on d)t45 the
co((ar is re$o2ed and either the :pi(ot rope: is p)t on and the do% is to(d to see85
or the do% 1or8s (oose and the co$$and :see8: is %i2en.
5. ?oth hand(er and do% ha2e to 6e $ore hi%h(4 trained to 1or8 1ith the do% (oose.
6. ,he do% points 64 one or a co$6ination of the fo((o1in% si%ns:
a. .aisin% of head and pric8in%3)p of ears.
6. ,ensin% of 6od4.
c. ,ai( 1a%%in%.
d. Heenness to in2esti%ate.
7. Eses. ,he patro( do% can 6e )sed:
a. "n reconnaissance patro(s.
6. "n fi%htin% patro(s. c. !s a sentr4 o)tpost.
c. C)ardin% for1ard d)$ps.
d. ;ith static sec)rit4 %ro)ps.
e. In iso(ated positions.
8. "n patro(. ,he hand(er and the do% 1i(( nor$a((4 (ead. Ao1e2er5 if the do% is
6ein% 1or8ed (oose5 it $a4 6e possi6(e for the do% to (ead fo((o1ed 64 the ar$ed
sco)t of the :recce %ro)p: 1ith the hand(er #1ho is constant(4 in si%ht and in
contro( of the do%& ne@t. ,his $a8es the hand(er7s >o6 a trif(e (ess ha9ardo)s. In
an4 case5 c(ose contact $)st 6e $aintained 6et1een hand(er and patro( (eader. ,he
nor$a( proced)re is:
a. ,he patro( co$$ander indicates to the hand(er the $ission5 disposition of
o1n troops5 the %enera( direction of ad2ance and an4 specia( (ocation
instr)ctions.
6. ,he patro( is ordered to $o2e o)t.
c. ,he patro( do% and hand(er 1ith one escort precedes the patro( at a
distance 1hich 1i(( per$it i$$ediate co$$)nication 1ith the patro(
co$$ander. !t ni%ht this 1o)(d 6e a6o)t an ar$7s (en%th. In da4(i%ht the
distance 1i(( 6e %reater5 6)t 1ithin eas4 2is)a( si%na(in% distance.
d. ,he patro( do% and hand(er $o2e off5 8eepin% %enera((4 in the indicated
direction. Ae $)st 6e a((o1ed to ta8e ad2anta%e of 1ind and other
conditions fa2orin% the do%7s scentin% po1ers 1itho)t endan%erin% the
patro(.
e. ;hen the do% points5 the hand(er indicates 64 si(ent hand si%na( :ene$4 in
si%ht.:
f. ,he patro( ha(ts and ta8es co2er.
9. Patro( co$$ander proceeds =)iet(45 )ti(i9in% a2ai(a6(e co2er5 to the hand(er and
do%5 and $a8es his p(an.
10./entr4 o)tposts. ,he $ain 2a()e of the do% is to %i2e ti$e(4 1arnin% of approach
of5 or atte$pts at infi(tration 645 the ene$4. ,he hand(er and do% are p(aced a
short distance fro$ the sentries: this distance 1i(( 6e 1ithin eas4 2is)a( si%na(
ran%e in da4(i%ht5 6)t $)ch c(oser at ni%ht. ! si$p(e $eans of co$$)nication
6et1een hand(er and patro( co$$ander at ni%ht is a piece of cord or strin%5 1hich
is >er8ed to a(ert e2er4one. ;hen a(erted5 the patro( co$$ander proceeds
i$$ediate(4 to the hand(er to recei2e an4 infor$ation concernin% the distance and
direction of the ene$4.
11.C)ardin% for1ard d)$ps5 static sec)rit4 %ro)ps and iso(ated positions. ,he )se of
patro( do%s on these rare occasions is the sa$e as for a sentr4 o)tpost 1ith (oca(
$odifications. In a(( cases the (oca( co$$ander sho)(d ta8e the ad2ice of the
hand(er as to the 6est e$p(o4$ent of the do% or do%s.
T%e Tracing &og
1. )eneral. ,rac8in% do%s are trained to fo((o1 h)$an %ro)nd scent. ,he princip(e
on 1hich the do%s are trained is one of re1ard 64 food. ,he do% is ne2er fed in
8enne(s 6)t on(4 after 1or85 i.e.5 a s)ccessf)( trac8.
2. Trac!ing conditions. ,he idea( trac8in% conditions $a4 6e (isted as fo((o1s:
a. !ir and %ro)nd te$perat)res appro@i$ate(4 e=)a(.
6. ! $i(d d)(( da4 1ith a certain a$o)nt of $oist)re in the air 1ith s(o1
e2aporation.
c. Da$p %ro)nd and 2e%etation.
d. Cro)nd o2ershado1ed 64 trees.
e. ?(ood spi((ed on trai(.
f. ! r)nnin% ene$4 1ho %i2es off $ore 6od4 odor than one 1ho has 1a(8ed
a1a4 ca($(4.
%. !n )nc(ean ene$4.
3. 0actors 1hich ad2erse(4 affect trac8in% inc()de:
a. Aot s)n.
6. /tron% 1ind.
c. Aea24 rain.
d. .oads #tar$ac& on 1hich cars tra2e(.
e. .)nnin% 1ater.
f. ?)sh fires.
%. !ni$a( scent.
4. Aea24 %ro1th of 2e%etation he(ps to co$6at the heat and retains $ore scent.
0)rther$ore5 a %reater a$o)nt of 2e%etation is da$a%ed 64 a r)nnin% ene$45 th)s
prod)cin% an increased aro$a.
5. *perational employment. ,he $ost i$portant sin%(e factor in the s)ccessf)(
e$p(o4$ent of a trac8in% do% is ti$e. ,he do% $)st 6e 6ro)%ht to the scene of
the incident 1ith a(( possi6(e speed and not )sed as a (ast resort. it is s)%%ested
that trac8in% do%s 6e he(d at a 6ase or so$e centra( point )nti( a ca(( for their
ser2ices is $ade and then ta8en as near as possi6(e to the scene of the incident 64
transport or he(icopter in order that the4 $a4 arri2e fresh. ,he de%ree of fati%)e a
trac8in% do% has reached 1i(( deter$ine its )sef)(ness.
6. "nce it has 6een decided to )se a trac8in% do%5 the (ess fo)(in% of the area 1ith
e@traneo)s scent the 6etter. "6>ects (ia6(e to ha2e 6een in contact 1ith the person
to 6e trac8ed sho)(d not 6e to)ched and $o2e$ent o2er the area restricted to a
$ini$)$.
7. Creat care $)st 6e ta8en to 8eep the )se of trac8in% do%s as secret as possi6(e. If
the ene$4 8no1 the4 are (i8e(4 to 6e trac8ed 64 a do%5 the4 1i(( 2er4 pro6a6(4
ta8e co)nter3$eas)res.
8. Ese of trac8er do%s on ni%ht fo((o13)p. ,rac8in% do%s ha2e s)ccessf)((4 1or8ed
ni%ht trai(s and ha2e sho1n that the4 are capa6(e of 1or8in% ni%ht trai(s in fair(4
diffic)(t terrain. ,here are5 ho1e2er5 certain facts 1hich detract fro$ the )se of
do%s on a ni%ht fo((o13)pB the4 are:
a. ,he do%5 1hen on a trai(5 $o2es at a 6ris8 pace and 1hi(e $i(itar4 forces
can $aintain this pace d)rin% the ho)rs of da4(i%ht5 it is $ost diffic)(t to
$aintain the for$ation and contact 1ith one another 1hen $o2in% at this
pace at ni%ht. ,here are certain inherent diffic)(ties attached to a ni%ht
fo((o13)p5 a(( of 1hich are a%%ra2ated if one has to $o2e at a fast pace.
6. In da4(i%ht ho)rs the hand(er can see his do% and 2er4 often fro$ its
6eha2ior can deter$ine 1hether or not it has (eft the h)$an trai(. ;hen
this happens the hand(er is in a position to correct the do% and p)t it 6ac8
on the trai( it sho)(d 6e fo((o1in%. !t ni%ht it is $ore diffic)(t for the
hand(er to esta6(ish 1hether the do% has (eft the trai( and therefore it 1i((
6e necessar4 for the hand(er to $ore fre=)ent(4 chec8 the trai( 6ein%
fo((o1ed. ,he )se of a torch or na8ed (i%ht is )ndesira6(e5 6)t this can
possi6(4 6e o2erco$e 64 the )se of infrared e=)ip$ent. !n additiona(
ass)rance 1o)(d 6e the )se of an e@pert trac8er in con>)nction 1ith the
do%.
c. In thic8 6)sh it is 2er4 diffic)(t for $i(itar4 forces to $aintain contact 1ith
each other and a %reat dea( of noise is a(so $ade.
d. ,he %reatest dan%er of this t4pe of fo((o13)p is the fact that the chances of
1a(8in% into a prepared a$6)sh are 2er4 $)ch increased. ,he points
raised in the para%raphs a6o2e can 6e o2erco$e 1ith constant practice.
9. In the e2ent of a terrorist attac8 d)rin% ho)rs of dar8ness5 trac8in% do%s can 6e of
%reat assistance in (ocatin% the trai( and 6ein% per$itted to fo((o1 this trai( for
appro@i$ate(4 ha(f an ho)r or so to esta6(ish c(ear(4 the (ine of f(i%ht of the
terrorists. It is s)%%ested that in this case the do% and hand(er 6e 6ac8ed 64 a s$a((
n)$6er of $en $ere(4 for (oca( protection and not as a fo((o13)p %ro)p in the
tr)e sense. once this has 6een esta6(ished5 the contro((in% head=)arters can p(an
stop (ines and fo((o13)p action.
)ine &etection &og
1. ,his ani$a( is trained to detect $ines5 6oo64 traps5 t)nne(s5 hides or a$$)nition
caches. ,he sco)t do% is trained to detect and sit 1ithin t1o feet of an4 hosti(e
artifact hidden 6e(o1 or a6o2e %ro)nd5 to disco2er trip1ires5 caches5 t)nne(s and
:p)n>i pits5: and to c(ear a safe (ane appro@i$ate(4 ei%ht to ten $eters 1ide.
2. ! co$$ander 1ho proper(4 e$p(o4s a sco)t do% tea$ can re(4 on the do% to
safe(4 disco2er appro@i$ate(4 90 percent of a(( hosti(e artifacts a(on% his (ine of
$arch. ,his depends5 nat)ra((45 on the state of trainin% of the ani$a(.
3. /ince this ani$a( is a specia(ist in its o1n ri%ht5 it is 2ita((4 i$portant that this
tea$ 6e pro2ided 1ith ade=)ate protection 1hi(e 1or8in%. It $a4 6e necessar4 to
$a8e )se of the patro( do% to %i2e this added protection.
Guard &og
1. Cenera(. ,he ro(e of the %)ard do% is to %i2e %reater sec)rit4 to %)arded
insta((ations. ?eca)se the do%7s senses are $ore ac)te d)rin% ho)rs of dar8ness
and 1hen distractin% inf()ences d)rin% these ho)rs are red)ced to a $ini$)$5 its
)se sho)(d 6e directed to1ards the rep(ace$ent or s)pp(e$entin% of ni%ht sentries
or %)ards.
2. -$p(o4$ent. ,he4 can 6e )sed to protect sensiti2e points and other insta((ations.
;hen on d)t4 these do%s can:
a. ?e on a (eash )nder direct contro( of a hand(er and )sed as a pro1(er %)ard
1ithin the insta((ation or a(on% the peri$eter of the insta((ation 6ein%
protected.
6. ?e a((o1ed to r)n (oose 1ithin a 6)i(din% or fenced3in area.
c. ?e attached to a :r)n 1ire: 1here64 the ani$a( can $o2e free(4 1ithin the
area of its 6eat. d. .)n (oose in do% r)ns on the peri$eter of the 8e4 point
or insta((ation.
3. ,he4 can a(ert the %)ards or do% hand(er 64 6ar8in%5 or the $ore 2icio)s t4pe is
ta)%ht to attac8 an4 intr)der i$$ediate(4.
Conclusions
1. Do%s $a4 6e transported 64 he(icopters or other t4pes of (i%ht aircraft. ,he
ani$a(s tra2e( 1e(( and do not s)ffer an4 disco$fort. Do not e@pect too $)ch of a
do%B it $)st 6e 6orne in $ind that the do% can 6e defeated easi(4 64 the in%en)it4
of $an.
2. ! 2er4 i$portant point to re$e$6er is to ens)re that the ri%ht t4pe of do% is
re=)ested 1hen re=)ired. Do not as8 for a patro( do% 1hen a trac8in% do% is
re=)ired.
Follo!-up Operations

SECTION /+ GENE4#5
1. ,he ai$ of the fo((o13)p or p)rs)it is to trac8 do1n5 attac8 and destro4 an ene$4
%ro)p that $a4 or $a4 not ha2e had contact 1ith the $i(itar4 forces.
2. 0ro$ the a6o2e para%raph it is apparent that a fo((o13)p is $o)nted 1hen the
ene$4 has 6een detected 64 the sec)rit4 forces or the pop)(ation5 or thro)%h
trac8s5 and an operation has to 6e p(anned to $a8e contact 1ith the ene$4 and to
destro4 hi$. It 1i(( a(so 6e o62io)s that the ene$4 1i(( e2ent)a((4 6eco$e a1are
of this fo((o13)p and 1i(( do e2er4thin% possi6(e to concea( his trac8s and to
disr)pt and de(a4 the fo((o13)p 64 e$p(o4in% de(a4in% tactics s)ch as a$6)shes5
snipers and perhaps 6oo64 traps.
3. 'a@i$)$ )se $)st 6e $ade of e@pert trac8ers5 trac8in% tea$s and trac8er do%
tea$s. Ae(icopters and (i%ht reconnaissance aircraft can 6e and $)st 6e
effecti2e(4 e$p(o4ed d)rin% the operation. Ae(icopters can 6e e$p(o4ed to
(eapfro% fo((o13)p tea$s5 there64 8eepin% the fo((o13)p troops re(ati2e(4 fresh.
"nce the %enera( direction of the ene$47s $o2e$ent has 6een deter$ined5
he(icopters can 6e )sed to dep(o4 troops ahead of the f(eein% ene$4 to a$6)sh
and c)t hi$ off.
4. !(tho)%h it $a4 6e diffic)(t to deter$ine the ene$47s $o2e$ent pattern
6eforehand5 the fo((o13)p force $)st endea2or to esta6(ish this pattern as soon as
possi6(e to 6e a6(e to c)t the ene$4 off5 c(ose 1ith hi$ and destro4 hi$ 1ithin
the shortest possi6(e ti$e.
5. ,he $ain factor to re$e$6er is that the ene$4 $)st not 6e %i2en a chance to rest
)p or to or%ani9e a 1e((3defended positiona$6)sh. Press)re $)st 6e app(ied
re(ent(ess(4 and e2er4 opport)nit4 of harassin% and inf(ictin% cas)a(ties on the
ene$4 $)st 6e ta8en.
SECTION 3+ )ET0O& OF OPE4#TION
1. It is diffic)(t to (a4 do1n in this $an)a( e@act(4 ho1 the operation $)st 6e
cond)cted. It is 6asica((4 a trac8in% operation to see8 the ene$4 o)t and5 once he
has 6een (ocated5 to then attac8 and destro4 hi$.
2. ,he first re=)ire$ent is to (ocate the ene$47s trac8s and tr4 to deter$ine the a%e
and direction of the trac8s and the stren%th of the ene$4.
3. !s soon as the trac8s are (ocated5 the patro( is to indicate the a%e and direction of
the trac8s and the esti$ated stren%th of the ene$4. If the patro( has no trac8er and
a trac8er tea$ is a2ai(a6(e5 the4 are to report the trac8s and a1ait the arri2a( of a
trac8er tea$. ,he patro( $)st not atte$pt to fo((o1 the trac8s and $)st confine its
search to the i$$ediate 2icinit4 so as not to inhi6it the 1or8 of the trac8ers.
Ao1e2er5 1hen a trac8er tea$ is not a2ai(a6(e5 i$$ediate fo((o13)p action $)st
6e ta8en 64 the patro(.
4. Dependin% on the stren%th of the terrorists5 a p(atoon or $ore is to 6e dep(o4ed for
the fo((o13)p. If the trac8s are at a distance fro$ the operationa( head=)arters5 it
$a4 6e necessar4 to esta6(ish a fie(d head=)arters 1ith ar$4air force and po(ice
representation at a near64 (andin% 9one5 airfie(d or road head. ,he fie(d
head=)arters is then tas8ed 1ith the contro( of the fo((o13)p5 and is a((ocated the
re=)ired troops5 po(ice and aircraft.
5. ,he force adopts the fo((o13)p for$ation incorporatin% the trac8er tea$ and
$o2es at 6est trac8in% speed. !s soon as possi6(e after the fo((o13)p has
co$$enced5 the fo((o13)p %ro)p is to confir$ the a%e5 direction and stren%th of
the trac8s and report pro%ress as often as possi6(e. Chan%es in direction5 the
sp(ittin% of the trac8s5 hides and restin% p(aces are to 6e reported i$$ediate(4.
6. D)rin% da4(i%ht5 the fo((o13)p %ro)p 1i((5 if possi6(e5 6e s)pported 64 an ar$ed
(i%ht aircraft 1hich is a(so to operate in the reconnaissance and co$$)nications
ro(e. Ao1e2er5 if the trac8s are o2er 48 ho)rs o(d5 an )nar$ed (i%ht aircraft can 6e
)sed5 6)t sho)(d 6e rep(aced 1hen a contact is considered reasona6(4 i$$inent.
;hen tas8in% the s)pportin% aircraft5 co$$anders $)st assess 1hether it sho)(d
re$ain 6ehind the fo((o13)p %ro)p in the hope of achie2in% s)rprise or 1hether it
can ran%e ahead in order to s(o1 do1n terrorist $o2e$ent and to spot (i8e(4
$archin% points5 1ater ho(es and ro)tes thro)%h escarp$ents5 ri2ers5 etc.
7. Dependin% on the a%e and direction of the trac8s5 the fo((o1in% proced)res can 6e
adoptedB
a. Leapfro%%in%.
i. If the trac8s are assessed as 6ein% se2era( or $ore da4s o(d5 the
fo((o13)p %ro)p can 6e he(icoptered fro$ 15000 to 55000 $eters
for1ard #dependin% on the terrain and the esti$ated (ine of
$o2e$ent& and then fanned o)t to re(ocate the trac8s. if s)ccessf)(5
(eapfro%%in% is repeated )nti( the trac8s are considered to 6e fresh
eno)%h to fo((o1 on foot #fro$ 24 to 48 ho)rs o(d&.
ii. ,he proced)re for the search for trac8s after (eapfro%%in% is si$i(ar
to air6orne trac8in% #detai(ed 6e(o1&. ,hat is5 on (andin%5 troops
cast )p to se2era( h)ndred $eters on either side of the (andin%
9one. if the trac8s are re(ocated5 their a%e and direction are assessed
and5 if necessar45 another (eapfro% is $adeB if not5 the he(icopter
repositions the troops in another search arc )nti( the trac8s are
fo)nd.
iii. ;hen possi6(e5 (eapfro%%in% sho)(d a(1a4s 6e s)pp(e$ented 64
8eepin% an additiona( force on the ori%ina( trai( so that a $ar8ed
chan%e in direction5 the sp(ittin% of trac8s or a hide can 6e spotted.
,his force is a(so con2enient(4 p(aced to reinforce the fo((o13)p
%ro)ps in a contact. ,his force 1i(( a(so 6e a6(e to deter$ine
1hether an4 reinforce$ents $a4 ha2e >oined the ene$4.
6. /top %ro)ps.
i. !s $an4 stop %ro)ps of patro( #section& stren%th as possi6(e sho)(d
6e p(aced astride the esti$ated (ine of ad2ance5 at a distance ahead
of the fo((o13)p %ro)p dictated 64 the terrain and the a%e of the
trac8s. /ho)(d ti$e a((o1 it and there 6e s)fficient troops a2ai(a6(e5
the stop %ro)ps sho)(d 6e do)6(e 6an8ed5 there64 ens)rin% %reater
depth to the stop (ine. ,hese stop %ro)ps sho)(d 6e a((ocated
specific areas 1ith 1e((3defined 6o)ndaries. Dependin% on the
sit)ation5 the co$$ander sho)(d 6e prepared to contin)o)s(4
read>)st his stop positions.
ii. I$$ediate(4 on positionin%5 the stop %ro)ps $a4 patro(5 if directed5
to the area of the ne@t stop position5 i.e.5 a sidestep5 to chec8
1hether or not the terrorists ha2e crossed the stop (ine. #,his
preca)tion $a4 6e necessar4 as the esti$ation of the a%e of the
trac8s co)(d 6e 1ron%.&
a. If trac8s si$i(ar to those 6ein% fo((o1ed are fo)nd5 a (eap3
fro% is $ade and the fo((o13)p contin)es fro$ the (ast
spoor. !%ain5 the 6o)nd co2ered 64 the (eapfro% sho)(d 6e
fo((o1ed on foot for the reasons %i2en in para%raph a.3.
a6o2e.
6. If no trac8s are fo)nd5 the stop %ro)ps either re$ain in
a$6)sh )nti( contact is $ade5 or a sidestep 6ac8 to their
ori%ina( positions is ordered5 or the stop (ine is read>)sted on
infor$ation recei2ed.
iii. ;hen the stop %ro)ps re$ain in position for an4 ti$e5 the4 $a4 6e
directed to sidestep at first (i%ht5 >)st 6efore (ast (i%ht and $ore
fre=)ent(4 if necessar4. ;hen static5 partic)(ar(4 at ni%ht5 the4 are
to a$6)sh the $ost (i8e(4 ro)te in their area. 4. ;hen a(( stop
%ro)ps ha2e 6een positioned and if a he(icopter is a2ai(a6(e5 it $a4
6e possi6(e to $ine or 6oo64 trap other ro)tes. ,he fo((o1in%
considerations $)st 6e ta8en into acco)nt:
a. Coordination 6et1een the $ine3(a4in% tea$s and fo((o13)p
%ro)p.
6. !2ai(a6i(it4 of specia(ists and e=)ip$ent.
c. Pro2ision to (ift the $ines as soon as possi6(e or 1hen
necessar4.
c. ?ac8trac8in%. !s soon as possi6(e after the fo((o13)p starts5 an additiona(
force sho)(d 6e tas8ed 1ith 6ac83trac8in% fro$ the ori%ina( point 1here
the trac8s 1ere fo)nd. ,heir $ission is to chec8 that no other %an%s%ro)ps
ha2e sp(it 6efore the fo((o13)p started and that the terrorists ha2e not (eft
sta436ehind parties in 6ases a(on% their ro)te. ,his force $a4 a(so f)(fi(( an
i$portant inte((i%ence3%atherin% ro(e s)ch as the (ocation of the crossin%
point #if not a(read4 8no1n&5 hides5 restin% p(aces5 etc.5 1hich $a4 he(p
esta6(ish a $o2e$ent pattern5 and the reco2er4 of a6andoned doc)$ents5
8it and e=)ip$ent.
8. ,he fo((o13)p 1i(( nor$a((4 ta8e p(ace d)rin% da4(i%ht 1ith the fo((o13)p %ro)p
6asin% )p on the trac8s at (ast (i%ht. !(tho)%h the terrorists $a4 $o2e at ni%ht5 it
is hoped that the4 1i(( either contact the stop (ine or their $o2e$ent 1i(( 6e s(o1
eno)%h and their trac8s (ess concea(ed for the$ to 6e o2erha)(ed on foot or 64
(eapfro%%in%.
SECTION 6+ #I4*O4NE T4#C@ING
1. ,his s4ste$ of trac8in% is )sed 1hen =)ic8 res)(ts are i$portant or 1hen a (ar%e
area $)st 6e chec8ed 1ith fe1 troops. *at)ra((45 the )se of he(icopters is
desira6(e5 6)t their a2ai(a6i(it4 $a4 restrict the )se of air6orne trac8in% to
essentia( occasions on(4.
2. ,he $ethod adopted depends on the area to 6e co2ered and the n)$6er of
he(icopters tas8ed. In a reasona6(4 safe area a sin%(e he(icopter can 6e )sed5 6)t it
is prefera6(e to )se t1o5 one of 1hich sho)(d 6e ar$ed.
3. -ach he(icopter carries fo)r $en: t1o trac8ers and t1o trac8er %)ards. If5
ho1e2er5 one of the he(icopters is a :%)nship: #20$$ or hea2ier&5 on(4 one
he(icopter sho)(d pro2ide top co2er.
4. Cro)nd is co2ered 64 cross3%rainin%5 1ith one he(icopter (andin% at each (i8e(4
ro)te5 e.%.5 %a$e trai(5 c(earin%5 pan5 ri2er 6an85 rid%e (ine5 etc. ,he other
he(icopter sho)(d pro2ide top co2er.
5. "n (andin%5 a trac8er and %)ard dep(ane on each side of the aircraft and cast for
spoor ri%ht and (eft for 100 to 500 $eters dependin% on the nat)re of the %ro)nd.
6. If no trac8s are fo)nd5 the process is repeated )nti( the area is co2ered5 1ith the
he(icopters (andin% a(ternate(4 so that the trac8ers are rested.
7. If trac8s are (ocated5 the second stic8 is dep(aned #res)(tin% in a trac8er co$6at
tea$ of fo)r and fo)r %)ards& to either start the fo((o13)p or a1ait the arri2a( of
reinforce$ents.
8. -ach stic8 is to carr4 at (east one radio to $aintain contact 1ith the he(icopter and
for )se in the fo((o13)p action.
SECTION 8+ )O2E)ENT
1. It is i$portant that the f(eein% ene$4 6e %i2en no respite and chance to
conso(idate. 'o2e$ent of the fo((o13)p force5 therefore5 6eco$es i$portant and
it $)st 6e caref)((4 contro((ed and e@ec)ted so that the fo((o13)p troops are not
)nnecessari(4 1orn o)t and that cas)a(ties to o1n troops are 8ept to an a6so()te
$ini$)$.
2. D)rin% the fo((o13)p it is i$perati2e that the fo((o13)p force co$$ander
contin)a((4 st)d4 the %ro)nd ahead5 )sin% his e4es and $ap5 and $a8in% a caref)(
appreciation of the terrain. ,his 1i(( assist hi$ in decidin% on the 6est for$ation
to )se and the possi6(e ro)te fo((o1ed 64 the ene$4. It $a4 a(so indicate to hi$
nat)ra( o6stac(es to 6e a2oided and (i8e(4 p(aces 1here the ene$4 $a4 decide to
$a8e a fina( stand or site a$6)shes.
3. 'o2e$ent d)rin% the fo((o13)p is done at the 6est trac8in% speed or fastest speed
that the terrain and ene$4 de(a4in% tactics 1i(( a((o1. Preca)tions $)st 6e ta8en
a%ainst 6()nderin% into an ene$4 a$6)sh5 6)t the fo((o13)p force $)st not 6e
o2er3ca)tio)s5 6eca)se e2er4 $in)te (ost %i2es the ene$4 $ore ti$e and a 6etter
chance to concea( his trac8s and $a8e %ood his escape.
4. ,he fo((o13)p 1i(( in2aria6(4 6e done d)rin% da4(i%ht ho)rs 6eca)se it 1i(( 6e
e@tre$e(4 diffic)(t or e2en i$possi6(e to do trac8in% at ni%ht5 especia((4 in
diffic)(t terrain. ,his $eans that the fo((o13)p 1i(( co$$ence as soon as possi6(e
after first (i%ht 1hen the trac8s or si%ns 6eco$e discerni6(e5 )nti( it is too dar8 to
fo((o1 or pic8 )p an4 si%ns.
5. D)rin% the da4 it 1i(( 6e necessar4 for the troops to rest )p for a 1hi(e and ha2e
so$ethin% to eat. /ho)(d the force 6e (ar%e eno)%h5 the (eapfro% s4ste$ 1i(( 6e
introd)ced so that5 1hi(e a %ro)p is restin% or ha2in% a =)ic8 $ea(5 another
contin)es the fo((o13)p5 there64 $aintainin% the press)re. ,he %ro)p that has
rested 1i(( then ha2e to catch )p (ater 1ith the rest of the fo((o13)p force. !t
section or patro( (e2e(5 rests and 6rea8s for $ea(s 1i(( ha2e to 6e restricted to the
a6so()te $ini$)$5 if at a((5 so that the press)re can 6e $aintained. /ho)(d the
fo((o13)p operation contin)e o2er a n)$6er of da4s5 it 1i(( 6e necessar4 to rotate
the troops5 there64 ens)rin% that fresh troops are a(1a4s on the ene$47s trac8s.
6. 0or$ations d)rin% the $o2e 1i(( 6e deter$ined 64 the nat)re of the terrain5 6est
or safest tra2e(in% speed and ene$4 tactics or de(a4in% $ethods. /co)ts and
trac8ers 1i(( pro6a6(4 1or8 in pairs5 re(ie2in% each other. ,he protection %ro)p
1i(( $ost pro6a6(4 ha2e to $o2e a6reast of each other to 6e a6(e to %i2e
$a@i$)$ protection to the sco)ts and trac8ers and a(so pre2ent the $ain 6od4
fro$ 1a(8in% into an a$6)sh.
7. Pro6a6(4 the $ost diffic)(t aspect of the fo((o13)p operation is that the troops
$a4 ha2e to carr4 a(( their e=)ip$ent and 8it. !s the fo((o13)p $a4 (ast se2era(
da4s and co2er a considera6(e distance5 it 1i(( not 6e feasi6(e to d)$p the 8it and
e=)ip$ent 7so$e1here and then ret)rn at a (ater sta%e to co((ect it. It is therefore
i$portant to ens)re that a fo((o13)p force is e=)ipped as (i%ht(4 as possi6(e5
carr4in% on(4 the 6are necessities5 s)fficient a$$)nition5 1ater and rations5 and
perhaps a (i%ht1ei%ht 6(an8et. In order to $aintain the $o$ent)$ and to pre2ent
)nnecessar4 de(a4s5 it $a4 6e necessar4 to res)pp(4 the fo((o13)p force.
8. /ho)(d the fo((o13)p force (ose the ene$47s trac8s or contact a(to%ether5 the
s)%%ested action is as fo((o1s:
a. -sta6(ish a te$porar4 6ase5 adopt a((3aro)nd o6ser2ation and pro2ide a((3
aro)nd protection. ,he ene$4 $a4 6e 2er4 c(ose.
6. Deter$ine an effecti2e patro( pattern and 1arn t1o or three recon3
naissance patro(s5 1ith trac8ers5 if the4 are a2ai(a6(e5 to stand 64 for
i$$ediate patro((in%.
c. Aa2in% iss)ed orders5 send o)t t1o or three reconnaissance patro(s to
patro( for1ard and (atera((45 accordin% to the patro( pattern5 1ith the ai$ of
findin% the ene$47s trac8s or to (oo8 for si%ns and so)nds of the ene$4.
,hese patro(s sho)(d 6e restricted in the distance that the4 $o2e a1a4
fro$ the te$porar4 6ase5 pro6a6(4 a tho)sand $eters at the $ost.
d. /ho)(d the4 find si%ns5 the patro(s 1i(( ret)rn as =)ic8(4 as possi6(e to the
te$porar4 6ase5 infor$ the co$$ander and res)$e the fo((o13)p as soon
as possi6(e.
e. /ho)(d no f)rther si%ns of the ene$4 6e fo)nd5 the force co$$ander co)(d
either re$ain in his present position and start on a de(i6erate patro(
pro%ra$ to search the area $ore thoro)%h(45 or he co)(d $o2e his
te$porar4 6ase for1ard in the ori%ina( direction of $o2e$ent for
appro@i$ate(4 a tho)sand $eters5 and repeat the searchin% and castin%
for1ard s4ste$ 1ith s$a(( reconnaissance patro(s. In this case the decision
co)(d 6e $ade for hi$ 64 his ne@t hi%her head=)arters5 dependin% on ho1
c(ose he 1as 6ehind the ene$4.
f. ,he i$portant point to re$e$6er is not to cast a6o)t ai$(ess(4 1ith a (ot
of troops 1hen the ene$4 trac8s are (ost. ,his 1i(( create additiona( trac8s
and si%ns5 conf)sin% the entire iss)e and pro6a6(4 o6(iteratin% traces of the
ene$4.
SECTION 9+ CONT#CT P4OCE&"4E
1. !s soon as it is assessed that the trac8s are fresh and a contact i$$inent:
a. !2ai(a6(e he(icopters are concentrated at the nearest troop concentration5
e.%.5 fie(d head=)arters.
6. !n ar$ed aircraft is tas8ed to rep(ace an4 reconnaissance aircraft
s)pportin% the fo((o13)p %ro)p.
2. Dependin% on the sit)ation and the n)$6er of he(icopters a2ai(a6(e5 one he(icopter
$a4 6e tas8ed for air6orne contro(. It is essentia( that this aircraft 6e fitted 1ith an
e@tra headset5 and has the $eans for the ar$4 contro((er to co$$)nicate 1ith
%ro)nd forces and s)pportin% aircraft.
3. !n4 re$ainin% he(icopters are tas8ed for reinforce$ent or the positionin% of stop
%ro)ps. ,he force is 6ro8en do1n into stic8s5 stic8 co$$anders appointed and a((
are p(aced on i$$ediate stand64. !%ain it is essentia( to ha2e the e@tra headset so
that stic8 co$$anders can 6e 6riefed 64 the pi(ot or contro((er in f(i%ht. "ne of
the he(icopters tas8ed to f(4 in reinforce$entsstops 1i(( a(so carr4 a$$)nition
for res)pp(4 to the contact %ro)p5 if necessar4.
4. "n contact5 the fo((o13)p co$$ander $)st re(a4 :contact5 contact: to the pi(ot of
the s)pportin% aircraft and as soon as possi6(e %i2e a 6rief /I,.-P. ,he pi(ot
re(a4s the infor$ation to the contro( head=)arters and then stands 64 to %i2e air
s)pport. Ae is to tr4 to pinpoint the contact area5 the positions of o1n troops and
(i8e(4 escape ro)tes5 (andin% 9ones5 etc.
5. ,he sit)ation 1i(( deter$ine 1hether it is necessar4 to dep(o4 an air6orne
contro((er #!?C&. ,he 6ac8)p he(icopters co)(d 6e ca((ed for1ard i$$ediate(45
dependin% on the )r%enc4 and the $a%nit)de of the contact.
6. ,here are certain pro6(e$s associated 1ith air6orne contro((in% 1hich sho)(d 6e
ta8en into acco)nt 64 the (oca( ar$4 co$$ander5 i.e.5 disorientation5 air sic8ness5
aircraft noises associated 1ith air6orne radios and $aps 6ein% 6(o1n aro)nd in
the he(icopter. /)6>ect to these considerations5 and sho)(d an !?C 6e considered
necessar4 and practica(5 the fo((o1in% proced)re sho)(d app(4:
a. In f(i%ht to the contact area5 the !?C is to recei2e a 6rief fro$ the
s)pportin% pi(ot and then the contact co$$ander and o6tain the (atest
/I,.-P. ,his is to inc()de the need for reinforce$ent and5 if so5 the
direction of the approach of the reinforce$ents andor the need for stop
%ro)ps. In addition5 an a$$)nition state sho)(d 6e %i2en.
6. "nce o2erhead5 the !?C5 the pi(ot and %)nner $)st tr4 to 2is)a((4
pinpoint the terrorist and o1n troop positions as =)ic8(4 as possi6(e. ,his
$a4 6e diffic)(t in thic8 6)sh5 in 1hich case the !?C is to ca(( for 0L",
and tar%et indication.
c. D)rin% or6it of the contact area5 the !?C is to se(ect a s)ita6(e (andin%
9one for reinforce$ents5 if re=)ired5 and se(ect stop positions and ad>acent
(andin% 9ones. Ae 1i(( then %i2e an in3f(i%ht 6riefin% to the stic8
co$$anders in the 6ac8)p he(icopters and direct their dep(o4$ent.
d. ;hi(e or6itin% the contact area5 the !?C he(icopter $a4 1e(( 6e a6(e to
inf()ence the 6att(e 1ith s)pportin% fire or en%a%e escapin% terrorists. ,he
decision to fire the he(icopter3$o)nted 1eapon is the prero%ati2e of the
pi(ot5 6)t no fire is to 6e opened )nti( the !?C is satisfied 1ith the tar%et
in re(ation to o1n troops.
e. ,he !?C he(icopter sho)(d5 if possi6(e5 re$ain o2er the contact area )nti(
the contact has ended. ,his $a4 necessitate chan%in% he(icopters at a
near64 (andin% 9one if the ori%ina( aircraft r)ns o)t of f(4in% ti$e.
!(ternati2e(45 in a (ar%e3sca(e contact5 1hen $ore troops are needed as
reinforce$entsstops5 the !?C sho)(d dep(ane and ass)$e co$$and of
the %ro)nd forces.
f. "nce the 6ac8)p he(icopters ha2e positioned their stic8s5 the4 are to ret)rn
to the contro( 6ase for $ore troops5 if re=)ired5 or are to re$ain on stand64
for f)rther dep(o4$ents andor cas)a(t4terrorist e2ac)ation.
%. Dependin% on the sit)ation5 a (i%ht aircraft $a4 6e )sed for !?C.
7. !ir stri8es are e$p(o4ed as fo((o1s:
a. If the contact co$$ander considers that an air stri8e is needed 6efore the
arri2a( of the !?C and reinforce$ents5 he is to co$$)nicate his re=)est
direct(4 to the s)pportin% aircraft. ,he (aid do1n proced)re is then
effected5 6)t in addition the pi(ot of the s)pportin% aircraft is to infor$ the
contro( 6ase or5 if in f(i%ht5 the !?C5 that a stri8e has 6een ca((ed for.
6. Ao1e2er5 once the !?C is o2erhead the contact area and has esta6(ished
co$$)nications 1ith the contact co$$ander5 the !?C ass)$es
responsi6i(it4 for re=)estin% an air stri8e. ,he proced)re is then the sa$e
as (aid do1n for re=)estin% air stri8es5 and the !?C 1i(( $onitor
co$$)nications 6et1een the pi(ot and the contact co$$ander.
8. ,he fo((o1in% post3contact action is necessar4:
a. I$$ediate(4 after the contact5 the contact co$$ander is to sp(it his force
#inc()din% reinforce$ents andor stop %ro)ps& and detai( one %ro)p to
thoro)%h(4 search the contact area. ,he other %ro)p is to $o2e o)t fro$
500 to 15000 $eters and cond)ct a 360 de%ree search aro)nd the contact
area. ,his %ro)p is to search for the trac8s of escaped terrorists and for
secondar4 hides and rende92o)s.
6. En(ess the 1ho(e terrorist %an% 1as e(i$inated5 an area a$6)sh is to 6e set
on the contact area in the hope that so$e terrorists $a4 ret)rn in search of
8it or food5 or to reorientate the$se(2es if (ost.
9. !s a(read4 $entioned5 the ene$4 1i(( e$p(o4 2ario)s tactics and r)ses to de(a4
the fo((o13)p force once he 6eco$es a1are of it. ,he fo((o13)p troops $)st 6e
1e(( dri((ed in their i$$ediate action dri((s5 and the fo((o13)p force co$$ander
$)st 6e a6(e to decide a($ost instantaneo)s(4 1hether his force has 1a(8ed into a
de(i6erate a$6)sh5 is 6ein% sniped at 64 an indi2id)a( or t1o5 or has enco)ntered
6oo64 traps. F)ic8 decisions of this nat)re 1i(( ena6(e the co$$ander to %i2e the
necessar4 co$$ands to co)nter the ene$4 action i$$ediate(4.
10.,he point to re$e$6er is that5 64 $eans of his de(a4in% tactics and harassin% of
the fo((o13)p force5 the ene$4 is tr4in% to 6)4 ti$e to $a8e %ood his escape.
Conse=)ent(45 the fo((o13)p force7s reactions to these de(a4in% tactics $)st 6e
i$$ediate and e@ec)ted as 1e((3rehearsed dri((s5 there64 on(4 (osin% $ini$)$
ti$e. ,he enco)nter dri((s as descri6ed in Chapter 6 co)(d5 )nder certain
circ)$stances5 6e )sed. .e$e$6er that ti$e $)st not 6e 1asted.
11.I$$ediate actions e@ec)ted 6o(d(4 6)t 1ith a certain a$o)nt of ca)tion 1i((
)nsett(e the ene$4 and force hi$ to a6andon his de(a4in% positions $ore =)ic8(4.
It is the co$$ander on the spot 1ho 1i(( ha2e to decide 1hat the 6est co)rse of
action 1i(( 6e and5 ha2in% decided5 to react i$$ediate(4.
SECTION :+ CO))"NIC#TIONS
1. ,he contro((in% head=)arters $)st ha2e and $aintain %ood co$$)nications 1ith
the fo((o13)p forces. ,his is essentia( for p(annin% p)rposes. if necessar45 re(a4
faci(ities sho)(d 6e pro2ided.
2. ,he fo((o13)p force 1i(( a(so ha2e to 6e pro2ided 1ith %ood %ro)nd3to3air
co$$)nications5 as the air ar$ can p(a4 an i$portant ro(e and can on(4 6e )sed
effecti2e(4 if there are %ood co$$)nications 1ith the %ro)nd forces.
SECTION ;+ CONC5"SION
1. ,he fo((o13)p operation is essentia((4 a practica( app(ication of trac8in%
techni=)es5 6)t 1ith the force so or%ani9ed that it is 1e(( 6a(anced5 re(ent(ess and
deter$ined to co$e to %rips 1ith the ene$4 and to attac8 and destro4 the ene$4
once he has 6een contacted. 'ain factors (eadin% to a s)ccessf)( conc()sion of
s)ch an operation are as fo((o1s:
a. Correction %ro)pin% of the force.
6. Deter$ination and $aintenance of press)re.
c. ! hi%h de%ree of ph4sica( fitness.
d. ! hi%h standard of 6)shcraft.
e. Cood co$$)nications.
f. -ffecti2e e$p(o4$ent of the air ar$.
%. ;e((3p(anned and coordinated $o2e$ent.
h. Caref)( appreciation and ro)te p(annin% of terrain 1hich the force $)st
$o2e o2er.
i. ! hi%h standard of 6att(e dri((s that 1i(( stand the force in %ood stead and
$ini$i9e cas)a(ties 1hen contact is $ade 1ith the ene$4.
>. !%%ression and f(e@i6i(it4 in the p(annin% and e@ec)tion of the fo((o13)p.
#ttacs on Terrorist Camps
SECTION /+ INT4O&"CTION
General
1. It is diffic)(t to (a4 do1n a )nifor$ dri(( for a prep(anned attac8 1hich 1i(( app(4
on a(( occasions5 6eca)se terrorist tactics and the t4pe of (ocation )sed 2ar4
considera6(4 fro$ area to area. "n the other hand5 the s)%%ested dri((s can easi(4
6e a$ended to s)it different circ)$stances and can 6e )sed as a 6asis for initia(
p(annin%.
2. De(i6erate attac8s are prepared fro$ infor$ation %ained fro$ air photo3 %raphs5
prisoners5 infor$ers or patro(s. ,here are occasions5 ho1e2er5 1hen a de(i6erate
attac8 can 6e art i$$ediate reaction to an )ne@pected fa2ora6(e sit)ation.
De(i6erate attac8s $a4 therefore 6e prep(anned or i$$ediate.
3. ,he $ain considerations to 6e 6orne in $ind are s)rprise and speed.
a. /)rprise can 6e achie2ed 64:
i. /ec)rit4 in a(( sta%es of p(annin%.
ii. Detai(ed p(annin% and preparation.
iii. Preparin% an a(ternati2e $ethod of e@ec)tion.
i2. Concea($ent of approach and positionin% of forces.
2. ! 1e((3e@ec)ted p(an 1ith $a@i$)$ a%%ression.
6. /peed is essentia( to o6tain s)rprise and can 6e achie2ed 64:
i. !2oidin% )nnecessar4 de(a4 in the p(annin% sta%e.
ii. .apid dep(o4$ent of troops. #It $a4 6e necessar4 to )se
he(icopters5 6)t a(ertin% the ene$4 64 s)ch $o2e$ent sho)(d 6e
a2oided.&
4. ,he pro6a6i(it4 of e(i$inatin% (ar%e n)$6ers of terrorists 64 $eans of a de(i6erate
attac8 is fair(4 s$a((. ,heir $o6i(it45 the (ac8 of infor$ation concernin% their
co$6at and restin% positions5 1hich are essentia((4 f(e@i6(e5 and the aid 1hich
the4 recei2e fro$ the pop)(ation5 $a8e it diffic)(t to p(an in detai(. ,heir efficient
s4ste$ of inte((i%ence a(so $a8es it e@tre$e(4 diffic)(t to achie2e s)rprise.
5. !(tho)%h the e@a$p(e o)t(ined 6e(o1 is concerned 1ith a da4(i%ht attac8 on a
terrorist ca$p5 this does not prec()de the possi6i(it4 of attac8in% at ni%ht. ,he
6asic princip(es re$ain the sa$e5 a(tho)%h fo((o13)p actions are nor$a((4 on(4
feasi6(e d)rin% da4(i%ht ho)rs.
Terrorist Tactics
1. It cannot 6e ass)$ed that terrorists 1i(( a)to$atica((4 a6andon their ca$p.
-@perience has sho1n that on occasions terrorists ha2e opposed attac8s in an
a%%ressi2e $anner fro$ 1e((3prepared positions.
2. ,he $ain factor to 6e 6orne in $ind is that terrorist sentries 1i(( 6e a(ert and 1i((
%i2e 1arnin% of an4 s)spicio)s $o2e$ent. ?4 da4 it 1i(( 6e diffic)(t to %et past
the$. ! st)d4 of terrorist ha6its has re2ea(ed that the4 position their sentries as
fo((o1s:
i. Es)a((45 sentries are posted on (i8e(4 approaches to the ca$p.
ii. !t ni%ht5 sentries are posted in c(ose pro@i$it4 to or 1ithin the peri$eter
of the ca$p.
,he terrorists ha2e 6een 8no1n to $ine and 6oo64 trap possi6(e approaches as an
additiona( preca)tion.
SECTION 3+ P5#NNING #N& P4EP#4#TION
1. Introduction. ,o ens)re a s)ccessf)( operation5 the p(annin% and preparation for
s)ch an operation are $ost i$portant. ;hen speed is essentia( for s)ccess5 it $a4
6e necessar4 to sacrifice sec)rit4 to a certain e@tent. ,he co$$ander concerned
$)st caref)((4 consider this aspect 1hen $a8in% his appreciation.
2. "ppreciation. Dependin% on the ti$e a2ai(a6(e5 the co$$ander responsi6(e for
the operation $)st $a8e a caref)(5 detai(ed appreciation 6ased on the tas8. ,his
appreciation $)st inc()de s)ch factors as the ene$45 the (oca( pop)(ation5 the
terrain and o1n forces.
3. Enemy. in the appreciation5 points re%ardin% the ene$4 1hich $)st 6e ta8en into
consideration are the fo((o1in%:
a. *at)re and stren%th.
6. .o)tes 6oth in and o)t nor$a((4 )sed 64 the ene$4.
c. In and o)t ti$in%s nor$a((4 )sed 64 the ene$4 for his $o2e$ent to and
fro$ the o6>ecti2e.
d. sec)rit4 $eas)res s)ch as (ocation and ro)tine of sentries5 defensi2e
s4ste$5 patro(s5 si%htin% of 1eapons5 a(ert and a(ar$ s4ste$s5 etc.
e. *or$a( reactions to sec)rit4 force presence.
f. Possi6(e additiona( or e@terna( s)pport that $a4 6e pro2ided.
4. Local population. ;hen considerin% the (oca( pop)(ation5 the fo((o1in% aspects
$)st 6e considered:
a. Densit4 and concentration.
6. ,he nat)re and t4pe of the 2i((a%e or sett(e$ent and its (ocation in re(ation
to the o6>ecti2e.
c. ,he attit)de of the (oca( pop)(ation to1ards 6oth the ene$4 and sec)rit4
forces.
d. ,he dai(4 ro)tin% of the (oca( pop)(ation and ro)tes or paths nor$a((4 )sed
64 the$ to their c)(ti2ations and 1ater points.
5. Terrain. 1hen considerin% terrain5 the fo((o1in% aspects $)st 6e 6orne in $ind:
a. *at)re and si9e and e@act (ocation of the o6>ecti2e.
6. *at)re of the terrain aro)nd the o6>ecti2e5 this to inc()de:
i. Position in re(ation to the o6>ecti2e.
ii. o6ser2ation and fie(ds of fire.
iii. "6stac(es5 either nat)ra( or $an3$ade.
i2. Co2er and concea($ent.
2. !pproaches and e@itescape ro)tes.
2i. Chec8 points.
6. Sources of information. ,he a6o2e infor$ation a6o)t the terrain can 6e o6tained
64 the fo((o1in% $eans:
a. Patro((in%.
6. !ir and %ro)nd reconnaissance.
c. 'aps and air photo%raphs.
d. Loca( pop)(ation5 po(ice5 infor$ers or capt)red ene$45 etc.
7. Timings. In deter$inin% A3ho)r5 the fo((o1in% aspects $)st 6e considered:
a. ,i$e a2ai(a6(e in 1hich to carr4 o)t the operation.
6. Distances to 6e co2ered 64 attac8in% force.
c. Esin% co2er of dar8ness for approach $arch for $a@i$)$ sec)rit4.
d. -ne$4 sentr4 ro)tine5 i.e.5 ear(4 $ornin% 1hen sentries $a4 not 4et ha2e
6een posted or are sti(( s(eep4 fro$ the ni%ht 6efore5 or at (ast (i%ht 1hen
sentries $a4 6e 1ithdra1n.
e. ,a8in% ad2anta%e of 6ad 1eather conditions5 rest and $ea( ti$es.
f. ,he possi6i(it4 of attac8in% d)rin% the ho)rs of dar8ness5 6earin% in $ind
the attendant ad2anta%es and disad2anta%es.
8. Routes. ;hen considerin% the approach and 1ithdra1a( ro)tes5 the fo((o1in%
sho)(d 6e 6orne in $ind:
a. Distances to 6e co2ered 64 the 2ario)s %ro)ps.
6. /ecrec4 and sec)rit4.
c. *at)re of the ro)te5 i.e.5 eas4 or diffic)(t %oin%.
9. *#n forces. In dea(in% 1ith o1n forces5 the fo((o1in% $)st 6e considered:
a. !i$ and nat)re of operation.
6. -ne$4 stren%th5 sec)rit4 $eas)res and possi6(e e@terna( s)pport.
c. *at)re and si9e of o6>ecti2e.
d. 0orces a2ai(a6(e5 their e@perience and standard of trainin%.
10.Plan. !s a res)(t of this appreciation5 the p(an co)(d inc()de the fo((o1in%:
a. -$p(o4$ent of troops.
6. ,i$in%s.
c. !pproach and 1ithdra1a( ro)tes.
d. /tren%th5 e=)ip$ent and additiona( s)pport 1hich $a4 6e re=)ired.
11.Standard of planning and preparation. on(4 1ith %ood p(annin% and preparation
can the s)ccess of the operation 6e ens)red.
12.Security. ,hese acti2ities $)st 6e carried o)t )nder strict discip(ine in order to
$aintain secrec4 and to pro2ide the force in2o(2ed 1ith a detai(ed 8no1(ed%e of
the operation.
13.Training/ leadership and initiative. *ot1ithstandin% the fact that an operation
$a4 6e 1e(( p(anned in a(( its detai(5 the )ne@pected $a4 often occ)r and then the
standard of trainin%5 (eadership and initiati2e are of pri$e i$portance. /ho)(d the
presence of the $i(itar4 forces 6e disco2ered 6efore a(( %ro)ps are in position and
the assa)(t is read4 to co$$ence5 then c(ear direction $)st 6e %i2en to each %ro)p
as to 1hat actions it sho)(d ta8e.
SECTION 6+ CO)POSITION+ #TT#C@ FO4CE
1. )roups. "n each occasion 1hen a de(i6erate attac8 is 6ein% p(anned5 there is a
re=)ire$ent for the $i(itar4 forces to 6e 6ro8en do1n into a n)$6er of %ro)ps.
Idea((4 the attac8in% force sho)(d consist of the fo((o1in% %ro)ps5 1hich can5
nor$a((45 6e fo)nd in a rif(e co$pan4:
a. /top %ro)ps.
6. 0ireco2er %ro)ps.
c. !ssa)(t %ro)p.
d. Co$$and %ro)p.
e. 0o((o13)p %ro)p.
f. .eser2e.
2. Essential0combined groups. It $a4 not a(1a4s 6e possi6(e to achie2e this
6rea8do1n 1ith the troops a2ai(a6(e. ,he co$$and and assa)(t %ro)ps 1i((
a(1a4s 6e necessar4. ,hro)%h necessit4 other %ro)ps can co$6ine certain of their
ro(es5 e.%.5 the fire %ro)p co)(d a(so 6e detai(ed as the fo((o13)p %ro)p.
3. Employment of groups. !(( p(ans sho)(d 6e 6ased on the correct )se of these
%ro)ps. -@a$p(es of their e$p(o4$ent and hand(in% are as fo((o1s:
a. /top %ro)ps.
i. Tas. ,o pre2ent the ene$4 fro$ escapin%.
ii. &eployment.
!. ,he4 $)st 6e dep(o4ed at s)ch a distance fro$ the ca$p so
as not to pre>)dice the secrec4 of the operation.
?. ,he stren%th and n)$6er of stop %ro)ps to 6e dep(o4ed is
dictated 64 the terrain5 the ene$4 and circ)$stances
pre2ai(in% at the ti$e5 6)t5 if possi6(e5 the4 sho)(d 6e 6ased
on stic8s of fo)r or fi2e $en co2erin% a(( (i8e(4 escape
ro)tes fro$ the o6>ecti2e.
C. Caref)( 6riefin% is necessar4 and the fo((o1in% sho)(d 6e
6orne in $ind:
I. If possi6(e5 6efore a tar%et is en%a%ed it sho)(d 6e
identified.
II. /tops sho)(d 6e in concea(ed positions.
III.-ach stop %ro)p sho)(d 8no1 the position of its
nei%h6ors.
ID.Indi2id)a( stops sho)(d not $o2e fro$ their
positions )nti( ordered to do so. Ao1e2er5 sho)(d
this5 for so$e reason5 6eco$e necessar45 the stop or
stops $)st ens)re that those on their f(an8s 8no1
1hat is happenin%.
D. /top %ro)ps sho)(d 6e e=)ipped 1ith radios.
DI.,he stop %ro)ps sho)(d a(1a4s 6e positioned 6efore
the assa)(t ta8es p(ace. If this is not possi6(e5
si$)(taneo)s positionin% is accepta6(e.
DII.,he 6est position for the stop %ro)ps 1i(( nor$a((4
dictate the direction of assa)(t.
6. ,he fire0cover group.
i. Tass.
!. ,o open fire on the o6>ecti2e 1ith e2er4 a2ai(a6(e 1eapon.
?. ,o %i2e fire s)pport to the assa)(t %ro)p. c. If necessar45 to
pre2ent interference fro$ e@terna( reinforce$ents.
ii. &eployment.
!. ,he fire %ro)p sho)(d approach as near as possi6(e to the
ca$p5 )ndetected.
?. ,he princip(e of 6rin%in% $a@i$)$ fire to 6ear on the ca$p
$)st 6e 6a(anced a%ainst the diffic)(t4 of $o2in% too (ar%e
a 6od4 of $en thro)%h the 6)sh 1itho)t a(ertin% the ene$45
and it $a45 on occasions5 6e necessar4 to red)ce the
stren%th of this %ro)p and increase the ratio of a)to$atic
1eapons.
c. ,he assault group. ! proportion of the ene$4 1i(( nor$a((4 s)r2i2e and it
is therefore essentia( to ha2e an assa)(t %ro)p5 1hich has not 6een tied
do1n 64 the initia( firefi%ht5 for the assa)(t. Its tas8s and "r%ani9ation are
as fo((o1s:
i. Tass.
!. ,o e(i$inate the sentries 1ho %)ard the o6>ecti2e.
?. ,o s8ir$ish for1ard and penetrate the o6>ecti2e to 8i(( or
capt)re terrorists5 and5 if necessar45 cond)ct an i$$ediate
(i$ited fo((o13)p to $aintain contact 1ith5 and press)re on5
escapin% ene$4. In this e2ent caref)( contro( and
coordination 1ith stop %ro)ps is essentia(.
C. ,o search for hidden personne(5 doc)$ents or $ateria(.
D. ,o ascertain 64 a 3603de%ree search of the peri$eter
1hether an4 terrorists ha2e escaped.
-. ,o de$o(ish5 if necessar45 ene$4 e@p(osi2es and 6oo64
traps.
ii. Organi.ation. ?earin% in $ind the a6o2e tas8s5 the assa)(t %ro)p
sho)(d 6e or%ani9ed into the fo((o1in% tea$s:
!. /entr4 e(i$inatin% tea$.
?. !ssa)(t tea$ #the stren%th depends )pon the nat)re of the
o6>ecti2e&.
C. /)pport tea$s.
D. De$o(ition tea$s.
-. /earch tea$ #inc()din% trac8ers&.
,he a6o2e "r%ani9ation is te$porar4 and $a4 not 6e
necessar4 in e2er4 case. one tea$5 ha2in% acco$p(ished its
tas85 can reinforce another tea$ or recei2e another tas8.
d. ,he co$$and %ro)p. ! s$a(( co$$and %ro)p sho)(d 6e positioned so as
to contro( the attac8. ,his %ro)p 1i(( consist of the co$$ander
acco$panied 64 an escort5 his radio operator5 $edica( order(4 and
interro%ator5 if one can 6e $ade a2ai(a6(e. It $a4 6e necessar4 at so$e
sta%e of the 6att(e for the co$$ander to %et air6orne in order to assess and
contro( the o2era(( sit)ation.
e. 0o((o13)p %ro)p. ,he tas8 of the fo((o13)p %ro)p is se(f3e@p(anator4.
Ao1e2er5 6efore an4 fo((o13)p is co$$enced5 s)fficient ti$e $)st 6e
a((o1ed for the assa)(t %ro)p to co$p(ete its 3603de%ree search for trac8s
and for an4 terrorists 1ho escape to reach the stop positions. !n4 fo((o13
)p sho)(d 6e caref)((4 coordinated and the stop troops 1arned of the
direction. ,his %ro)p $a4 1e(( 6e fo)nd fro$ the assa)(t %ro)p5 fire %ro)p
or reser2e. ,his %ro)p sho)(d not 6e (ess than one section in stren%th. It
$)st ha2e a radio5 trac8er and responsi6(e co$$ander.
f. .eser2e. ! reser2e is desira6(e and5 if possi6(e5 sho)(d 6e positioned
near64 to ena6(e a rapid dep(o4$ent 64 an4 $eans inc()din% the )se of
he(icopters. ,as8s are as fo((o1s:
i. .einforce the assa)(t %ro)p5 if necessar4.
ii. .einforce an4 of the stop %ro)ps 1ho $a4 6eco$e in2o(2ed in a
pro(on%ed en%a%e$ent.
iii. !ct as a fo((o13)p %ro)p.
i2. Co2er the 1ithdra1a( of the attac8in% force5 if necessar4.
2. !ct as additiona( stop or fire %ro)ps.
2i. Co((ect and escort prisoners.
5egend
1. "6>ecti2e terrorist ca$p in hea24 6)sh.
2. -ne$4 sentries #assa)(t %ro)p c(oses as c(ose as possi6(e&.
3. Direction of possi6(e ene$4 reinforce$ents.
4. P(atoon co$$ander and o6ser2ation tea$.
5. !ssa)(t %ro)p 3 t1o or $ore tea$s.
6. /top %ro)ps.
7. 0ire co2er %ro)ps 3 to stop reinforce$ents.
8. .eser2e %ro)p 3 to assist assa)(t %ro)p or stop %ro)p.
9. 0o((o13)p %ro)p.
!n4 of the %ro)ps to a(so sec)re rear of co$$and.

4. "ir support. ;hen p(annin% a de(i6erate attac85 co%ni9ance $)st 6e ta8en of the
air s)pport 1hich is a2ai(a6(e. Ao1e2er5 it $)st 6e re$e$6ered that the )se of air
s)pport5 prior to the attac85 $a4 pre>)dice s)rprise.
a. Li%ht aircraft. ,his t4pe of aircraft is partic)(ar(4 )sef)( and can 6e
e$p(o4ed in the fo((o1in% ro(es:
i. !r$ed air s)pport. In certain circ)$stances5 the initia( assa)(t on
the o6>ecti2e $a4 6e $ore effecti2e(4 carried o)t 64 aeria( attac8s
)sin% %)ns andor roc8ets5 6o$6in% or5 at a (ater sta%e5 in s)pport
of stops or fo((o13)p %ro)ps.
ii. .econnaissance.
iii. .adio re(a4.
i2. !ir6orne contro(.
6. 6. Ae(icopters. .o(es to 6e considered are:
i. !ircraft and stic8#s& of troops on i$$ediate stand64 as a $o6i(e
reser2e for redep(o4$ent to co)nter )ne@pected $o2es 64 terrorists
or to reinforce5 dep(o4 or redep(o4 stops.
ii. !ir6orne contro(.
iii. -2ac)ation of cas)a(ties5 terrorists and $ateria(.
i2. 0ire s)pport.
2. Pre2entin% the ene$4 fro$ escapin% in se(ected area.
c. 0i%hter %ro)nd attac8 or 6o$6ers. In certain circ)$stances5 the initia(
assa)(t on the o6>ecti2e $a4 6e $ore effecti2e(4 carried o)t 64 aeria(
attac8 )sin% front %)ns andor roc8ets or 6o$6in%. !n attac8 of this nat)re
re=)ires detai(ed coordination5 partic)(ar(4 re%ardin% ti$in% and safet4
distances. !(( %ro)ps sho)(d 6e e=)ipped 1ith %ro)nd3to3air
co$$)nications.
5. 0ire s)pport. If a2ai(a6(e5 arti((er4 and $ortar s)pport sho)(d 6e considered. In the
e2ent of their 6ein% )sed5 fire contro((ers sho)(d acco$pan4 the co$$and %ro)p.
/afet4 and (oss of s)rprise are5 ho1e2er5 (i$itin% factors.
SECTION 8+ SEA"ENCE OF #CTION
1. Se+uence and timings. In idea( circ)$stances the fo((o1in% se=)ence of action
and ti$in% is reco$$ended:
a. ,he force co$$ander iss)es detai(ed orders to a(( participants5 ens)rin%
that e2er4 $an 8no1s precise(4 1hat his tas8 or tas8s 1i(( 6e5 as 1e(( as
those of other %ro)ps.
6. *i%ht D3(D. D)rin% the ni%ht the force $o2es to a 1aitin% area
prese(ected at a s)ita6(4 sec)re distance fro$ the o6>ecti2e. ,he stops
$o2e off and ta8e )p their positionsB in so$e cases this $i%ht 6e diffic)(t
and fina( ad>)st$ents $i%ht ha2e to 6e $ade to their positions >)st after
first (i%ht.
c. D3da4.
i. /tops )se the fifteen $in)tes #or $ore if necessar4& >)st after first
(i%ht to ad>)st their fina( positions. !(( other %ro)ps $o2e for1ard
to their se(ected positions 6efore first (i%ht.
ii. !t A3ho)r5 fire is opened on the o6>ecti2e on the order of the force
co$$ander.
iii. ,he assa)(t %ro)p s8ir$ishes for1ard and c(ears the ca$p area.
,he4 carr4 o)t a thoro)%h search and a(so tr4 to ascertain 1hether
an4 terrorists ha2e escaped and in 1hich direction.
i2. ,he stops en%a%e an4 escapin% terrorists 1ho approach their
positions.
2. I$$ediate interro%ation of capt)red ene$4 and (oca( pop)(ation
$)st 6e carried o)t.
2i. ,he force co$$ander $)st then decide fro$ the a2ai(a6(e
infor$ation to:
!. /tart fo((o1in% )p trac8s fro$ the ca$p 1hi(e the stops
re$ain in position.
?. ;ithdra1 the stops to a prearran%ed rende92o)s and then
start the fo((o13)p.
C. "rder the stops to patro( either (eft or ri%ht to the ne@t stop
position to chec8 1hether the terrorists ha2e crossed the
stop (ine. If trac8s are fo)nd5 to start an i$$ediate fo((o13
)p.
2ii.,he force co$$ander sho)(d5 if necessar45 p(an an area a$6)sh on
the ca$p area.
2. Platoon attac!. $anpo1er (i$itations 1ithin the p(atoon 1i(( nor$a((4 prohi6it
the for$ation of a(( the %ro)ps detai(ed a6o2e. *e2erthe(ess5 at ti$es it $a4 6e
necessar4 to carr4 o)t a de(i6erate attac8 at p(atoon (e2e(.
3. Platoon follo#'up. If a fo((o13)p 6eco$es necessar45 this sho)(d5 in the a2era%e
case5 6e )nderta8en 64 the entire p(atoon. 0)rther troops 1o)(d then 6e re=)ired
for a$6)shin% the o6>ecti2e5 if necessar4.
SECTION 9+ &E5I*E4#TE #TT#C@S #I&E
)E)OI4E
Situation
1. ,errain.
a. *at)re of %ro)nd.
6. Detai(s re%ardin% the o6>ecti2e.
2. -ne$4 forces.
a. -@pected stren%th.
6. ;eapons carried and possi6(e fie(ds or arcs of fire. Inc()de (i%ht $achine3
%)n positions if 8no1n.
c. "6>ecti2e ro)tine and (ocation of sentries5 if 8no1n.
d. Possi6(e escape ro)tes.
e. *a$es of 8e4 ene$4 personne(.5 if 8no1n.
3. Loca( inha6itants.
a. Location of 2i((a%es5 sett(e$ents5 etc.
6. !ttit)de to1ards sec)rit4 forces or ene$4.
c. Aa6its and $o2e$ents.
4. 0riend(4 forces.
a. "ther troop $o2e$ents in the area5 if app(ica6(e.
6. ,as8s of other forces en%a%ed in the operation5 if on a (ar%e sca(e.
5. !ttach$ents and detach$ents #if app(ica6(e&. !ttached to the attac8in% force for
the d)ration of the operations5 e.%.:
a. Ae(icopter or (i%ht aircraft in s)pport.
6. /pecia( trac8ers or trac8in% tea$s5 inc()din% do%s5 for the fo((o13)p5 etc.
)ission
1. ,o 8i(( or capt)re a(( the terrorists occ)p4in% the ca$p at %rid reference.
E-ecution
1. Cenera( o)t(ine. ! 6rief o)t(ine or %enera( description as to ho1 the p(an is to 6e
e@ec)ted.
2. Detai(ed tas8s.
a. Positions of %ro)ps.
6. ,he specific tas8 of each %ro)p.
c. Direction of fire5 and arcs of fire of each %ro)p.
3. Coordinatin% instr)ctions.
a. ,i$in%s. Inc()din%:
i. A3ho)r.
ii. ;a8in% ti$e.
iii. ,i$e to asse$6(e for (ast $in)te chec86riefin%.
i2. Depart)re ti$es for each %ro)p.
2. ,i$e 1hen %ro)ps $)st occ)p4 fina( positions.
6. !sse$6(4 area for the force5 if necessar4.
c. Dispersa( point #fre=)ent(4 in the asse$6(4 area&.
d. !sse$6(4 area for the assa)(t %ro)p.
e. .o)tes for 1ho(e force and for each %ro)p to its fina( position.
f. 0or$ations and order of $arch fro$ asse$6(4 area to dispersa( point and
to fina( position.
%. 0ina( actions and instr)ctions at dispersa( point.
h. /ec)rit4 and deception p(an.
i. !ction sho)(d (oca( inha6itants 6e enco)ntered d)rin% $o2e in.
>. "rders to co$$ence firin%5 to fire co2er %ro)p5 stop %ro)ps and assa)(t
%ro)p.
8. "rders for cease firin%.
(. !ction if disco2ered 64 ene$4 sentries and 1arnin% is %i2en.
$. "rders for fo((o13)p.
n. Detai(s re%ardin% search of areas of ene$4 ca$p.
o. .ende92o)s for assa)(t force after co$p(etion of attac8.
p. !ction sho)(d ene$4 resistance 6e stron%er than anticipated.
=. Postin% of sentries after attac8 d)rin% $oppin% )p and search phase.
r. I$$ediate interro%ation of capt)red terrorists. #Interpreters sho)(d 6e
a2ai(a6(e.&
s. Ese of air.
t. Li$it of fo((o13)p.
#dministration and 5ogistics
1. Dress5 e=)ip$ent5 1eapons and a$$)nition to 6e carried.
2. Ese of transport5 if app(ica6(e.
3. .ations and 1ater.
4. 'edica(.
a. ,reat$ent and hand(in% of o1n and ene$4 cas)a(ties.
6. -2ac)ation of o1n and ene$4 cas)a(ties.
c. 'edica( personne( and stretchers to assa)(tin% force.
5. Aand(in% of ene$4 capt)red and 8i((ed5 inc()din% $ethod of e2ac)ation.
6. Aand(in% of a(( ene$4 e=)ip$ent5 1eapons and doc)$ents capt)red.
7. -sta6(ishin% an ad$inistration area5 if necessar45 for e@tra e=)ip$ent and 8it and
$e$6ers 1ho $a4 not 6e re=)ired for the act)a( assa)(t.
8. 0ina( inspection and chec8in% of personne(5 1eapons and e=)ip$ent.
Command and Signals
1. .adio co$$)nications.
a. 0re=)encies5 esta6(ishin% contact and s1itchin% on.
6. Ca(( si%ns5 inc()din% air.
c. 0ina( test of radios and chec8 of radio net.
2. Location of co$$ander or head=)arters.
a. Prior to the assa)(t.
6. D)rin% the assa)(t.
c. !fter the assa)(t.
3. /i%na(s. /i%na(s for the:
a. !ttac8.
6. Cease3fire.
c. -nd of operationB a(( c(ose in to rende92o)s.
4. Identifications for fo((o13)p %ro)p.
5. *ic8na$e andor code 1ords.
#m$us%ing of Terrorists
SECTION /+ INT4O&"CTION
1. "im. ,he ai$ of an a$6)sh is to s)rprise and e(i$inate the ene$4 on %ro)nd t
and in circ)$stances of the $i(itar4 forces7 o1n choosin%.
2. Intelligence. ,he $a>orit4 of a$6)shes are (aid as a res)(t of:
a. a. Inte((i%ence %ained thro)%h direct or indirect infor$ation fro$
s)rrendered or capt)red terrorists5 a%ents and infor$ers.
6. Chance infor$ation.
c. !n appreciation of (i8e(4 terrorist $o2e$ent and acti2it4 6ased on
fa$i(iarit4 1ith an area5 co)p(ed 1ith the pattern of terrorist $o2e$ent in
the area concerned.
3. Purpose. !n a$6)sh $a4 6e desi%ned to e(i$inate either indi2id)a(s or %ro)ps of
the ene$4. -ne$4 $o2e$ent $a4 not ta8e p(ace at the ti$e anticipated5 and the
ene$4 $a4 )se ci2i(ians to 1atch for si%ns of $i(itar4 forces acti2it4 and a$6)sh
positions. Co$$anders $)st a(1a4s re$e$6er this and not 6eco$e disco)ra%ed
if a caref)((4 (aid a$6)sh fai(s to achie2e its o6>ects. ! c(ear distinction $)st5
ho1e2er5 6e dra1n 6et1een s)ch fai()res and a$6)shes that are in the ri%ht p(ace
at the ri%ht ti$e5 6)t fai( 6eca)se of $is$ana%e$ent.
4. Composition.
a. !$6)shes $a4 2ar4 in si9e fro$ a s$a(( fo)r3$an affair (aid as part of a
patro( operation5 to a $a>or operation in2o(2in% a p(atoonco$pan4 %ro)p.
,he %)idin% princip(e 1i(( 6e econo$4 of force. ,he s$a((er the force5 the
easier it 1i(( 6e to introd)ce it into the a$6)sh area5 to contro( the
operation and to e@tricate the a$6)sh force after contact.
6. It is essentia( that the 6est possi6(e tea$ is chosen for each a$6)sh. ,his
$a4 fre=)ent(4 entai( a troopco$pan4 co$$ander co$$andin% an
a$6)sh %ro)p5 a(tho)%h it $a4 on(4 consist of a handf)( of $en. 'en
especia((4 se(ected for their $ar8s$anship or other partic)(ar =)a(ities
sho)(d 6e dra1n fro$ an4 e(e$ent of the )nit. ,he o2erridin%
consideration in se(ectin% the a$6)sh part4 sho)(d 6e to choose the troop
$ost (i8e(4 to s)cceed in that partic)(ar case.
5. ,he principles of ambushing. Instantaneo)s coordinated action a%ainst a
s)rprised ene$4 he(d 1ithin a 1e((3co2ered 8i((in% %ro)nd is essentia( for s)ccess.
,his re=)ires f)(fi(($ent of the fo((o1in% conditions:
a. ! hi%h standard of trainin% in a$6)sh techni=)es.
6. Caref)( p(annin% and e@ec)tion.
c. 0irst3c(ass sec)rit4 in a(( sta%es.
d. Concea($ent of a(( si%ns of the occ)pation of the position.
e. !n inte((i%ent (a4o)t and sitin%.
f. ! hi%h standard of 6att(e discip(ine5 partic)(ar(4 64 ni%ht.
%. Deter$ination 64 a(( troopers of the a$6)sh part4 to 1ait and 8i((.
h. ! si$p(e c(ear3c)t p(an for sprin%in% the a$6)sh.
i. Cood shootin% fro$ a(( positions: 8nee(in%5 sittin%5 standin%5 (4in% and
fro$ 6ehind co2er.
>. /)rprise5 the 8e4 to s)ccessf)( a$6)shes.
8. /afet4 of o1n forces.
SECTION 3+ T0E 5#,O"T OF #)*"S0ES
General
1. Principles. ,here are three f)nda$enta( princip(es of %enera( (a4o)t:
a. !(( possi6(e approaches sho)(d 6e co2ered.
6. ! 8i((in% %ro)nd $)st 6e caref)((4 se(ected.
c. ,he a$6)sh $)st ha2e depth.
2. "pproaches. Infor$ation $a4 fre=)ent(4 %i2e the destination of the terrorists5 6)t
1i(( rare(4 %i2e the e@act ro)te the4 1i(( ta8e. Ao1e2er %ood infor$ation $a4 6e5
terrorists $a4 1e(( arri2e fro$ an )ne@pected direction. It is therefore essentia(
that a(( possi6(e approaches 6e co2ered.
3. 1illing ground. ! caref)((4 se(ected 8i((in% %ro)nd is the 8e4 to the a$6)sh and
$)st per$it spontaneo)s and coordinated action on a s)rprised ene$45 there64
ens)rin% that $a@i$)$ cas)a(ties are inf(icted.
4. Depth. !t the first 6)rst of fire5 terrorists scatter 1ith re$ar8a6(e rapidit4 and the
chances of %ettin% a second 6)rst fro$ the sa$e position are s$a((. It is i$portant5
therefore5 that %ro)ps sho)(d 6e so sited that 1hen the terrorists scatter after the
first 6)rst5 s)6se=)ent %ro)ps ta8e a pro%ressi2e to(( of an4 s)r2i2ors.
Composition of t%e #m$us% Force
1. )roups. "n each occasion 1hen an a$6)sh is p(anned there is a re=)ire$ent for
the $i(itar4 force to 6e 6ro8en do1n into a n)$6er of %ro)ps. Idea((45 the a$6)sh
force sho)(d consist of the fo((o1in% %ro)ps:
a. a. Co$$and %ro)p.
6. 6. Hi((in% %ro)p.
c. c. /topco2er %ro)ps.
d. d. .eser2e.
e. e. Loo8o)t %ro)ps.

Le%end
1. Direction of ene$4 %ro)p approach.
2. Co$$and %ro)p 3 attached to stop %ro)p K3.
3. /topco2er %ro)ps 3 dependin% on position in a$6)sh.
4. !reas or cone of fire.
5. Hi((in% %ro)p and assa)(t %ro)ps.
6. Loo83o)t %ro)p to pre2ent reinforce$ent of ene$4.
7. Direction of e@pected ene$4 reaction.
8. !(ternati2e position for stop %ro)p.
9. .eser2e 3 centra((4 (ocated to assist an4 %ro)p in its $ission.

2. Siting. In sitin%5 the co$$ander $)st:
a. Consider concea($ent as his first priorit4. 'o2e$ent in the area $)st 6e
8ept to a $ini$)$5 e2en at the e@pense of indifferent fire positions. -ach
$an sho)(d enter his position fro$ the rear. ,he %ro)p co$$ander $)st
ens)re that a(( traces of $o2e$ent into the position are re$o2ed or
concea(ed.
6. -ns)re that the $an detai(ed to sprin% the a$6)sh has a %ood 2ie1 of the
8i((in% %ro)nd.
c. -ns)re that other $en of the %ro)p 1i(( ha2e %ood fire positions 1hen the4
6rea8 thro)%h their concea($ent5 i.e.5 stand )p to en%a%e $o2in% terrorists.
d. /ite his $en in a position of a((3aro)nd defense.
e. Choose his o1n position for $a@i$)$ contro( of his %ro)p. f. -ns)re the
safet4 of o1n troops.
SECTION 6+ T,PES OF #)*"S0
1. Employment. Cro)ps $a4 6e e$p(o4ed in t1o 1a4s5 6earin% in $ind the
princip(es of (a4o)t:
a. 5imited am$us%. ;hen definite infor$ation indicates that the ene$4 1i((
6e co$in% to a specific point5 for e@a$p(e5 a 1aterho(e or food d)$p5 or
)sin% a specific trac8 or crossin% p(ace5 then a (i$ited a$6)sh is sited to
co2er this specific point. C)t3off %ro)ps $a4 6e e$p(o4ed to %i2e depth to
the a$6)sh and to ta8e a pro%ressi2e to(( of the f(eein% ene$4.
6. #rea am$us%. ;hen definite infor$ation indicates that the ene$4 1i(( 6e
$o2in% to an area 6)t the e@act spot is not 8no1n5 or that the ene$4 1i((
6e $o2in% thro)%h a definite area 6)t the e@act ro)te is not 8no1n5 then an
area a$6)sh is (aid to co2er a(( possi6(e approaches or ro)tes5 6earin% in
$ind depth. !n area a$6)sh5 in fact5 consists of a series of (i$ited
a$6)shes in a certain area 1ith an o2era(( a$6)sh co$$ander.
2. Duration. ,he d)ration of an a$6)sh 1i(( deter$ine 1hether it is c(assified as
short or (on% ter$.
a. S%ort term. !n a$6)sh of (ess than nine ho)rs7 d)ration 1hich re=)ires
no ad$inistration other than arran%e$ents for rest 1ithin the %ro)ps is a
short3ter$ a$6)sh.
6. 5ong term. If a$6)shes are set for (on%er periods5 the4 6eco$e (on%3ter$
a$6)shes and ad$inistrati2e arran%e$ents are necessar4 for the re(ief of
%ro)ps for feedin% and s(eepin%. /)ch a$6)shes $a4 6e p(aced on the
approaches to a c)(ti2ated area 1hich is read4 for har2estin%5 or to a
8no1n ene$4 ca$p. ! rest area $)st 6e set )p and sho)(d 6e sited far
eno)%h a1a4 to a2oid noises and s$e((s disc(osin% the presence of troops.
Co$$)nication ro)tes $a4 ha2e to 6e c(eared so that si(ent re(ief7s can 6e
carried o)t. ,he pro6(e$ of re(ief7s $)st 6e caref)((4 considered5
partic)(ar(4 in the case of the area a$6)sh. ,he fo((o1in% points are
app(ica6(e:
i. *or$a((45 re(ief7s 1i(( co$e fro$ the ad$inistrati2e area a(on% the
co$$)nication ro)te. !(tho)%h the 1ho(e part4 in the a$6)sh 1i((
e2ent)a((4 6e re(ie2ed5 on(4 one $e$6er of the part4 sho)(d 6e
chan%ed at a ti$e in case the ene$4 arri2es d)rin% this period.
ii. ,he idea( is that a$6)shes sho)(d 6e di2ided into three parties5 one
in the a$6)sh position5 the reser2e5 and the part4 at rest. "n re(ief5
the part4 in reser2e ta8es o2er the a$6)sh position5 the $en in the
a$6)sh position %o into rest and the part4 restin% %oes into reser2e.
iii. if a part4 is (ess than si@ and the a$6)sh has to 6e in position for a
(on% ti$e5 the 1ho(e part4 sho)(d 6e 1ithdra1n d)rin% set periods
to rest. Parties are responsi6(e for their o1n sec)rit4 1hen restin%.
,heir food $)st 6e precoo8ed and the4 1i(( not 6e a6(e to s$o8e.
!de=)ate 1ater $)st a(1a4s 6e a2ai(a6(e.
i2. ;hen a part4 is o2er si@5 6)t not (ar%e eno)%h to carr4 o)t the
three3%ro)p a$6)sh5 s)fficient $en for a((3aro)nd o6ser2ation
sho)(d $an the a$6)sh. ,he others sho)(d $o2e a1a4 fro$ the
a$6)sh position5 post sentries and rest. ,hose restin% 1i(( act as a
reser2e and sho)(d not5 therefore5 %o far a1a4. ,he4 1i(( not 6e
a6(e to s$o8e and their food $)st 6e precoo8ed. !de=)ate 1ater
$)st a(1a4s 6e a2ai(a6(e.
3. .ight ambushes. !$6)shes can 6e (aid 6oth 64 da4 and 64 ni%ht. *i%ht
a$6)shes are often the $ost s)ccessf)( 6eca)se ene$4 parties tend to $o2e
d)rin% the ho)rs of dar8ness. In dar8ness5 concea($ent is eas45 6)t shootin% is
o62io)s(4 (ess acc)rate. ')ch therefore depends on %ood sitin% of 1eapons so
that the 8i((in% %ro)nd is inter(aced 1ith fire. ,he doctrine for an4 a$6)sh a(so
app(ies to ni%ht a$6)shB ho1e2er5 the fo((o1in% are to 6e noted.
a. Factors. If an a$6)sh is to 6e $aintained d)rin% the ho)rs of dar8ness5
the fo((o1in% conditions $)st 6e o6ser2ed:
i. !)to$atic 1eapons $)st fire on fi@ed (inesB the (eft and ri%ht of
arcs of persona( 1eapons sho)(d 6e fi@ed 64 $eans of stic8s to
a2oid dan%er to friend(4 troops.
ii. ,he 8i((in% %ro)nd $)st 6e ade=)ate(4 i(()$inated.
iii. ,he s4ste$ of re(ief7s for sentries and those $annin% the position
$)st 6e $odified.
i2. !(ternati2e $eans of si(ent co$$)nication are re=)ired.
6. Occupation and orders.
i. ;here possi6(e5 the position sho)(d 6e occ)pied 6efore (ast (i%ht.
ii. 'en and %ro)ps $)st 6e sited c(oser to%ether than 64 da4 so that
the4 can 6e proper(4 contro((ed.
iii. ,he a$6)sh part4 $)st re$ain a6so()te(4 sti((. !(( $o2e$ent can
then 6e ass)$ed to 6e that of the ene$4. *o $o2e$ent fro$
o)tside to contact an esta6(ished a$6)sh $)st e2er ta8e p(ace.
i2. C(ear orders5 precise fire contro( instr)ctions5 and c(ear rende92o)s
and si%na(s are essentia(.
c. Illumination. !s a %enera( r)(e5 a(( ni%ht a$6)shes sho)(d 6e pro2ided
1ith so$e sort of artificia( i(()$ination. ,his sho)(d 6e sited to (i%ht )p the
8i((in% %ro)nd 1itho)t 6(indin% the a$6)sh part4.
SECTION 8+ P5#NNING #N& P4EP#4#TION
PlanningB
'an4 factors affect a p(an for a$6)sh. ,he fo((o1in% are co$$on to a(( a$6)shes:
1. -ne$4.
a. *at)re and stren%th.
6. .o)tes.
c. 'ethod of $o2e$ent.
d. /ec)rit4 $eas)res.
e. *or$a( reaction.
f. Li8e(4 assistance.
2. ,errain. Infor$ation on the a$6)sh area can 6e o6tained fro$ $aps55 pre2io)s
patro( reports5 po(ice5 s)rrendered or capt)red terrorists and air photo%raphs. !((
possi6(e ene$4 approaches sho)(d 6e considered. ;hen considerin% (i8e(4
a$6)sh sites5 the o62io)s sho)(d 6e a2oided.
3. C(earance. 'o2e$ent of other troops in the area $)st 6e considered.
4. ,i$e factor. ,he necessit4 of 6ein% )nseen5 co)p(ed 1ith 8no1(ed%e of (oca(
pop)(ation ha6its5 1i(( dictate a safe ti$e and $ethod for $o2in% into the a$6)sh
area.
5. /ec)rit4. Intentions of the %o2ern$ent troops $)st 6e dis%)ised fro$ the startB for
e@a$p(e5 64 $o2in% o)t to the a$6)sh position d)rin% the ho)rs of dar8ness
andor $a8in% a circ)$spectindirect approach. ,he te(ephone sho)(d not 6e )sed
1hen disc)ssin% p(ans for an a$6)sh. ! co2er p(an sho)(d a(1a4s 6e $ade 1hen
ti$e is a2ai(a6(e.
6. P(an.
a. Location.
6. ,i$e occ)pation co$p(eted.
c. .o)tes5 inc()din% ret)rn.
d. /tren%th and specia( e=)ip$ent.
e. Dispositions.
f. 'ethod of stoppin% ene$4 1ithin the 8i((in% 9one.
7. Preparation.
a. /)ccess depends on ade=)ate preparation. ,he ti$e a2ai(a6(e for
preparation is often (i$ited. Certain ite$s $)st therefore 6e 8ept in a state
of constant readiness. 0or e@a$p(e:
i. ;eapons $)st 6e 8ept 9eroed and tested.
ii. !$$)nition5 $a%a9ines and char%es $)st 6e 8ept c(ean and
fre=)ent(4 e$ptied and refi((ed.
6. Preparation on receipt of infor$ation sho)(d inc()de:
i. ,horo)%h 6riefin%.
ii. .ehearsa( 1hen ti$e a((o1s.
iii. 0irin% practice5 if ti$e a((o1s.
i2. 0ina( chec8in% of 1eapons.
8. ?riefin%. !(( $e$6ers of the a$6)sh part4 $)st 6e f)((4 6riefed. It is s)%%ested
that 6riefin% 6e di2ided into t1o parts:
a. Pre(i$inar4 6riefin% at a static (ocation. ,his sho)(d inc()de the ite$s
sho1n in /ection 8 of this chapter.
6. 0ina( 6riefin% in the area of act)a( a$6)sh 64 the co$$ander of the
a$6)sh. ,his is to 6e 8ept to the $ini$)$5 6)t $)st inc()de:
i. Cenera( area of each %ro)p5 inc()din% direction of fire.
ii. ,he pointin% o)t of pro$inent feat)res on the %ro)nd5 inc()din%
rende92o)s.
iii. Location of the co$$ander.
i2. !n4 chan%e of p(an.
9. .ehearsa(.
a. ,he $ore ti$e that can 6e de2oted to rehearsa(5 the %reater 1i(( 6e the
chance of s)ccess. .ehearsa(s sho)(d not 6e carried o)t at the a$6)sh site5
as sec)rit4 1i(( 6e pre>)diced i$$ediate(4. It sho)(d )s)a((4 6e possi6(e to
se(ect a site for rehearsa( c(ose(4 rese$6(in% the act)a( a$6)sh position.
!(( possi6(e and (i8e(4 terrorist action sho)(d 6e si$)(ated and the a$6)sh
%ro)ps practiced in sprin%in% the a$6)sh )nder a 2ariet4 of circ)$stances5
inc()din% the )ne@pected e2ent)a(it4.
6. .ehearsa(s for ni%ht a$6)shes sho)(d 6e done at ni%ht5 and 1here it is
proposed to $a8e )se of ni%ht i(()$ination aids5 these sho)(d a(so 6e
e$p(o4ed.
10./itin%.
a. !rea a$6)sh.
i. ,he a$6)sh co$$ander is first to choose the 8i((in% %ro)nd and
the %enera( area of each %ro)p fro$ his persona( 8no1(ed%e of the
area5 aided 64 $aps and photo%raphs. Ae is to (a4 do1n the
directions of the fire for each %ro)p in order to o6tain the $a@i$)$
fire effect fro$ the 1eapons at his disposa(5 and to ens)re the
safet4 of his ops. Ae is to no$inate the rende92o)s and %i2e the
ad$inistrati2e p(an.
ii. ,he a$6)sh part4 $o2es to a dispersa( point fro$ 1hich %ro)ps
then $o2e 64 caref)((4 se(ected ro)tes to their 2ario)s %ro)p
positions. ,he a$6)sh co$$ander $a4 on(4 6e a6(e to site one
position in detai(5 (ea2in% the re$ainder to 6e sited 64 %ro)p
co$$anders.
iii. -ach %ro)p co$$ander is then to carr4 o)t his reconnaissance5
sitin% and iss)e of orders.
6. Li$ited a$6)sh. "n reachin% the a$6)sh area5 the co$$ander is to:
i. Carr4 o)t his reconnaissance to choose a 8i((in% %ro)nd and
consider the e@tent of his position5 6earin% in $ind the distance
6et1een terrorists. ,he a$6)sh position sho)(d a2oid the o62io)s5
if possi6(e.
ii. -ns)re that the $an no$inated to sprin% the a$6)sh has a %ood
2ie1 of the 8i((in% %ro)nd.
11.*ccupation. ,he occ)pation of an a$6)sh position sho)(d 6e carried o)t 1ith
%reat care. !(( traces $ade 64 the a$6)sh part4 $)st 6e caref)((4 concea(ed.
.e$e$6er that s)spicio)s si%ns s)ch as paper scraps5 footprints and 6r)ised
2e%etation 1i(( p)t the ene$4 on his %)ard and it is essentia( that a(( ite$s 1ith a
distincti2e s$e(( 1hich 1i(( 6etra4 the presence of the a$6)sh part4 6e (eft
6ehind. 'en7s hair sho)(d 6e 1ashed free of hair oi(s and hair crea$s5 and
ci%arettes5 s1eets5 che1in% %)$ and other scented food $)st not 6e carried. It is
fre=)ent(4 necessar4 to 1ear ci2i(ian3t4pe shoes or to dis%)ise the te((3ta(e $ar8s
of $i(itar4 foot1ear.
12.Locals. !n4 (oca( inha6itants seen to o6ser2e the approach of the a$6)sh part4
$)st 6e detained )nti( the a$6)sh is discontin)ed.
13.Lying in ambush. "nce a %ro)p is in position5 there $)st 6e no so)nd or
$o2e$ent. ,his is a test of trainin% and 6att(e discip(ine. 'en $)st 6e trained to
%et into a co$forta6(e position and re$ain sti(( for (on% periods. D)rin% the 1ait5
1eapons $)st 6e coc8ed and read4 to fire. !s it is not possi6(e for $en to re$ain
a(ert for si@ to ei%ht ho)rs5 arran%e$ents $)st 6e $ade for rest. "ne or t1o $en
in the %ro)p 1i(( 6e (istenin% and 1atchin% 1hi(e the others rest in the a$6)sh
position. ?4 rest it is $eant that a $an re(a@es in his position5 restin% his e4es and
ears.
14.Springing the ambush. ,he a$6)sh sho)(d 6e spr)n% 1hen a(( possi6(e terrorists
are in the 8i((in% %ro)nd and the ran%e has 6een red)ced to the $ini$)$. ,here
$)st 6e no ha(f3heartedness or pre$at)re action. !(( $en $)st c(ear(4 )nderstand
the orders and dri(( for openin% fire.
a. ,he princip(e to 6e o6ser2ed 1hen sprin%in% an a$6)sh is that fire sho)(d
not 6e opened so (on% as terrorists are $o2in% to1ards so$eone in a 6etter
position to 8i((. ! (i$ited a$6)sh 1i(( nor$a((4 6e spr)n% 64 the $achine
%)nner on a prearran%ed si%na( fro$ the co$$ander or 64 the co$$ander
acti2atin% a c(a4$ore $ine.
6. /ho)(d a terrorist act as tho)%h he has spotted the a$6)sh5 an4 $an 1ho
sees this sho)(d sprin% the a$6)sh.
c. !(( shots $)st 6e ai$ed to 8i((. "nce fire has 6een opened5 tar%ets 6eco$e
$ore diffic)(t5 and to cope 1ith $o2in% tar%ets $en $a4 ha2e to stand )p.
15.$ollo#'up action. ! si%na( $)st 6e arran%ed to stop firin%5 so that i$$ediate
fo((o13)p action and search can start as soon as terrorists 6eco$e i$possi6(e to
en%a%e. !fter the a$6)sh has 6een spr)n%5 $en 1ho ha2e 6een pre2io)s(4
detai(ed are to search the i$$ediate area )nder co2er of a$6)sh 1eapons and
co2erin% each other. ,he4 1i((:
a. Chec8 terrorists in the 8i((in% area and sec)re an4 1ho are sti(( (i2in%.
6. /earch the area5 inc()din% trees5 ho(es5 etc.5 thoro)%h(4 for terrorists.
c. Co((ect ar$s5 a$$)nition and e=)ip$ent and an4 other c()es 1hich $a4
$ateria((4 assist in2esti%ation.
16.Trac!er groups and #ar dogs.
a. ! %reat $an4 terrorists 1o)nded in a$6)sh %et a1a4. In $an4 cases the4
pro6a6(4 escape 64 r)shin% into the )nder%ro1th and (4in% (o1 )nti( the
h)e and cr4 has died do1n5 1hen the4 can cra1( a1a4. ,he e$p(o4$ent
of trac8er %ro)ps 1i(( =)ite often (ead to their capt)re or e(i$ination.
6. -@perience has sho1n that the 6(ood trai( (eft 64 1o)nded terrorists is not
a(1a4s an aid to a trac8er do%5 and is so$eti$es $ore )sef)( as a 2is)a(
aid to the h)$an trac8er.
c. ,he trac8er %ro)p sho)(d not for$ part of the a$6)sh part45 6)t sho)(d
stand 64 at so$e con2enient rende92o)s read4 to $o2e 1hen shootin%
indicates that the a$6)sh has 6een spr)n%.
d. Ender certain circ)$stances patro( do%s $a4 for$ part of the a$6)sh
%ro)p. ,he4 $a4 6e $ost profita6(4 e$p(o4ed 1here se2era( a(ternati2e
ro)tes (ead into the a$6)sh position and it is not 8no1n 1hich ro)te the
terrorists 1i(( ta8e. It $)st 6e 6orne in $ind5 ho1e2er5 that their presence
$a4 %i2e the a$6)sh positions a1a4 to the terrorists d)e to pantin%5 other
noises and the s$e((. Ao1e2er5 1hen )sed5 do%s 1i(( in2aria6(4 6e a(erted
6efore an4 h)$an 6ein%.
17.Calling off the ambush. ! definite si%na( for ca((in% off the a$6)sh $)st 6e
arran%ed. ,his is partic)(ar(4 i$portant in area a$6)shes and ni%ht a$6)shes in
order to a2oid the possi6i(it4 of an indi2id)a( or %ro)p 6ein% (eft 6ehind. ,his
point $)st 6e stressed as officers and $en ha2e 6een 8i((ed 1hen ret)rnin% to
co((ect a $an or %ro)p (eft in a$6)sh.
18.Rende2vous #.D&. !n easi(4 fo)nd .D 1ith5 1here possi6(e5 an a(ternati2e5 $)st
6e se(ected at 1hich troops 1i(( ra((4 at the end of the action on receipt of the
prearran%ed si%na(.
SECTION 9+ T4#INING
1. !s a$6)shin% is a $ost s)ccessf)( $eans of 8i((in% terrorists5 ti$e $)st 6e %i2en
to trainin% for it. ,his is partic)(ar(4 i$portant for %ro)p (eaders. ,rainin% $)st 6e
ai$ed at e(i$inatin% co$$on fa)(ts and i$pro2in% techni=)es. Its o6>ects are to:
a. !chie2e si(ence and sti((ness in a$6)sh.
6. ,rain troops to occ)p4 a$6)sh positions 1itho)t ad2ertisin% their
presence.
c. -ns)re %ood sitin% of 1eapons and positionin% of co$$anders.
d. I$pro2e fire contro( and partic)(ar(4 the e2en distri6)tion of fire.
e. Practice c(ear5 1e((3)nderstood dri((s for sprin%in% a$6)shes5 search and
fo((o13)p.
f. -ns)re acc)rate shootin% at diffic)(t $o2in% tar%ets.
%. I$pro2e care of 1eapons and e(i$inate stoppa%es.
h. P(ace specia( e$phasis on si(ent si%na(s to achie2e s)rprise.
SECTION :+ P4E2ENTION OF #CCI&ENTS
1. Cases ha2e occ)rred 1here so(diers and po(ice 1ere shot 64 parties of $i(itar4
forces 1aitin% to a$6)sh terrorists as a res)(t of infor$ation recei2ed.
2. ,he pri$ar4 ca)se is that the a$6)sh part4 is 8e4ed )p to e@pect the arri2a( of the
terrorists in the area of the a$6)sh5 and5 on seein% an4 $o2e$ent5 fire is opened.
often conditions are s)ch that it is not possi6(e for the a$6)sh %ro)p to reco%ni9e
the identit4 of the peop(e enterin% the a$6)sh area.
3. "nce an a$6)sh has 6een set5 there sho)(d 6e no $o2e$ent of an4 8ind 64
sec)rit4 forces an41here near the a$6)sh position5 )n(ess it is )na2oida6(e.
;here it is necessar4 for s)ch $o2e$ent to ta8e p(ace5 it $)st 6e caref)((4
p(anned and rehearsed. In a(( other cases5 once c(earance has 6een %i2en for the
a$6)sh to ta8e p(ace5 no $o2e$ent of an4 8ind is to 6e a((o1ed. ,his is of
partic)(ar i$portance to the ni%ht a$6)sh 1hen no $o2e$ent fro$ o)tside to
contact an esta6(ished a$6)sh $)st e2er ta8e p(ace.
4. It is i$portant to ens)re that fire discip(ine is o6ser2ed.
SECTION ;+ CIS&O) IN 4ET4OSPECT
1. ,he fo((o1in% are so$e reasons for fai()res 1hich ha2e 6een reported 64 a$6)sh
co$$anders. ,hese $a4 he(p in the trainin% for5 and $o)ntin% of5 a$6)shes:
a. :Disc(os)re of the a$6)sh 64 the noise $ade 64 coc8in% 1eapons and
$o2in% safet4 catches or chan%e (e2ers. Chec8 4o)r 1eapons5 practice
$en in their si(ent hand(in% and ens)re that a(( 1eapons are read4 to fire.:
6. :,here 1as a tendenc4 to shoot hi%h. ,his $)st 6e corrected on the >)n%(e
ran%e.:
c. :Disc(os)re of the a$6)sh position 64 footprints $ade 64 the a$6)sh
part4 $o2in% into position and 64 $o2e$ent of indi2id)a(s at the cr)cia(
ti$e5 1hen terrorists 1ere approachin%.:
d. :,here 1as a (ac8 of fire contro( and co$$anders 1ere )na6(e to stop the
firin% and start the i$$ediate fo((o13)p.:
e. :Co$$anders 1ere 6ad(4 sited5 1ith conse=)ent (ac8 of contro(.:
f. :,here 1as a (ac8 of a((3aro)nd o6ser2ation5 res)(tin% in terrorists arri2in%
in the area of the a$6)sh )nanno)nced.:
%. :,here 1ere $isfires and stoppa%es thro)%h fai()re to c(ean5 inspect and
test 1eapons and $a%a9ines.:
h. :,here 1as a (ac8 of a c(ear(4 defined dri(( for openin% fire and orders
1ere contradictor4.:
i. :,here 1as a tendenc4 for a(( to fire at the sa$e tar%et.:
>. :0ire 1as opened pre$at)re(4.:
8. :It has 6een fo)nd that5 pro2ided 4o) achie2e s)rprise5 the disad2anta%e of
6ein% o)tn)$6ered can 6e o2erco$e.:
2. ! hi%her proportion of ene$4 e(i$inations are achie2ed in a$6)shes5 and 6etter
opport)nities e@ist to o6tain 8i((s5 than in an4 other for$ of contact. Partic)(ar(4
1hen chances of contact are re$ote5 it is essentia( that f)(( ad2anta%e 6e ta8en of
e2er4 chance offered5 and that a$6)shes (aid as a res)(t of direct hi%h3%rade
infor$ation 6e 6ased on so)nd and detai(ed p(annin%5 e@ec)ted 64 specia((4
se(ected troops.
SECTION <+ #)*"S0 O4&E4S -- #I&E )E)OI4E
1. /ec)rit4.
a. Do not )se the te(ephone.
6. Do not a((o1 $en o)t after 6riefin%.
2. /it)ation.
a. ,opo%raph4. Ese of air photo%raphs5 $aps and (oca( 8no1(ed%eB consider
)se of a %)ide.
6. ,errorists.
i. -@pected stren%th.
ii. *a$es and anticipated order of $arch. Photo%raphs.
iii. Dress and 1eapons of indi2id)a(s.
i2. ;hich is the DIPI
2. ;hat are the ha6its of part4 concernedI
c. Loca( pop)(ation.
i. Locations.
ii. Aa6its.
iii. !ppearance.
d. /ec)rit4 forces.
i. C)ides or s)rrendered terrorists to acco$pan4.
ii. ;hat other sec)rit4 forces are doin%.
3. 'ission. ,his $)st 6e c(ear in the $ind of e2er4 $an5 especia((4 1hen a
partic)(ar terrorist is to 6e 8i((ed.
4. -@ec)tion.
a. ,4pe of (a4o)t.
6. D)ration of the operation.
c. Position and direction of fire of %ro)ps.
d. Dispersa( point.
e. ;eapons to 6e carried5 inc()din% specia( 1eapons5 e.%.5 shot%)ns.
f. Co$position of %ro)ps.
%. ,i$in% and ro)tes.
h. 0or$ations d)rin% $o2e in.
i. "rders to sprin% the a$6)sh.
>. Distri6)tion of fire.
8. Ese of %renades.
(. !ction on a$6)sh 6ein% disco2ered.
$. "rders on i$$ediate fo((o13)p.
n. "rders for search.
o. De(i6erate fo((o13)p.
p. .ende92o)s.
=. ,rac8ers and a)@i(iaries.
r. Do%s5 if an4.
s. Deception p(an.
t. !(ertin%.
5. !d$inistration and (o%istics.
a. Ese of transport to area.
6. -=)ip$ent and dress 33 foot1ear for $o2in% in.
c. .ations5 if an4.
d. /pecia( e=)ip$ent:
i. *i%ht3(i%htin% e=)ip$ent.
ii. Ca$eras.
iii. 0in%erprint e=)ip$ent.
e. 'edica(.
i. 0irst fie(d dressin%s5 first3aid pac8s and identit4 discs.
ii. 'edica( order(4.
iii. stretcher and a$6)(ance.
f. .e(ief7s.
%. !d$inistrati2e area5 if re=)ired5 and orders concernin% coo8in% and
s$o8in%.
h. ,ransport for ret)rn Jo)rne4.
i. Inspection of personne( and e=)ip$ent:
i. 'en 1ith co(ds not to 6e ta8en.
ii. Is 9eroin% of 1eapons correctI
iii. Is a$$)nition freshI
i2. !re $a%a9ines proper(4 fi((edI
6. Co$$and and si%na(.
a. Position of co$$andersecond3in3co$$and.
6. /i%na(s:
i. "pen fire.
ii. Cease fire.
iii. Ca(( off a$6)sh.
i2. /)ccess.
2. /i(ent si%na(s.
c. .adio:
i. !((ocation of radios.
ii. 0re=)encies5 sched)(es5 nic8na$es5 etc.
iii. .adio si(ence.
d. Pass1ord and identification.
7. .e$e$6er fina( chec8 and inspection.
S!eeps
SECTION /+ INT4O&"CTION
1. "im. ,he ai$ of a s1eep is to search an area thoro)%h(4 and to ens)re that no
ene$4 re$ains )ndetected5 or is a6(e to escape.
2. 3alue. ?eca)se of the diffic)(ties in2o(2ed in contro( and direction 8eepin%5
s1eeps are 2er4 rare(4 s)ccessf)( in the 6)sh. ,heir 2a()e has )s)a((4 6een 2er4
s$a(( in co$parison 1ith the n)$6er of troops re=)ired.
3. Principles. ,he fo((o1in% princip(es $)st 6e o6ser2ed if the s1eep is to ha2e an4
chance of s)ccess:
a. Cood sec)rit4 #secrec4 in preparation and secrec4 of $o2e$ent&.
6. /)fficient troops for the tas8.
c. ,he area to 6e s1ept $)st 6e (i$ited. ! 2er4 co$$on error is to s1eep an
area too (ar%e for the force a2ai(a6(e.
d. Cood contro(5 1hich a(so i$p(ies %ood co$$)nication5 e.%.5 )se of report
(ines.
e. C(ear orders.
f. ! rate of ad2ance s(o1 eno)%h to ens)re a thoro)%h search of the area.
4. Reconnaissance. ,his $a4 not 6e possi6(e as it 1i(( often 6e an indication of
s)6se=)ent operations.
SECTION 3+ O4G#NID#TION
1. )roups. ,he a2ai(a6(e forces $)st 6e di2ided into three %ro)ps:
a. /top %ro)ps.
6. /1eep %ro)p.
c. .eser2es.
2. Stop groups. /top %ro)ps $)st 6e a6(e to pro2ide a hi%h rate of acc)rate fire.
a. Composition. /tops 1i(( 6e s$a(( and each sho)(d therefore inc()de one or
$ore a)to$atic 1eapons. -ach stop sho)(d 6e co$$anded 64 at (east a
non3co$$issioned officer.
6. Siting.
i. /tops sho)(d 6e 1ithin 2is)a( distance of each other5 6)t $)st 6e
concea(ed fro$ an4one f()shed 64 the s1eepin% part4.
ii. It $)st 6e possi6(e for the area 6et1een stops to 6e co2ered 64 fire.
iii. /tops 1i(( nor$a((4 6e p(aced on three sides of the area to 6e
s1ept.
i2. /top (ines $)st 6e denoted 64 c(ear5 )n$ista8a6(e feat)res and
8no1n to the s1eep part4 and reser2e.
c. )et%od of operation.
i. /tops $)st $o2e to their positions 64 a co2ered ro)te to a2oid
6ein% seen arri2in%5 and $)st re$ain concea(ed on arri2a(. !n4
person $et en ro)te to stop positions $)st 6e detained )nti( the end
of the operation.
ii. ,o a2oid disc(osin% the position of stops5 stra4 indi2id)a(s 1ho tr4
and 6rea8 the stop (ine sho)(d5 if possi6(e5 6e detained si(ent(4.
iii. on arri2a( of the s1eepin% part45 stops sho)(d stand )p and %i2e the
prearran%ed reco%nition si%na(.
d. &iscipline. ,his $)st 6e strict5 partic)(ar(4 as stops 1i(( 6e spread o)t and
often o)t of si%ht and hearin% of an officer. /tops $)st 6e read4 for instant
action thro)%ho)t the operation5 and a(( noise5 s$o8in% and fires
for6idden.
3. S!eep group.
a. !i$. ,he ai$ of the s1eep %ro)p is to search an area and to ens)re that a((
the ene$4 e(e$ents are (ocated.
6. ,he fo((o1in% points $)st 6e noted:
i. 0(e@i6i(it4.
!. ,he densit4 of the 2e%etation in the s1eep area 1i(( 2ar4
fro$ open co)ntr45 re=)irin% re(ati2e(4 fe1 searchers5 to
dense 6)sh5 6)i(t3)p areas5 o)tcrops5 c)(ti2ated (ands and
sett(e$ents5 necessitatin% the )se of $ore troops to
co$p(ete the tas8 efficient(4. It is therefore essentia( that a
co$$ander 6e a6(e to concentrate or spread o)t his troops
in accordance 1ith the terrain.
?. It fo((o1s that the s1eep sho)(d not $ere(4 consist of an
e2en(4 spaced (ine of indi2id)a(s5 6)t rather of a (ine of s)63
)nits5 each carr4in% o)t a specific tas8. .eport (ines5 in
partic)(ar5 1i(( indicate the pro%ress of each and 1i(( a((o1
for an4 rea((ocation of tas8s5 sho)(d the sit)ation 1arrant
this. .eport (ines are especia((4 necessar4 if the s1eep is to
co2er a (ar%e area.
ii. /trict s)per2ision at a(( (e2e(s $)st 6e ens)red so that the %ro)nd is
co2ered.
iii. -2er4 possi6(e hidin% p(ace $)st 6e searched.
i2. ,he rate of ad2ance $)st 6e s(o1 eno)%h to ens)re that a proper
search is cond)cted.
2. ,he s1eep part4 $)st 6e read4 to en%a%e a f(eein% tar%et sho)(d
the need arise.
4. 4eser(e. ! reser2e $)st 6e a2ai(a6(e to carr4 o)t the fo((o1in% tas8s:
a. ,o en%a%e and destro4 an4 terrorists 1ho offer or%ani9ed resistance inside
the area 6ein% s1ept. ,he co$$ander sho)(d5 1hene2er possi6(e5 ha2e a
reser2e force5 1e((3ar$ed 1ith a)to$atic 1eapons and rif(es5 )nder his
persona( co$$and and (ocated near hi$5 to dea( 1ith an4 %an% 1hich $a4
%i2e serio)s and pro(on%ed resistance. ,he si9e of this force 1i(( depend
on the si9e of the tota( force ta8in% part5 and on the de%ree of resistance
e@pected.
6. ,o fo((o1 )p and destro4 an4 parties of terrorists 1hich 6rea8 thro)%h the
stop (ine. ,he idea( is to ha2e in the stop parties a patro( in the $idd(e of
each side of the area 6ein% s1ept5 to fo((o1 )p and destro4 an4 %an%s
1hich $a4 escape fro$ the area. If there are ins)fficient troops to per$it
the co$$ander to co2er e2er4 side of the s1ept area in this fashion5 he
sho)(d dep(o4 his fo((o13)p troops to co2er the $ost (i8e(4 escape ro)tes.
SECTION 6+ CON&"CT OF SCEEPS
1. ,here are $an4 2ariations to this t4pe of operation and the cond)ct 1i(( 6e
dependent on a n)$6er of factors. 0or e@a$p(e:
a. *at)re of the %ro)nd.
6. ,i$e a2ai(a6(e.
c. 0orces a2ai(a6(e.
2. ,he cond)ct $a4 2ar4 fro$ a si$p(e (inear s1eep in fair(4 open co)ntr4 to a
co$p(e@ s4ste$atic search 64 a caref)((4 contro((ed and coordinated series of
patro(s in dense 6)sh or forests. In so$e cases it $a4 6eco$e necessar4 to
cond)ct a s1eep of a 2i((a%e.
SECTION 8+ GENE4#5
1. !ircraft. ! spotter aircraft or he(icopter is in2a()a6(e and $a4 6e a2ai(a6(e. It
he(ps the forces to $aintain direction as 1e(( as spot terrorist $o2e$ent. It $)st
6e in radio co$$)nication 1ith the co$$ander of the operation5 1ith 6oth s1eep
and stop parties5 and 1ith the reser2e 1hen dep(o4ed. ,he )se of an aircraft does
tend to %i2e a1a4 positions to the terrorists.
2. .eco%nition.
a. ! reco%nition si%na( $)st 6e decided )pon 6eforehand and 8no1n to
e2er4one ta8in% part.
6. !(( ci2i(ians participatin% $)st 1ear distincti2e headdress and ar$6and.
3. .adio. If the s1eep is a 6atta(ion operation5 contro( $a4 6e in the for$ of a
nor$a( 6atta(ion radio net to co$panies5 each co$pan4 ha2in% its o1n for1ard
net. In so$e cases it $a4 6e $ore satisfactor4 to contro( a(( the p(atoons on the
6atta(ion net5 the 6atta(ion7s for1ard contro( set 6ein% r sited on a pro$inent
feat)re 1hich can do$inate the 1ho(e area of operation.
4. ,rac8ers. In thic8 6)sh5 d)e to restricted 2isi6i(it45 patro(s $)st concentrate $ore
on searchin% for terrorist si%ns and trac8s than on the hope of seein% the$ in
person. ! hi%h standard of fie(dcraft is therefore re=)ired and e2er4 trac8er
a2ai(a6(e $)st 6e a((ocated to the p(atoons ta8in% part in the operation. Patro(
do%s $a4 a(so 6e )sed to %reat ad2anta%e to (ocate hidden terrorists5 or to fo((o1
fresh trac8s. ,he4 $a4 e2en 6e (et (oose 64 their hand(ers to f()sh terrorists.

Le%end
1. Li$it of s1eep.
2. Direction of s1eep.
3. Co$$and e(e$ent.
4. /1eep parties.
5. /tops and fo((o13)p %ro)ps.
6. .eser2e.
7. 0ire s)pport.
8. /tart (ine.
9. It $a4 6e necessar4 to s)6di2ide the area into )nits)6)nit areas of responsi6i(it4.

Le%end
1. Li$it of s1eep.
2. Co$$and e(e$ent.
3. 3. /top %ro)ps.
4. /1eep parties.
5. 0ire s)pport.
Le%end
1. Li$it of s1eep.
2. Co$$and e(e$ent. 3. /1eep parties. 4. Inter3)nits)63)nit 6o)ndaries. 5. /top
and fo((o13)p %ro)ps. s of 6. .eser2e. 7. 0ire s)pport.

Le%end
1. Co$$and e(e$ent.
2. Inner stop %ro)ps.
3. ")ter stop %ro)ps.
4. /1eep parties.
5. .eser2e.
6. Inter3)nits)63)nit 6o)ndaries.
&efense'Protection of sensiti(e points
SECTION /+ INT4O&"CTION
1. 'i(itar4 forces 1i(( 6e re=)ired to )nderta8e the defenseprotection of sensiti2e
points. ,hese $a4 6e considered 2ita( points 1hich5 if da$a%ed or sec)red 64 the
ene$45 represent %reat disad2anta%e to the %o2ern$ent $i(itar4 forces and the
pop)(ation5 i.e.:
a. Insta((ations 1ith a po(itica(5 ad$inistrati2e5 econo$ic and $i(itar4 interest
s)ch as:
i. -ssentia( ser2ices5 e.%.55 1ater5 %as5 e(ectricit45 etc.
ii. 0)e( and ind)stria( insta((ations.
iii. Dita( points of co$$)nication5 e.%.5 6rid%es5 t)nne(s5 rai(1a4s5 etc.
6. Centers of pop)(ation 1hich $)st 6e protected fro$ an4 contact 1ith the
ene$4.
2. ,he protection of sensiti2e points is a tactica( pro6(e$ and 1i(( 2ar4 accordin% to
the nat)re of the insta((ation5 (ocation5 pro6a6(e ene$4 action and the troops
a2ai(a6(e for the tas8. Co$$anders $)st stri8e a 6a(ance 6et1een the $i(itar4
need to retain $o6i(e forces for offensi2e tas8s and the $i(itar4 or ci2i(ian
re=)ire$ent for sec)rit4. ! satisfactor4 and so)nd so()tion 1i(( on(4 6e fo)nd 64
c(ose cooperation and disc)ssion 1ith the po(ice and ci2i( a)thorities.
3. ! (ist of sensiti2e points sho)(d5 if possi6(e5 6e dra1n )p 64 the (oca( %o2ern$ent
officia(s5 $i(itar4 and po(ice co$$anders to esta6(ish priorities. ,he c(assification
of sensiti2e points sho)(d 6e fre=)ent(4 re2ie1ed in re(ation to the sit)ation and
the conse=)ent possi6(e shift in e$phasis. /o$e sensiti2e points $a4 on(4 6e
c(assified as s)ch for (i$ited periods5 e.%.5 rai(1a4 sidin% d)rin% the )n(oadin% of
a$$)nition.
SECTION 3+ O4G#NID#TION OF &EFENSE #N&
SEC"4IT,
1. Cenera(. ,his $ission of a )nit tas8ed 1ith defendin% or protectin% a sensiti2e
point 1o)(d nor$a((4 6e to %)arantee at an4 cost fro$ terrorist action5 the
insta((ation5 to%ether 1ith the peop(e 1ho ser2e it. In certain cases this $a4 not 6e
possi6(e and it 1i(( 6e necessar4 to accept that the defense can on(4 6e )nderta8en
for (i$ited periods )n(ess e@terna( reser2es are co$$itted.
2. !ppreciation. In $a8in% his appreciation5 the co$$ander sho)(d consider the
fo((o1in% 6asic factors:
a. ,he i$portance and nat)re of the sensiti2e point.
6. ,he a2ai(a6(e force5 inc()din% reser2es5 and their (ocation in re(ation to the
sensiti2e point.
c. ,he ene$4 threat.
3. P(an. D)rin% his p(annin%5 the co$$ander sho)(d 6ear in $ind the nor$a(
princip(es of defense. ,he fo((o1in% points 1i(( re=)ire partic)(ar attention:
a. Caref)( sitin% of 1eapons.
6. Cood fie(ds of fire.
c. Protection and concea($ent of fire positions.
d. -fficient s4ste$ of co$$)nications #interna( and e@terna(&.
e. Contro(.
f. Deception.
%. /ec)rit4.
h. .eser2e.
i. !(ar$ sche$e.
4. /itin% of 1eapons. ;eapons sho)(d 6e caref)((4 sited to ens)re the 6est )se of
their characteristics. Positions sho)(d 6e $)t)a((4 s)pportin% and pro2ide a((3
aro)nd defense and depth. Positions sho)(d 6e chan%ed fre=)ent(4 and5 if possi6(e5
da4 and ni%ht positions sho)(d not 6e the sa$e.
5. 0ie(ds of fire. In certain circ)$stances it 1i(( 6e necessar4 to c(ear fie(ds of fire.
,hic8 6)sh and other o6stac(es 1hich $a8e fire and o6ser2ation diffic)(t sho)(d
6e c(eared fro$ the i$$ediate 2icinit4 of the defended area.
6. Protection and concea($ent. 0ire positions sho)(d 6e concea(ed and protection
o6tained 64 the 6est )se of 6)i(din%s s)ita6(4 sand36a%%ed and de2e(oped into
stron% points.
7. Co$$)nications. !(( s)63)nits in2o(2ed in the protection or defense of the
sensiti2e point sho)(d 6e (in8ed 1ith an efficient s4ste$ of co$$)nication. ,his
sho)(d 6e d)p(icated. -@terna( co$$)nications are a(so essentia(.
8. Contro(. ,his is achie2ed thro)%h:
a. Cood co$$)nications.
6. Cood o6ser2ation. In certain circ)$stances it $a4 6e necessar4 to 6)i(d
to1ers to achie2e this.
9. Deception. ,his $a4 6e achie2ed 1ith a(ternati2e positions. Ao1e2er5 1hen the
topo%raph4 does not pro2ide ade=)ate concea($ent for a(ternati2e positions and
the dep(o4$ent of the reser2e5 it $a4 6e necessar4 to di% co$$)nication
trenches.
10./ec)rit4. In addition to the defense of a sensiti2e point5 it 1i(( 6e necessar4 to
or%ani9e an efficient sec)rit4 s4ste$5 th)s:
a. .ed)cin% the chances of a s)rprise attac8.
6. Per$ittin% ade=)ate ti$e for troops to occ)p4 defensi2ea(ar$ positions.
11./ec)rit4 of a sensiti2e point $a4 6e or%ani9ed in the fo((o1in% $anner:
a. Interna((4.
6. In c(ose pro@i$it4.
12.Interna( sec)rit4. ,his is o6tained thro)%h:
a. !n efficient s4ste$ of sentries.
6. *i%ht i(()$ination.
c. "6stac(es.
d. !(ar$ s4ste$.
e. Identification s4ste$.
13.!n efficient s4ste$ of sentries $a4 6e achie2ed thro)%h these points:
a. /entr4 posts sho)(d 6e sited so as to ens)re a((3aro)nd o6ser2ation 1ith the
$ini$)$ n)$6er of posts. If necessar45 to1ers sho)(d 6e 6)i(t to achie2e
this.
6. /entr4 posts sho)(d fre=)ent(4 6e chan%ed and sho)(d5 if possi6(e5 6e
2aried 64 ni%ht.
c. !t ni%ht5 sentries sho)(d 6e do)6(ed and si$)(taneo)s chan%in% of sentries
sho)(d 6e a2oided.
d. ;ar do%s co)(d 6e )sed to increase the efficienc4 of sentries.
e. .eser2es sho)(d 6e (ocated in re(ation to sentr4 posts for =)ic8 reaction.
14.,he i(()$ination of (i8e(4 approaches sho)(d 6e p(anned and $a4 inc()de
con2entiona( f(ares or the )se of i$pro2ised $eans s)ch as 8erosene f(are dr)$s
or the (i%hts of 2ehic(es.
15."6stac(es sho)(d 6e sited to co2er (i8e(4 ene$4 approaches. ;here2er possi6(e5
6est )se sho)(d 6e $ade of nat)ra( o6stac(es 1hich $a4 re=)ire so$e
i$pro2e$ent. "6stac(es ser2e to pre2ent a s)ccessf)( =)ic8 attac85 s(o1 do1n the
ene$4 and ena6(e cas)a(ties to 6e inf(icted. ;here o6ser2ation is $ore diffic)(t5
the o6stac(es sho)(d 6e s)pp(e$ented 1ith a(ar$ de2ices5 e.%.5 anti3personne(
$ines5 tins5 e(ectrified 1ires5 etc.
16.,he a(ar$ sche$e sho)(d5 1here possi6(e5 pro2ide 1arnin% of the approach of the
ene$4 1itho)t disc(osin% this fact5 th)s ena6(in% the co$$ander to iss)e the
necessar4 orders for dep(o4$ent and to achie2e $a@i$)$ s)rprise. Ao1e2er5
sho)(d ti$e not per$it5 a %enera( a(ar$ sche$e sho)(d e@ist5 there64 ena6(in%
a(ar$ positions to 6e occ)pied 1ith the $ini$)$ of de(a4.
17.!n identification s4ste$ is necessar4 to ens)re the identit4 of:
a. Patro(s and detach$ents operatin% in c(ose pro@i$it4 to the sensiti2e point.
6. Ci2i(ian e(e$ents 1ho $a4 6e re=)ired to enter the sensiti2e point for their
nor$a( f)nctions and acti2ities.
18.,he pass1ord s4ste$ of identification is %enera((4 )sed for $i(itar4 personne(
1hi(e5 in the case of ci2i(ians5 it is nor$a( to iss)e per$its5 or on(4 per$it entr4 at
predeter$ined ti$es and p(aces5 d)rin% 1hich caref)( screenin% is carried o)t.
19.C(ose pro@i$it4 sec)rit4. ,his is the sec)rit4 of the i$$ediate 2icinit4 of the
sensiti2e point and is achie2ed 64:
a. Patro(s.
6. "6ser2ation posts.
c. !$6)shes5 o6stac(es and 6oo64 traps co2erin% (i8e(4 approaches.
20.Patro(s ha2e the tas8 of e@tendin% the sec)rit4 of a sensiti2e point and 1i(( 6e
partic)(ar(4 )sef)( 1hen it is not possi6(e to co2er a(( approaches 64 o6ser2ation.
,heir patro( pro%ra$ sho)(d 6e irre%)(ar5 in 6oth ti$e and ro)tes5 to pre2ent 6ein%
s)rprised. ,he )se of do%s sho)(d a(so 6e considered.
21."6ser2ation posts sho)(d 6e esta6(ished to co2er (i8e(4 ro)tes to the sensiti2e
point. In a(( cases these posts $)st 6e 1e(( concea(ed5 1e(( protected and pro2ided
1ith radio co$$)nications.
22.If considered necessar45 it $a4 6e possi6(e to esta6(ish a$6)shes5 o6stac(es5 etc.5
to co2er the $ost (i8e(4 concea(ed approaches of the ene$4.
23.I$portant aspects. ;hen p(annin% the defense and sec)rit4 of a sensiti2e point5
the fo((o1in% points sho)(d 6e 6orne in $ind:
a. ,he ene$4 1i(( a(1a4s ai$ to achie2e s)rprise and $a4 e2en atte$pt to
penetrate the inner sec)rit4 of the sensiti2e point 6efore initiatin% the
attac8.
6. ,he ene$4 1i(( a(1a4s carr4 o)t a reconnaissance5 in an atte$pt to
esta6(ish the (a4o)t of the defense5 6efore attac8in%. Conse=)ent(45 fire
discip(ine is essentia( and fire sho)(d on(4 6e opened 1hen $a@i$)$
cas)a(ties are ens)red. Di%oro)s patro((in% 64 da4 1i(( he(p to pre2ent
ene$4 reconnaissance.
c. Co)nterattac8 p(ans sho)(d 6e $ade and an4 fa2ora6(e sit)ation sho)(d 6e
rapid(4 e@p(oited.
d. 0re=)ent chec8s5 especia((4 6efore (ast (i%ht5 sho)(d 6e $ade to ens)re the
fo((o1in% are 8no1n:
i. !rcs of fire and o6ser2ation.
ii. 0ire positions.
iii. Location of the co$$ander.
i2. Location of ad>oinin% s)63)nits.
2. !ction in the e2ent of an a(ar$.
2i. /entr4 d)ties.
2ii.,i$e o)t and in of friend(4 force patro(s.
2iii.;eapons and e=)ip$ent are a2ai(a6(e for i$$ediate )se.
24.In certain cases it $)st 6e accepted that it is i$possi6(e to or%ani9e the defense of
a sensiti2e point in secrec4. "n these occasions it $a4 6e prefera6(e to esta6(ish
the defense open(45 th)s indicatin% o)r stren%th and efficienc4 to the (oca(
pop)(ation and possi6(4 the ene$4. "62io)s(45 detai(ed p(annin% 1i(( not 6e
disc(osed5 as sec)rit4 1i(( 6e 2ita( to the defense of the insta((ation.
)o(ement Security
SECTION /+ GENE4#5
1. D)rin% !,"P/ there is the e2er3present dan%er of 2ehic(es 6ein% a$6)shed 64
terrorists. ,he ris8 of a$6)shes 2aries dependin% on the nat)re of the terrain and
ene$4 acti2it4.
2. ,he 2ario)s ai$s of terrorist a$6)shes are to:
a. Inf(ict da$a%e to sec)rit4 force 2ehic(es.
6. "6tain $)ch3needed s)pp(ies s)ch as a$$)nition5 1eapons andor
e=)ip$ent.
c. Inf(ict cas)a(ties and (o1er the $ora(e of the $i(itar4 forces.
d. Create a fee(in% of insec)rit4 and disr)pt the nor$a( ro)tine in an area.
e. Pre2ent the tactica( andor (o%istica( $o2e$ent 64 sec)rit4 forces.
f. I$pro2e o1n $ora(e and sense of achie2e$ent.
%. !c=)ire s)pport for their ca)se (oca((4 and internationa((4.
3. ,he effecti2eness of ene$4 a$6)shes is dependent on the fo((o1in%:
a. /e(ection of a site pro2idin% %ood co2er and safe escape ro)tes.
6. ,he %ainin%5 fro$ 2ario)s so)rces5 of infor$ation re%ardin% the $o2e$ent
of $i(itar4 forces5 there64 %i2in% the$se(2es the opport)nit4 to p(an in
%reat detai( and5 if possi6(e5 e2en rehearse the operation5 there64 a(so
achie2in% s)rprise.
c. If necessar45 6(oc8in% the road 1ith craters5 trees5 2ehic(es or other
o6stac(es. 'ines and 6oo64 traps $a4 a(so 6e )sed.
d. D)(nera6i(it4 of soft3s8inned 2ehic(es.
e. !r$a$ents andor 1eapons at their disposa(.
f. ,he i$portance of ro)tes necessar4 for the (o%istica( s)pport or tactica(
$o2e$ent of $i(itar4 forces.
4. ,o a de%ree5 the effecti2eness of ene$4 a$6)shes can 6e co)ntered5 or at (east
red)ced5 64 a hi%h standard of trainin%5 %ood con2o4 discip(ine5 %ood i$$ediate
action dri((s5 %ood sec)rit45 and the c(assification of ro)tes and roads.
SECTION 3+ 4O#& C5#SSIFIC#TION
1. )eneral. It $a4 6e necessar4 to introd)ce a road c(assification s4ste$ in the e2ent
of terrorist acti2it4 in the a$6)shin% of con2o4s andor 2ehic(es reachin% serio)s
proportions. .oads are c(assified into three $ain cate%ories:
a. Enrestricted #%reen roads&.
6. Conditiona( #4e((o1 roads&.
c. .estricted #red roads&.
2. ,nrestricted roads #%reen&. .oad 1hich are free of ene$4 threat or acti2it4 and
re=)ire no specia( preca)tionar4 $eas)res. 'o2e$ent of $i(itar4 as 1e(( as
ci2i(ian 2ehic(es or persons is )nrestricted and $i(itar4 personne( $a4 tra2e(
)nar$ed5 and in an4 t4pe of 2ehic(e. ,his c(assification 1i(( 6e (aid do1n 64 the
appropriate senior head=)arters or ci2i( a)thorit4. Ao1e2er5 a (oca( ci2i( $i(itar4
a)thorit4 $a4 i$pose certain restrictions of a te$porar4 nat)re5 if considered
necessar4.
3. Conditional roads #4e((o1&. .oads a(on% 1hich (i$ited ene$4 acti2it4 can 6e
e@pected. Conse=)ent(4 $o2e$ent is per$itted 1ith certain preca)tionar4
$eas)res 6ein% necessar4. ,hese are:
a. !(( $i(itar4 personne( transported in $i(itar4 or ci2i(ian 2ehic(es $)st 6e
ar$ed.
6. -ach $i(itar4 2ehic(e 1i(( carr4 at (east one other ar$ed $an 6esides the
dri2er5 and )nder certain conditions5 $i(itar4 2ehic(es $a4 not 6e a((o1ed
to $o2e indi2id)a((4.
c. 'i(itar4 personne( $a4 tra2e( a(one in ci2i(ian 2ehic(es 6)t $)st 6e ar$ed.
d. Ender certain conditions it $a4 6e necessar4 to restrict a(( $o2e$ent to
da4(i%ht on(4 and to pac8ets of 2ehic(es.
e. ,i%hter contro( of a(( con2o4 $o2e$ents.
4. Restricted roads #red&. .oads on 1hich ene$4 acti2it4 is an e2er3present ris8 in
an4 for$. 0or this reason5 these roads can on(4 6e )sed 64 escorted or %)arded
con2o4s. Conditions %o2ernin% $o2e$ent on these roads are:
a. !(( personne( 1i(( 6e ar$ed and each $i(itar4 2ehic(e 1i(( ha2e at (east
one other ar$ed $an 6esides the dri2er.
6. ,ra2e( at ni%ht 1i(( 6e restricted to $o2es of operationa( necessit4.
c. 'o2e$ent of sin%(e $i(itar4 2ehic(es is not per$itted.
d. ,roop con2o4s of operationa( )nits 1i(( 6e pri$ari(4 responsi6(e for their
o1n protection5 6)t the f)((est )se 1i(( 6e $ade of a2ai(a6(e ar$ored
2ehic(es as escort.
e. !d$inistrati2e 2ehic(es5 s)ch as a s)pp(4 con2o45 1i(( 6e escorted 64
ar$ored 2ehic(es 1hene2er possi6(e.
f. It is i$portant that 2ehic(es $o2e s)fficient(4 c(ose to each other to render
$)t)a( assistance in case of an e$er%enc45 6)t not so c(ose that an a$6)sh
is (i8e(4 to in2o(2e se2era( 2ehic(es.
%. Inter2a(s 6et1een 2ehic(es 1i(( nor$a((4 depend on the t4pe of terrain5 6)t
2is)a( contact 6et1een 2ehic(es $)st 6e $aintained #503150$&. !r$ored
escort 2ehic(es are to $o2e 1ithin this o2era(( densit4 so as to position
the$se(2es 1here the4 are 6est a6(e to %i2e protection.
h. *on3operationa( con2o4s and ci2i(ian 2ehic(es are not to 6e $o2ed 1itho)t
the a)thorit4 of the for$ation head=)arters responsi6(e for the area
concerned5 to ens)re that ade=)ate arran%e$ents are $ade for escorts.
i. .estricted roads $a4 6e f)rther s)6di2ided into sections5 and specia(
preca)tions for each section of road $a4 6e (aid do1n. ;hene2er possi6(e5
he(icopters or other o6ser2ation aircraft sho)(d 6e assi%ned for
reconnaissance d)ties and to assist in contro((in% con2o4s.
SECTION 6+ T,PES OF )O2E)ENT
P4OTECTION
General
1. ,he safet4 of a ro)te depends on certain aspects s)ch as ene$4 acti2it45 terrain
and reso)rces #e.%.5 2ehic(es and $anpo1er&. ,here are certain $eas)res 1hich
$a4 6e ta8en to ens)re safe $o2e$ent. ,hese are:
a. 0i@ed defense. ,his is 6ased on a series of stron% points s)ch as 2i((a%es5
6rid%es5 crossin%s and areas of (i8e(4 ene$4 a$6)shes5 nor$a((4 (in8ed 64
patro(s. It $a4 6e either per$anent or te$porar4.
6. 'o6i(e protection. ,his consists of $o6i(e patro(s that $o2e o)t fro$
defended posts or $i(itar4 6ases to c(ear the ro)tes5 in partic)(ar >)st prior
to con2o4s )sin% the$.
c. Pic=)ettin%. ,his is essentia((4 a pre2enti2e tactic and ai$s at ens)rin% the
)n$o(ested passa%e of a con2o4 or patro( a(on% a se(ected ro)te.
d. -scorts. -ither on or acco$pan4in% the con2o4.
2. $ixed Defense
Permanent nature. ,his s4ste$ is %rad)a((4 de2e(oped 64 first esta6(ishin%
stron% points at p(aces s)ch as 2i((a%es and i$portant insta((ations and de2e(opin%
fro$ there to inc()de 6rid%es5 crossin%s5 etc. ,he se(ection of the points 1i(( 6e
%o2erned 64 the de%ree of protection that each $a4 re=)ire and the de%ree of
ene$4 inf()ence in the area. It is hoped that these $eas)res in d)e co)rse res)(t in
)nrestricted tra2e(. In the per$anent concept5 the fo((o1in% is app(ica6(e:
a. ,roops are dep(o4ed and operate as descri6ed in Chapter 12.
6. It is $ain(4 an infantr4 tas8. !dditiona( s)pport $a4 6e pro2ided5 1hen
necessar4.
3. Temporary nature. ,his s4ste$ entai(s the )ti(i9ation of s$a(( )nits of infantr4
tactica((4 prepositioned at 2)(nera6(e points a(on% the ro)te5 to 6e )sed prior to the
co$$ence$ent of the $o2e$ent and re$ainin% in their positions )nti( the
con2o4 has passed. ,he stren%th and positionin% of these %ro)ps 1i(( 6e
deter$ined 64:
a. -ne$4 acti2it4 and possi6(e ene$4 stren%th and assistance.
6. ,he nat)re of the point5 i.e.5 6rid%e5 crossin%5 c)ttin%5 etc.
c. ,he nat)re of the s)rro)ndin% terrain 6eca)se patro( action $a4 6e
necessar4 to c(ear the areas.
4. ,he t1o a6o2e3$entioned $ethods re=)ire caref)( p(annin% and e@ec)tion. ,he
disad2anta%e of this s4ste$ is the re=)ire$ent of $an4 troops.
5. )o$ile Protection
)o$ile patrols. ,his tas8 1o)(d nor$a((4 6e %i2en to reconnaissance )nits and
ar$ored andor sco)t cars. In their a6sence5 infantr4 )nits can a(so carr4 o)t these
tas8s )sin% infantr4 co$6at 2ehic(es or ar$ored personne( carriers. ,he
co$position and stren%th of these patro(s 1i(( 6e deter$ined 64 the fo((o1in%:
a. ,he tas8 of the patro(.
6. -ne$4 tactics5 e.%.5 the )se of $ines5 6oo64 traps5 o6stac(es s)ch as
ditches5 fe((ed trees or a$6)shes. !t ti$es5 en%ineer e(e$ents 1i(( ha2e to
6e inc()ded.
c. ,he t4pe and n)$6er of ro)tes to 6e patro((ed.
d. ,he nat)re of the terrain.
e. ,he a2ai(a6i(it4 of o1n reso)rces.
6. ;hen $a8in% )se of $o6i(e patro(s5 the responsi6(e head=)arters or co$$ander
$)st deter$ine the 6est patro( pro%ra$ to ens)re that a(( $ain ro)tes are patro((ed
and that ene$4 acti2it4 is red)ced to the $ini$)$ 64 $a8in% 6est )se of the
forces a2ai(a6(e.
7. Preca)tions a%ainst possi6(e $inin% and action to 6e ta8en on enco)nterin% $ines
are (aid do1n in Chapter 14 of this $an)a(. .e%)(ar ro)tes and ti$in%s sho)(d 6e
a2oided and strict sec)rit4 $)st 6e $aintained to $ini$i9e possi6(e ene$4
reaction.
8. Ender certain circ)$stances it $a4 6e necessar4 to send a $o6i(e patro( a(on% a
ro)te or into an area that $a4 ha2e 6een )nder ene$4 inf()ence for so$e ti$e.
,he co$position of the force 1i(( 2ar45 6)t 1i(( nor$a((4 consist of a
reconnaissance e(e$ent reinforced 1ith infantr4 and 1ith attached en%ineer
e(e$ents. In this case the s)%%ested %ro)pin% and tas8s are as fo((o1s:
a. ! c(earin% %ro)p $o2in% in front 1ith f(an8 protection 1ith the tas8 of
c(earin% the road.
6. /earch %ro)ps 1or8in% on 6oth sides of the ro)te )p to a depth of 300 to
400 $eters5 dependin% on the terrain. ,heir tas8 is to search the 2er%es and
ad>acent terrain to c(ear an4 possi6(e ene$4 a$6)shes. ,he4 sho)(d $o2e
1e(( for1ard5 and5 if necessar45 pro2ide f(an8 protection to the c(earin%
%ro)p and $)t)a((4 s)pport each other.
c. Co$$and %ro)p5 1hich is 2ehic(e36orne and $o2es >)st to the rear of the
c(earin% %ro)p.
d. 0ire s)pport %ro)p 1ith the tas8 of pro2idin% i$$ediate fire s)pport to an4
of the %ro)ps. ,his can consist of an ar$ored car or other s)ita6(e $o6i(e
1eapon s4ste$ and sho)(d $o2e in the rear of the co$$and %ro)p.
e. .eser2e %ro)p $o2in% $o)nted and at the rear of the patro(. ,his %ro)p
$)st 6e a6(e to %o to the assistance of an4 %ro)p i$$ediate(4.
f. ,he a6o2e3descri6ed t4pe of patro( is ti$e3cons)$in% and re=)ires a (ot of
effortB conse=)ent(4 it sho)(d not 6e )sed to c(ear a (on% ro)te and sho)(d
6e )sed on(4 1hen a6so()te(4 necessar4.
9. If a2ai(a6(e5 air s)pport sho)(d a(so 6e pro2ided for this t4pe of patro(5 and
arti((er4 fire s)pport5 prep(anned and prepositioned5 1i(( %i2e added protection
a%ainst possi6(e ene$4 reaction.
10.Pic1uetting
Pic=)ettin% is a 2er4 effecti2e $ethod of ens)rin% safe passa%e o2er se(ected
ro)tes either 64 deter$inin% that there are no terrorists a(on% the ro)te or5 if there
are5 64 pre2entin% the$ fro$ interferin% 1ith the $o2e$ent of the co()$n.
Pic=)ets $a4 a(so 6e )sed to sec)re a ro)te 1hich has 6een c(eared of $ines.
11.Pic=)ettin% is e@pensi2e in $anpo1er5 ti$e3cons)$in%5 and re=)ires thoro)%h
trainin% and preparation. /$a(( %ro)ps of $en5 )p to section stren%th5 are p(aced
at strate%ic points a(on% the ro)te5 nor$a((4 on hi%h %ro)nd. Ae(icopters %reat(4
faci(itate dep(o4$ent.
12.Types. Pic=)ets can 6e either static or $o6i(e5 dependin% on the n)$6er of troops
a2ai(a6(e and the characteristics of the se(ected ro)te #(en%th5 terrain5 etc.&.
a. Static. /tatic pic=)ets are dep(o4ed a(on% the entire (en%th of the se(ected
ro)te and afford $a@i$)$ sec)rit4 for $o2e$ent.
6. )o$ile. 'o6i(e pic=)ets s)rro)nd and $o2e 1ith the co()$n5 actin% as a
protecti2e cocoon. ,he4 are not as effecti2e as static pic=)ets in that the4
do not sec)re the entire ro)te. 'o6i(e pic=)ets can 6e either 2ehic(e36orne
or foot patro(s. ,heir pri$e o6>ect is to chec8 a(( hi%h %ro)nd and (i8e(4
a$6)sh positions. $o2in% )nder $o6i(e pic=)et protection s(o1s do1n the
co()$n5 and to attain $a@i$)$ speed a co$prehensi2e pic=)et dri(( is
essentia(. Pic=)ettin% head=)arters $)st 6e esta6(ished to 6est ad2anta%e
in the co()$n5 prefera6(4 c(osest to the co()$n head=)arters5 1ith 1hich it
$)st ha2e radio co$$)nication. Pic=)et areas $)st 6e se(ected =)ic8(4.
Pre2io)s st)d4 of $aps and air photo%raphs assist in this. !s pic=)ets are
posted5 the ne@t troops for pic=)ettin= $)st ta8e their p(ace in readiness.
.ear pic=)ets are 1ithdra1n 64 the pic=)ettin% head=)arters on orders
fro$ the co()$n head=)arters.
c. Command and control. Pic=)ets sho)(d 6e 1ithin 2is)a( distance of each
other and $)st 6e in radio co$$)nication 1ith each other5 and 1ith the
pic=)ettin% head=)arters co()$n. Enits sho)(d ha2e operationa( standin%
orders to co2er pic=)ettin% dri(( and 6e trained in it. /tandin% orders
sho)(d co2er postin% of pic=)ets and the )se of pic=)ettin% (o%s5 orders to
pic=)et co$$anders5 action of the pic=)et on arri2a( in its area and the
proced)re for 1ithdra1in% pic=)ets.
13.Escorts
In the e2ent of other s4ste$s not pro2in% ade=)ate in the protection of $o2e$ent
a%ainst ene$4 action5 an escort s4ste$ 1i(( ha2e to 6e )sed to %i2e the added
protection. -scorts $a4 a(so 6e )sed in (ie) of the other s4ste$s $entioned. ,his
protection $a4 6e necessar4 for $i(itar4 and ci2i(ian $o2e$ent.
14.,o faci(itate the protection to 6e %i2en 64 the escorts5 con2o4s sho)(d not 6e too
(ar%e and 2er4 strict standin% orders sho)(d 6e (aid do1n.
15.,he co$position5 %ro)pin% and stren%th of escorts 1i(( 6e deter$ined 64 the
fo((o1in%:
a. *at)re and si9e of the con2o4.
6. -@pected ene$4 acti2it45 possi6(e stren%th and tactics.
c. *at)re of ro)te and terrain to 6e passed thro)%h.
d. o1n reso)rces a2ai(a6(e.
16.,he escortin% force 1ith an appointed escort co$$ander $)st 6e interspersed in
the con2o45 pro2idin% for front5 interna( and rear protection. it is )s)a( to (ead
1ith an ar$ored reconnaissance e(e$ent 1ith the necessar4 infantr4 and en%ineer
6ac8)p e(e$ents5 and to 6rin% )p the rear 1ith ar$ored reconnaissance e(e$ents.
,hese $a4 consist of on(4 one ar$ored or sco)t car.
17.It is prefera6(e that the con2o4 and escort co$$anders $o2e c(ose to each other.
In the e2ent of enco)nterin% the ene$45 the escort co$$ander ass)$es o2era((
co$$and for the cond)ct of an4 co)nter3$eas)res.
18.Distances 6et1een 2ehic(es 1i(( 6e deter$ined 64 the terrain and the nat)re of the
ro)te. Ao1e2er5 contact $)st 6e fro$ front to rear and rear to front and 2ehic(es
$)st $o2e c(ose eno)%h to each other to 6e a6(e to pro2ide $)t)a( s)pport5 if
necessar4. Leadin% 2ehic(es $)st on(4 proceed 1hen it is ascertained that rear
2ehic(es are fo((o1in%.
19.In the e2ent of there 6ein% no ar$ored 2ehic(es a2ai(a6(e5 the escort 1i(( 6e $ade
)p of infantr4 e(e$ents5 the stren%th dependin% on the si9e of the con2o4. In this
case the (eadin% 2ehic(e sho)(d 6e a hea24 t4pe ade=)ate(4 prepared a%ainst
possi6(e $ine 6(asts and5 if possi6(e5 e=)ipped 1ith $ine3 detectin% e=)ip$ent.
20.;hen on(4 an infantr4 escort is )sed5 the escort co$$ander sho)(d 6e responsi6(e
for the fo((o1in%:
a. Dis)a( contact $)st 6e $aintained 6et1een 2ehic(es.
6. -ach 2ehic(e $)st carr4 an ar$ed escort in the ca6 1ith the dri2er to 6e
a6(e to app(4 the 6ra8es and t)rn off the en%ine if necessar4.
c. -ach 2ehic(e sho)(d ha2e ar$ed escorts in the rear and5 if possi6(e5 at (east
one a)to$atic 1eapon to each 2ehic(e. /$o8e and nor$a( %renades sho)(d
a(so 6e carried 64 the escortin% troops.
d. If possi6(e5 a prior air reconnaissance of the ro)te concerned sho)(d 6e
$ade5 6)t care $)st 6e ta8en not to a(ert7 the ene$4 of possi6(e f)t)re
$o2es.
e. !ir co2er 1hi(e the $o2e is 6ein% cond)cted.
f. Cood radio co$$)nications thro)%ho)t the (en%th of the con2o4 and 1ith
the con2o4 co$$ander. 3
21.-scorts are there to pro2ide protection to con2o4s and therefore detai(ed p(annin%
and 6riefin% are 2ita( to the s)ccess of their actions. ,he4 $a4 6e dra1n fro$ an4
)nit or e2en fro$ 1ithin the )nit concerned. ,h)s a(( troops $)st ha2e a hi%h
standard of trainin% in escort d)ties and i$$ediate action dri((s in the e2ent of
enco)nterin% ene$4 action.
SECTION 8+ )I5IT#4, CON2O,S
1. 0or the p)rpose of this $an)a( a con2o4 is defined as a %ro)p of t1o or $ore 2ehic(es.
2. Principles. 0or the p(annin%5 $o2e$ent and "r%ani9ation of $i(itar4 con2o4s5 the
fo((o1in% princip(es 1i(( app(4:
a. ,roop con2o4s of tactica( )nits 1i(( pro2ide their o1n protection and )se $a4 6e
$ade of ar$ored 2ehic(es sho)(d the4 6e a2ai(a6(e.
6. /ince the ene$4 is (ia6(e to attac8 an4 part of the con2o45 protection $)st 6e e2en(4
distri6)ted thro)%ho)t the con2o4.
c. Contact 6et1een 2ehic(es $)st 6e 2is)a( fro$ front to rear.
d. ?asic or%ani9ations $)st 6e $aintained to ens)re an e2en distri6)tion of fire s)pport
and firepo1er thro)%ho)t the con2o4.
e. .adio contact $)st at a(( ti$es 6e $aintained 6et1een the con2o4 3 co$$ander5
escort co$$ander5 and s)63)nits andor )nits )nder co$$and and5 in addition5 1ith the
s)perior head=)arters and )nits en ro)te.
f. ! hi%h standard of sec)rit4 at a(( ti$es.
%. Cood con2o4 standin% orders.

3. "nit standing orders for con(oys. -2er4 )nit sho)(d ha2e co$prehensi2e orders
co2erin% $o2e$ent 64 road 6ased on the c(assification s4ste$ descri6ed a6o2e. ,hese
orders sho)(d state c(ear(4 1ho is a)thori9ed to p)t a con2o4 on the road and sho)(d
co2er in detai( the fo((o1in% points:
a. ,he appoint$ent and d)ties of con2o4 and 2ehic(e co$$anders.
6. ,he "r%ani9ation of the con2o4.
c. ,he 1eapons and a$$)nition to 6e carried. !)to$atic 1eapons sho)(d 6e
inc()ded.
d. ,he state of 2ehic(es5 e.%.5 detai(ed instr)ctions re%ardin% canopies5 tai(6oards and
1indscreens and their protection a%ainst (and $ines.
e. I$$ediate action dri((s.
f. /ec)rit4 $eas)res5 inc()din% arran%e$ents for destr)ction of c(assified $ateria( or
doc)$ents5 it necessar4.
4. Security. It is essentia( that the $o2e$ent of con2o4s sho)(d ne2er 6eco$e a ro)tine
$atter and that the $a@i$)$ preca)tions are ta8en to pre2ent the terrorists %ainin%
ad2ance infor$ation of 2ehic(e $o2e$ent. in this connection it sho)(d 6e re$e$6ered
that:
a. ,he te(ephone s4ste$ is not sec)re.
6. .adio $essa%es in c(ear can 6e pic8ed )p on an ordinar4 ci2i(ian3t4pe recei2er.
c. ,he (o4a(t4 of ci2i(ian e$p(o4ees cannot 6e %)aranteed5 a(tho)%h the4 are s)6>ected
to screenin%.
d. ,roops tend to 6e ta(8ati2e 6oth inside and o)tside their (ines. In short5 the fe1er
peop(e 1ho 8no1 a6o)t the ti$in%5 ro)te and co$position of a con2o4 6efore it sets o)t5
the 6etter. Cenera((45 dri2ers and escorts sho)(d 6e 1arned as (ate as possi6(e and the )se
of a(ternati2e ro)tes and other deception $eas)res sho)(d 6e p(anned.
5. T%e con(oy commander. ,he con2o4 co$$ander is not necessari(4 the senior officer
or non3co$$issioned officer tra2e(in% in a con2o4. Ae sho)(d position hi$se(f 1here he
considers he can 6est contro( the con2o4. Ae sho)(d inspect and chec8 the 2ehic(es 1hen
the4 are (oaded and prepared. /ho)(d there 6e an escort5 he sho)(d (iaise 1ith the escort
co$$ander prior to his 6riefin%.
6. *riefing. ?riefin% 64 the con2o4 co$$ander 6efore $o2in% off $)st 6e detai(ed and
e@p(icit. !(( dri2ers5 inc()din% ci2i(ians5 2ehic(e co$$anders and $en tra2e(in% in the
con2o4 sho)(d 6e present at the 6riefin%. ,he 6riefin% sho)(d inc()de:
a. Detai(s of ti$in%s5 ro)te5 speed5 order of $arch5 $aintenance of contact and 1hat to
do sho)(d contact 6e 6ro8en or 2ehic(es 6rea8do1n.
6. ,he distri6)tion of an4 e@tra 1eapons.
c. ,he a((ocation of $en to 2ehic(es and their d)ties en ro)te.
d. ,he appoint$ent and d)ties of 2ehic(e co$$anders and sentries5 and detai(s of
action to 6e ta8en in the e2ent of contact 1ith the ene$4.
e. Co$$)nications.
! co$prehensi2e e@a$p(e of road $o2e$ent orders is %i2en in /ection 7 of this chapter.
7. #lertness.
a. It $)st 6e i$pressed on a(( that a hi%h de%ree of a(ertness is a6so()te(4 essentia(
1hen $o2in% a(on% ro)tes 1here ene$4 a$6)sh is (i8e(4.
6. Dehic(e co$$anders. ! co$$ander $)st 6e detai(ed 64 na$e for each 2ehic(e. Ais
tas8s 1i(( 6e to post sentries5 ens)re that a(( personne( are a(ert and assist in con2o4
contro(. Ae $)st tra2e( in the rear of the 2ehic(e and not 1ith the dri2er. Ae 1i(( indicate
to the troops tra2e(in% in the 2ehic(e 1hich side to de6)s 64 %i2in% the co$$and :De6)s
(eft or ri%ht.:
c. Dehic(e sentries. ;ith the e@ception of s$a((er 2ehic(es5 fo)r sentries sho)(d 6e
posted in the 6ac8 of each troop3carr4in% 2ehic(e. ,he t1o sentries at the front $)st
o6ser2e to the front and to their respecti2e sides5 the t1o in the rear $)st o6ser2e to the
rear and to their respecti2e sides. ;here possi6(e5 these sentries sho)(d 6e ar$ed 1ith
a)to$atic 1eapons and s$o8e %renades. It is the tas8 of the sentries to ta8e i$$ediate
action in the e2ent of an a$6)sh and to co2er troops dis$o)ntin% fro$ the 2ehic(e5
sho)(d it 6e 6ro)%ht to a ha(t. Li%ht $achine %)ns and hea24 6arre( rif(es sho)(d 6e
e2en(4 distri6)ted thro)%ho)t the con2o4.
d. ,he sentr4 s4ste$ can 6e adopted to s)it the different t4pes of 2ehic(es.
8. Preparation of (e%icles.
a. 'en tra2e(in% in 2ehic(es $)st 6e a6(e to see in a(( directions5 6e a6(e to )se their
1eapons or thro1 %renades o2er 2ehic(e sides 1itho)t hindrance5 and de6)s =)ic8(4. 0or
these reasons a 2ehic(e s)ch as a three3tonner or one3tonner sho)(d ha2e its canop4 and
canop43fra$e1or8 re$o2ed and the tai(6oard do1n. !(ternati2e(45 the canop43
fra$e1or8 can 6e (eft on and canopies ro((ed )p to %i2e protection a%ainst 1eather
conditions. ,he fra$e1or8 $)st not5 ho1e2er5 restrict the speed of de6)ssin%.
6. !(( 2ehic(es sho)(d 6e sand6a%%ed. /ho)(d this not 6e possi6(e5 the (eadin% three or
fo)r 2ehic(es and a(( 2ehic(es carr4in% %as5 f)e(5 a$$)nition etc.5 $)st 6e sand6a%%ed.
,he areas to 6e co2ered are the f(oors of the dri2in% co$part$ent and the areas o2er the
rear 1hee(s. /and3fi((ed $ai9e 6a%s sho)(d 6e )sed 1hene2er space per$its5 as these
pro2ide %reater protection than the con2entiona( sand6a%.
c. 0o(ded do1n or re$o2ed 1indscreens 1i(( e(i$inate the dan%er of %(ass sp(inters
ca)sin% in>)r4 to dri2er and passen%erB ho1e2er5 6earin% in $ind the 1ind and d)st5 it is
ad2isa6(e to retain the 1indscreens.
d. /ho)(d 1indscreens 6e re$o2ed or fo(ded do1n5 a $eta( 6ar or so$e de2ice $)st 6e
erected on the front end of the 2ehic(e to protect the dri2er and other personne( a%ainst
1ires str)n% across the road.
e. ,he rear f(ap $)st 6e re$o2ed or p)t do1n to faci(itate rapid de6)ssin%.
f. If possi6(e5 a)to$atic 1eapons $)st 6e p(aced on the roof of the ca6 of the (eadin%
2ehic(e to 6e a6(e to fire i$$ediate(4 to the front or f(an8s. !)to$atic 1eapons $o)nted
7on fo((o1in% 2ehic(es $)st co2er a(ternate sides of the ro)te.
%. /e2era( 2ehic(es $)st 6e e=)ipped 1ith fa(se antennae to pre2ent the ene$4 fro$
identif4in% 1hich are act)a( co$$and 2ehic(es.
h. !n4 da$a%ed 2ehic(e that cannot 6e i$$ediate(4 repaired $)st either 6e ta8en
a(on% 1ith the con2o4 or (eft 1ith a s)fficient(4 stron% protection part4. /ho)(d this not
6e possi6(e5 it $)st 6e rendered )se(ess to the ene$4 and a6andoned. "n(4 )nder
e@ceptiona( circ)$stances 1i(( it 6e destro4ed5 e.%.5 1hen there 1i(( 6e no possi6(e
chance of reco2erin% it.
9. T%e loading of personnel-carrying (e%icles.
a. *e@t to the dri2er there $)st 6e a $an read4 to protect hi$B he sho)(d a(so 6e a6(e
to dri2e or at (east app(4 the 6ra8e5 c)t off the en%ine and stop the 2ehic(e proper(4.
6. ,he n)$6er of troops carried in 2ehic(es $)st 6e restricted in order to ens)re
freedo$ of $o2e$ent.
c. If possi6(e5 troops sho)(d 6e seated in the $idd(e of the 2ehic(e5 facin% o)t1ard.
d. ,he 8it of troops tra2e(in% in the 2ehic(e $)st 6e neat(4 stac8ed in a (ine do1n the
$idd(e of the 2ehic(e. ;here the 2ehic(e has the seats do1n the $idd(e5 the 8it 1i(( 6e
pac8ed a1a4 neat(4 )nder the seats.
10. Smoe. Phosphoro)s s$o8e %renades5 6esides prod)cin% an i$$ediate5 effecti2e
s$o8e screen5 can inf(ict painf)( phosphoro)s 6)rns and are )sef)( anti3a$6)sh 1eapons.
11. #larm system. !n a(ar$ s4ste$ $)st 6e arran%ed 6eforehand so that a(( the 2ehic(es
in the con2o45 especia((4 those 1itho)t radio5 can 6e 1arned i$$ediate(4.
12. Precautionary measures. Con2o4s sho)(d stop 1hen approachin% a (i8e(4 a$6)sh
area and personne( sho)(d $o2e for1ard on foot to c(ear the area.
SECTION 9+ #CTION ON CONT#CT
1. ;hate2er preca)tions are ta8en and preparations $ade5 the a$6)sh5 1hen it is s r)n%5
1i(( a(1a4s 6e an )ne@pected enco)nter. I$$ediate action dri((s are si$p(e co)rses of
action desi%ned to dea( 1ith this t4pe of pro6(e$. ,he4 ai$ at i$$ediate5 positi2e and
offensi2e action.
2. ,he terrorist 1i(( sprin% his a$6)sh on %ro)nd that he has caref)((4 chosen and
con2erted into a position fro$ 1hich he can 8i(( sec)rit4 forces 64 firin% at the$5
nor$a((4 fro$ a6o2e5 often at point36(an8 ran%e. ,he princip(e 6ehind the i$$ediate
action dri(( dea(t 1ith in this section is that it is incorrect to ha(t in the area 1hich the
terrorist has chosen as a 8i((in% %ro)nd and so co2ered 64 fire 33 )n(ess forced to do so.
,he dri((5 therefore5 is to endea2or to dri2e on 1hen fired )pon5 to ha(t on(4 1hen thro)%h
the a$6)sh area or 6efore r)nnin% into it5 and to co)nter3attac8 i$$ediate(4 fro$ f(an8
to rear.
Immediate #ction Tec%ni1ues
3. T%e illing ground. ,his is the area in 1hich effecti2e terrorist fire can 6e 6ro)%ht to
6ear. In order that the terrorists $a4 not ha2e the ad2anta%e of openin% fire on %ro)nd of
their o1n choosin%5 e2er4 effort $)st 6e $ade to %et 2ehic(es c(ear of the 8i((in% %ro)nd.
,h)s 1hen 2ehic(es are fired )pon:
a. Dri2ers are not to stop5 6)t are to atte$pt to dri2e on o)t of the 8i((in% %ro)nd.
6. /entries are to fire i$$ediate(4 to 8eep the terrorists do1n.
c. ;hen 2ehic(es are c(ear of the 8i((in% %ro)nd5 the4 are to 6e stopped to a((o1 their
occ)pants to de6)s and carr4 o)t offensi2e action.
d. 0o((o1in% 2ehic(es approachin% the 8i((in% %ro)nd are not to atte$pt to r)n the
%a)nt(et of the a$6)sh5 6)t are to ha(t c(ear of the area to a((o1 their occ)pants to ta8e
offensi2e action.
4. ;here 2ehic(es ha2e not 6een a6(e to dri2e c(ear of the area )nder fire5 troops are to
de6)s )nder the co2erin% fire of the (oo8o)t $en5 1hich sho)(d inc()de s$o8e if
possi6(e5 and are to $a8e for co2er on the side of the road. ,he act)a( 6ai(in% o)t dri(( is
dea(t 1ith in %reater detai( (ater in this section.
Counter-#ttac
5. !ction 1hen no troops ha2e entered the 8i((in% %ro)nd. ,he escort co$$ander or
con2o4 co$$ander5 or in his a6sence the senior 2ehic(e co$$ander present5 is to (a)nch
an i$$ediate f(an8in% attac8 on the terrorist position5 (ea2in% on the %ro)nd as
s)pportin% fire s)ch 1eapons as (i%ht $achine %)ns and (i%ht $ortars.
6. !ction 1hen a(( troops are c(ear ahead of the 8i((in% %ro)nd. In this case it 1i(( 6e
diffic)(t to p)t in an attac8 as =)ic8(4 as in para%raph 5 a6o2e5 6eca)se troops 1i(( 6e
$o2in% a1a4 fro$ the scene of action. *e2erthe(ess5 an encirc(in% attac8 $)st 6e
$o)nted as =)ic8(4 as troops can 6e $arsha(ed and 6ro)%ht 6ac8 to a startin% point. It is
diffic)(t to prep(an 1ho sho)(d ta8e the initiati2e in these circ)$stances and it $)st 6e
$ade c(ear5 at the con2o4 co$$ander7s 6riefin%5 1hether the rear$ost 2ehic(e
co$$anders are to act on their o1n initiati2e in this t4pe of sit)ation.
7. !ction 1hen so$e troops are c(ear ahead of the 8i((in% %ro)nd and others are ha(ted
short of it. ;ith t1o parties on each side of the a$6)sh5 conf)sion $a4 arise as to 1hich
%ro)p sho)(d p)t in the attac8 a%ainst the ins)r%ents and ti$e $a4 6e 1asted in %ettin%
the attac8 )nder 1a4. If 6oth parties attac8 at the sa$e ti$e 1itho)t coordination5 an
inter3)nit c(ash $a4 res)(t. It is s)%%ested5 therefore5 that the part4 1hich has not 4et
entered the a$6)sh $a8e the attac8 as in para%raph 5 a6o2e.
8. /co)t car tactics. Es)a((4 the 6est 1a4 in 1hich a sco)t car can assist in co)nter3
a$6)sh action is 64 dri2in% ri%ht )p to the 8i((in% %ro)nd to en%a%e the terrorists at short
ran%e. In this 1a4 it 1i(( pro6a6(4 6e a6(e:
a. ,o %i2e %ood co2erin% fire to the f(an8in% attac8.
6. ,o afford protection to an4 of the troops ca)%ht in the terrorist 8i((in% %ro)nd. It is
2ita( for a prearran%ed si%na( to ha2e 6een a%reed )pon 6et1een the ar$ored and
dis$o)nted troops5 so that the s)pportin% fire can 6e stopped 6efore the act)a( assa)(t.
9. Command and control. It is a(1a4s possi6(e that the escort or con2o4 co$$ander
$a4 6e 8i((ed or 1o)nded 64 the terrorists7 initia( 6)rst of fire. Ae $a4 6e pinned do1n
in the 8i((in% %ro)nd or 6e on the 1ron% side of it 1hen the a$6)sh is spr)n%. In order to
ens)re that there is a(1a4s a no$inated co$$ander on the spot5 1hate2er the sit)ation5 it
is essentia( that 2ehic(e co$$anders )nderstand their responsi6i(ities for or%ani9in% a
co)nter3attac8. ,his sho)(d 6e c(ear(4 (aid do1n in )nit con2o4 orders and stressed at the
6riefin% 6efore $o2in% off.
10. De6)ssin% dri((. ,he ene$4 1i(( atte$pt to stop the 2ehic(es in his 8i((in% %ro)nd 64
the )se of $ines or o6stac(es. Ae then tries to inf(ict $a@i$)$ 6 cas)a(ties 6efore the
troops can de6)s. ;hen a 2ehic(e is forced to stop in an a$6)sh5 the troops $)st de6)s
instant(4.
a. ,he 2ehic(e co$$ander is to sho)t :De6)s ri%ht: or :De6)s (eft: to indicate the
direction in 1hich troops are to $)ster.
6. /entries are to thro1 %renades and open fire i$$ediate(4 on the terrorist position.
c. ,roops are to de6)s o2er 6oth sides of the 2ehic(e and r)n in the direction indicated.
d. !s soon as troops are c(ear of the 2ehic(e5 sentries are to de6)s and >oin the
re$ainder.
e. !t this sta%e of the 6att(e the ai$ $)st 6e to co((ect the fit $en to e for$ a 6od4 for
co)nter3action. ;o)nded troops $)st 6e dea(t 1ith after co)nter3action has 6een ta8en.
11. ,rainin%. De6)ssin% dri((s $)st 6e practiced often 64 2ehic(e (oads5 e.%.5 infantr4
sections and p(atoons. ;hen $isce((aneo)s 2ehic(e (oads are $ade )p 6efore a >o)rne45
t1o or three practices $)st 6e he(d 6efore the con2o4 $o2es off.
12. Lo%istica( con2o4s. In the case of p)re(4 (o%istica( con2o4s the protecti2e $eas)res
detai(ed in /ection 3 of this chapter 1i(( 6e app(ica6(e.
SECTION :+ P4OTECTION OF 4#I5C#,S #N&
T4#INS
1. !s for road $o2e$ent5 rai(1a4 and train protection can 6e achie2ed 64 $eans of a
fi@ed defense s4ste$ 1here64 6rid%es5 t)nne(s5 >)nctions5 1or8shops5 sh)ntin% 4ards and
en%ineerin% 1or8s are protected.
2. !dded to the a6o2e5 $o6i(e patro(s and train escorts 1i(( pro2ide additiona( protection.
3. 'o6i(e patro(s $a4 ta8e the fo((o1in% for$:
a. !r$ed escorts transported in (i%ht ar$ored 1a%ons that precede the train. ,hese
e(e$ents act as a deterrent to possi6(e ene$4 a$6)shes and $a4 a(so ser2e to detect an4
possi6(e $ines that $a4 ha2e 6een (aid 64 the ene$4.
6. Patro(s5 either $o2in% on foot or tra2e(in% in (i%ht 1a%ons or ar$ored t4pe of se(f3
dri2en rai(1a4 2ehic(es5 1ith the ai$ of constant(4 patro((in% the rai(1a4 (ine5 there64
den4in% the ene$4 the opport)nit4 of $inin% or da$a%in% the rai(1a4 (ine or settin% )p
a$6)shes.
4. !dditiona( preca)tions are the possi6(e chec8in% of frei%ht and passen%ers and their
()%%a%e5 and the c(earance of a restricted 9one e@tendin% )p to 400 $eters on 6oth sides
of the rai(1a4 (ine. It $a4 e2en 6e necessar4 to re(ocate pac8ets of the (oca( pop)(ation
that $a4 6e sit)ated ad>acent to or near the rai(1a4 (ine.
5. ,he protection of rai(1a4s presents a partic)(ar(4 different t4pe of pro6(e$ 6eca)se the
train $o2es on a pair of stee( rai(s a(on% a set ro)te. ,his $a8es it e@tre$e(4 eas4 for the
ene$4 either to i$pede a(( $o2e$ent 64 da$a%in% either one or 6oth rai(s or 64
a$6)shin% the (ine. Es)a((4 there is no a(ternati2e ro)te.
6. 0or the a6o2e3$entioned reasons a 2er4 caref)((4 p(anned and e@ec)ted sche$e n is
2ita( for the protection of rai(1a4 or trains.

SECTION ;+ O4&E4S FO4 4O#& )O2E)ENT
1. ,he fo((o1in% is a co$prehensi2e (a4o)t of a road $o2e$ent order and 1o)(d rare(4
6e )sed in its entiret4. 0)rther$ore5 a %reat dea( of the contents 1o)(d nor$a((4 6e
inc()ded in )nit standin% orders. Enits)63)nit co$$anders are to ta8e this e@a$p(e as a
%)ide and )se on(4 those portions that app(4 to an4 partic)(ar sit)ation.
/it)ation
2. ,errain.
a. Cenera( characteristics of ro)te. C(assification of 2ario)s sections.
6. .oad sections and critica( p(aces:
1. Possi6(e ene$4 actions.
2. 'o2e$ent diffic)(ties.
c. -ne$4 infi(tration points and their re(ation to the ro)te to 6e )ti(i9ed.
d. /)ita6(e p(aces for fi@ed defense.
e. Gones 1hich5 64 their nat)re5 $a8e it possi6(e for o)r troops to 6e hit 64 their o1n
fire5 e.%.5 :/: 6ends.
f. 'eteoro(o%ica( conditions pertainin% to the ro)te #tides5 rain5 fo%5 etc.&.
%. !(ternati2e ro)tes.
h. Ese of charts5 photo%raphs or $aps.
3. -ne$4 forces.
a. "r%ani9ation and possi6(e stren%th in the area.
6. Indi2id)a( characteristics of the (eader or (eaders.
c. *or$a( operationa( techni=)es #p(aces5 ti$es5 etc.&.
4. Loca( pop)(ation.
a. !ttit)de to1ards the ene$4 and to1ards $i(itar4 forces.
6. /ett(e$ents to 6e passed thro)%h or in c(ose pro@i$it4 to the ro)te. ,ri6a(
a)thorities.
c. Aa6its and $o2e$ents.
5. 0riend(4 forces.
a. !((ocated technica( $aintenance or s)pport e(e$ents or s)63)nits #sappers5 $ine
detectors5 etc.&.
6. /)pport "r%ani9ation or other insta((ations e@istin% a(on% the ro)te.
'ission
6. !s deter$ined 64 hi%her a)thorit4.
-@ec)tion
7. ,as85 co$position and dep(o4$ent of the escort if app(ica6(e.
8. Co$position and %ro)pin% of the co()$n #inc()din% the position of each 2ehic(e&.
9. Distri6)tion of personne( and 1eapons in the 2ehic(es. !ppoint$ent of 2ehic(e
co$$anders and sentries.
10. ,as8s of s)63)nits d)rin% the $o2e$ent5 if app(ica6(e.
11. Indi2id)a( tas8s d)rin% the $o2e$ent.
12. I$$ediate actions5 sec)rit4 $eas)res.
a. !s a 1ho(e.
6. Per 2ehic(eB preparation of 2ehic(eB protection a%ainst $ines and fire.
c. Indi2id)a(.
d. !(ar$ s4ste$s.
13. ,ra2e(in% discip(ine.
a. /peed #da4 and ni%ht&.
6. ,i$in%s to 6e $aintained.
c. Point of depart)re and inter$ediate points #contro( points&.
d. Ese of %)ides.
e. Dri2in% discip(ine.
f. Ese of (i%hts.
14. Aa(ts.
a. P(ace and d)ration.
6. /ec)rit4 $eas)res to 6e ta8en. Ese of 2ehic(e (i%hts5 if necessar4.
15. Crossin% of strea$sri2ers.
a. ?rid%es and points.
6. Dario)s )ncon2entiona( $eans. .)(es and preca)tions to 6e ta8en.
16. !ction to 6e ta8en in e$er%encies.
a. !((ocation of tas8s.
6. 0ire discip(ine and rep(enish$ent.
17. !ttit)des to1ards and re(ationship 1ith the (oca( inha6itants.
18. "rders re%ardin% the transport of ci2i(ians.
19. "rders for the inc()sion of ci2i(ian 2ehic(es in the co()$n. Le%a( aspects.
Lo%istics and !d$inistration
20. .ations and 1ater.
a. ,4pe and n)$6er of da4s to 6e carried.
6. Preparation of food. /)pportassistance a2ai(a6(e a(on% the ro)te.
c. ;ater reso)rces and preca)tions to 6e ta8en.
21. !$$)nition.
a. Initia( iss)e.
6. Distri6)tion.
c. Le2e(s to 6e $aintained.
22. 0)e( and ()6ricants.
a. Initia( iss)e.
6. Le2e(s to 6e $aintained.
c. -@istin% s)pport "r%ani9ation or other insta((ations a(on% the ro)te.
23. 'edica(.
a. Pre2enti2e $eas)res.
6. ,reat$ent and e2ac)ation of cas)a(ties.
c. -@istin% s)pport or%ani9ations and other insta((ations a(on% the ro)te.
d. /anitar4 $eas)res d)rin% ha(ts.
24. /pecia( e=)ip$ent.
a. /pecia( s)pport 2ehic(es and e=)ip$ent.
6. -=)ip$ent for the re$o2a( of o6stac(es.
25. ?rea8do1ns. "rders and actions 1ith re%ard to 2ehic(es 6o%%ed do1n andor 6ro8en
do1n.
26. .ef)e(in%.
a. Aa(ts.
6. .ef)e(in% discip(ine.
c. -@istin% or%ani9ations and other insta((ations a(on% the ro)te.
d. -$er%enc4 ref)e(in%.
27. -$6)ssin% and de6)ssin% dri((s.
28. Loadin% and )n(oadin% 2ehic(es.
a. /eparation of c(asses of s)pp(ies.
6. Load for 2ehic(e t4pe.
Co$$and and /i%na(s
29. Position of the co$$ander and second in co$$and.
a. D)rin% tra2e(in%.
6. D)rin% stops.
30. 'aintainin% contact.
a. Dis)a(.
1. ?4 si%na(s.
2. Distances to 6e $aintained.
6. .adio.
1. 0re=)encies and sched)(es.
2. Ca(( si%ns inc()din% %ro)nd to air.
3. /pecia( instr)ctions.
4. Deception $eas)res.
c. 'o2e$ent contro( points.
d. *ic8na$es andor code 1ords.

SECTION <+ 4O"TE C#4& &ET#I5S
1. ,he ro)te card sho)(d inc()de a s8etch of the ro)te sho1in%:
a. Distance in 8i(o$eters.
6. /ett(e$ents.
c. Loca( reso)rces of:
1. ;ater.
2. 0)e( and ()6ricants.
3. 0ood.
4. !cco$$odation.
5. Location of friend(4 )nits.
6. Location of critica( contact or possi6(e contact.
)ines and *oo$y Traps
SECTION /+ GENE4#5
1. ,he ene$4 has fo)nd that the )se of $ines and 6oo64 traps as a $eans of 1a%in%
1ar has 6een partic)(ar(4 profita6(e. ,he nat)re of the terrain and the c(i$ate5 the
(i$ited and )nde2e(oped road net1or85 the ene$47s so)nd 8no1(ed%e of the 6)sh
and inherent =)a(ities of h)ntin% techni=)es ha2e ena6(ed hi$ to inf(ict
considera6(e cas)a(ties to sec)rit4 forces at $ini$)$ ris8 or e@pense to hi$se(f.
2. ,he 2er4 s)ccess of his efforts has res)(ted in a %enera( increase of acti2it4 in this
direction5 and sec)rit4 forces 1i(( 6e faced 1ith the pro6(e$ of $ine 1arfare
thro)%ho)t an4 !,"P/ ca$pai%n.
3. ,he ai$ of this chapter is to %i2e the 6asic re=)ire$ents for a(( ran8s to 6e $ine3
conscio)s and to )se a sensi6(e approach to respond to another $eans of 1a%in%
1ar.
4. ,o co)nter this threat and to red)ce the sec)rit4 forces7 cas)a(ties to an a6so()te
$ini$)$5 e2er4 $an sho)(d 6e trained in the fo((o1in%:
a. ,o )se his e4es to spot an4thin% )n)s)a( on a trac8 or path.
6. ,o reco%ni9e 6asic e@p(osi2es and t4pes of $ines in )se. C. ,o )se $ine
detectors and $ine3(iftin% e=)ip$ent iss)ed to his )nit. d. 0ina((45 and
perhaps $ost i$portant of a((5 he sho)(d 8no1 1hen to (ea2e o6>ects a(one
and ca(( for an e@p(osi2es e@pert.
SECTION 3+ T,PES OF &E2ICES
1. ,he t4pes of de2ices )sed 64 the ene$4 can 6e di2ided into t1o $ain cate%ories.
a. *on3e@p(osi2e.
6. -@p(osi2e.
2. .on'explosive. In the a6sence of e@p(osi2e $ateria(s the ene$4 $a4 resort to
non3e@p(osi2e 6oo643trap techni=)es. ,hese $a4 inc()de 2ehic(e pits5 (assoes5
nets5 etc. !s a r)(e5 these traps in the$se(2es are not (etha( or co$p(ete(4
destr)cti2e5 and as a res)(t $a4 6e acco$panied 64 a$6)shes.
3. Explosive. ,his t4pe of de2ice is 1ide(4 )sed and $a4 inc()de the )se of a((
con2entiona( $ateria(s. ,hese $ateria(s $a4 6e ac=)ired fro$ e@terna( or interna(
so)rces5 and fre=)ent(4 inc()de co$$ercia( e@p(osi2es 1hich5 thro)%h the (ac8 of
contro(5 are $ore readi(4 a2ai(a6(e. ,here are t1o $ain cate%ories:
a. 'ines.
6. -@p(osi2e 6oo64 traps.
5. 'ines. ,he $ost co$$on t4pes of $ines )sed are:
a. !nti32ehic(e or anti3tan8 #!D&. ,heir f)nction is to da$a%e or destro4 2ehic(es5
affect $ora(e5 restrict $o2e$ent and inf(ict cas)a(ties. ,he4 nor$a((4 detonate )nder a
$ini$)$ press)re of 60 8i(o%ra$s. Ao1e2er5 6eca)se the4 are fre=)ent(4 connected to
anti3personne( $ines5 or to a 6oo643trap de2ice5 the4 often operate on a $)ch (o1er
press)re.
6. !nti3personne( #!P&. ,hese $ines are intended to 8i(( or 1o)nd personne( and ca)se
in>)ries 1ith shrapne( or 6(ast5 there64 se2ere(4 (o1erin% $ora(e. ,here are n)$ero)s
2arieties and the4 are desi%ned to operate on the (o1est press)res.
c. I$pro2ised $ines. ,hese $ines are often )sed 64 the terrorists5 especia((4 1hen
$an)fact)red $ines are not a2ai(a6(e. ,he4 can 6e !D or !P and are nor$a((4 $ade
fro$ an4 e@p(osi2e $ateria(s a2ai(a6(e at the ti$e.
6. Cenera( co$position of $ines. 'ost $ines consist of the fo((o1in% co$ponents:
a. Initiatin% action. ,his can 6e $echanica( or e(ectrica( and operates 64 press)re5
deco$pression5 p)(( or re(ease.
6. ,ri%%er $echanis$. ,his is the de2ice 1hich acti2ates the detonator.
c. Detonator. ,his is a s$a(( sensiti2e e@p(osi2e char%e.
d. Pri$er. ,his is an inter$ediate char%e 1hich is initiated 64 the detonator5 and the
e@p(osion of the pri$er in the center of the principa( char%e ca)ses the $ine to 6(o1 )p.
e. Principa( char%e. ,his is the 6asic e(e$ent of the $ine and desi%ned to prod)ce its
destr)cti2e effects.
7. ?asic operatin% proced)res. ,he initiatin% action can 6e set off in a n)$6er of 1a4s.
Ao1e2er5 the $ost co$$on are 64 press)re and p)((:
a. Press)re. ,he e@p(osi2e de2ice is nor$a((4 6)ried )nder%ro)nd5 and the principa(
char%e $a4 or $a4 not 6e 6eside the detonator set. ,he $ost co$$on i%nition process is
e(ectric. ,he press)re e@erted co$p(etes a circ)it5 th)s initiatin% the e@p(osion. ,his
s4ste$ is partic)(ar(4 sensiti2e and per$its the operation of the $ine at insi%nificant
press)res. In so$e cases the i%nition process is $echanica( and the app(ication of
press)re ca)ses the re(ease of a stri8er 1hich initiates the detonator. ,his process is
)s)a((4 (ess sensiti2e than the e(ectric i%nition process and 6eca)se of this is easier to
ne)tra(i9e.
6. P)((. In this case the e@p(osi2e de2ice operates 1hen a p)(( is e@erted5 nor$a((4 )pon
a trip1ire5 protr)din% sta8e5 etc. "nce acti2ated 64 the p)((5 the e@p(osi2e de2ice can
operate either thro)%h an e(ectrica( s4ste$ or 64 $echanica( $eans5 a(( si$i(ar to the
s4ste$s descri6ed a6o2e.
c. 'i@ed $ethods. /o$eti$es $i@ed $ethods are )sed. 0or e@a$p(e5 press)re can 6e
e@erted on a stretched 1ire or p(an85 1hich is 6)ried in 2er4 soft earth or a crater5 th)s
initiatin% the e@p(osi2e de2ice 64 a process of p)((in% d)e to the %ro)nd %i2in% 1a4 )nder
the press)re e@erted.
8. !nti3(iftin% de2ices. !n4 of the processes descri6ed a6o2e can 6e connected to anti3
(iftin% de2ices. *or$a((4 these de2ices operate 64 deco$pression5 6)t are fre=)ent(4
fo)nd 1ith other acti2atin% de2ices. ?eca)se of this5 1hene2er it is intended to re$o2e an
e@p(osi2e de2ice fro$ the position in 1hich it is fo)nd5 the >o6 $)st 6e done 64 a $an
1or8in% fro$ co2er and )sin% a rope of s)fficient (en%th. "n(4 after the e@p(osi2e
de2ice7s re$o2a( and a $ini$)$ 1ait of fi2e $in)tes5 in case of de(a4 $echanis$s5
sho)(d the de2ice 6e approached.
9. -@p(osi2e 6oo64 traps.
a. Cenera( description. Es)a((4 the de2ices 1hich ser2e to $a8e )p 6oo64 traps are
hand %renades5 she((s or 6o$6s and $ines5 especia((4 the !P 2ariet4. ,he i%nition
processes are e@tre$e(4 2aried and $a8e f)(( )se of press)re5 deco$pression5 p)((
re(ease5 friction or ti$e3tri%%er $echanis$s.
6. ?asic operatin% proced)res. ,hese are 2er4 si$i(ar to the techni=)es descri6ed in
para%raph 7 a6o2e. *e2erthe(ess their di2ersit4 is a f)nda$enta( characteristic5 as
operatin% proced)res 1i(( si$p(4 depend )pon the i$a%ination and reso)rces of the )sers.
SECTION 6+ "SE *, T0E ENE),
#ims
1. -@p(osi2e de2ices are fre=)ent(4 )sed 64 the ene$4 1ith the fo((o1in% ai$s:
a. offensi2e action.
1. ,o inf(ict cas)a(ties on sec)rit4 force troops.
2. ,o (o1er $ora(e 64 the creation of a sense of insec)rit4.
3. ,o destro4 e=)ip$ent5 na$e(4 2ehic(es5 1ith the d)a( p)rpose of red)cin%
$ateria( and 6)rdenin% the 1ar effort.
4. ,o den45 hinder and i$pede tactica( or (o%istica( $o2e$ents.
5. ,o channe( the $o2e$ent of troops into areas 1hich $i%ht 6e fa2ora6(e to the
ene$4.
6. ,o s)6stantia((4 increase ene$4 areas of inf()ence 1itho)t $aintainin% a
per$anent presence.
7. ,o destro4 insta((ations essentia( to the re=)ire$ents of the troops and (oca(
pop)(ation.
6. Defensi2e action.
1. ,o defend ene$4 insta((ations5 6ases and sanct)aries.
2. !s a(ar$ s4ste$s to %i2e hi$ $ore ti$e andor space to $ane)2er.
3. ,o sa2e $anpo1er.
'ethod of -$p(o4$ent
2. ,4pes of e@p(osi2e de2ices $ost fre=)ent(4 )sed 64 the ene$4.
a. ,he $ost co$$on t4pes of e@p(osi2e de2ices )sed are !P and !D $ines of .)ssian
and Chinese ori%in. ,hese $a4 inc()de the $ost $odern t4pes of $ines 1hich are
desi%ned to pre2ent detection 64 $ine detectors.
6. I$pro2ised $ines5 i.e.5 1ooden or card6oard 6o@es pac8ed 1ith e@p(osi2e
s)pp(e$ented 1ith stones5 nai(s and pieces of $eta(. ,he =)antit4 of e@p(osi2e is 2aria6(e
and is5 in $an4 cases5 (ar%er than that of the con2entiona( $ine. ,he i$pro2ised $ine is
)s)a((4 detonated 1ith a 6oo643trapped %renade.
3. 'ost co$$on areas of (a4in%. ,he scope is )n(i$ited. Ao1e2er5 the $ost co$$on
areas are descri6ed 6e(o1:
a. !D $ines. ,hese are %enera((4 p(aced:
1. "n rises on hi((s so that 2ehic(es5 on detonatin% the $ine5 1i(( ro(( 6ac81ards onto
other 2ehic(es5 th)s increasin% the da$a%e and n)$6er of cas)a(ties.
2. In roc84 areas 1hich 1i(( hinder proddin% and increase shrapne( effect.
3. *e@t to fords or on trac8s r)nnin% 64 a ri2er or %or%e so that5 on detonatin% the
$ine5 the 2ehic(e 1i(( fa(( into the ri2er or %or%e.
4. "n narro1 roads and defi(es 1ith the ai$ of 6(oc8in% certain ro)tes.
5. "n deto)rs.
6. "n roads 1here 1ater has acc)$)(ated5 $a8in% detection diffic)(t.
7. In sand4 areas 1here (a4in% and concea($ent is (ess diffic)(t.
6. !P $ines. ,hese are %enera((4 p(aced:
1. "n trac8s fre=)ent(4 )sed 64 $i(itar4 forces.
2. ?eside trees and other attracti2e spots 1hich are (i8e(4 to 6e )sed 64 troops as
restin% p(aces.
3. ?eside trees and other nat)ra( co2er near the 2er%es of roads 1hich $i%ht 6e )sed
as co2er 64 troops. ,his t4pe of $ine (a4in% is fre=)ent(4 )sed in con>)nction 1ith !D
$ines or an a$6)sh5 th)s ca)sin% troops to (ea2e the road in search of co2er.
4. "n ne1 trac8s $ade 64 troops d)e to the tendenc4 in thic8 6)sh to ret)rn 64 the
sa$e ro)te.
5. "n trac8s recent(4 c(eared 64 troops5 1hich (eads the$ to s)ppose that the4 are
c(eared for the ret)rn.
c. In %enera(5 trac8s fre=)ent(4 )sed 64 the (oca( pop)(ation are not $ined.
4. Co$$on techni=)es e$p(o4ed 64 the ene$4.
a. In $ost cases5 the ene$4 is 1e((3trained in the art of concea($ent and deception.
-@p(osi2e de2ices are fre=)ent(4 (aid 1ith the ai$ of defeatin% detection techni=)es.
6. ,he ene$4 1i(( a(1a4s atte$pt to e@p(oit the nat)ra( reaction of $i(itar4 forces.
,h)s tiredness5 instincti2e c)riosit45 rashness5 a%%ressi2eness55 e@cessi2e confidence5 etc.5
are reactions 1hich are %enera((4 e@p(oited.
c. It is i$possi6(e to %i2e e@a$p(es of e2er4 techni=)e. Ao1e2er5 so$e of the $ore
co$$on $ethods are detai(ed 6e(o1:
1. Pa$ph(ets and s)62ersi2e $ateria( scattered 1ithin a $ined area in an atte$pt to
disor%ani9e p(anned $o2e$ent. ,he pa$ph(ets $a4 1e(( 6e the initiatin% de2ice.
2. .epetition of a n)$6er of )n6oo643trapped e@p(osi2e de2ices5 (eadin% troops to
s)ppose that the re$ainder detected 1i(( 6e in an identica( condition.
3. /$a(( o6>ects5 s)ch as $one45 doc)$ents and e=)ip$ent5 (eft 1here the4 are
2isi6(e 1i(( 6e s)fficient for an4one5 reactin% instinc3 ti2e(45 to initiate a de2ice.
4. ,he $inin% of )n(i8e(4 areas5 s)ch as tarred roads.
5. ,he p(acin% in the road of the occasiona( s$a(( o6>ect 1hich is instincti2e(4
a2oided5 th)s di2ertin% traffic into a $ined area. -@a$p(es are: a dead ani$a(5 o(d 2ehic(e
1hee(5 poo( of 1ater5 pieces of %(ass5 an area of %ro)nd de(i6erate(4 dist)r6ed so as to
(oo8 s)spicio)s5 or e2en a s$a(( $ine5 rea( or d)$$45 partia((4 e@posed.
6. ! trip1ire e@posed as 6ait and so sited that to reach it one has to cross a $ined or
6oo643trapped area.
7. ?oo643trapped 6oo64 traps. 0or e@a$p(e5 the 6oo64 trappin% of a $ine 1ith a
hand %renade 1hich in t)rn is 6oo643trapped 64 another concea(ed a short distance
a1a4.
8. P(antin% $ines in areas 1hich offer %ood concea($ent. 0or e@a$p(e5 recent(4
repaired roads or roads )nder repair. ,here ha2e 6een cases of sta%ed :officia(: repairs
1ith appropriate traffic si%ns.
9. ,1o31a4 de2ices.
10. ,he p(antin% of i$pro2ised $ines5 1itho)t their container 6o@5 th)s $a8in%
detection 64 proddin% e@tre$e(4 diffic)(t.
11. -$pt4 tins #nor$a((4 discarded 64 sec)rit4 troops& 6)ried 1ith other $eta(
o6>ects to $is(ead and conf)se $a%netic $ine3detectin% de2ices.
12. ,he )se of easi(4 dis(od%ed stones p(aced on 6oo64 traps desi%ned to 6e
acti2ated 64 deco$pressionB for e@a$p(e5 hand %renades 1ith safet4 pins re$o2ed.
13. 'ain char%es 6)ried 2er4 deep in the %ro)nd5 or off the act)a( road or trac85 and
connected 64 detonatin% cord to a s$a(( acti2atin% de2ice diffic)(t to detect5
5. 'ethods of (a4in%. It is i$possi6(e to (a4 do1n ri%id patterns of $ine (a4in%. Detai(ed
6e(o1 are so$e of the $ethods $ore fre=)ent(4 )sed:
a. !nti32ehic(e $ines.
1. ,hree interconnected $ines are connected 64 detonatin% cord5 acti2ated 64 a ta)t
1ire (eadin% to a hand %renade. ,1o of the $ines are p(aced in the center of the road and
the third on one of the sides 1here the 2ehic(e 1hee( trac8s pass. !cti2ation occ)rs 64 the
p)((in% of a 1ire (eadin% thro)%h the safet4 pin ho(es of a hand %renade and connected to
a p(an8 co2erin% a concea(ed ho(e. Press)re on the p(an8 64 a 2ehic(e or $an ca)ses the
p(an8 to sin8 into the ho(e5 there64 p)((in% the 1ire fro$ the %renade 1hich then %oes off
and acti2ates the $ain char%es.
2. ! $ine is p(aced in the center of the road 1ith its acti2atin% $echanis$5 operated
64 the p)((in% of a 6)ried 1ire5 )nder a 1hee( trac8. Ender one of the 1hee( trac8s a ho(e
is $ade and co2ered 1ith stic8s5 %rass and earth so as to %i2e 1a4 )nder the 1ei%ht of a
2ehic(e or $an. ?)ried in the center of the road is an )pt)rned c(a4 or 1ooden pot
containin% se2era( 6and %renades5 nai(s5 %(ass and s(a6s of ,*,. "ne of the %renades is
1e(( pinned do1n 1ith a sta8e and a 1ire passed thro)%h its safet4 pin ho(es 1ith the
other end passin% across the top of the concea(ed ho(e to a sta8e on the far side of the
ho(e. ,he 1ire is p)((ed 64 a 1hee( or $an sin8in% into the ho(e 1hich p)((s the 1ire o)t
of the %renade and acti2ates the de2ice. /o$eti$es arti((er4 or $ortar 6o$6s are p(aced
a6o2e the pot5 a($ost at the s)rface of the road5 to %i2e %reater effect to the $ine.
3. ,he p(antin% of a $inefie(d a(on% the (en%th of a road %enera((4 6ein%s 1ith a pair
of $ines #one on each 1hee( trac8& and then iso(ated $ines separated 64 three to fo)r
8i(o$eters a(ternatin% on each trac8 #or si$p(4 (aid at rando$& o2er a distance of 20 to 30
8i(o$eters. Ao1e2er5 the ene$4 1i(( not a(1a4s (a4 sin%(e $ines and $a4 p(ace a
n)$6er of $ines in c(ose pro@i$it4 to ens)re 6est res)(ts.
Le%end
D e$pt4 spaces
' e@p(osi2e char%es
, 1ooden 6oardsp(an8s
0 ta)t 1ires
C hand %renades
C detonatin% cord
Le%end
P c(a4 or 1ooden pot
C hand %renade
- sta8es
0 ta)t 1ire
, t1i%s5 %rass and earth co2erin% 1ire and sta8e
D 1hee( trac8
. reinforcin% %renade#s&
*",-: /ection 3 is inco$p(ete it 1i(( 6e added at a (ater date #1e6 $aster:
,!LD"G-.&.
SECTION 8+ CO"NTE4-)E#S"4ES #N&
P4EC#"TIONS
!ction 64 ,roops
1. Dis$o)nted troops. ,he 6est protection a%ainst $ines and e@p(osi2e de2ices is a hi%h
standard of trainin% and a 8een(4 de2e(oped sense of $ine a1areness. Ao1e2er5 (isted
6e(o1 are a fe1 si$p(e r)(es to assist in $ini$i9in% the dan%ers of these de2ices to
personne(:
a. "n(4 one $an at a ti$e sho)(d 1or8 on a de2ice 1hi(e the re$ainder re$ain )nder
co2er.
6. ;hen in do)6t5 a(1a4s ca(( in the ser2ices of a specia(ist.
c. .edo)6(e preca)tions 1hen tired or nearin% the 6ase on the ret)rn.
d. Heep 4o)r e4es on the %ro)nd 1hen in a s)spicio)s area.
e. Do not r)shB ti$e sa2ed is paid for in (i2es.
f. -@pect contin)o)s chan%es in techni=)es )sed 64 the ene$4 and 6e prepared for
the$.
%. In dan%ero)s %ro)nd 6e e@tre$e(4 ca)tio)s and 6e 2er4 caref)( 1ith an4 s)spicio)s3
(oo8in% o6>ect.
h. ,he $an 1ho proceeds inca)tio)s(4 1i(( ca)se the death of his co$rades.
i. 'aintain concentration and strict discip(ine 1hen 1or8in% 1ith $ines or other
de2ices.
>. *e2er $o2e o2er s)spected %ro)nd 1itho)t %ood reason and don7t e2er 6e care(ess or
o2erconfident.
8. Do not 6e $is(ed or >)$p to conc()sions 1hen the first $ines fo)nd are not
acti2ated or are si$)(ated.
(. *e2er:
1. C)t or p)(( ta)t 1ires or cord.
2. P)(( a s(ac8 1ire or cord.
3. /i$)(taneo)s(4 c)t thro)%h t1o $eta((ic strands.
4. 'o2e in co$pact %ro)ps...
$. ,reat e2er4 $ine or de2ice as 6ein% 6oo643trapped.
n. Do not )se the easiest or 6est si%n3posted ro)te 1itho)t caref)( e@a$ination.
o. ;hene2er possi6(e5 a2oid $o2in% a(on% paths or trac8s and a2oid the o62io)s.
p. ?e e@tre$e(4 ca)tio)s in the se(ection of ret)rn ro)tes and the )se of ne1(4 $ade
paths andor trac8s.
=. Heep )p to date 1ith ne1 de2ices and techni=)es.
r. Loo8 )pon $ines as a nor$a( ris8 of 1ar.
2. 'o)nted troops.
a. In addition to the a6o2e3$entioned preca)tions5 the fo((o1in% a(so app(4:
1. 'o2e at a $ini$)$ distance of appro@i$ate(4 50 $eters 6et1een 2ehic(es.
2. ,he 2ehic(e sho)(d 6e sand6a%%ed5 in partic)(ar the ca65 o2er the 1hee(s and
)nder the seatin%.
3. If possi6(e5 $a8e )se of the side 6oards of the (oad3carr4in% part of the 2ehic(e5
openin% the$ o)t1ards to a 453de%ree an%(e and reinforcin% the$ 1ith sand6a%s.
4. Leadin% 2ehic(es $)st carr4 the $ini$)$ of personne(.
5. !(( 2ehic(es $)st carr4 ser2icea6(e fire e@tin%)ishers. ,he )se of petro(3dri2en
2ehic(es 1i(( increase the fire ha9ard.
6. Dehic(es $)st 6e proper(4 prepared5 1hich $a4 entai( the re$o2in% of certain
parts and the reinforcin% of others either 64 $eans of stee( p(ates or sand6a%s.
7. -@ercise e@tre$e ca)tion 1hen $o2in% to the scene of an incident or 1hen
$o2in% to reinforce o1n forces.
8. Dehic(es $)st endea2or to 8eep in the trac8s of the precedin% 2ehic(es.
6. C(earin% dri((s. If a $ine is seen or s)spected5 the s)%%ested dri(( is:
1. 'o2e$ent is ha(ted and troops de6)s and esta6(ish a((3aro)nd protection 1hi(e
the 2ehic(e re2erses in its o1n trac8s to at (east 100 $eters a1a4 fro$ the de2ice.
2. ,1o $en5 each 1ith detection de2ices and one carr4in% the %rapp(in% iron and
n4(on cord5 then $o2e for1ard 1a(8in% in the trac8s a(read4 $ade 64 the 2ehic(e. !
protection part45 1hich sho)(d 6e positioned accordin% to the terrain5 1i(( $o2e 1ith the
detection e(e$ents to pro2ide the$ 1ith c(ose protection.
3. 0ro$ the point 1here the 2ehic(e ori%ina((4 stopped the4 caref)((4 prod their 1a4
for1ard5 searchin% as e@p(ained in this chapter.
4. ;hen a $ine is enco)ntered5 the finder sho)(d notif4 his co$panion and then
proceed 1ith one of the $ethods descri6ed in para%raph 7 6e(o1.
Detection
3. Detection aids. ,he ene$4 is 2er4 adept at (a4in% $ines and e@p(osi2e de2ices and as
his s8i(( and c)nnin% i$pro2e he $a8es the detection of these $ines and e@p(osi2e
de2ices diffic)(t and co$p(icated. Ao1e2er5 to detect 1hate2er he has (aid5 the fo((o1in%
aids and $ethods $a4 6e )sed:
a. 'ine detectors. ,hese 2ar4 fro$ the t4pe )sed to detect an4 $eta((ic o6>ect 6)ried
6e(o1 the s)rface of the %ro)nd to the $ore $odern and sophisticated t4pe that 1i((
detect an4 forei%n $atter 6)ried 6e(o1 the %ro)nd7s s)rface. ,he effecti2eness and
efficienc4 of these detectors 1i(( depend on the standard of operatin%5 t4pe and $ode(
and the ene$47s efforts to co)nter their effecti2eness. ;hen )sed 64 correct(4 trained
technica( personne(5 the4 can 6e $ost effecti2e5 6)t 6eca)se of their (i$itations the4
sho)(d 6e )sed in con>)nction 1ith other detection $ethods.
6. 'echanica( detectors. ,his t4pe can 2ar4 fro$ the f(ai( t4pe to a t4pe of re$ote3
contro((ed 2ehic(e or de2ice $o2in% in front of a 2ehic(e 1ith the intention of detonatin%
an4 $ine or other t4pe of e@p(osi2e de2ice that the ene$4 $a4 ha2e p(anted in the road
or trac8. Its effecti2eness 1i(( 6e deter$ined 64 the ene$47s $ine3(a4in% techni=)es.
c. I$pro2ised $eans. ,his is pro6a6(4 the $ost e@pedient $ethod5 6earin% in $ind the
effecti2eness and a2ai(a6i(it4 of the a6o2e3$entioned e=)ip$ent. ,his $ethod can 6e
carried o)t 64 $a8in% )se of a prodder or a ra8e:
1. Prodder. ,his can 6e the standard prodder or an i$pro2ised t4pe 1hich is )sed to
prod the %ro)nd at an an%(e or to scratch the s)rface to detect an4 hidden o6>ect.
-@perience in the )se of the prodder 1i(( i$pro2e its effecti2eness.
2. .a8e. ,his is the standard t4pe of ra8e5 6)t 1ith a (on%er hand(e It is )sed to
scrape the %ro)nd7s s)rface to detect an4 possi6(e hidden de2ice. ,o faci(itate its
hand(in%5 it $a4 6e e=)ipped 1ith t1o s$a(( 1hee(s.
d. Esers or operators of the a6o2e3$entioned e=)ip$ent $)st 6e re(ie2ed fre=)ent(4 to
a2oid the strain p(aced on the$ 1hi(e operatin% the 2ario)s t4pes of detectors.
4. Detection techni=)es. ,he fo((o1in% are the s)%%ested techni=)es that $a4 6e app(ied
1hen searchin% for or endea2orin% to detect an4 concea(ed de2ices:
a. Dis)a( search. ;hate2er aid is 6ein% )sed5 as an added $eans5 a 2is)a( search 1i((
i$pro2e its effecti2eness. ,he de%ree of effecti2eness of a 2is)a( search 1i(( 6e
deter$ined 64 the e@perience of the person or persons concerned5 their concentration5
patience5 po1ers of o6ser2ation and 8een sense of a1areness. !(( so(diers $)st 6e $ade
conscio)s of this a1areness and not (ea2e the detection to the operators of the 2ario)s
de2ices on(4. !(tho)%h it 1i(( not 6e possi6(e to $ention a(( the points in this chapter5
(isted 6e(o1 are a fe1 e@a$p(es of 1hat to (oo8 for 1hich $a4 indicate the presence of a
6)ried or concea(ed de2ice:
1. Dist)r6ed soi( or soi( 1ith a 2ar4in% de%ree of da$pness.
2. /tones (oosened or $o2ed fro$ their apparent ori%ina( or nor$a( position.
3. /$oothed3o2er soi( 6et1een trac8s and footprints.
4. /oi( 1ith s)spicio)s3(oo8in% de6ris s)ch as %rass5 (ea2es and stic8s scattered o2er
the s)rface.
5. 0ootprints con2er%in% at a point in the road.
6. Hnee35 hand3 or footprints in the soi( indicatin% 8nee(in% persons. In this case toe3
cap prints 1i(( 6e $ost prono)nced.
7. De%etation not confor$in% to its s)rro)ndin%s.
8. Presence of apparent )nnecessar4 c)ttin% of 2e%etation.
9. ;ire or n4(on cords5 ta)t or s(ac8.
10. !n4 t4pe of $eta((ic ref(ection.
11. Lea2es or stic8s partia((4 c(eaned of nor$a( dirt.
12. /cattered da$p soi( near 1e((s or drops of 1ater.
6. Dis$o)nted detection. ,his $ethod is ti$e3cons)$in% and sho)(d it 6e necessar4 to
co2er (on% distances5 a caref)( appreciation $)st 6e $ade5 6earin% in $ind the ene$4
acti2it4 and techni=)es and terrain5 to se(ect the 6est ro)te that 1o)(d re=)ire the
$ini$)$ of this t4pe of detection. ?est speed 1ith this $ethod is one and a ha(f to t1o
8i(o$eters per ho)r. 0or $a@i$)$ effect a $ine detector sho)(d 6e )sed in con>)nction
1ith a prodder. ,he dia%ra$s 6e(o1 %i2e a s)%%ested techni=)e. 0or a nor$a( 1idth road
t1o searchers $)st $o2e a6reast of each other 1ith their search patterns o2er(appin%.
c. 'o)nted detection. ,his $ethod can e$p(o4 the $echanica(3t4pe e=)ip$ent a(read4
$entioned5 or 2is)a( $eans 1here64 a $ini$)$ of t1o $en5 p(aced as far for1ard as
possi6(e on 6oth sides of a 2ehic(e5 search the road for an4 possi6(e hidden de2ice 1hi(e
the 2ehic(e $o2es. ,he 2ehic(es $o2e s(o1(4 and 1i(( ha(t i$$ediate(4 at the s(i%htest
s)spicio)s3 (oo8in% si%n. ,his $ethod is s(o1 and p(aces %reat strain on the o6ser2ers.
Conse=)ent(4 the4 sho)(d 6e re(ie2ed fre=)ent(4.
5. D)e to the co$p(e@it4 and )n(i$ited n)$6er of de2ices e$p(o4ed 64 the ene$4 and
the ene$47s i$pro2in% s8i(( in the )se of e@p(osi2e de2ices5 it is ad2isa6(e that5 1hene2er
possi6(e5 )nits ha2e readi(4 a2ai(a6(e trained technica( e@perts and specia(ist e=)ip$ent to
assist in the detection and ne)tra(i9ation of the 2ario)s e@p(osi2e de2ices. ,his is of
partic)(ar i$portance 1hen it is anticipated that a )nit 1i(( 6e $o2in% thro)%h an area
that is s)spected of 6ein% $ined 64 the ene$4. ?asic $ine3c(earin% e=)ip$ent #rope5
%rapp(e and prodders& sho)(d 6e standard iss)e to s)63)nits en%a%ed in !,"P/. It is
essentia( that a(( s)63)nits recei2e trainin% in the )se of this e=)ip$ent prior to 6ein%
co$$itted to operations.
6. ,o de2e(op and i$pro2e the a1areness pre2io)s(4 $entioned5 a s4ste$ $)st 6e
adopted 1here64 a(( personne( are 8ept infor$ed as to ne1 techni=)es and (essons
(earned.
'ar8in% and Destr)ction
7. "nce a de2ice has 6een detected5 the fo((o1in% are possi6(e co)rses of action:
a. ,he de2ice is $ar8ed and reported.
6. ,he de2ice is destro4ed i$$ediate(4.
8. De2ice $ar8ed and reported.
a. "nce a de2ice has 6een detected5 sho)(d there not 6e a =)a(ified technica( e@pert
present5 so$e6od4 1ith $ore e@perience $)st caref)((4 inspect the de2ice to ascertain its
t4pe5 possi6(e tri%%er $echanis$ and 1hether it is 6oo643trapped. ,his inspection $)st
6e 2is)a( so as not to dist)r6 the de2ice5 1hich $a4 res)(t in an e@p(osion. ,he de2ice
$)st then 6e $ar8ed in a s)ita6(e $anner and its (ocation reported to hi%her
head=)arters. ,his report is to inc()de:
1. Its (ocation and ho1 i$p(anted5 s)spended5 etc.
2. ,4pe of de2ice.
3. If possi6(e5 tri%%er $echanis$.
4. ;hether it appears to 6e 6oo643trapped.
5. !n4 trip 1ires or cord in c(ose pro@i$it4 of de2ice.
6. 'ethod )sed to $ar8 it.
6. !fter $ar8in% and reportin%5 the de2ice can either 6e destro4ed or5 if it is a ne1
de2ice5 ne)tra(i9ed. Ender no circ)$stances 1i(( a de2ice 6e ne)tra(i9ed and re$o2ed
other than 64 an e@pert. "nce re$o2ed5 the de2ice $a4 6e destro4ed or retained for
f)rther e@a$ination5 dependin% on instr)ctions fro$ hi%her head=)arters.
9. De2ice destro4ed.
a. In this e2ent5 after the de2ice has 6een detected and a caref)( e@a$ination has 6een
carried o)t to deter$ine its nat)re5 the decision is $ade to destro4 it. ;hene2er possi6(e5
a =)a(ified technica( e@pert sho)(d perfor$ this tas8. Ao1e2er5 $e$6ers 1ith practica(
e@perience in this respect co)(d a(so carr4 o)t this tas8. "nce the decision has 6een $ade
to destro4 the de2ice 1here it has 6een (ocated5 the fo((o1in% 1i(( app(4:
1. ;itho)t dist)r6in% the de2ice and i$$ediate 2icinit4 too $)ch5 se(ect the
principa( char%e of the de2ice.
2. -ns)re that a(( other troops are safe(4 )nder co2er or a safe distance a1a4.
3. ,he $ini$)$ n)$6er of $en $)st 6e )sed for the tas85 prefera6(4 on(4 one
$an.
4. -ndea2or to ens)re that the e@p(osion 1i(( not ca)se s4$pathetic detonation of
other de2ices in the sa$e area that $a4 endan%er the (i2es of o1n troops.
5. C(ear the area of dr4 %rass and (ea2es5 etc.5 to pre2ent the start of a fire.
6. P(ace the prepared char%e5 ens)rin% $a@i$)$ destr)ction res)(ts. ,his co)(d 6e
,*, s(a6s5 p(astic e@p(osi2e or hand %renades.
7. Initiate the char%e and retire a(on% a prep(anned ro)te to safe co2er. Prior to
initiation ens)re area is c(ear of o1n troops ;hen )sin% hand %renades5 a (on% 1ire or
cord 1i(( ha2e to 6e )sed to p)(( o)t the safet4 pins. ,he %renades $)st 6e fi@ed to a sta8e
to ens)re positi2e action.
6. It $a45 )nder certain circ)$stances5 6e possi6(e to destro4 the de2ice 64 its o1n
s4ste$. In this case it $a4 6e possi6(e to ca)se se(f3 destr)ction 64 acti2atin% the tri%%er
$echanis$ fro$ a safe distance5 e.%.5 p)((in% o)t the retainin% sta8es or p)((in% the
trip1ire fro$ a safe p(ace 1ith a (on% cord or 1ire.
c. Ender certain circ)$stances a trained $an $a4 re$o2e the de2ice to a safe p(ace for
destr)ction. -@tre$e ca)tion $)st 6e e@ercised5 ho1e2er5 to ens)re that anti3(iftin%
de2ices andor 6oo64 traps are first ne)tra(i9ed or are not present. !nti3(iftin% de2ices
in2aria6(4 ha2e a de(a4 f)se5 and pro2ision $)st 6e $ade for this 1hen atte$ptin% to (ift
or re$o2e a de2ice. In this case the 6est $ethod for re$o2in% the de2ice is to )se a
%rapp(e and rope to p)(( it fro$ its position.
SECTION 9+ E)P5O,)ENT *, )I5IT#4,
FO4CES
10. ;here and 1hen the opport)nit4 presents itse(f and sho)(d the circ)$stances per$it5
$i(itar4 forces $a4 $a8e )se of $ines andor 6oo64 traps. possi6(e reasons for )se co)(d
6e the fo((o1in%:
a. Protecti2e $eas)res. ,o protect $i(itar4 6ases5 ca$ps and insta((ations and possi6(4
certain 8e4 insta((ations a%ainst possi6(e ene$4 actions
6. *)isance ro(e. ,o $ine or 6oo643trap possi6(e ene$4 ro)tes andor crossin% p(aces5
in partic)(ar across the 6order fro$ co)ntries %i2in% assistance to the ene$4.
c. Denia( ro(e. ,o den4 certain ro)tes or areas to the ene$45 e.%. possi6(e fire 6ase
positions that the ene$4 $a4 )se or approaches to 2i((a%es5 c)(ti2ations5 etc.
11. !)thorit4. ?efore an4 $ines or 6oo64 traps are (aid5 a)thorit4 $)st 6e %ranted 64 the
hi%hest appropriate head=)arters. Ao1e2er5 this a)thorit4 co)(d 6e de(e%ated to (o1er
(e2e(s.
NOTE+ Incomplete section !e$ masterE T#5&ODE4B
$e$6ers.tripod.co$se(o)ssco)tsintro.ht$