William Makepeace Thackeray

1
William Makepeace Thackeray
"Thackeray" redirects here. For other uses, see Thackeray (disambiguation).
William Makepeace Thackeray
Photograph of William Makepeace Thackeray
Born William Makepeace Thackeray
18 July 1811
Calcutta, British India
Died 24 December 1863 (age 52)
London, England
Occupation Novelist, Poet
Nationality English
Period 18291864 (published posthumously)
Genre Historical Fiction
Notable works Vanity Fair
Spouse Isabella Gethin Shawe
Children Anne Isabella (18371919)
Jane (1838?1839?)
Harriet Marian (18401875)
William Makepeace Thackeray (/kri/; 18 July 1811 24 December 1863) was an English novelist of the 19th
century. He was famous for his satirical works, particularly Vanity Fair, a panoramic portrait of English society.
William Makepeace Thackeray
2
Biography
Thackeray, an only child, was born in Calcutta,
[1]
India, where his father, Richmond Thackeray (1 September 1781
13 September 1815), was secretary to the board of revenue in the British East India Company. His mother, Anne
Becher (17921864) was the second daughter of Harriet Becher and John Harman Becher, who was also a secretary
(writer) for the East India Company.
William's father, Richmond, died in 1815, which caused his mother to send him to England in 1816 (whilst she
remained in India). The ship on which he travelled made a short stopover at St.Helena where the imprisoned
Napoleon was pointed out to him. Once in England he was educated at schools in Southampton and Chiswick and
then at Charterhouse School, where he was a close friend of John Leech. He disliked Charterhouse, parodying it in
his later fiction as "Slaughterhouse". (Nevertheless Thackeray was honoured in the Charterhouse Chapel with a
monument after his death.) Illness in his last year there (during which he reportedly grew to his full height of6' 3")
postponed his matriculation at Trinity College, Cambridge, until February 1829. Never too keen on academic
studies, he left the University in 1830, though some of his earliest writing appeared in university publications The
Snob and The Gownsman.
He travelled for some time on the continent, visiting Paris and Weimar, where he met Goethe. He returned to
England and began to study law at the Middle Temple, but soon gave that up. On reaching the age of 21, he came
into his inheritance but he squandered much of it on gambling and by funding two unsuccessful newspapers, The
National Standard and The Constitutional, for which he had hoped to write. He also lost a good part of his fortune in
the collapse of two Indian banks. Forced to consider a profession to support himself, he turned first to art, which he
studied in Paris, but did not pursue it except in later years as the illustrator of some of his own novels and other
writings.
Thackeray portrayed by Eyre Crowe, 1845
Thackeray's years of semi-idleness ended after he married (20 August
1836) Isabella Gethin Shawe (18161893), second daughter of Isabella
Creagh Shawe and Matthew Shawe, a colonel, who had died after
extraordinary service, primarily in India. They had three children, all
girls: Anne Isabella (18371919), Jane (died at 8 months) and Harriet
Marian (18401875). He now began "writing for his life", as he put it,
turning to journalism in an effort to support his young family.
He primarily worked for Fraser's Magazine, a sharp-witted and
sharp-tongued conservative publication, for which he produced art
criticism, short fictional sketches, and two longer fictional works,
Catherine and The Luck of Barry Lyndon. From 1837 to 1840 he also
reviewed books for The Times.
[2]
He was also a regular contributor to
The Morning Chronicle and The Foreign Quarterly Review. Later,
through his connection to the illustrator John Leech, he began writing
for the newly created Punch magazine, where he published The Snob Papers, later collected as The Book of Snobs.
This work popularised the modern meaning of the word "snob".
Tragedy struck in his personal life as his wife succumbed to depression after the birth of their third child in 1840.
Finding he could get no work done at home, he spent more and more time away, until September of that year, when
he realised how grave her condition was. Struck by guilt, he took his ailing wife to Ireland. During the crossing she
threw herself from a water-closet into the sea, but she was pulled from the waters. They fled back home after a
four-week domestic battle with her mother. From November 1840 to February 1842 she was in and out of
professional care, her condition waxing and waning.
William Makepeace Thackeray
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Caricature of Thackeray by Thackeray
She eventually deteriorated into a permanent state of detachment from
reality, unaware of the world around her. Thackeray desperately sought
cures for her, but nothing worked, and she ended up confined in a
home near Paris. She remained there until 1893, outliving her husband
by thirty years. After his wife's illness, Thackeray became a de facto
widower, never establishing another permanent relationship. He did
pursue other women, in particular Mrs. Jane Brookfield, and Sally
Baxter. In 1851 Mr Brookfield barred Thackeray from further visits to
or correspondence with Jane. Baxter, an American twenty years his
junior whom he met during a lecture tour in New York City in 1852,
married another man in 1855.
In the early 1840s, Thackeray had some success with two travel books,
The Paris Sketch Book and The Irish Sketch Book. He achieved more
recognition with his Snob Papers (serialised 1846/7, published in book
form in 1848), but the work that really established his fame was the
novel Vanity Fair, which first appeared in serialised installments
beginning in January 1847. Even before Vanity Fair completed its
serial run, Thackeray had become a celebrity, sought after by the very
lords and ladies whom he satirised; they hailed him as the equal of Dickens.
He remained "at the top of the tree," as he put it, for the remaining decade and a half of his life, producing several
large novels, notably Pendennis, The Newcomes, and The History of Henry Esmond, despite various illnesses,
including a near fatal one that struck him in 1849 in the middle of writing Pendennis. He twice visited the United
States on lecture tours during this period.
Thackeray also gave lectures in London on the English humorists of the eighteenth century, and on the first four
Hanoverian monarchs. The latter series was published in book form as The Four Georges. In Oxford, he stood
unsuccessfully as an independent for Parliament. He was narrowly beaten by Cardwell (1070 votes, against 1005 for
Thackeray).
In 1860 Thackeray became editor of the newly established Cornhill Magazine, but was never comfortable as an
editor, preferring to contribute to the magazine as a columnist, producing his Roundabout Papers for it.
Thackeray's grave at Kensal Green Cemetery, London, photographed in 2014
His health worsened during the 1850s
and he was plagued by a recurring
stricture of the urethra that laid him up
for days at a time. He also felt he had
lost much of his creative impetus. He
worsened matters by over-eating and
drinking and avoiding exercise, though
he enjoyed horseback riding (he kept a
horse). He has been described as "the
greatest literary glutton who ever
lived". His main activity apart from
writing was "guttling and gorging".
[3]
He could not break his addiction to spicy peppers, further ruining his digestion. On 23 December 1863, after
returning from dining out and before dressing for bed, Thackeray suffered a stroke and was found dead in his bed in
the morning. His death at the age of fifty-two was entirely unexpected, and shocked his family, friends, and reading
William Makepeace Thackeray
4
public. An estimated 7000 people attended his funeral at Kensington Gardens. He was buried on 29 December at
Kensal Green Cemetery, and a memorial bust sculpted by Marochetti can be found in Westminster Abbey.
Works
Thackeray began as a satirist and parodist, writing papers with a sneaking fondness for roguish upstarts like Becky
Sharp in Vanity Fair and the title characters of The Luck of Barry Lyndon and Catherine. In his earliest works,
writing under such pseudonyms as Charles James Yellowplush, Michael Angelo Titmarsh, and George Savage
Fitz-Boodle, he tended towards the savage in his attacks on high society, military prowess, the institution of
marriage, and hypocrisy.
Title-page to Vanity Fair, drawn by
Thackeray, who furnished the
illustrations for many of his earlier
editions.
One of his earliest works, "Timbuctoo" (1829), contained his burlesque upon the
subject set for the Cambridge Chancellor's medal for English verse (the contest
was won by Tennyson with "Timbuctoo"). His writing career really began with a
series of satirical sketches now usually known as The Yellowplush Papers, which
appeared in Fraser's Magazine beginning in 1837. These were adapted for BBC
Radio 4 in 2009, with Adam Buxton playing Charles Yellowplush.
Between May 1839 and February 1840, Fraser's published the work sometimes
considered Thackeray's first novel, Catherine, originally intended as a satire of
the Newgate school of crime fiction but ending up more as a rollicking
picaresque tale in its own right. He also began work, never finished, on the novel
later published as A Shabby Genteel Story.
In The Luck of Barry Lyndon, a novel serialised in Fraser's in 1844, Thackeray
explored the situation of an outsider trying to achieve status in high society, a
theme which he developed more successfully in Vanity Fair with the character of
Becky Sharp, the artist's daughter who rises nearly to the heights by manipulating
the other characters.
He is best known now for Vanity Fair, with its deft skewerings of human foibles
and its roguishly attractive heroine. His large novels from the period after this,
once described unflatteringly by Henry James as examples of "loose baggy monsters", have faded from view,
perhaps because they reflect a mellowing in the author, who became so successful with his satires on society that he
seemed to lose his zest for attacking it.
The later works include Pendennis, a sort of bildungsroman depicting the coming of age of Arthur Pendennis, a kind
of alter ego of Thackeray who also features as the narrator of two later novels, The Newcomes and The Adventures of
Philip. The Newcomes is noteworthy for its critical portrayal of the "marriage market", while Philip is noteworthy for
its semi-autobiographical depiction of Thackeray's early life, in which the author partially regains some of his early
satirical zest.
Also notable among the later novels is The History of Henry Esmond, in which Thackeray tried to write a novel in
the style of the eighteenth century. In fact, the eighteenth century held a great appeal for Thackeray. Not only
Esmond but also Barry Lyndon and Catherine are set then, as is the sequel to Esmond, The Virginians, which takes
place in America and includes George Washington as a character who nearly kills one of the protagonists in a duel.
William Makepeace Thackeray
5
Family life
Anne Becher and William Makepeace Thackeray,
c.1813
Thackeray's father, Richmond Thackeray, was born at South Mimms
and went to India in 1798 at age sixteen as a writer (civil servant) with
the East India Company. Richmond fathered a daughter, Sarah
Redfield, in 1804 with Charlotte Sophia Rudd, his possibly Eurasian
mistress, and both mother and daughter were named in his will. Such
liaisons were common among gentlemen of the East India Company,
and it formed no bar to his later courting and marrying William's
mother.
Anne Becher, born 1792, was "one of the reigning beauties of the day"
and a daughter of John Harmon Becher (Collector of the South 24
Parganas district d. Calcutta, 1800), of an old Bengal civilian family
"noted for the tenderness of its women". Anne Becher, her sister
Harriet, and widowed mother Harriet, had been sent back to India by
her authoritarian guardian grandmother, widow Ann Becher, in 1809
on the Earl Howe. Anne's grandmother had told her that the man she
loved, Henry Carmichael-Smyth, an ensign of the Bengal Engineers
whom she met at an Assembly Ball in 1807 in Bath, Somerset, had
died, and he was told that Anne was no longer interested in him;
neither of these were true. Though Carmichael-Smyth was from a distinguished Scottish military family, Anne's
grandmother went to extreme lengths to prevent their marriage; surviving family letters state that she wanted a better
match for her granddaughter.
Anne Becher and Richmond Thackeray were married in Calcutta on 13 October 1810. Their only child, William,
was born on 18 July 1811. There was a fine miniature portrait of Anne Becher Thackeray and William Makepeace
Thackeray, about age 2, done in Madras by George Chinnery c. 1813.
[4]
Anne's family's deception was unexpectedly revealed in 1812, when Richmond Thackeray unwittingly invited the
supposedly dead Carmichael-Smyth to dinner. After Richmond died of a fever on 13 September 1815, Anne married
Henry Carmichael-Smyth on 13 March 1817. The couple moved to England in 1820, after having sent William off to
school there more than three years earlier. The separation from his mother had a traumatic effect on the young
Thackeray which he discussed in his essay "On Letts's Diary" in The Roundabout Papers.
Thackeray is also an ancestor of UK financier Ryan Williams, and British comedian Al Murray's
great-great-great-grandfather.
William Makepeace Thackeray
6
Reputation and legacy
Etching of Thackeray, ca. 1867
During the Victorian era, Thackeray was ranked second only to
Charles Dickens, but he is now much less read and is known
almost exclusively for Vanity Fair. In that novel he was able to
satirise whole swaths of humanity while retaining a light touch. It
also features his most memorable character, the engagingly
roguish Becky Sharp. As a result, unlike Thackeray's other novels,
it remains popular with the general reading public; it is a standard
fixture in university courses and has been repeatedly adapted for
movies and television.
In Thackeray's own day, some commentators, such as Anthony
Trollope, ranked his History of Henry Esmond as his greatest
work, perhaps because it expressed Victorian values of duty and
earnestness, as did some of his other later novels. It is perhaps for
this reason that they have not survived as well as Vanity Fair,
which satirises those values.
Thackeray saw himself as writing in the realistic tradition and
distinguished himself from the exaggerations and sentimentality of
Dickens. Some later commentators have accepted this self-evaluation and seen him as a realist, but others note his
inclination to use eighteenth-century narrative techniques, such as digressions and talking to the reader, and argue
that through them he frequently disrupts the illusion of reality. The school of Henry James, with its emphasis on
maintaining that illusion, marked a break with Thackeray's techniques.
2 Palace Green, a house built for Thackeray in the 1860s, is currently the permanent residence of the Israeli Embassy
to the United Kingdom.
[5]
A Royal Society of Arts blue plaque was unveiled in 1887 to commemorate Thackeray at
Palace Green.
His former home in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, is now a fine dining restaurant named after the
author.Wikipedia:Citation needed
List of works
Wikisource has original works written by or
about:
William Makepeace Thackeray
The Yellowplush Papers (1837) ISBN 0-8095-9676-8
Catherine (183940) ISBN 1-4065-0055-0
A Shabby Genteel Story (1840) ISBN 1-4101-0509-1
The Irish Sketchbook (1843) ISBN 0-86299-754-2
The Luck of Barry Lyndon (1844), filmed as Barry Lyndon by Stanley Kubrick ISBN 0-19-283628-5
Notes of a Journey from Cornhill to Grand Cairo (1846), under the name Mr M. A. Titmarsh.
Mrs. Perkins's Ball (1846), under the name M. A. Titmarsh
The Book of Snobs (1848), which popularised that term- ISBN 0-8095-9672-5
Vanity Fair (1848) ISBN 0-14-062085-0
Pendennis (18481850) ISBN 1-4043-8659-9
Rebecca and Rowena (1850), a parody sequel of Ivanhoe ISBN 1-84391-018-7
The Paris Sketchbook (1840), featuring Roger Bontemps
William Makepeace Thackeray
7
Men's Wives (1852) ISBN 0-14-062085-1
The History of Henry Esmond (1852) ISBN 0-14-143916-5
The Newcomes (1855) ISBN 0-460-87495-0
The Rose and the Ring (1855) ISBN 1-4043-2741-X
The Virginians (18571859) ISBN 1-4142-3952-1
Four Georges (1860-1861) - ISBN 978-1410203007
The Adventures of Philip (1862) ISBN 1-4101-0510-5
Roundabout Papers (1863)
Denis Duval (1864) ISBN 1-4191-1561-8
The Orphan of Pimlico (1876)
Sketches and Travels in London
Stray Papers: Being Stories, Reviews, Verses, and Sketches (1821-1847)
Literary Essays
The English Humorists of the eighteenth century: a series of lectures (1867)
Lovel the Widower
Ballads
Christmas Books
Samuel Titmarsh
Miscellanies
Stories
Burlesques
Irish Sketchbook volume 2
Character Sketches
Critical Reviews
Second Funeral of Napoleon
References
[1] Calcutta was the capital of the British Indian Empire at the time. Thackeray was born on the grounds of what is now the Armenian College &
Philanthropic Academy on the old Freeschool Street, now called Mirza Ghalib Street.
[2] Gary Simons, 'Thackeray's Contributions to the Times, Victorian Periodicals Review, 40:4 (2007, pp. 332354
[3] Bee Wilson, "Vanity fare", New Statesman, 27 November 1998 (http:/ / www. newstatesman. com/ vanity-fare). Retrieved 4 January 2014
[4] Ooty Well Preserved & Flourishing (http:/ / gibberandsqueak. blogspot. com/ 2009/ 02/ ooty-well-preserved-flourishing. html)
[5] British History website (http:/ / www.british-history. ac. uk/ report. aspx?compid=49873#s21)
Sources
Catalan, Zelma. The Politics of Irony in Thackerays Mature Fiction: Vanity Fair, Henry Esmond, The Newcomes.
Sofia (Bulgaria), 2010, 250 p.
Sheldon Goldfarb Catherine: A Story (The Thackeray Edition). University of Michigan Press, 1999.
Ferris, Ina. William Makepeace Thackeray. Boston: Twayne, 1983.
Monsarrat, Ann. An Uneasy Victorian: Thackeray the Man, 18111863. London: Cassell, 1980.
Peters, Catherine. Thackerays Universe: Shifting Worlds of Imagination and Reality. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1987.
Prawer, Siegbert S.: Breeches and Metaphysics: Thackeray's German Discourse. Oxford: Legenda, 1997.
Prawer, Siegbert S.: Israel at Vanity Fair: Jews and Judaism in the Writings of W. M. Thackeray. Leiden: Brill,
1992.
Prawer, Siegbert S.: W. M. Thackeray's European sketch books: a study of literary and graphic portraiture. P.
Lang, 2000.
William Makepeace Thackeray
8
Ray, Gordon N. Thackeray: The Uses of Adversity, 18111846. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955.
Ray, Gordon N. Thackeray: The Age of Wisdom, 18471863. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957.
Ritchie, H.T. Thackeray and His Daughter. Harper and Brothers, 1924.
Rodrguez Espinosa, Marcos (1998) Traduccin y recepcin como procesos de mediacin cultural: 'Vanity Fair'
en Espaa. Mlaga: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Mlaga.
Shillingsburg, Peter. William Makepeace Thackeray: A Literary Life. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001.
Williams, Ioan M. Thackeray. London: Evans, 1968.
External links
Library resources about
William Makepeace Thackeray
Resources in your library (http:/ / tools.wmflabs. org/ ftl/ cgi-bin/ ftl?st=wp& su=William+ Makepeace+ Thackeray)
Resources in other libraries (http:/ / tools. wmflabs.org/ ftl/ cgi-bin/ ftl?st=wp& su=William+ Makepeace+ Thackeray&
library=0CHOOSE0)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Makepeace Thackeray.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: William Makepeace Thackeray
The Thackerays in India and Some Calcutta Graves (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=3SoZAAAAMAAJ)
By William Wilson Hunter
Works (http:/ / ebooks. adelaide. edu. au/ t/ thackeray/ william_makepeace/ ) available at eBooks @ Adelaide
(http:/ / ebooks. adelaide. edu. au/ )
Works by William Makepeace Thackeray (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ author/ William_Makepeace_Thackeray)
at Project Gutenberg
Works by William Makepeace Thackeray (http:/ / librivox. org/ search?q=William+ Makepeace+ Thackeray&
search_form=advanced) at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
On Charity and Humor (http:/ / bartleby. com/ 268/ 4/ 19. html), discourse on behalf of a charitable organisation
Pegasus in Harness: Victorian Publishing and W. M. Thackeray by Peter L. Shillingsburg (http:/ / www.
victorianweb. org/ authors/ wmt/ pegasus/ contents. html)
"Bluebeard's Ghost" by W. M. Thackeray (1843) (http:/ / www. surlalunefairytales. com/ bluebeard/ fiction/
williammakepeacethackeray.html)
PSU's Electronic Classics Series William Makepeace Thackeray site (http:/ / www2. hn. psu. edu/ faculty/ jmanis/
thackeray. htm)
"The Adventures of Thackeray on his way through the World: An online exhibition at the Houghton Library
(http:/ / hcl. harvard. edu/ libraries/ houghton/ exhibits/ thackeray/ )
Article Sources and Contributors
9
Article Sources and Contributors
William Makepeace Thackeray Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=622621302 Contributors: 19thPharaoh, ABCD, Advance, Aetylus, Ahmed SHareef2nd, Allissonn,
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YeshuaDavid, Zariane, Zoe, , 200 anonymous edits
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