Design Methodology

Phosphorus Process Removal

This calculation assumes that the Al
+3
reacts with
phosphorus compounds first, and that excess aluminum
forms aluminum hydroxide.
Given:
AI:P dose = 2.2mol:1mol
Atomic weight of P = 31g/mol
Atomic weight of AI = 27g/mol
Atomic weight of AIPO
4
= 122g/mol
Atomic weight of AI(OH)
3
= 78g/mol
P
o
= 8 mg/L
P=1mg/L
AI dose= 2.2 x 7 x (27/31) = 13.4 mg/L
AI
3+
+ PO
4
-3
= AI PO
4

AI
3+
+ 3 OH
-
= AI(OH)
3
Stoichiometry:
AI + PO
4
= AI PO
4
AI + 3 OH
-
= AI(OH)
3
(8 - 1 mgP/L) / 31 = 0.23 mmole/L AIP0
4
(13.4 mg/l AI) /27 = 0.50 mmole/L AI added
0.50 - 0.23 = 0.27 mmole/L AI in excess to AI(OH)
3
AIP0
4
sludge: 0.23 mmole/L x 122 g/mol= 28,1 mg/L AIPO
4
Al(OH)
3
sludge: 0.27 mmole/L x 78 = 21,1 mg/L
Total chemical sludge:
produced AI(OH)
3
28.1 mg/L AIP0
4
+ 21.1 mg/LAI(OH)
3
49.2 mg/L AI sludge
Chemical sludge produced = 49.2 mg sludge/liter of
wastewater treated. Because the stoichiometry is only an
approximation of the chemical reactions which occur, it has
been recommended that the calculated sludge production
value be increased by 35%.
Design estimate of chemical sludge production:
1.35 x 49.2 mg/l = 66,4 mg sludge/liter of wastewater
treated
The most common points for addition of aluminum and iron
salts for phosphorus removal are:
1) immediately upstream of the primary clarifier,
2) immediately after the aeration basins prior to final
clarification,
3) at both points simultaneously.
Mineral addition to primary treatment
Mineral addition to secondary treatment
Multipoint mineral addition
Infulent
Infulent
Infulent
Al or Fe
Al or Fe
Flocculation aid
Flocculation aid
Flocculation aid
Sludge to processing
Sludge to processing
Sludge to processing
Alternative mineral addition points
Alternative mineral addition points
effulent
effulent
effulent
Aeration tank
Aeration tank
Aeration tank
Rapid
mix
Rapid
mix
Primary
clarifier
Primary
clarifier
Primary
clarifier
Sec.
clarifier
Sec.
clarifier
SEC.
clarifier
Rapid mix tanks may be designed for detention times
of 20-60 seconds, although 30 seconds is recommended
for metal salts.
Velocity gradients (G) on the order of 300 1/sec
are generally sufficient, although values as high as
1000 1/sec/ have been recommended.
The power required to maintain turbulent conditions
(Reynolds > 10
5
) in a flash mix basin with an impeller mixer
can be calculated from:
P = K
T
n
3
Da
5
/g
where,
P = power requirement, N m/s
=mass density of the fluid, kg/m
3
n=impeller revolutions per second, 1/s
D
a
=diameter of impeller, m
g=gravitional acceleration, 9.79mkg/Ns
2
K
T
=constans
Values of K
T
for various mixing devices are shown in table.
The power dissipation function is expressed as
P/V=G
2
G= velocity gradient (1/s)
= absolute fluid viscosity, gs/m
2
( =v),
Type of impeller K
T
Propeller (square pitch, 3 blades)
Propeller (pitch of 2,3 blades)
Turbine (6 flat blades)
Turbine (curved blades)
Turbine (6 arrowhead blades)
Fan turbine (6 blades)
Flat paddle (2 blades)
Shrouded turbine (6curved blades)
Shrouded turbine
0,32
1,00
6,30
4,80
4,00
1,65
1,70
1,08
1,12

Values of K
T
for determining impeller power requirements
Velocity gradient can be calculated from the general
equation :
2
1
(

=
V
P
G
where,
G = velocity gradient 1/s
P = power requirement, N m/s
= absolute fluid viscosity, gs/m
2
( =v),
v =kinematic viscosity m
2
/s
V = basin volume, m
3
5
2
10 Re >

D n
Temperature
Kinematic viscosity v
m
2
/s
20
0
C 1.0 10
-6
10
0
C 1.30 10
-6

5
0
C 1.51 10
-6

0
0
C 1.79 10
-6


Devices have been used to promote flocculation, including
preaeration basins, interprocess channels, aeration basins,
and clarifiers.
Maintenance of velocity gradients in the range of 50 to
80 m/sec/m for no more than 15 minutes is recommended
for good flocculation where metal salts are used.
Velocity gradient can be determined by substituting the
appropriate value of P into the general equation.
Design liquid stream processes.
A separate rapid mix tank is required upstream of the primary
clarifiers.
Rapid Mix Tank
Size for detention time of 30 sec at average flow:
Volume = 3.9 m
3
Dimensions = 1.5 m x 1.5 m x 1.5 m deep
Propeller mixer with K
T
= 1,7
=1400kg/m
3
D=0.4m
n=10 revolution 1/s
v=1.310
-6
m
2
/s ( T
0
C=10
0
C)
Calculate the power required to maintain
turbulent conditions (P)
s Nm P / 2484
79 . 9
4 . 0 10 7 . 1 1400
5 3
=

=
Velocity gradient (G)
s G / 811 . 591 ]
10 95 . 1 9 . 3
2484
[
2 / 1
3
=

=

s m kg = = =

/ 10 95 . 1 10 3 . 1 1400
3 6

300 < 591.8 < 1000 1/s
5
2
10 Re >

D n
5 6
6
2
10 10 23 . 1
10 31 . 1
4 . 0 10
Re > =