History & Systems (tentative) Exam 3 guide fall, 2009

1. What was John Stuart Mill’s problem with Sir William Hamilton’s intuitions?
2. What was Mill’s mental chemistry and how was it different from mental mechanics?
3. How did that lead to his theory of belief, or the explanation of our belief in matter from the
psychological viewpoint?
4. What were a half dozen or more specific psychological contributions of Helmholtz?
5. What was the contribution of each of the following: Volta, Galvani, J. Müller, G. E. Müller, Breuer,
Hering, Whytt, Donders, Bell, Magendie, Fritsche & Hitzig, and Penfield?
6. What was the gist of Herbart’s theory and what were some of the terms that he used?
7. Who else used them, both before and after him?
8. What did Ernst Weber find and how could Fechner use it to measure sensation?
9. Why was it essential to show that jnds were subjectively equal and how did he do it?
10. How did S. S. Stevens “repeal” Fechner’s law?
11. What was Fechner’s “golden rectangle?” What were “negative sensations?”
12. How did signal detection theory change everything?
13. In what ways was Wundt badly misunderstood by other writers, right up to present?
14. What are the basics of his theory and what methods did he use?
15. Who were some of his students?
16. What did he show regarding judged simultaneity of visual and auditory things?
17. What did he do with distorting prisms?
18. What was his view of memory copies, association, and introspection?
19. What are the laws of psychic causality?
20. How did Wundt explain the self and “will?”
21. What were the parts of the Vorstellung?
22. How did Brentano and the Würzburgers badly misunderstand him?
23. What did Külpe and the Würzburgers find?
24. What were several influences on Darwin?
25. How did Wallace affect him twice?
26. What was Spencer’s contribution?
27. What of Thomas Huxley?
28. What did Romanes have to do with Darwin and what were the “ambassadors of the mind?”
29. What were subjective and objective inference?
30. How did Lloyd-Morgan deal with Romanes and what were the three ways in which minds might vary?
31. What were a bunch of Galton’s inventions/contributions?
32. What was Galton’s thesis concerning intelligence and how did he measure it?
33. How did he justify such measurement?
34. What were the basics of Titchener’s theory and what were his methods?
35. What were the elements of experience and what were their attributes?
36. What is the meaning of the stimulus error for Titchener and for the Gestaltists?
37. What is attention for Titchener?
38. How was he (and how was Külpe) a positivist and how was that different from Wundt’s point of view?
What did Titchener think of explanation, applied science, and mind?
39. What is meaning and how did Titchener handle the Würzburg findings?
40. How, specifically, was Titchener’s psychology different from Wundt’s?
41. What was found by Perky? How was it compounded by Calkins and Rahn?
42. What did Nafe find? How did this scuttle both Külpe and Titchener and what did Wundt think of it?
43. What did Stella Sharp, in Titchener’s lab, show regarding Galton’s methods?
44. What basic tenets were always part of Freud’s psychology during the decades preceding 1923 and what
awful thing happened that year?
45. What people influenced him concerning: the unconscious, sex, biology, hypnosis, catharsis, dreams, the
3-part psyche, psychic energy, and multiple personalities?
46. Why do many dislike the ego/superego/id version?
47. What was Freud’s big mistake, according to him, regarding memories of sexual abuse in childhood?
48. What was Freud’s relation to Charcot, Janet, Breuer, Brücke, Meynert, and Plato?
49. How did Wilhelm Fliess influence Freud? Who was Emma Ekstein?