I.

Federal Judicial Power

A. Authority of Judicial Review
1. Marbury v. Madison that authorized judicial reviews of federal laws and
executive actions
a. Power to review constitutionality
2. Other early sure!e court esta"lished #ure!e $ourt%Federal $ourts authority of
judicial review for state law and state review
a. &artin v. 'unter(s )essee
*. Re+uire!ent for cases and controversies
a. Justicea"ility ,octrines -all are re+uired.
1. #tandin/ 0 -!ost i!ortant. Is the laintiff the roer arty to "rin/ the !atter to
the court for adjudication1
a. Injury
i. Plaintiff !ust show was or will "e injured
ii. Personally suffered injury
iii. #ierra $lu" v. &orton
". $ausation and Redressa"ility
i. &ust alle/e that defendant is the cause of the har! and a
favora"le court decision will re!edy the har!
ii. Federal $ourts rohi"ition on /ivin/ advisory oinion
c. 2o 3
rd
Party #tandin/ is allowed
i. Plaintiff cannot su"!it clai!s of another -3
rd
arty.
ii. 4xcetions5
1. $lose relationshi "etween laintiff and injured 3
rd

arty
a. ,octor6Patient
2. If injured 3
rd
arty is unli7ely to "e a"le to assert his
or her own ri/hts
a. $ri!inal ,efendants have standin/ to raise
non6discri!ination clai!s of otential jurors
d. 2o /eneralized /rievances are allowed
i. 4xcetion
1. 8axayers have standin/ to challen/e /overn!ent
exenditures as violatin/ the esta"lish!ent clause
a. 9lass v. $ohen
2. Rieness 0 &ay the federal court /rant re6enforce!ent review of a statute or
re/ulations1
6 :sually you !ust violate a law; "e arrested; and then challen/e constitutionality
a. 'ardshi that the Plaintiff will suffer without re6enforce!ent
review
i. 9reater the hardshi; the !ore li7ely the court will hear the
case
". Fitness of the issues and the record for judicial review
i. ,oes the court have "efore it all it needs to hear the review
ii. #hould it wait to have all the issues "efore it1
c. A""ott v.
3. &ootness 0 If events after the filin/ of the lawsuit end the laintiffs injury; the
case shall "e dis!issed as !oot
6 A laintiff !ust su"!it a <live= controversy
a. 4xcetion
i. >ron/s caa"le of reetition "ut evadin/ review
ii. ?oluntary dis6cessation 0 if the defendant voluntary halts the
offendin/ ractice "ut is free to use it at any oint in the
future
@. Political Auestion ,octrine
6 Refers to alle/ations of constitutional violations that courts will not adjudicate
6 $ourt says that so!e +uestions are left to the elected officials to interret
a. 4xa!les
i. $hallen/es to the resident(s conduct in forei/n olicy
1. $ourt would not see ?ietna! challen/es of
constitutionality
ii. $hallen/es to the i!each!ent and re!oval rocess
1. 2ixon v. :nited #tates
iii. $hallen/es to artisan jerry!anderin/
1. *eeth v. Ju"ilier
II. Federal )e/islative Power
A. $on/ress( Authority to Act
a. $on/ress !ay act only if there is le/islated act
6 2o /eneral olice ower
6 &ust oint to authority in $onstitution
". 2ecessary and Proer $lause
6 $on/ress !ay enact all laws that are necessary and roer
1. &c$ulluch v. &aryland
a. $on/ress can use any !eans to carry on its authority
2. $on/ress !ay raise an ar!y and a navy
a. 8hey can i!le!ent a national "a7esale to fund it if they wanted to
c. 8axin/%#endin/ B $o!!erce $lause Powers
6 Article I; #ection C lists owers
1. $on/ress !ay tax and send for the /eneral welfare
2. $o!!erce $lause Power
a. Article I; #u" *
". 1DDE #ure!e first li!ited
i. :# v. )oez
1. 9uns free schools laws were unconstitutional
c. )i!its of $o!!erce $lause
i. $hannels
1. Places where co!!erce occurs
a. 'i/hways; Internet; Railways
ii. Instru!entalities of Interstate co!!erce in ersons or thin/s
in interstate co!!erce
1. 8ruc7s; trains; telehones
2. 9i""ons v. O/don
a. $o!!erce refers to all for!s of intercourse
thus co!!erce can re/ulate insurance;
electricity; etc. "ecause they /o across state
lines
3. &an Act
a. Federal $ri!e to ta7e a wo!an across state
lines for unclean acts
". $ourt overruled
iii. $on/ress !ay re/ulate activities that have a su"stantial
affect on interstate activities
1. >ic7ered v. Phill!er
a. Re/ulated a!ount of wheat they could /row
for their own fa!ily
". #$ ruled a/ainst far!ers
i. )oo7 at all of the wheat for ho!e
consu!tion has a si/nificant i!act
of interstate co!!erce
2. 2on econo!ic activities
a. #u"stantial affect cannot "e "ased on
cu!ulative i!act
". :# v. &orrison
i. $ivil ,a!a/es rovision of the
violence a/ainst wo!en act
ii. >o!en could sue for da!a/es in
federal court
iii. #$ ruled it unconstitutional 0
$on/ress was re/ulatin/ non6
econo!ic activity
d. 1F
th
A!end!ent 0 all owers not /ranted to the federal /overn!ent are reserved for the
states
1. $on/ress cannot co!el state le/islative or re/ulatory activities
a. 4x. $on/ress stated that every state had to clean u its nuclear waste
i. #$ says :n$on.
ii. ?iolated 1F
th
A!end!ent
". 4x. $on/ress in *rady 'and/un "ill re+uired "ac7/round chec7s
i. #$ says :n$on
ii. $onscritin/ state activity
c. $on/ress can try to induce activity "y uttin/ strin/ on /rants; as
lon/ as they are clearly stated
e. $on/ress( ower under section E of the 1@
th
A!end!ent
1. $on/ress is authorized to create laws to enforce the 1@
th
a!end!ent
a. $annot create exand ri/hts or create new ri/hts
". $an only act to revent or re!edy violation of ri/hts already
rotected "y the 1@
th
A!end!ent
c. $on/ruent to roven constitutional violations
2. $ity of *ir!in/ha! v. Flores
a. $on/ress used its ower to create new ri/hts
*. ,ele/ation of Powers
a. 2o li!it exists on the a"ility of $on/ress to dele/ate le/islative owers
i. 2o laws have "een struc7 down as to the dele/ation of owers
1. All have "een uheld
ii. 4x. F$$ dele/ation is allowed
". )e/islative ?etos B )ine Ite! ?etos are unconstitutional
i. For $on/ress to act; their !ust always "e "ica!eralis! -assa/e "oth houses. and
resent!ent to the resident to si/n or veto
ii. President !ust then si/n or veto the "ill in its entirety
iii. Presidential )ine Ite! ?eto
1. $linton v. GGGG
a. :nconstitutional
III. Federal 4xecutive Power
A. Forei/n Policy
a. 8reaties and 4xecutive A/ree!ents
i. A treaty !ust "e ratified "y the #enate
ii. An executive a/ree!ent does not have the "e ratified
". President has "road ower as co!!ander and chief to use A!erican troos in forei/n
countries
i. 2ever has "een declared unconstitutional -olitical +uestions.
*. ,o!estic Affairs
a. Aoint!ent B Re!oval Power
1. >ho !ay ossess the aoint!ent ower
a. President aoints a!"assadors; federal jud/es; and officers of the
:nited #tates
i. #enate !ust arove the no!ination for the erson to ta7e
office
". $on/ress !ay vest the aoint!ent of inferior officers in the
resident; in the heads of deart!ents or in the lower federal courts
i. $on/ress cannot /ive the aoint!ent ower to itself or its
officers
2. Re!oval Power
a. :nless the ower is li!ited; the resident !ay fire any executive
officer
i. 2ixon ordered the firin/ of secial investi/ator $ox
". $on/ress can li!it the ower of re!oval if5
i. It !ust "e an office where indeendence fro! the resident
is desirea"le
1. #ecial rosecutor
ii. #tatute !ust not rohi"it re!oval
1. It can li!it re!oval to where there is /ood cause
". 8he President has a"solute i!!unity for civil suits for !oney da!a/es for anythin/ done
while in office
1. President does not have i!!unity for acts done rior to ta7in/ office
a. $linton v. Jones
c. 4xecutive Privile/e rotects confidential aers and conversations; "ut the rivile/e !ust
yield when there is i!ortant need for the infor!ation
1. :.#. v. 2ixon
a. >ater/ate secial rosecutor su"oenaed taes !ade in the Oval
Office
". #$ said that the rivile/e !ust yield in overridin/ concerns
I?. Federalis!
6 )i!its on state and local owers "ecause of the ower of a federal /overn!ent
6 $hallen/e to so!ethin/ a state and local /overn!ent has done
A. Pree!tion
6 Article H 0 #ure!acy $lause Federal )aw wins out
a. 4xress Pree!tion
i. If a federal law exlicitly says that the federal law is exclusive; then state and local
laws are ree!ted
1. Federal &eat )a"elin/ Act
". I!lied Pree!tion
1. Federal law and state law are !utually exclusive; the state law is ree!ted
2. #tate or local law that interferes with achievin/ a federal o"jective; the state
or local law is ree!ted
3. If $on/ress evidences a clear intent to ree!t state and local laws; then
state and local laws are dee!ed ree!ted
a. 4x. Federal I!!i/ration )aw
c. #tates cannot tax or re/ulate federal /overn!ent activity
i. &c$ulloch v. &aryland
1. :n$on. 8ax on a federal "an7 "y states
*. ,or!ant $o!!erce $lause B Privile/es and I!!unities $lause of Article @
a. ,efinitions
1. ,or!ant $o!!erce $lause
a. #tate and )ocal )aws are unconstitutional if they lace an undue
"urden on interstate co!!erce
". #ure!e $ourt infers this
c. a7a 2e/ative $o!!erce $lause
2. Privile/es and I!!unities $lause of Article @
a. 2o state !ay discri!inate a/ainst any other states re/ardin/ the
rivile/es and i!!unities it /ives !e!"ers of its own state
". Anti6discri!ination clause a/ainst out6of6staters
3. Privile/es or I!!unities $lause of the 1@
th
A!end!ent
a. 2o state shall derive any rivile/es or i!!unities of the law
". 1CI361DDD
i. 2o overturns
c. 1DDD
i. #aynes v. Ruc7er
1. $alifornia said that welfare "enefits for the 1
st
year of
residency are at the level of the rior state of
citizenshi
2. #$ said unconstitutional
a. Protects ri/hts to travel
". ,oes the law discri!inate a/ainst out of staters1 -or does it treat the! "oth the sa!e.
c. Analysis if a state or local law does not discri!inate
1. 8he rivile/es and i!!unities clause of article @ does not aly
2. If the law uts a "urden on interstate co!!erce; the law violates the
dor!ant co!!erce clause
a. *alancin/ Act
i. Illinois )aw 0 all truc7s that oerate in the state !ust have
curved !ud flas
1. #$ said it is unconstitutional 6 Identified no "enefit
d. Analysis if the state or local discri!inates a/ainst out of staters
1. If the law uts a "urden on interstate co!!erce; it violates the ,$$ unless
it is necessary to uhold an i!ortant urose or /oal
a. Only once has the court found this urose
i. &aine v 8aylor 0 "aitfish to rotect &aine(s ha"itat
2. If the law discri!inates a/ainst out of staters relatin/ to the a"ility to earn a
livelihood it violates the PBI $lause of article @ unless it is necessary to
achieve a urose
a. &ust "e discri!ination a/ainst out of staters
i. Alies O2)J when is discri!ination a/ainst out of staters
". ,iscri!ination !ust "e in relation to civil li"erties or the a"ility to
earn a livelihood
i. 8u!or v. >itsow
1. Fishin/ license -instate K2E; out of state; K2EFF.
2. :n$on
ii. Pier v. 2ew 'a!shire
1. In order to "e an attorney in the state; had to "e a
resident
2. :n$on
iii. *aldwin v. &ontana Fish and 9a!e
1. 4l7 'untin/ )icense difference in fees
2. #$ 0 2ot :n$on 0 ho""y
c. $ororations and Aliens cannot sue under this rovision
d. ,iscri!ination is allowed only if it is necessary to achieve an
i!ortant /overn!ent urose
i. 9ov(t !ust show #u"stantial and I!ortant interest and
necessary to achieve it