P a g e | 601

International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-1, Issue-7, August 2014 ISSN 2348-6848
IPR!V""#$ !% V!&$A'" ($A)I&I$* !% +&$I ,A-.I#" (*($" +(I#' %A-$( Prof. Sushil
Kumar

Improvement of Voltage Stability of Multi Machine
System Using FACTS
Prof. Sushil Kumar
Pragati -ollege of "ngineering an/ anage0ent Rai1ur, In/ia
"0ail I/ s2134it5re/iff0ail6co0


ABSTACT
This paper deals with power system
applications that have been studied by
examining the SVC and STATCOM controller
applications. The detailed models of the
STATCOM SVC were implemented. These
models include a detailed representation of
the valves. The models are applicable for
transient stability analysis and cover broader
range of fre!uency oscillation and are also
suitable for simulations in unbalanced power
conditions.
KEYWORDS
(V-, ($A$-!, 7-%A-$(, 7-($A$-!, %A-$(
!" I#T$%UCTI$#
A 1o8er 9ualit: 1ro4le0 is an occurrence
0anifeste/ as a non-stan/ar/ ;oltage,
current or fre9uenc: that results in a failure
or a 0is-o1eration of en/-user e9ui10ent6
+tilit: /istri4ution net8or2s, sensiti;e
in/ustrial loa/s an/ critical co00ercial
o1erations suffer fro0 ;arious t:1es of
outages an/ ser;ice interru1tions 8hich can
cost significant financial losses6 <ith the
restructuring of 1o8er s:ste0s an/ 8ith
shifting tren/ to8ar/s /istri4ute/ an/
/is1erse/ generation, the issue of 1o8er
9ualit: is going to ta2e ne8er /i0ensions6 In
/e;elo1ing countries li2e In/ia 8here the
;ariation of 1o8er fre9uenc: an/ 0an: such
other /eter0inants of 1o8er 9ualit: are
the0sel;es a serious 9uestion, it is ;er: ;ital
to ta2e the 1ositi;e ste1s in this /irection6
$he 1resent 8or2 is to i/entif: the
1ro0inent concerns in this area an/ hence
the 0easures that can enhance the 9ualit: of
the 1o8er reco00en/e/
"lectrical 1o8er losses in /istri4ution s:ste0
corres1on/ to a4out 70= of total losses in
electric 1o8er s:ste06 $hese electric losses
can 4e consi/era4l: re/uce/ through the
installation an/ control of reacti;e su11ort
e9ui10ent such as ca1acitor 4an2s, re/ucing
reacti;e currents in /istri4ution fee/ers an/
so on6
Voltage control is a /ifficult tas2 4acause
;oltages are strongl: influence/ 4: ran/o0
loa/ fluctuation6 Voltage 1rofile can 4e
i01ro;e/ an/ 1o8er losses can 4e
consi/era4l: re/uce/ 4: installing custo0
1o8er /e;ices or controllers at suita4le
location 6 $hese controllers 8hich are also
na0e/ /istri4ution fle>i4le ac trans0ission
s:ste0 (7-%A-$() are a ne8 generation of
1o8er electronics 4ase/ e9ui10ent ai0e/
at enhancing the relia4ilit: an/ 9ualit: of



P a g e | 602

International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-1, Issue-7, August 2014 ISSN 2348-6848
IPR!V""#$ !% V!&$A'" ($A)I&I$* !% +&$I ,A-.I#" (*($" +(I#' %A-$( Prof. Sushil
Kumar

1o8er flo8s in lo8 ;oltage /istri4ution
net8or26
$his 1a1er 1resents the enhance0ent of
;oltage sags?s8ell @ har0onic /istortion an/
lo8 1o8er factor using /istri4ution static
co01ensator (7-($A$-!) 6$he 0o/el is
4ase/ on the ;oltage source con;erter (V(-)
1rinci1le6 $he 7-($A$-! inAects a current
into the s:ste0 to 0itigate the ;oltage
sags?s8ell to i01ro;e har0onic /istortion
an/ lo8 1o8er factor6 $he si0ulations 8ere
1erfor0e/ using A$&A) (I+&I#B6

&" %'SCI(TI$#
&"!%'SCI(TI$# $F T)'
TA#SMISSI$# *I#'
$he 1o8er s:ste0s to/a: are co01licate/
net8or2s 8ith hun/re/s of generating
stations an/ loa/ centers 4eing
interconnecte/ through 1o8er trans0ission
lines6 An electric 1o8er s:ste0 can 4e
su4/i;i/e/ into four stagesC
16 'eneration
26 $rans0ission
D6 7istri4ution an/
46 +tiliEation (&oa/)

$he 4asic structure of a 1o8er s:ste0 is as
sho8n in fig6 It is co01ose/ of generating
1lants, a trans0ission s:ste0 an/
/istri4ution s:ste06 $hese su4s:ste0s are
interconnecte/ through transfor0ers $1, $2
F $D6
$he 1o8er s:ste0 is a highl: non-linear
s:ste0 that o1erates in a constantl:
changing en;iron0ent@ loa/s, generator
out1uts, to1olog: an/ 2e: o1erating
1ara0eters change continuall:6 <hen
su4Aecte/ to a transient /istur4ance, the
sta4ilit: of the s:ste0 /e1en/s on the
nature of the /istur4ance as 8ell as the
initial o1erating con/itions6 $he /istur4ance
0a: 4e s0all or large6 (0all /istur4ances in
the for0 of loa/ changes occur continuall:
an/ the s:ste0 a/Austs to the changing
con/itions6 $he s:ste0 0ust 4e a4le to
o1erate satisfactoril: un/er these con/itions
an/ successfull: 0eet the loa/ /e0an/6 It
0ust also 4e a4le to sur;i;e nu0erous
/istur4ances of a se;ere nature, such as a
short circuit on a trans0ission line or loss of
a large generator6




P a g e | 603

International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-1, Issue-7, August 2014 ISSN 2348-6848
IPR!V""#$ !% V!&$A'" ($A)I&I$* !% +&$I ,A-.I#" (*($" +(I#' %A-$( Prof. Sushil
Kumar

FIG 1: TYPICAL POWER SYSTEMS
#o8-a-/a:s it is 4eco0ing ;er: /ifficult to
full: utiliEe the e>isting trans0ission s:ste0s
assets /ue to ;arious reasons, such as
en;iron0ental legislation, ca1ital
in;est0ent, rights of 8a:s issues,
construction costs of ne8 lines, /eregulation
of 1olicies, etc6 "lectric utilities are no8
force/ to o1erate their s:ste0 in such a 8a:
that 0a2es 4etter utiliEation of e>isting
trans0ission facilities6 %le>i4le A-
trans0ission s:ste0 (%A-$() controllers,
4ase/ on the ra1i/ /e;elo10ent of 1o8er
electronics technolog:, ha;e 4een 1ro1ose/
in recent :ears for utiliEation of e>isting
trans0ission facilities6 <ith the
/e;elo10ent of %A-$( techni9ue, it 4eco0e
1ossi4le to increase the 1o8er flo8
controlla4ilit: an/ enhance 1o8er s:ste0s
sta4ilit:6 Recentl:, fle>i4le alternati;e
current trans0ission s:ste0 (%A-$()
controllers ha;e 4een 1ro1ose/ to enhance
the transient or /:na0ic sta4ilit: of 1o8er
s:ste0s6
7uring the last /eca/e, a nu04er of control
/e;ices un/er the ter0 %A-$( technolog:
ha;e 4een 1ro1ose/ an/ i01le0ente/6
A11lication of %A-$( /e;ices in 1o8er
s:ste0s, lea/s to 4etter 1erfor0ance of
s:ste0 in 0an: as1ects6 Voltage sta4ilit:,
;oltage regulation an/ 1o8er s:ste0
sta4ilit:, /a01ing can 4e i01ro;e/ 4: using
these /e;ices an/ their 1ro1er control6
$here are ;arious for0s of %A-$( /e;ices,
so0e of 8hich are connecte/ in series 8ith a
line an/ the others are connecte/ in shunt or
a co04ination of series an/ shunt6

$he %A-$( technolog: is not a single high
1o8er controller 4ut rather a collection of
controllers 8hich can 4e a11lie/ in/i;i/uall:
or in co-or/ination 8ith other to control one
or 0ore of the inter-relate/ s:ste0s
1ara0eters li2e ;oltage, current,
i01e/ance, 1hase angle an/ /a01ing of
oscillations at ;arious fre9uencies 4elo8 the



P a g e | 604

International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-1, Issue-7, August 2014 ISSN 2348-6848
IPR!V""#$ !% V!&$A'" ($A)I&I$* !% +&$I ,A-.I#" (*($" +(I#' %A-$( Prof. Sushil
Kumar

rate/ fre9uenc:6 A0ong all %A-$( /e;ices,
static s:nchronous co01ensators
(($A$-!) 1la:s 0uch 0ore i01ortant
role in reacti;e 1o8er co01ensation an/
;oltage su11ort 4ecause of its stea/: state
1erfor0ance an/ o1erating characteristics6
$he fun/a0ental 1rinci1le of a ($A$-!
installe/ in a 1o8er s:ste0 is the generation
ac ;oltage source 4: a ;oltage source
in;erter (V(I) connecte/ to a /c ca1acitor6
$he acti;e an/ reacti;e 1o8er transfer
4et8een the 1o8er s:ste0 an/ the
($A$-! is cause/ 4: the ;oltage /ifference
across the reactance6 $he ($A$-! can also
increase trans0ission ca1acit:, /a01ing lo8
fre9uenc: oscillation an/ i01ro;ing
transient sta4ilit:6 $he ($A$-! is
re1resente/ 4: a ;oltage source, 8hich is
connecte/ to the s:ste0 through a cou1ling
transfor0er 6$he ;oltage of the source is in
1hase 8ith the ac s:ste0 ;oltage at the 1oint
of connections, an/ the 0agnitu/e of the
;oltage is controlla4le 6 $he current fro0 the
source is li0ite/ to a 0a>i0u0 ;alue 4:
a/Austing the ;oltage6 athe0atical
0o/elling an/ anal:sis of static co01ensator
(($A$-!) is 1resente/ in this6 It e>1lains
the use of ($A$-! for i01ro;e0ent of
transient sta4ilit: an/ 1o8er transfer6

&"&SIMU*ATI$# M$%'*S $F
S+ST'M
$he s:ste0 /escri4e/ in this section
illustrates 0o/elling of a si01le
trans0ission s:ste0 containing t8o
h:/raulic 1o8er 1lants6 $he %A-$ /e;ice
((V-, ($A$-!) an/ 1o8er s:ste0
sta4iliEers (P(() are use/ to i01ro;e ;oltages
sta4ilit: an/ 1o8er oscillation /a01ing of
the s:ste06 $he 1o8er s:ste0 illustrate/ in
this 1a1er is 9uite si01le6 .o8e;er, the
1hasor si0ulation 0etho/ allo8s si0ulating
0ore co01le> 1o8er gri/s6
$he test s:ste0 consists of three generators
an/ three PG 4us (or loa/ 4us)6 $his s:ste0
8hich has 4een 0a/e in ring 0o/e
consisting of si> 4uses ()1 $! )H) connecte/
to each other through three 1hase
trans0ission lines &12I4J020, &14ID0020,
&1JI4J020, &2HID0020, &2DI4J020,
&2JI20020, &24I2J020, &DHI2J020,
&DJI2J020, &4JIDJ020 an/
&JHI1J020,res1ecti;el:6An/ the constant
loa/s are connecte/ of 700 < at 4us-4,
J00 < at 4us-J an/ 2J0 < at 4us-H an/
;aria4le /:na0ic loa/ 2J00KA1000 VA at
4us-H as sho8n in%ig646146(:ste0 has 4een
su11lie/ 4: three 1o8er 1lants 8ith the
1hase-to-1hase ;oltage e9ual to 11 2;6
Acti;e an/ reacti;e 1o8ers inAecte/ 4:
1o8er 1lants 1, 2 an/ D to the 1o8er s:ste0
are 1resente/ in 1er unit 4: using 4ase
1ara0eters (4I2100 VA an/ V4I400BV,
the 1o8er 1lants 1('1), 2('2) A#7 D('D)
generate/ 1400VA ,2100VA an/ 700
VA res1ecti;el:6
.ere also use/ .$' tur4ine an/ regulators
su4s:ste0 an/ 1o8er s:ste0 sta4iliEer as
e>1laine/ a4o;e in H- 4us s:ste06 $he 400 2V
H-4us test s:ste0s o4ser;e the i01act of the
%A-$( on s:ste0 sta4ilit: an/ 1o8er



P a g e | 605

International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-1, Issue-7, August 2014 ISSN 2348-6848
IPR!V""#$ !% V!&$A'" ($A)I&I$* !% +&$I ,A-.I#" (*($" +(I#' %A-$( Prof. Sushil
Kumar

transfer ca1a4ilit:6 &oa/ flo8 has 4een
1erfor0e/ 8ith 0achine '1 /efine/ as a
s8ing 4us (VI11000V, 0 /egrees), 0achine
'2 /efine/ as PV generation 4us (VI11000V
, PIJD4 <)6 After the loa/ flo8 has 4een
sol;e/, the reference 0echanical 1o8ers
an/ reference ;oltage for t8o 0achines
ha;e 4een auto0aticall: u1/ate/ in the t8o
constant 4loc2s connecte/ at the .$' an/
e>citation s:ste0 in1utsC 1ref1I067J0L271u
(10J1 <), Vref1I160 1u@ 1ref2I 067H1M0J
1u (1H00<), Vref2I1601 1u@
1ref2I067H1M0J1u (JD4 <), VrefDI16011u6


FIGURE 2
Conclusion
$his 1a1er /eals 8ith a11lications of the (V-
an/ ($A$-!6 $he /etaile/ 0o/els of the
(V- an/ ($A$-! 8ere i01le0ente/ an/
teste/ in A$&A) ? si0ulin2 en;iron0ent6
$he 0o/els are a11lica4le for ;oltage
sta4ilit: anal:sis an/ co;er 4roa/er range of
1o8er transfer ca1a4ilit:6

$he effect of %A-$( ((V- an/ ($A$-!)
installe/ in 1o8er trans0ission 1ath are
anal:Ee/ in this 1a1er, an/ the conclusions
are as follo8sC

16 $he %A-$( can i01ro;e ;oltage
sta4ilit: li0it o4ser;a4l: an/ %A-$(
gi;e 4etter 1erfor0ance for 1o8er
transfer ca1a4ilit: for 4- 4us s:ste0
trans0ission ca1acit: increase/
H7627 VA ((V-) an/ L206M VA
(($A$-!)6

26 $he ($A$-! gi;e su1erior
1erfor0ance than (V- for reacti;e
1o8er, ;oltages an/ 1o8er transfer
ca1a4ilit: for 4oth 4-4us an/ H-4us
s:ste06





P a g e | 606

International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-1, Issue-7, August 2014 ISSN 2348-6848
IPR!V""#$ !% V!&$A'" ($A)I&I$* !% +&$I ,A-.I#" (*($" +(I#' %A-$( Prof. Sushil
Kumar

'F''#C'S

16 P6 Bun/ur,N Po8er (:ste0 (ta4ilit:
an/ -ontrol N, c'ra8-.ill, 1MM46
26 *6.6 (ong an/ A6$6 Johns, N%le>i4le ac
trans0ission s:ste0s (%A-$()O, $he
Institute of "lectrical "ngineers,
&on/on, 1MMM6
D6 #6'6 .ingorani an/ &6 ':ug:i,O
+n/erstan/ing %A-$(C conce1ts an/
technolog: of fle>i4le ac
trans0ission s:ste0s N, I""" 1ress,
#*, 1MMM6
46 B6R6 Pa/i:ar N%A-$( controllers in
1o8er trans0ission an/
/istri4utionO, #e8 Age International
Pu4lishers, 20076
J6 P6Rao, 6&6 -ro8 an/ P6*ang,O
($A$-! control for 1o8er s:ste0
;oltage control A11lications N, I"""
$ransactions on 1o8er /eli;er:6
H6 #orth A0erican "lectric Relia4ilit:
-ouncil (#"R-) re1ort QA;aila4le
$ransfer -a1a4ilit: 7efinitions an/
7eter0inationR June 1MMH6
76 7uncan <ilson N"cono0ic Pro;ision
of Reacti;e Po8er for (:ste0 Voltage
-ontrol ar2et !1tions for Reacti;e
Po8erO, I"" -ollo9uiu0- M !cto4er
1MMH6
L6 I""" (t/ 1110C NI""" gui/e for
s:nchronous generator 0o/eling
1ractices an/ a11lications in 1o8er
s:ste0 sta4ilit: anal:sisO, 2002