Current Transformers, Voltage Transformers and Instrument Transformers - India

5/18/2014 Current transformers,Voltage transformers and Instrument transformers:India
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Technical information on Kappa products
Instrument transformers are used for measurement and
protective application, together with equipment such as meters
and relays. Their role in electrical systems is of primary
importance as they are a means of "stepping down" the current
or voltage of a system to measurable values, such as 5A or 1A
in the case of a current transformers or 110V or 100V in the
case of a voltage transformer. This offers the advantage that
measurement and protective equipment can be standardized on
a few values of current and voltage.
Voltage transformers
Current transformers
Kappa has published a reference manual on instrument
transformers
Voltage transformers
Principle of operation
Definitions
Standards
Tests
Typical Specifications
The standards define a voltage transformer as one in which "the
secondary voltage is substantially proportional to the primary
voltage and differs in phase from it by an angle which is
approximately zero for an appropriate direction of the
connections."
This, in essence, means that the voltage transformer has to be as
close as possible to the "ideal" transformer. In an "ideal"
transformer, the secondary voltage vector is exactly opposite
and equal to the primary voltage vector, when multiplied by the
turns ratio.
In a "practical" transformer, errors are introduced because
some current is drawn for the magnetization of the core and
because of drops in the primary and secondary windings due to
leakage reactance and winding resistance. One can thus talk of
a voltage error,which is the amount by which the voltage is less
than the applied primary voltage ,and the phase error, which is
the phase angle by which the reversed secondary voltage vector
is displaced from the primary voltage vector.
Kappa designs its VT's so that the resistance and reactance
drops are minimized. It also uses the best grades of cold rolled
grain oriented electrical steels which enables operation at
optimum levels of magnetic induction, thus reducing both the
size and the cost of the VT.
Definitions
Typical terms used for specifying a voltage transformer (VT)
a. Rated primary voltage: This is the rated voltage of the
system whose voltage is required to be stepped down for
measurement and protective purposes.
b. Rated secondary voltage: This is the voltage at which
the meters and protective devices connected to the
secondary circuit of the voltage transformer operate.
c. Rated burden: This is the load in terms of volt-amperes
(VA) posed by the devices in the secondary circuit on
the VT. This includes the burden imposed by the
connecting leads. The VT is required to be accurate at
both the rated burden and 25% of the rated burden.
d. Accuracy class required: The transformation errors
that are permissible, including voltage (ratio) error and
phase angle error. Phase error is specified in minutes.
Typical accuracy classes are Class 0.5, Class 1 and
Class 3. Both metering and protection classes of
accuracy are specified. In a metering VT, the VT is
required to be within the specified errors from 80% to
120% of the rated voltage. In a protection VT, the VT is
required to be accurate from 5% upto the rated voltage
factor times the rated voltage.
e. Rated voltage factor: Depending on the system in
which the VT is to be used, the rated voltage factors to
be specified are different. The table below is adopted
from Indian and International standards.
Rated
voltage
factor
Rated
time
Method of connecting primary
winding in system
1.2 Continuous Between phases in any network
Between transformer star-point
and earth in any network
1.2
1.5
Continuous
for 30
seconds
Between phase and earth in an
effectively earthed neutral system
1.2
1.9
Continuous
for 30
seconds
Between phase and earth in a
non-effectively earthed neutral
system with automatic fault
tripping
1.2
1.9
Continuous
for 8 hours
Between phase and earth in an
isolated neutral system
without automatic fault tripping or
in a resonant earthed
system without automatic fault
tripping
f. Temperature class of insulation: The permissible
temperature rise over the specified ambient temperature.
Typically, classes E, B and F.
g. Residual voltage transformer (RVT): RVTs are used
for residual earth fault protection and for discharging
capacitor banks. The secondary residual voltage winding
is connected in open delta. Under normal conditions of
operation, there is no voltage output across the residual
voltage winding. When there is an earth fault, a voltage is
developed across the open delta winding which activates
the relay. When using a three phase RVT, the primary
neutral should be earthed, as otherwise third harmonic
voltages will appear across the residual winding. 3 phase
RVTs typically have 5 limb construction.
h. Metering Units:11kV metering units consist of one 3
phase VT and 2 CT's connected together in a single
housing. This can be used for three phase monitoring of
energy parameters. It is used with trivector meters and
energy meters.
Standards
The Indian and international standard references for VT s are as
given in the table below:
Standard Standard Number Year
Indian 3156 1992
British BS EN 60044-2 1997
British BS 7729 1994
International
Electro technical
Commission (IEC)
IEC 60044-2 1997
Australian AS 1243 1982
Australian AS 60044-2 2007
American ANSI C.57.13 1993
Kappa manufactures VT s to international standards. Our
designs are backed up by extensive type testing at national and
international laboratories.
Tests
A number of routine and type tests have to be conducted on
VT s before they can meet the standards specified above. The
tests can be classified as:
a. Accuracy tests to determine whether the errors of the
VT are within specified limits
b. Dielectric insulation tests such as power frequency
withstand voltage test on primary and secondary
windings for one minute, induced over-voltage test ,
impuse tests with 1.2u/50u wave, and partial discharge
tests (for voltage>=6.6 kV) to determine whether the
discharge is below the specified limits.
c. Temperature rise tests
d. Short circuit tests
e. Verification of terminal markings and polarity
Kappa conducts routine tests on each and every VT produced
and all designs are type tested.
Typical specification for a 11 kV VT
System voltage: 11 kV
Insulation level voltage (ILV) : 12 /28/75 kV
Number of phases: Three
Vector Group: Star / Star
Ratio: 11 kV/ 110 V
Burden: 100 VA
Accuracy: Class 0.5
Voltage Factor: 1.2 continuous and 1.5 for 30 seconds
With provision for fuse
Double and triple secondary VT s are also manufactured.
Current transformers
Definitions
Standards
Tests
Typical Specifications
A current transformer is defined as "as an instrument
transformer in which the secondary current is substantially
proportional to the primary current (under normal conditions of
operation) and differs in phase from it by an angle which is
approximately zero for an appropriate direction of the
connections." This highlights the accuracy requirement of the
current transformer but also important is the isolating function,
which means no matter what the system voltage the secondary
circuit need be insulated only for a low voltage.
The current transformer works on the principle of variable flux.
In the "ideal" current transformer, secondary current would be
exactly equal (when multiplied by the turns ratio) and opposite
to the primary current. But, as in the voltage transformer, some
of the primary current or the primary ampere-turns is utilized for
magnetizing the core, thus leaving less than the actual primary
ampere turns to be "transformed" into the secondary ampere-
turns. This naturally introduces an error in the transformation.
The error is classified into two-the current or ratio error and the
phase error.
Kappa CT s are designed to minimise the errors using the best
quality electrical steels for the core of the transformer. Both
toroidal (round) and rectangular CT s are manufactured.
Definitions
Rated primary current: The value of current which is to be
transformed to a lower value. In CT parlance, the "load" of the
CT refers to the primary current.
Rated secondary current: The current in the secondary
circuit and on which the performance of the CT is based.
Typical values of secondary current are 1 A or 5 A. In the case
of transformer differential protection, secondary currents of 1/
root 3 A and 5/ root 3 A are also specified.
Rated burden: The apparent power of the secondary circuit in
Volt-amperes expressed at the rated secondary current and at a
specific power factor (0.8 for almost all standards)
Accuracy class: In the case of metering CT s, accuracy class
is typically, 0.2, 0.5, 1 or 3. This means that the errors have to
be within the limits specified in the standards for that particular
accuracy class. The metering CT has to be accurate from 5% to
120% of the rated primary current, at 25% and 100% of the
rated burden at the specified power factor. In the case of
protection CT s, the CT s should pass both the ratio and phase
errors at the specified accuracy class, usually 5P or 10P, as
well as composite error at the accuracy limit factor of the CT.
Composite error: The rms value of the difference between the
instantaneous primary current and the instantaneous secondary
current multiplied by the turns ratio, under steady state
conditions.
Accuracy limit factor: The value of primary current upto
which the CT complies with composite error requirements. This
is typically 5, 10 or 15, which means that the composite error of
the CT has to be within specified limits at 5, 10 or 15 times the
rated primary current.
Short time rating: The value of primary current (in kA) that
the CT should be able to withstand both thermally and
dynamically without damage to the windings, with the secondary
circuit being short-circuited. The time specified is usually 1 or 3
seconds.
Instrument security factor (factor of security): This
typically takes a value of less than 5 or less than 10 though it
could be much higher if the ratio is very low. If the factor of
security of the CT is 5, it means that the composite error of the
metering CT at 5 times the rated primary current is equal to or
greater than 10%. This means that heavy currents on the
primary are not passed on to the secondary circuit and
instruments are therefore protected. In the case of double ratio
CT's, FS is applicable for the lowest ratio only.
Class PS/ X CT: In balance systems of protection, CT s with a
high degree of similarity in their characteristics are required.
These requirements are met by Class PS (X) CT s. Their
performance is defined in terms of a knee-point voltage (KPV),
the magnetizing current (Imag) at the knee point voltage or 1/2
or 1/4 the knee-point voltage, and the resistance of the CT
secondary winding corrected to 75C. Accuracy is defined in
terms of the turns ratio.
Knee point voltage: That point on the magnetizing curve
where an increase of 10% in the flux density (voltage) causes an
increase of 50% in the magnetizing force (current).
Summation CT: When the currents in a number of feeders
need not be individually metered but summated to a single meter
or instrument, a summation current transformer can be used.
The summation CT consists of two or more primary windings
which are connected to the feeders to be summated, and a
single secondary winding, which feeds a current proportional to
the summated primary current. A typical ratio would be 5+5+5/
5A, which means that three primary feeders of 5 are to be
summated to a single 5A meter.
Core balance CT (CBCT): The CBCT, also known as a zero
sequence CT, is used for earth leakage and earth fault
protection. The concept is similar to the RVT. In the CBCT, the
three core cable or three single cores of a three phase system
pass through the inner diameter of the CT. When the system is
fault free, no current flows in the secondary of the CBCT.
When there is an earth fault, the residual current (zero phase
sequence current) of the system flows through the secondary of
the CBCT and this operates the relay. In order to design the
CBCT, the inner diameter of the CT, the relay type, the relay
setting and the primary operating current need to be furnished.
Interposing CT's (ICT's) : Interposing CT's are used when
the ratio of transformation is very high. It is also used to correct
for phase displacement for differential protection of
transformers.
Standards
The Indian and international standard references for CT s are as
given in the table below:
Standard Standard Number Year
Indian 2705 1992
British BS EN 60044-1 1999
International
Electro technical
Commission (IEC)
IEC 60044-1 2000
Australian AS 1675 1986
Australian AS 60044-1 2007
American ANSI C.57.13 1993
Kappa manufactures CT s to international standards. Our
designs are backed up by extensive up by extensive type testing
at national and international laboratories.
Tests
A number of routine and type tests have to be conducted on
CT s before they can meet the standards specified above. The
tests can be classified as :
a. Accuracy tests to determine whether the errors of the
CT are within specified limits.
b. Dielectric insulation tests such as power frequency
withstand voltage test on primary and secondary
windings for one minute, inter-turn insulation test at
power frequency voltage, impulse tests with 1.2u/50
wave, and partial discharge tests (for voltage >=6.6kv)
to determine whether the discharge is below the specified
limits.
c. Temperature rise tests.
d. Short time current tests.
e. Verification of terminal markings and polarity.
Kappa conducts routine tests on each and every CT produced
and all designs are type tested.
Typical specification for a 11 kV CT
System voltage:11 kV
Insulation level voltage (ILV) : 12/28/75 kV
Ratio: 200/1 - 1 - 0.577 A
Core 1: 1A, metering, 15 VA/class 1, ISF<10
Core 2: 1 A, protection, 15 VA/5P10
Core 3: 0.577 A, Class PS, KPV>= 150 V, Imag at Vk/2
<=30 mA, RCT at 75 C<=2 ohms
Short time rating:20 kA for 1 second
Instrument transformers - A reference manual
Kappa has published a handy reference manual for instrument
transformers. The manual runs to about 160 pages and further
details on all of the above topics as well as on much more,
including Australian and ANSI standards can be found in the
manual. The table of contents of the manual is reproduced
below:
Introduction to instrument transformers
Current transformers - a discussion on theory, specifications
and operational aspects. Definitions - Ideal and practical CT -
Magnetic alloys for cores - equivalent circuits - open circuits
voltages in CTs - leakage reactance - modification of current
transformer errors - operational aspects - standard
specifications for CT s.
Metering or measurement current transformers
Accuracy - instrument security factor - accuracy requirements
for various applications - use of CT s in indicating and metering
units - summation CT.
Protection CTs
Composite error - Accuracy limits - transient stability and class
PS CTs - Basic protection schemes - CT requirement for
various protection schemes - CBCTs.
Further notes on current transformers
Transient performance - non conventional CTs - screening of
CTs.
Voltage transformer - theory and specifications
Operating principles - difference between power transformer
and VT - circle diagrams and VT errors - three phase VTs -
voltage transformer protection - transients in VTs - construction
of VT s. specifications for VTs.
Voltage transformers for measurement and protection
Measurement VTs protection VTs- Residual VTs - Cascade
VTs - Capacitors VTs .
A discussion on partial discharge
Definition - partial discharge and breakdown in a cavity - study
of partial discharges
Appendix I - Testing of instrument transformers by the user
Appendix II - Information required with enquiries and orders
Appendix III - List of Indian and international standards that
may be read in conjunction with this book.
Bibliography
If you would like to have to buy a copy of the manual, please
contact Kappa.
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