! p = m ! v = ! v m 0 ! v E = mc 2 = ! v m 0 c 2 m = ! v m 0 , ! v = 1 1" v 2 / c 2 Lecture 8 Energy, Momentum, and Velocity Energy: 2 2 0 2 2 4 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 4 2 0 2 ) ( ) ( 1 1 c m pc E c m c v c v m c v c m E + = + ! = ! = Velocity: E c p c v c v c E c v c m v m p v v ! ! ! ! ! ! = ! " # $ % & = ! " # $ % & = = 2 2 0 0 ' ' Lecture 8 Total Energy, Kinetic Energy, Rest Energy T T E E T T E E E T E E E pc ) 2 ( 2 ) ( ) ( 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 + = ! + + = ! + = ! = T T E pc ) 2 ( 0 + = E: total energy E 0 : rest energy T: kinetic energy Lecture 8 Non-relativistic Regime Non-relativistic regime: v << c, where Newtonian mechanics applies 2 0 0 0 2 1 v m T v m p m m ! ! ! 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 0 2 0 0 << ! " # $ % & = ' c v c m v m E T 0 E T << T c m c p T E pc 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 ) ( ! ! 0 2 2m p T ! Lecture 8 Extreme Relativistic Regime Extreme relativistic regime: v ~ c, where Newtonian mechanics fails completely. E T c E p m m ! ! >> 0 In other words, the rest energy is negligible, compared to the kinetic energy. Objects that travel at the speed of light must have zero rest mass or rest energy and thus E = pc. Lecture 8 Rest Energy In a many-body system, the rest energy of the system includes all forms of energy except for the kinetic energy of the system. In other words, it is not a simple summation of m 0 c 2 . Example: A system of two moving particles. T c m + 2 0 T c m + 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 c m c M T c m c M > + = The rest energy of the system is given by: Lecture 8 Lorentz Transformation of p and E z u z y u y x u x u u m p u m p u m p c m E 0 0 0 2 0 ! ! ! ! = = = = In S: In S: z u z y u y x u x u u m p u m p u m p c m E ! = ! ! = ! ! = ! = ! ! ! ! ! 0 0 0 2 0 " " " " where 2 2 2 2 1 1 , 1 1 c u c u u u ! " = " = ! # # Lecture 8 Energy-Momentum Transformation [ ] ! ! " # $ $ % & ' ! " # $ % & ' ! " # $ % & ' = ( ) * + , - ! " # $ % & ' ' ' ' + + ' ! " # $ % & ' = ( ) * + , - ! " # $ % & ' + ! " # $ % & ' + ' ! " # $ % & ' ' = . + . + . ' = . ' 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 ) ( 1 1 1 1 ) ( ) ( ) ( 1 1 ) ( 1 c u c v u c v c v u c v u v v u c v u v u c c v u c c v u c v u v u c v u c u u u c c u x x x x x x z y x x z y x ! " # $ % & ' = ( 2 1 c v u x u u ) ) ) Lecture 8 E and p Transformation-Contd ( ) v u m c m c v u c m c m E x u u x u u ! " = # $ % & ' ( " = = ) ) 0 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 1 * * * ** * ) ( x vp E ! =" ! ! " # $ $ % & ' ( = ! " # $ % & ( ( ! " # $ % & ( = ) = ) ) 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 1 1 c c m v u m c v u v u m c v u u m p u x u x x x u x u x * * * ** * ! " # $ % & ' = 2 c vE p x ( Lecture 8 E and p Transformation-Contd y u x y x u y u y u m c v u u m c v u u m p 0 2 0 2 0 1 1 ! ! !! ! = " # $ % & ' ( " # $ % & ' ( = ) = ) ) y y p p = ! Similarly, we have z z p p = ! Lecture 8 Summary ) ( 2 x z z y y x x vp E E p p p p c vE p p ! = " = " = " # $ % & ' ( ! = " ) ) ) ( 2 x z z y y x x p v E E p p p p c E v p p ! + ! = ! = ! = " # $ % & ' ! + ! = ( ( ct c E r p ! ! ! ! momentum-energy four vector: ! " # $ % & c E p, ! Lecture 8 Lorentz Invariant Mass As we have shown, the spacetime interval is Lorentz invariant: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ) ( ) ( ] ) ( ) ( ) [( ) ( ) ( r t c z y x t c s ! " ! = ! + ! + ! " ! = ! By analogy, the magnitude of momentum-energy four vector is also Lorentz invariant: