Ottoman Rule[edit]

Main article: Ottoman Greece

Thessaloniki became a centre of Ottoman administration in the Balkans. While most of
Macedonia was ruled by the Ottomans, in Mount Athos the monastic community continued to
exist in a state of autonomy. The remainder of the Chalkidiki peninsula also enjoyed an
autonomous status: the Koinon of Mademochoria was governed by a locally appointed council
due to privileges obtained on account of its wealth, coming from the gold and silver mines in the
area.
There were several uprisings in Macedonia during Ottoman rule, including an uprising after the
Battle of Lepanto that ended in massacres of the Greek population, the uprising in Naousa of the
armatolos Zisis Karademos in 1705, a rebellion in the area of Grevena by a Klepht called Ziakas
(17301810) and the Greek Declaration of Independence in Macedonia by Emmanuel Pappas in
1821, during the Greek War of Independence. In 1854 Theodoros Ziakas, the son of the klepth
Ziakas, together with Tsamis Karatasos, who had been among the captains at the siege of Naousa
in 1821, led another uprising in Western Macedonia that has been profusely commemorated in
Greek folk song.
Modern history[edit]
Main articles: Greek War of Independence, Greek Struggle for Macedonia and Macedonian Question

Greece following the Balkan Wars, the province of Macedonia can be seen written at the bottom.
Greece gained the southern parts of region with Thessaloniki from the Ottoman Empire after the
First Balkan War, and expanded its share in the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria. The
boundaries of Greek Macedonia were finalized in the Treaty of Bucharest. In World War I,
Macedonia became a battlefield. The Greek Prime Minister, Eleftherios Venizelos, favoured
entering the war on the side of the Entente, while the Germanophile King Constantine I favoured
neutrality. Invited by Venizelos, in autumn 1915, the Allies landed forces in Thessaloniki to aid
Serbia in its war against Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, but their intervention came too late to
prevent the Serbian collapse. The Macedonian Front was established, with Thessaloniki at its
heart, while in summer 1916 the Bulgarians took over Greek eastern Macedonia without
opposition. This provoked a military uprising among pro-Venizelist officers in Thessaloniki,
resulting in the establishment of a "Provisional Government of National Defence" in the city,
headed by Venizelos, which entered the war alongside the Allies. After intense diplomatic
negotiations and an armed confrontation in Athens between Entente and royalist forces the King
abdicated, and his second son Alexander took his place. Venizelos returned to Athens in June
1917 and Greece, now unified, officially joined the war on the side of the Allies.
In World War II Macedonia was occupied by the Axis (194144), with Germany taking western
and central Macedonia with Thessaloniki and Bulgaria occupying and annexing eastern
Macedonia.
From the 1870s, Slavic
[24]
speaking communities of northern Greece split into two hostile and
opposed groups with two different national identities - Greek and Bulgarian.
[25]
By the Second
World War and following the defeat of Bulgaria, another further split between the Slavic group
occurred. Conservatives departed with the occupying Bulgarian Army to Bulgaria. Leftists began
identifying as Macedonians (Slavic), joining the communist-dominated rebel Democratic Army
of Greece.
[26]
At the conclusion of the Greek Civil War (194649), most Macedonians of Slavic
background left Greece and settled in the Yugoslav Socialist Republic of Macedonia. Some also
migrated to Canada or Australia.
[27]

Etymology[edit]
Main article: Macedonia (terminology) Etymology
The name Macedonia derives from the Greek (Makedona),
[28][29]
a kingdom (later,
region) named after the ancient Macedonians. Their name, (Makednes), is cognate
to the Ancient Greek adjective (makedns), meaning "tall, slim". It was traditionally
derived from the Indo-European root *mak-, meaning 'long' or 'slender', but according to modern
research by Robert Beekes both terms are of Pre-Greek substrate origin and cannot be explained
in terms of Indo-European morphology.
[30]

Local government[edit]
Macedonia is divided into three regions (Greek: ) comprising fourteen regional units
(Greek: ). The regional units are further divided into municipalities
(Greek: ) or "communities" (Greek: roughly equivalent to British or
Australian shires). They are overseen by the Ministry for the Interior, while the Ministry of
Macedonia and Thrace is responsible for the coordination and application of the government's
policies in the region.
[31]
Prior to the Kallikratis Reform in 2010, Greece's regional units were
called "prefectures", and Thasos was part of the prefecture of Kavala.
Macedonia borders the neighboring regions of Thessaly to the south, Thrace (part of the East
Macedonia and Thrace region) to the east and Epirus to the west. It also borders Albania to the
north-west, the Republic of Macedonia to the north and Bulgaria to the north-east. The three
Macedonian regions and their subdivisions are:
Map of Macedonia #
regions, regional
units and
Capital Area
Populatio
n
autonomous
communities as
of 2011

Tota
l
West Macedonia Kozani 9,451 km 301,522
1
Regional Unit of
Kastoria
Kastoria 1,720 km 53,483
2
Regional Unit of
Florina
Florina 1,924 km 54,768
3
Regional Unit of
Kozani
Kozani 3,516 km 155,324
4
Regional Unit of
Grevena
Grevena 2,291 km 37,947
Tota
l
Central Macedon
ia
Thessaloni
ki
18,811 k
m
1,871,952
5
Regional Unit of
Pella
Edessa 2,506 km 145,797
6
Regional Unit of
Imathia
Veria 1,701 km 143,618
7
Regional Unit of
Pieria
Katerini 1,516 km 129,846
8
Regional Unit of
Kilkis
Kilkis 2,519 km 89,056
9
Regional Unit of
Thessaloniki
Thessaloni
ki
3,683 km 1,057,825
10
Regional Unit of
Chalkidiki
Polygyros 2,918 km 104,894
11
Regional Unit of
Serres
Serres 3.968 km 200,916
Tota
l
East Macedonia
(Part of East Macedonia
and Thrace)
Kavala 5,579 km 249,029
12
Regional Unit of
Drama
Drama 3,468 km 103,975
13
Regional Unit of
Kavala
Kavala 1,728 km 131,289
14
Regional Unit of
Thasos
Thasos 379 km 13,765
15
Mount Athos
(autonomous
community)
Karyes 336 km 2,262
Tota
l
Macedonia
(Greece)
Thessaloni
ki
34,177 k
m
2,424,765
[
32]

The geographical region of Macedonia also includes the male-only autonomous monastic state of
Mount Athos, but this is not part of the Macedonia precincts. Mount Athos is under the spiritual
jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, and enjoys a special status: it is
inaccessible to women;
[33]
its territory is a self-governed part of Greece, and the powers of the
state are exercised through a governor. The European Union takes this special status into
consideration, particularly on matters of taxation exemption and rights of installation.
[34]
The
governor of Mount Athos is appointed by the Greek Foreign Ministry.
Economy and transport[edit]

The port of Thessaloniki, major economic and industrial center.

Marble quarry, Thasos island.

View of Egnatia Odos (modern road).
Macedonia possesses some of the richest farmland in Greece in the plains of Veria, Thessaloniki,
Serres and Drama. A wide variety of agricultural products and cash crops are grown, including
rice, wheat, beans, olives, cotton, tobacco, fruit, grapes, Florina peppers, wine and other
alcoholic beverages. Food processing and textile weaving constitute the principal manufacturing
industries. Tourism is a major industry along the coast, particularly in the Chalcidice peninsula,
the island of Thasos and the northern approaches to Mount Olympus. Many tourists originate
from Germany and Eastern Europe. Thessaloniki is a major port city and industrial center;
Kavala is the second harbor of Macedonia. Apart from the principal airport at Thessaloniki
(Makedonia Airport), airports also exist in Kavala (M.Alexandros Airport), Kozani (Filippos
Airport), and Kastoria (Aristotelis Airport). The "Via Egnatia" motorway crosses the full
distance of Macedonia,
[35]
linking most of its main cities. It also has a train system; it is usually
criticized for being underfunded, and there has been much anger directed against OSE, the
national railway company.
Culture[edit]
Main article: Culture of Greece
See also: List of Greeks and List of Macedonians (Greek)
Macedonian cuisine[edit]
Main article: Macedonian cuisine (Greek)
The arrival of Greek refugees from Asia Minor and Constantinople in the 20th century
popularised Ottoman and Constantinopolitan recipes.
A continuation from ancient days is dishes such as lamb cooked with quince or various
vegetables and fruits, goat boiled or fried in olive oil: modern recipes from Kavala to Kastoria
and Kozani offer lamb with quince, pork with celery or leeks.
Some current specialties are trahana with crackling, phyllo-based pies (cheese, leek, spinach) and
wild boar. Favourites are tyrokafteri (Macedonian spicy cheese spread), soupies krasates
(cuttlefish in wine), mydia yiachni (mussel stew). Unlike Athens, the traditional pita bread for
the popular souvlaki (kebab) is not grilled but fried. The variety of sweets has been particularly
enriched with the arrival of the refugees. (Information included from 'Greek Gastronomy',
GNTO, 2004)
Macedonian music[edit]
Main article: Music of Macedonia (Greece)
See also: Famous Macedonia
Music of Macedonia is the music of the geographic region of Macedonia in Greece, which is a
part of the music of whole region of Macedonia. Folk dances in Macedonia include Makedonia
(dance), chasapiko, leventikos, zeibekiko, zonaradiko, endeka Kozanis, Samarinas, stankena,
Akritikos, baidouska, Macedonikos antikristos, mikri Eleni, partalos, kleftikos Makedonikos,
mpougatsas, Kastorianos, o Nikolos and sirtos Macedonias. In Macedonia, there are also
patriotic songs sung by the Greek army and local citizens like: famous Macedonia.
Demographics[edit]
See also: Demographic history of Macedonia

Panorama of Serres.

Panoramic view of Kavala.

Panorama of Veria.

Naousa, Imathia.

Kastoria.
The inhabitants of Greek Macedonia are overwhelmingly ethnic Greeks and most are Greek
Orthodox Christians. In East Macedonia and Thrace there is also a sizable Muslim minority
consisting mainly of Pomaks and Western Thrace Turks, although almost all Greek Muslim
communities of Western Macedonia such as the Vallahades left the region as part of the
Population exchange between Greece and Turkey of 1922-23. Most Pontic Greeks and Caucasus
Greeks who came to Greece during or shortly before the 1922-23 population exchange with
Turkey were resettled in Greek Macedonia rather than other parts Greece, mainly in towns and
villages that had had large Muslim populations until 1922. From the Middle Ages to the early
20th century, the ethnic composition of the region of Macedonia is characterized by uncertainty
both about numbers and identification. The 1904 Ottoman census of Hilmi Pasha recorded
373,227 Greeks and 204,317 Bulgarians in the vilayet of Selnik (Thessaloniki) alone.
According to the same census, Greeks were also dominant in the vilayet of Monastir (Bitola),
counting 261,283 Greeks and 178,412 Bulgarians. Hugh Poulton, in his Who Are the
Macedonians, notes that "assessing population figures is problematic"
[36]
for the territory of
Greek Macedonia before its incorporation into the Greek state in 1913.
[36]
The area's remaining
population was principally composed of Ottoman Turks (including non-Turkish Muslims of
mainly Bulgarian and Greek Macedonian convert origin) and also a sizeable community of
mainly Sephardic Jews (centred in Thessaloniki), and smaller numbers of Romani, Albanians
and Vlachs.
During the first half of the twentieth century, major demographic shifts took place, which
resulted in the region's population becoming overwhelmingly ethnic Greek. In 1919, after Greek
victory in World War I, Bulgaria and Greece signed the Treaty of Neuilly, which called for an
exchange of populations between the two countries. According to the treaty, Bulgaria was
considered to be the parent state of all ethnic Slavs living in Greece. Most ethnic Greeks from
Bulgaria were resettled in Greek Macedonia; most Slavs were resettled in Bulgaria but a number
remained, most of them by changing or adapting their surnames and declaring themselves to be
Greek so as to be exempt from the exchange.
[citation needed]
In 1923 Greece and Turkey signed the
Treaty of Lausanne in the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War (19191922), and in total 776,000
Greek refugees from Turkey (674,000), Bulgaria (33,000), Russia (61,000), Serbia (5,000),
Albania (3,000) were resettled in the region.
[37]
They replaced between 300,000 and 400,000
Macedonian Turks and other Muslims (of Albanian, Roma, Slavic and Vlach ethnicity) who
were sent to Turkey under similar terms.
[38]

Macedonian cities during Ottoman rule were often known by multiple names (Greek, Slavic or
Ottoman Turkish by the respective populations). After the partition of Ottoman Europe, most
cities in Greece either became officially known by their Greek names or adopted Greek names;
likewise most cities in Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia became officially known or
adopted names in the languages of their respective states. After the population exchanges, many
locations were renamed to the languages of their new occupants.
Year Greeks Bulgarians Muslims Others Total
1913
[37]

42.6%
(513,000)
9.9%
(119,000)
39.4%
(475,000)
8.1%
(98,000)
1,205,000
After the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine ten thousands of Bulgarians left and after the Population
exchange between Greece and Turkey almost all Muslims left the region, while hundreds of
thousands of Greek refugees settled in the region thus changing the demography of the province.
Year Greeks Bulgarians Muslims Others Total
1926 League of nations data
88.8%
(1,341,000)
5.1%
(77,000)
0.1%
(2,000)
6.0%
(91,000)
1,511,000
The 1928 Greek Census collected data on the religion as well as on the language.
[39]

Year Christians Jews Muslims Total
1928 Greek Census data
Religion
95.51%
(1,349,063)
4.28%
(60,484)
0.21%
(2,930)
1,412,477
Year Greek
Slavic
dialects
Turkish Ladino Aromanian Armenian Other Total
1928 Greek Census
data
Language
82.52%
(1,165,553)
5.72%
(80,789)
5.09%
(71,960)
4.19
(59,146)
0.95%
(13,475)
0.84%
(11,859)
0.69%
(9,695)
1,412,477
The population was badly affected by the Second World War through starvation, executions,
massacres and deportations. Central Macedonia, including Thessaloniki, was occupied by the
Germans, and in the east Nazi-aligned Bulgarian occupation forces persecuted the local Greek
population and settled Bulgarian colonists in their occupation zone in eastern Macedonia and
western Thrace, deporting all Jews from the region. Total civilian deaths in Macedonia are
estimated at over 400,000, including up to 55,000 Greek Jews. Further heavy fighting affected
the region during the Greek Civil War which drove many inhabitants of rural Macedonia to
emigrate to the towns and cities, or abroad, during the late 1940s and 1950s.

Mount Falakro, Drama Prefecture, eastern Greek Macedonia
Macedonian dialect[edit]

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by
adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
(November 2013)
Greek is by far the most widely spoken and the only official language of public life and
education in Macedonia. The local Macedonian dialect is spoken alongside dialects from other
parts of Greece and Pontic Greek still spoken by some Greeks of Pontic descent. Macedonian
Slavic dialects are the most widely spoken minority language while Aromanian, Arvanitic,
Megleno-Romanian, Turkish and Romani are also spoken. Ladino is still spoken by some Jews
in Thessaloniki.
The Macedonian dialect of Greek is based on variations of vocabulary and pronunciation.
Population of largest towns[edit]
Town or city Greek name Population
[32]

01. Thessaloniki (municipality) 363,987
02. Kavala 63,293
03. Katerini 56,434
04. Serres 56,145
05. Drama 55,632
06. Kozani 47,451
07. Veria 47,411
08. Giannitsa 33,775
09. Ptolemaida 28,942
10. Kilkis 24,812
11. Naoussa 22,288
12. Aridaia 20,213
13. Alexandria 19,283
14. Edessa 18,253
Town or city Greek name Population
[32]

15. Nea Moudania 17,032
16. Florina 16,771
17. Kastoria 16,218
18. Grevena 15,481
19. Polygyros 10,721
20. Skydra 5,081
Regional identity[edit]
Main article: Macedonians (Greeks)

Apogevmatini headline quoting Kostas Karamanlis:
"I myself am a Macedonian, just as 2.5 million Greeks are Macedonians."
Macedonians (Greek: , Makednes) is the term by which ethnic Greeks originating
from the region are known. Macedonians came to be of particular importance during the Balkan
Wars when they were a minority population inside the Ottoman province of Macedonia. The
Macedonians now have a strong regional identity, manifested both in Greece
[40]
and by emigrant
groups in the Greek diaspora.
[41]
This sense of identity has been highlighted in the context of the
Macedonian naming dispute after the break-up of Yugoslavia, in which Greece objects to its
northern neighbour calling itself the "Republic of Macedonia", since explicit self-identification
as Macedonian is a matter of national pride for many Greeks.
[42]
A characteristic expression of
this attitude could be seen when Greek newspapers headlined a declaration by Prime Minister
Kostas Karamanlis at a meeting of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg in January 2007, saying
that "I myself am a Macedonian, and another two and a half million Greeks are Macedonians."
The distinct regional identity of Greek Macedonians is also the product of the fact that it was
closer to the centres of power in both the Byzantine and Ottoman period, was considered
culturally, politically, and strategically more important than other parts of Greece during these
two periods, and also the fact that the region had a far more ethnically and religiously diverse
population in both the medieval and Ottoman periods. In the late Byzantine period Greek
Macedonia had also been the centre of significant Byzantine successor states, such as the
Kingdom of Thessalonica, the short-lived state established by the rival Byzantine emperor,
Theodore Komnenos Doukas, and - in parts of western Macedonia - the Despotate of Epirus, all
of which helped promote a distinct Greek Macedonian identity. In the contemporary period this
is reinforced by Greek Macedonia's proximity to other states in the southern Balkans, the
continuing existence of ethnic and religious minorities in East Macedonia and Thrace not found
in southern Greece, and the fact that migrants and refugees from elsewhere in the Balkans,
southern Russia, and Georgia (including Pontic Greeks and Caucasus Greeks from northeastern
Anatolia and the south Caucasus) have usually gravitated to Greek Macedonia rather than
southern Greece.
Minority populations[edit]
For more details on this topic, see Minorities in Greece.
The exact size of the linguistic and ethnic minority groups of Macedonia is officially unknown,
as Greece has not conducted a census on the question of mother tongue since 1951. The main
minority groups in Macedonia are:
Slavic-speakers[edit]
Main articles: Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia and Macedonians (Bulgarians)

Distribution of the Slavic Macedonian language in Florina Prefecture and Aridaia regions (1993).
Slavic-speakers are concentrated in the Florina, Kastoria, Edessa, Giannitsa, Ptolemaida and
Naousa regions. Their dialects are linguistically classified variously either as Macedonian or
Bulgarian, depending on the region and on political orientation. The exact number of the
minority is difficult to know, and its members' choice of ethnic identification is difficult to
ascertain (since some people are cautious in the replies that they give when surveys are
conducted). The Greek branch of the former International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights
has estimated that those of an ethnic Macedonian national conscienceness number between
10,00030,000.
[43]

Aromanians[edit]
See also: Aromanians in Greece and Aromanian speakers of Greece
Aromanians form a minority population throughout much of Macedonia. They largely identify as
Greeks and most belong to the Greek Orthodox Church. In the 1951 census they numbered
39,855 in all Greece (the number in Macedonia proper is unknown). Many Aromanians villages
can be found along the slopes of the Vermion Mountains and Mount Olympus. Smaller numbers
can be found in the Prespes region and near the Gramos mountains.
Megleno-Romanians[edit]
Main article: Megleno-Romanians


Right: The Megleno-Romanian and the Aromanian linguistic area.
Left: Map of the Megleno-Romanians settlements.
Megleno-Romanians can be found in the Moglena region of Macedonia. The Megleno-Romanian
language is traditionally spoken in the 11 Vlach villages, Archangelos, Notia, Karpi, Koupa,
Lagkadia, Perikleia, Skra and Kastaneri (the other three are found in the Republic of
Macedonia). They are generally adherents to the Orthodox Church while the former majority in
Notia was Muslim.
Arvanites[edit]
Main article: Arvanites
See also: Albanian-speakers of Western Thrace
Arvanites communities can be found in Greek Macedonia. Five Arvanite communities exist in
Serres regional unit while many can be found in the capital, Thessaloniki. There are three
Arvanites villages in the Florina regional unit (Drosopigi, Lechovo and Flampouro) with others
located in Kilkis and Thessaloniki regional units.
[44]

The Jews of Thessaloniki[edit]
Main article: History of the Jews of Thessaloniki

Jewish woman of Thessaloniki, gravour of late 19th century.

Sabbatai Zevi

Jewish workers of the Socialist Workers' Federation march (1908-1909).

Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki.
The Jewish population in Greece was the oldest in mainland Europe, and was mostly Sephardic.
Thessaloniki became the largest center of the Sephardic Jews, who nicknamed the city la madre
de Israel (Israel's mother)
[45]
and "Jerusalem of the Balkans".
[46]
It also included the historically
significant and ancient Greek-speaking Romaniote community. During the Ottoman era,
Thessaloniki's Sephardic community comprised more than half the city's population; the Jews
were dominant in commerce until the ethnic Greek population increased after independence in
1912. By the 1680s, about 300 families of Sephardic Jews, followers of Sabbatai Zevi, had
converted to Islam, becoming a sect known as the Dnmeh (convert), and migrated to Salonika,
whose population was majority Jewish. They established an active community that thrived for
about 250 years. Many of their descendants later became prominent in trade.
[47]
Many Jewish
inhabitants of Thessaloniki spoke Ladino, the Romance language of the Sephardic Jews.
[48]

The Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 burned much of the center of the city and left 50,000 Jews
homeless of the total of 72,000 residents who were burned out.
[49]
Having lost homes and their
businesses, many Jews emigrated: to the United States, Palestine, and Paris. They could not wait
for the government to create a new urban plan for rebuilding, which was eventually done.
[50]

After the Greco-Turkish War in 1922 and the expulsion of Greeks from Turkey, many refugees
came to Greece. Nearly 100,000 ethnic Greeks resettled in Thessaloniki, reducing the proportion
of Jews in the total community. After this, Jews made up about 20% of the city's population.
During the interwar period, Greece granted the Jews the same civil rights as other Greek
citizens.
[49]
In March 1926, Greece re-emphasized that all citizens of Greece enjoyed equal rights,
and a considerable proportion of the city's Jews decided to stay.
World War II brought a disaster for the Jewish Greeks, since in 1941 the Germans occupied
Greece and began actions against the Jewish population. Greeks of the Resistance and Italian
forces (before 1943) tried to protect the Jews and managed to save some.
[45]
By the 1940s, the
great majority of the Jewish Greek community firmly identified as both Greek and Jewish.
According to Misha Glenny, such Greek Jews had largely not encountered "anti-Semitism as in
its North European form."
[51]

In 1943 the Nazis began actions against the Jews in Thessaloniki, forcing them into a ghetto near
the railroad lines and beginning deportation to concentration and labor camps. They deported and
exterminated approximately 96% of Thessaloniki's Jews of all ages during the Holocaust.
[45]

Today, a community of around 1200 remains in the city.
[45]
Communities of descendants of
Thessaloniki Jews both Sephardic and Romaniote live in other areas, mainly the United
States and Israel.
[45]
Israeli singer Yehuda Poliker recorded a song about the Jews of Thessaloniki,
called "Wait for me, Thessaloniki".
Others[edit]
Other minority groups include Romaniotes, Armenians and Romani. Romani communities are
concentrated mainly around the city of Thessaloniki. An uncertain number of them live in
Macedonia from the total of about 200,000-300,000 that live scattered on all the regions of
Greece.
[52]

See also[edit]
Macedonians (Greeks)
Macedonia (region)
Macedonia (terminology)
List of Macedonians (Greek)
Modern regions of Greece
Portals[edit]
Europe portal
European Union portal
Greece portal
Macedonia (Greece) portal

References[edit]
Bibliography[edit]
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Regulations for Particular Areas the Legal Status of Aghion Oros". Structure and operation of
Local and Regional Democracy. Council of Europe. ISBN 92-871-4644-6.
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Greece, 19681970. Monumenta Archaeologica 20 2. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology. ISBN 1-
931745-03-X.
Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). "Serbian Participation in the Byzantine Civil War". The Late
Medieval Balkans. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
Renfrew, Colin; Gimbutas, Marija; Elster, Ernestine S., ed. (1986). Excavations at Sitagroi: a
Prehistoric Village in Northeast Greece. Monumenta Archaeologica 13 2. Cotsen Institute of
Archaeology. ISBN 0-917956-51-6.
Renfrew, Colin. "The Autonomy of the South-east European Copper Age". Proceedings of the
Prehistoric Society 35: 1247. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
Rodden, R.J.; Wardle, K.A., ed. (1996). Nea Nikomedeia: the Excavation of an Early Neolithic
Village in Northern Greece 1961-1963. Supplementary series 25 1. Athens: British School of
Athens.
Souvatzi, Stella G. (2008). A Social Archaeology of Households in Neolithic Greece : an
Anthropological Approach. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83689-0.
Treadgold, Warren (1995). "The Roman Army's Second Millenium". Byzantium and Its Army,
2841081. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3163-2. [sic]
Vacalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1973). History of Macedonia, 13541833 (translated by P. Megann).
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Wardle, K.A. (1997). "The Prehistory of Northern Greece: a Geographical Perspective". Afieroma
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