Isotropic Double Negative Metamaterial

Filippo Capolino/Teory and Phenomena of Metamaterials 34232_C02I Finals Page I 2009-8-26 #2
21
Isotropic Double-Negative
Materials
Irina Vendik
St. Petersburg Electrotechnical
University
Orest G. Vendik
University
Mikhail Odit
University
2I.I Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2I-I
2I.2 Two-Dimensional and Tree-Dimensional Isotropic
Metamaterials Formed by an Array of Cubic Cells with
Metallic Planar Inclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2I-2
2I.3 TL-Based Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2I-7
2I.4 Two-Dimensional Structure of DNG Metamaterial
Based on Resonant Inclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2I-I0
2I.3 Tree-Dimensional Isotropic DNG Metamaterial
Based on Spherical Resonant Inclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2I-I2
Symmetry of the Bispherical DNG Structure

DNG
Medium Composed of Magnetodielectric Spherical
Inclusions

DNG Medium Composed of Dielectric Spheres
with Diferent Radii (GarnetMaxwell Mixing Rule)

DNG
Medium Composed of Dielectric Spheres with Diferent
Radii (Electromagnetic Wave Difraction Model)
2I.6 Efective Permittivity and Permeability of the
Bispherical Lattice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2I-I9
Electric and Magnetic Dipole Moments of Spherical
Resonators

Comparison of the Efective Permittivity and
Permeability Obtained with Diferent Models

Results of
the Full-Wave Analysis

Results of the Experiment

Infuence of Distribution of Size and Permittivity of
Spherical Particles on DNG Characteristics

Isotropic
Medium of Coupled Dielectric Spherical Resonators
2I.7 Metamaterials for Optical Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2I-29
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2I-30
21.1 Introduction
Media with single-negative (SNG) permittivity or SNG permeability and simultaneously negative
permittivity and permeability, which is called double-negative (DNG) media, are under relent-
less interest of physicists and microwave engineers [II2]. Tese artifcial materials are known as
metamaterials. It has been shown that application of SNGmaterials can sumciently improve the char-
acteristics of many microwave devices. However, more interesting properties can be realized using
DNG structures. In a limited frequency band, such materials exhibit anomalous properties: lens-
ing beyond the difraction limit, wave propagation in subwavelength guiding structures, resonant
enhancement of the power radiated by electrically small antennas, etc.
21-1
2009 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
Filippo Capolino/Teory and Phenomena of Metamaterials 34232_C02I Finals Page 2 2009-8-26 #3
21-2 Theory and Phenomena of Metamaterials
Most theoretical and practical investigations in this area are related to one-dimensional (ID)
or two-dimensional (2D) structures. Te well-known metamaterial structure suggested in [3] and
experimentally examined in [6] is a combination of two lattices: a lattice of split-ring resonators
(SRRs) and a lattice of infnitely long parallel wires. Te wires produce the efective negative permit-
tivity, and the SRRs are responsible for the efective negative permeability. A combination of SRRs
and metal wires provides an artifcial material with simultaneously negative efective permeability
and permittivity [3,6,I2]. Tis structure is anisotropic and reveals the negative permittivity and per-
meability, if the propagation direction of the electromagnetic wave is orthogonal to the axes of the
wires and belongs to the plane of the SRRs. Te unusual electromagnetic properties originate from
these artifcial structures rather than arising directly from the materials. It is interesting and useful
for practical applications to realize a DNG medium using the intrinsic electromagnetic properties of
artifcial inclusions forming the material. In many cases, isotropic DNG structures are very attrac-
tive for practical uses. For this purpose, structures with embedded three-dimensional (3D) resonant
inclusions are very promising.
Diferent ways to create a 2Dand 3Disotropic DNGmediumbased on a regular lattice of resonant
inclusions are discussed in this chapter: (a) SNGor DNGmetamaterial formed as a rectangular lattice
of cubic unit cells of plane resonant particles on the faces of the cube; (b) a 2DDNGmediumformed
as an array of dielectric cylindrical resonators; and (c) a 3D DNG medium formed as a regular lattice
of spherical resonant inclusions.
Te characteristic feature of the structures considered is the isotropy of the efective permittiv-
ity and permeability. In the case of the cubic symmetry pertaining to the class m3m, the second
rank tensors of electromagnetic parameters of the media are diagonal [I3,I4]. Tus, the permittivity
and permeability tensors of particles arranged in the cubic structure are scalars,
eff
and
eff
. Body-
centered and face-centered structures are characterized by the same forms of the second-order tensor
as the simple cubic structure. Hence, the 3Disotropic metamaterial can be realized as artifcial struc-
tures designed in formof a regular array of particles. Te symmetry class of the unit cells arranged in
the periodical structure provides the isotropy of the metamaterial.
In this chapter, we discuss isotropic 2Dand 3Dmetamaterials, which difer in the properties of the
constitutive resonant particles. Te following isotropic structures are under consideration:
I. SNG and DNG metamaterial formed by a rectangular/random lattice of isotropic cubic
unit cells of particles: SRRs, -particles, and a combination of the SRRs and wire/dipole
particles
2. 3D DNG metamaterial based on transmission lines (TL)
3. 2DDNGmediumformed by an array of dielectric resonators (DRs), providing excitation
of the electric and magnetic dipoles
4. 3D DNG medium formed by a regular lattice of spherical resonant inclusions, providing
excitation of the electric and magnetic dipoles
21.2 Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Isotropic
Metamaterials Formed by an Array of Cubic Cells with
Metallic Planar Inclusions
Te frst 3D SNG magnetic structure with high isotropy was described in [I3]. An array of single
cells composed of two intersecting SRRs normal to each other is suggested to demonstrate isotropic
metamaterial. Te single cell is formed by crossed SRRs (CSRRs). Each SRRis made of two aluminum
(Al) strips deposited on the inner and outer faces of the foam ring made from the dielectric with low
permittivity. Te dielectric foam has a form of strip of 4 mm width; the inner radius is I3 mm and
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Isotropic Double-Negative Materials 21-3
the outer radius is 20 mm, and the separation between the inner and outer Al strips is t = 3 mm. It is
machined from a foam plate to obtain two open rings that are then ftted into each other. Te 4 mm
wide Al strips are cut from the 30 mm thick self-adhesive Al foil. Te gaps at the extremities of the
two CSRRs are located at the same pole of the spherical structure. Te width of these gaps is 6 mm.
Rotating the CSRR in the waveguide around its z-axis does not afect the transmission coemcient S
2I
measured. Te structure is isotropic in the plane perpendicular to the z-axis. Apossibility to obtain a
material with efective isotropic magnetic properties by building up an array of CSRRs with periodic
or random orientations was experimentally confrmed.
Te idea of using cubic cells with planar metallic inclusions on the cube faces is very promising.
Each unit cell is formed by printing perfectly conducting plane resonant particles on the faces of
a cubic unit cell: SRRs [I6], -particles [I7], spider dipoles [I8], and a combination of SRRs and
dipoles [I9].
Te symmetric SRR was suggested to be used as part of 3D isotropic structure, which can be
considered as an isotropic -negative material (Figure 2I.Ia) [I6]. Te single cell is made of six
planar SRRs exhibiting 90
rotational symmetry, placed on the faces of the cube so that the whole
particle is invariant with respect to 90
rotations around all Cartesian axes. Te unit cell provides a

distinct magnetic SNGresponse. Te isotropy is experimentally confrmedby the measurement of the
transmission coemcient of the waveguide loaded with one 3D particle in diferent orientations. Te
experimental investigationconfrmedthe isotropy of the -negative material (Figure 2I.2a) [I7,I92I].
Te same symmetry exhibits the cubic structure basedonspider dipoles (Figure 2I.Ib) providing an
-negative response. Aperiodical spatial arrangement of the cells forms the bulk of the isotropic mag-
netic or electric metamaterials. Te negative permeability/permittivity of the single magnetic/electric
particle placed in a rectangular waveguide was extracted from the measured scattering parameters.
Te 3D regular arrangement of the cubic particles is a sophisticated technological problem. Te con-
cept of randomly distributed magnetic particles was therefore checked frst on 2D and then on 3D
structures [I9]. Te experiments demonstrated that better isotropy and a wider frequency band of the
metamaterial can be achieved by a quasiperiodical location and a higher density of the particles [20].
Te electrical dipole loaded by a loop inductance (inset in Figure 2I.2c) was suggested to provide
efective negative permittivity of the media. Te isotropy of one 3Dcubic unit cell with a single dipole
is documented by its measured transmission coemcient (Figure 2I.2c). Experiments with random
distributions of these particles also exhibited promising results. Measured transmission coemcients
of I47 particles inserted in the polystyrene slices consecutively rotated by 90
provided very good

isotropy of the cubic sample, as follows from the small dispersion shown in Figure 2I.2d.
(a) (b)
y
x
z
FIGURE 2I.I (a) Volumetric -negative particles composed of C4-SRRs and (b) volumetric -negative particles
composed of C4-dipoles. (Taken from Baena, J.D., Jelinek, L., Marques, R., and Zehentner, J., Appl. Phys. Lett., 88,
I34I08, 2006. With permission.)
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(a)
|
S
2
1
|
S
2
1
|
S
2
1
|
S
2
1
f (GHz)
f (GHz)
f (GHz)
f (GHz)
2.10
1
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1.0
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0.1
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0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
2.15 2.20 2.25 2.30 2.35 2.40 2.45 2.50
2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
2.9 3.1 3 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6
(b)
(c) (d)
S
21
S
21
+2
S
21
2
S
21
S
21
+2
S
21
2
|
|
FIGURE 2I.2 (a) Transmission through the waveguide loaded by quaternary split spirals; (b) transmission through
64 cubic samples and its dispersion when the resonators are in the nodes of the squared net and are randomly oriented;
(c) measured transmission coemcient of one cubic unit cell with the electric dipoles in the parallel plate waveguide for
diferent orientations; and (d) transmission coemcients of I47 periodically distributed and randomly oriented electric
SNG particles.
In order to integrate the SRR and wire in one particle, -particles can be introduced [I7]. Te
DNG metamaterial is formed by a rectangular lattice of isotropic cubic unit cells of -particles
(Figure 2I.3). Each isotropic cubic cell is made by putting six -shaped perfectly conducting particles
onthe cube faces. Asingle cubic cell canbe describedapproximately as anisotropic resonant scatterer.
Te efective permittivity
eff
and permeability
eff
of the media are calculated fromelectric and mag-
netic polarizabilities by an analytical model. Te dispersion diagram for the cubic lattice of isotropic
scatterers shows negative dispersion within a limited frequency range between two stop bands. Te
frequency range, in which both the efective permittivity and the permeability are negative, cor-
responds to the mini band of backward waves (BWs) within the resonant band of the individual
isotropic scatterer.
Te -particles-based, 3Disotropic structure has been investigated experimentally [22]. Te elec-
tromagnetic properties of 3Dhomogeneous structures can be described by a set of averaged efective
parameters, such as the electric permittivity and the magnetic permeability. Te measurements were
done in free space, with two dipole antennas, one used as a point source and the other as a probe. Te
source was placed at a distance less than the thickness of the layer to verify the possible super lens
properties of the device: the thickness was 40 mm, corresponding to six unit cells across the layer.
Te transmission coemcient of the structure reveals a narrow pass band between 3.9 and 6.3 GHz,
which corresponds to the superlensing efect of the slab (Figure 2I.3c).
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(a)
(b) (c) Frequency (GHz)
Mini pass band:
Central frequency~6.15 GHz
Pass band~0.4 GHz
S
2
1

(
d
B
)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8
y
x
z
h
l
w
r
FIGURE 2I.3 (a) Geometry of a cubic unit cell of -particles. For graphic clearness, only one pair of -shaped per-
fectly conducting particles is shown on two opposite faces of the cubic unit cell. (b) A rectangular lattice of isotropic
cubic unit cells of -particles. (From Simovski C.R. and He, S., Phys. Lett. A, 3II, 234, 2003. With permission.)
(c) Mini pass band between 3.9 and 6.3 GHz for four diferent distances of the source. (Taken fromVerney, E., Sauviac,
B., and Simovski, C.R., Phys. Lett. A, 33I(34), 244, October 2004. With permission.)
(a) (b)
FIGURE 2I.4 Te design of a fully symmetric unit cell for a one-unit-cell thick slab of an isotropic SRR (a) and a
lef-handed (b) metamaterial. Te interfaces are parallel to the lef and right SRRs. (Taken from Koschny, T., Zhang,
L., and Soukoulis, C.M., Phys. Rev. B, 7I, I2II03 (R), 2003. With permission.)
Te DNG metamaterial based on the 3D confguration of SRRs and the continuous wires
(Figure 2I.4) is another 3D isotropic metamaterial [23]. Te isotropic unit cell is based on the four-
gap SRRs (Figure 2I.4a). Te SRR gaps are flled with a high permittivity dielectric with a relative
permittivity
gap
= 300 to lower the magnetic resonance frequency.
Te design of this type of metamaterial minimizes the mutual interaction of SRRs and wires, a cou-
pling of the electric feld to the magnetic resonance, and the cross-polarization scattering amplitudes
and efects of the periodicity. Te transmission and refection coemcients for a slab of the isotropic
SRR and the corresponding isotropic lef-handed metamaterial (LHM) of I- and I0-unit-cell thick-
ness have been calculated. Te simulated transmission coemcients for I unit cell and a slab of I0 cells
have been plotted for diferent incident angles and polarizations (Figure 2I.3). Despite the square
shape of the SRR, the absolute independence of the scattering amplitudes on the orientation of
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SRR
= 5
= 15
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.66 0.7
T
T
1
10
4
10
8
10
12
10
16
1
10
4
10
8
10
12
10
16
LHM
TM: =10
=45
=30
TE: =1 0
=45
=30
0.4
0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.66 0.7

T
T
1
10
10
10
20
10
30
1
10
4
10
8
10
12
10
16
= 45
= 85
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.66 0.7
T
T
1
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4
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8
10
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10
16
1
10
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8
10
12
10
16
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.66 0.7
T
T
1
10
10
10
20
10
30
1
10
10
10
20
10
30
FIGURE 2I.3 Transmission spectra T = t()
2
for a I0-unit-cell thick slab of the SRR and the LHM metamaterial
for various angles of incidence () and polarizations (, TE and TM modes). (Taken from Koschny, T., Zhang, L.,
and Soukoulis, C.M., Phys. Rev. B, 7I, I2II03 (R), 2003. With permission.)
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the incidence plane for both the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes, arbi-
trary , SRR, and LHM metamaterial slabs of any thickness is confrmed. Analysis of the I0-unit-cell
thick slab of the SRR and the LHM metamaterial revealed the isotropic behavior.
21.3 TL-Based Metamaterials
Among other kinds, the metamaterials based on TLs are of high interest. Te use of loaded TL net-
works allows the realizationof wide-bandandlow-loss BWmaterials inthe microwave region[24,23].
3D isotropic, TL-based, BW materials have been proposed in [2628].
In [28], a rotated TL method (TLM) scheme [29] was used to produce a unit cell of isotropic
metamaterial. In the TLM representation of discrete electrodynamics, a I2-port scattering matrix,
representing the TLM cell, contains all the information of the discretized Maxwells equations. Te
I2-port cell can be decomposed into two independent six-port cells by a coordinate transformation.
Te two independent half-cell six ports described by scattering matrices S and S [28] are called
A and
A cells, respectively. A TLM cell that completely samples the electromagnetic feld can
be established by either nesting the six-port structures of the A and

A half-cells or by a cluster of
eight half-cells with alternating A and

A cells. Te lumped-element circuit for an A cell contains
series elements Z and shunt elements Y. An elementary metamaterial cell may be conceived on the
basis of rotated TLM cells by inserting reactances in series to the six cell ports and four admittances
connecting the series reactances at a central node, forming a virtual ground. Both half-cells can be
connected at the virtual ground.
In the general case, the unit cell is composed of composite right-/lef-handed (CRLH) TL sections.
In a CRLHunit cell, the impedance Z is a series resonator (L
R
, C
L
), whereas Y is a parallel resonator
(L
L
, C
R
). Te right-handed components account for unavoidable parasitics [I]. Te corresponding
unit cell for the rotated TLM metamaterial is shown in Figure 2I.6a.
Te proposed realization of the CRLH rotated TLM metamaterial, corresponding to the lumped-
element network of Figure 2I.6a, is depicted in Figure 2I.6b. Shunt inductors are implemented
by wires connected to a common center point, and series capacitors are implemented by metal
insulatormetal (MIM) plates located between the adjacent unit cells. Figure 2I.6b shows a cluster of
222 nested unit cells. Te plate capacitors are realized in printed circuit board (PCB) with patches
on both sides of the substrate, which ensures accurate C
L
values. Te inductors are realized by rigid
wires. Te unit-cell length is 2 cm, the substrate is Rogers 4330B I0 mil, and the lef-handed values
are L
L
I7.3 nH and C
L
3.4pF.
Figure 2I.6c shows the unit-cell prototype of the CRLHrotated TLMmetamaterial. Tis prototype
was measured with a two-port vector network analyzer through baluns (microstrip to parallel-strip
transitions) connected at two arbitrary nonaligned ports, whereas the remaining ports are termi-
nated with the resistors. Te dispersion diagram depicted in Figure 2I.6d shows a good agreement
with circuit simulation results up to 2.2 GHz. Te expected two lef-handed and two right-handed
frequency bands are clearly visible, therefore verifying the behavior of the rotated TLMmetamaterial.
A simplifed planarized implementation, preserving the same network topology, can also be realized
for practical applications.
Te idea of a superlens based on the TL-metamaterial has been discussed in [30]. Te proposed
structure of a 3D super-resolution lens consists of two forward-wave (FW) regions and one BW
region. Te 3D FW networks can be realized with simple TLs and the 3D BW network with induc-
tively and capacitively loaded TLs. One unit cell of the BW network is shown in Figure 2I.7 (the unit
cell is shown by the dotted line). In the 3D structure, there are impedances Z/2 and TLs also along
the z-axis (not shown in Figure 2I.7). In view of potential generalizations, the loads are represented
by series impedances Z/2 and shunt admittances Y, although for the particular purpose of realizing
a BW network, the loads are simple capacitances and inductances. Te unit cell of the FW network
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(a) (b)
z
y
2
4 10
9 3
612
5 11
8
1
7
x
2
6
3
4
1
5
(c) (d)
180
150
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90
60
30
0
0 0.5
x

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1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
f/GHz
FIGURE 2I.6 (a) CRLH rotated, TLM metamaterial, half-unit cell [29]; (b) 3D CRLH rotated, TLM metamaterial
realization, complete 222 structure; (c) 3D CRLH rotated, TLM unit cell with its input and output baluns required
for the diferential excitation of the measurement setup; (d) dispersion diagram: measured (solid line) and simulated
(dashed line). (Taken from Zedler, M., Caloz, C., and Russer, P., Circuital and experimental demonstration of a 3D
isotropic LHmetamaterial based on the rotated TLMscheme, Microwave Symposium, IEEE/MTT-S International,
Honolulu, HI, June 38, 2007, pp. I827I830. With permission.)
is the same as in Figure 2I.7 but without the series impedances Z/2 and shunt admittance Y. In a
simplifed case, Z = I/jC and Y = I/jL.
Te derived dispersion equations and analytical expressions for the characteristic impedances for
waves in the FWand BWregions make it possible to fnd the condition for a design of such structures.
Te full-wave simulations revealed the subwavelength resolution characteristics of a realizable design
withcommercially available lossy materials andcomponents. Tere is a special problemof impedance
and refraction index matching of the FW and BW regions. From the derived dispersion equations,
it has been seen that there exists such a frequency at which the corresponding isofrequency surfaces
for FW and BW regions coincide. Teoretically, this can provide distortionless focusing of the prop-
agating modes, if the wave impedances of the FW and BW regions are also well matched. Impedance
matching becomes evenmore important whenthe evanescent modes are takeninto account. Teoret-
ically, it was shown that the wave impedances can be matched at least within I accuracy or better, if
the characteristic impedances of the TLs are properly tuned. However, froma practical point of view,
accuracy better than I is hardly realizable. It has been shown that decreasing the thickness of the
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Filippo Capolino/Teory and Phenomena of Metamaterials 34232_C02I Finals Page 9 2009-8-26 #I0
TL
TL
TL
TL
TL
TL TL
TL
Y
Z/2 Z/2
Z/2
Z/2
Z/2
z
x
y
Z/2
Z/2
Z/2
(1, , )
(, +1, )
(+1,,)
(, , )
(, 1, )
FIGURE 2I.7 Unit cell of a 3D BW TL network (enclosed by the dotted line). Te TLs and impedances along the
z-axis are not shown. TLs have the characteristic impedance Z
0
and the length d/2 (d is the period of the structure).
(Taken from Alitalo, P., Maslovski, S., and Tretyakov, S., J. Appl. Phys., 99, 0649I2, 2006. With permission.)
BW region reduces the negative efect of the impedance mismatch, whereas the amplifcation of the
evanescent modes is preserved.
In [3I], the design and experimental realization of a 3D superlens based on LC-loaded TLs were
presented. A 2D prototype was designed (Figure 2I.8a). Te structure was excited by a coaxial feed
(SMA connectors) connected with the edge of the frst FW region, as shown at the bottom of
Figure 2I.8b. To change the position of the excitation, four SMA connectors were soldered to the
structure.
Te measured electric feld distributions on the top of the structure are shown in Figure 2I.9. Te
maximum values of the amplitude occur at the back edge of the BW region (as expected from the
(a) (b)
0
0
26
39
52
65
78
z

(
m
m
)
13
13 26 39 52 65 78 91 104117
x (mm)
BW
region
FIGURE 2I.8 (a) 2Dprototype of TL-based metamaterial; (b) 3Dprototype of TL-based metamaterial. (Taken from
Alitalo, P., Maslovski, S., and Tretyakov, S., J. Appl. Phys., 99(I2), 2006. With permission.)
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BW-region BW-region
(a)
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x (mm)
78 91 104 117
FIGURE 2I.9 Measured amplitude of the vertical component of electric feld on top of the 2D structure at
f = 900 MHz. Fields are normalized to the maximum value. (a) Symmetrical excitation by two sources at x = 32 mm,
z = 6.3 mm, and x = 63 mm, z = 6.3 mm. (b) One source at x = 39 mm, z = 6.3 mm. (Taken from Alitalo, P.,
Maslovski, S., and Tretyakov, S., J. Appl. Phys., 99(I2), 2006. With permission.)
theory). In Figure 2I.9b, the point of excitation is displaced from the middle to show that the efects
seen are not caused by refections fromthe side edges. It is clear that both propagating and evanescent
modes are excited in the structure, because the felds do not reveal a signifcant decay in the frst FW
region (evanescent modes decay exponentially). Tere is a remarkable growth of the amplitude in
the BW region, since only evanescent modes can be amplifed in a passive structure like this. Te
experiment did not show any noticeable refections at the FW/BW interfaces, which implies a good
impedance matching between the two types of networks.
To realize a 3D structure, a combination of two and three previously observed 2D structures was
manufactured. To connect these layers, I0 vertical sublayers of height I2.2 mmwere soldered between
them. In Figure 2I.8b, the geometry of the structure is presented: only I bottom horizontal layer and
I0 vertical sublayers are shown. Te resulting 3D structure is isotropic with respect to the waves
propagating inside the TLs. Te distance between adjacent horizontal and vertical nodes remains the
same, and the vertical microstrip lines are also loaded with capacitors in the BW region.
Te experiments with prototypes show BW propagation and amplifcation of evanescent waves in
the TL-based structures.
21.4 Two-Dimensional Structure of DNG Metamaterial Based
on Resonant Inclusions
Attempts to create an isotropic metamaterial resulted in the idea of using resonant inclusions as
constituent particles arranged in a regular structure [3236]. A medium composed of a periodic
lattice of resonant particles considered as scatterers generates dielectric polarization and magnetiza-
tion according to the distribution of the scatterers and their polarizabilities. A mixture consisting of
an array of scatterers embedded in a host media is an efective medium relative to the propagating
wave. When the size of the scatterers is small compared with the wavelength in the host material
and is not small in the material of the scatterers, the efective medium parameters become frequency
dependent. Within a limited frequency range, electric and/or magnetic polarizabilities of inclusions
exhibit a characteristic resonant behavior, and the media yield efective negative permittivity and
permeability.
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As a 2D isotropic metamaterial, a regular array of dielectric rods is considered. In order to obtain
dielectric and magnetic dipoles, one has to excite electric and magnetic resonances into the DRs [32].
Te 2D isotropic DNG material consists of an array of dielectric rods with diferent radii, so that two
diferent types of resonances lead to the DNG response of the medium. Te magnetic resonance is
excited in the roads of smaller diameter, which behave as magnetic dipoles. Te electric resonance is
excitedinthe roads of larger diameter, whichbehave as electric dipoles. Te simplifedstructure of the
regular array of the DRs placed between the perfect magnetic walls (PMW) and the perfect electric
walls (PEW) is shown in Figure 2I.I0a. Te dispersion diagramhas been calculated by analytical full-
wave simulation (Figure 2I.I0c). Te negative slope of the dispersion characteristic demonstrates the
DNGproperties of the designedmedium. Te transmissioncoemcient of the structure (Figure 2I.I0b)
reveals a pass band in a limited frequency range conditioned by the resonant characteristics of the
two cylindrical resonators.
Dielectric cylinders can also be placed in a cutof parallel plate waveguide [33]. In this case, the
collective macroscopic behavior of the DR lattice under TE resonance gives negative efective per-
meability, whereas the parallel plate waveguide below the cutof frequency for the fundamental TE
modes shows negative efective permittivity, which leads to the lef-handedness. Te 2D triangu-
lar prism of the proposed lef-handed waveguide that is sandwiched by the right-handed parallel
plate waveguides provides the numerical and experimental demonstrations of the negative refraction
for the propagated waves. Dispersion diagrams obtained show the 2D isotropic and lef-handed
propagation characteristics of the proposed structure.
Resonance phenomena in metamaterials constructed as an array of dielectric rods are studied
in [34] by means of numerical modeling using the fnite-diference time-domain (FDTD) method.
(a)
a
Port 1
Port 2
x
y
(b) (c)
0
10.10
10.15
10.20
10.25
PMC
PMC
PEC
PEC
z
z
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
9.6 9.8 10.0
Frequency (GHz) a/
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
G
H
z
)
|
S
1
1
|
,

|
S
1
1
|
(
d
B
)
10.2 10.4 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
N = 5
N = 7
N = 9
N=11
|S
11
|
|S
21
|
FIGURE2I.I0 (a) Cross-section of simulation domain. (b) Numerically calculated S-parameters of a lattice of cylin-
ders [
p
= 44(I jI.23 I0
4
),
h
= I, a
I
= 2.7I mm, a
2
= I.73 mm, lattice constant s = I3 mm]. (c) Dispersion
curves for a lattice of cylinders calculated for diferent numbers of cylinders (N).
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Filippo Capolino/Teory and Phenomena of Metamaterials 34232_C02I Finals Page I2 2009-8-26 #I3
f =16.9 GHz f =16.0 GHz
Positive beam refraction Negative beam refraction
p
=77,
h
=7,8
FIGURE 2I.II Wave propagation through the prism formed by a regular array of dielectric cylindrical resonators.
(Taken from Semouchkina, E.A., Semouchkin, G.B., Lanagan, M., and Randall, C.A., IEEE Trans. Microwave Teory
Technol., 33, I477, April 2003. With permission.)
Te authors suggested that coupling between the resonators could afect the EM response of the
metamaterial in a way similar to that observed at the BW propagation in DNG media. Coupling
between resonators causes resonant mode splitting and promotes the channeling of electromagnetic
energy by coupled felds, which contributes to the formation of the bands with enhanced transmis-
sion. Te all-dielectric metamaterial consists of closely positioned dielectric cylinders embedded in a
low-permittivity matrix. Te ability of the all-dielectric metamaterial to provide negative refraction
has been demonstrated by EM simulation of the wave propagation through the prism of metama-
terial with a rhombus lattice at frequencies close to the frst higher-order resonance of the DRs
(Figure 2I.II): the negative beam refraction is observed at f = I6.9 GHz.
Tere is one more way to provide simultaneous negative efective permittivity and permeability
of artifcial media: mutual constitutive particle interaction [33]. As an example, the clustered dielec-
tric particle (CDP) metamaterial, constituted by the periodic repetition of a molecule-like cluster of
dielectric atom-like particles, is explored. Te structure consists of clusters of coupled DRs (cubes,
for example) arranged along a periodic lattice. Te clusters may be seen as molecules, whereas the
DRs may be seen as atoms or particles, by analogy with natural materials. It is therefore expected
that this CDP structure could exhibit some properties identical to those of natural materials, such as
electromagnetic homogeneity, and in addition metamaterial properties, such as negative refraction,
under appropriate design conditions.
21.5 Three-Dimensional Isotropic DNG Metamaterial Based
on Spherical Resonant Inclusions
Isotropy of a DNG structure is provided by the symmetry of the structure and by the symmetry of
the components constituting the structure.
21.5.1 Symmetry of the Bispherical DNG Structure
Let us consider two sets of the spherical particles arranged in the NaCl structure (Figure 2I.I2). Tis
structure is a member of the cubic system of symmetry and pertains to the class m3m. In the case
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2a
1
2a
2
s
s
s
FIGURE 2I.I2 Acell of the periodic composite mediumconsisting of two sublattices of dielectric spherical particles
with diferent radii embedded in a host.
of cubic symmetry, the second-rank tensors of all physical parameters of the media are diagonal and
characterized by the components of the same values [I4]. Tus, the permittivity and permeability
tensors have the following forms:
=

eff
0 0
0
eff
0
0 0
eff
, =

eff
0 0
0
eff
0
0 0
eff
, (2I.I)
where the subindices ef are introduced to stress that the permittivity and permeability are obtained
as a result of averaging the electric and magnetic polarizations of spherical particles embedded in
the matrix. Body-centered and face-centered structures are characterized by the same form of the
second-order tensor as the simple cubic structure [I4]. For averaging the polarization of spherical
particles embedded in the matrix, one needs to fnd the volume of the matrix falling on each particle
considered. For a lattice of cubic symmetry, the volume of the unit cell is evaluated as s
3
, where s is
the distance between the nearest neighbors of the two-component crystal lattice (Figure 2I.I2).
We shouldstress that the isotropy of the media consideredis validonly for the second-rank tensors.
If one considers phenomena like dielectric nonlinearity or electrostriction, which are described by
fourth-rank tensors, the specifc anisotropy of the media formed by the embedded spherical particles
should be taken into account.
Te idea of using magnetodielectric spherical particles as constitutive particles for artifcial meta-
material belongs to Holloway [36]. Te modeling of the electromagnetic response of spherical
inclusions embedded in a host material (Figure 2I.I3a) is based on the generalized Lewins model [37].
Te spherical particles with radius a are arranged in a cubic lattice with the lattice constant s.
Te incident electromagnetic plane wave with wavelength propagating in the host material
excites certain modes in the particles. Tese modes are not strongly eigenmodes of spherical DRs,
but they can be specifed as H or E modes at the frequencies that are close to the spherical cavity
eigenfrequencies.
In 2004, the isotropic structure suitable for a practical realization was introduced in [38]
(Figure 2I.I3b). It was suggested that the artifcial material is composed of two sets of dielectric
spheres embedded in a host dielectric material. Te spheres are made from the same dielectric
material and have diferent radii. Te dielectric constant of the spherical particles is much larger
than that of the host material. Te wavelength inside the sphere is comparable with the diameter of
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s
h
=1
h
=1
h
= 1
s
p
=200
p
=200
s <<
h
p
= 400
a
2
=1.3 mm
a
1
=0.9 mm
e
m
4

m
m
tan
p
=10
4
(a) (b)
FIGURE 2I.I3 (a) Composite structure containing magnetodielectric spherical particles; and (b) isotropic media
composed of dielectric spheres with diferent radii.
the sphere, and at the same time the wavelength outside the sphere is large compared with the sphere
dimensions. By combining two sets of spheres with suitable radii, diferent modes can be simulta-
neously excited in the spheres: the magnetic resonance mode in one set of spheres and the electric
resonance mode in the other set.
21.5.2 DNG Medium Composed of Magnetodielectric Spherical Inclusions
Te model introduced by Holloway is based on Lewins derivation of expression for the efective
properties of an array of spherical particles embedded in a background matrix [36]. Let us consider
the spherical particles with radius a arranged in a cubic lattice with the lattice constant s. Te inci-
dent electromagnetic wave propagating in the host material is the plane-polarized wave. Te relative
efective permittivity
eff
and efective permeability
eff
of such a structure are written as
eff
=
h
I +
3
F()+2K
e
F()K
e

, (2I.2)
eff
=
h
I +
3
F()+2K
m
F()K
m

, (2I.3)
where
F() =
2(sin cos )
(
2
I) sin + cos
v
f
=
4
3
a
3
s
3
is the fraction volume defned as the ratio of the volume of particles in the mixture
and the total volume of the mixture
= k
0
a
p
, k
0
is the wave number in free space
K
e
=

h
p
K
m
=

h
p
and
p
are the relative permittivity and relative permeability of the inclusions
h
and
h
are the relative permittivity and permeability of the host (matrix) medium
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0.02
r
e
,

r
e
R
e

(
r
e
)
re
re
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
0.04 0.06 0.06 0.07
tan=0.00
tan=0.01
tan=0.02
tan=0.04
tan=0.20
k
0
a k
0
a
0.08 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.10
FIGURE 2I.I4 (a)
eff
and
eff
for v
f
= 0.3,
h
=
h
= I,
p
= 40,
p
= 200. Te dashed-dotted lines are the
asymptotes. (b)
eff
for v
f
= 0.3,
h
=
h
= I,
p
= 30,
p
= 30. (Taken from Holloway, C. and Kuester, E., IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propag., 3I, 2396, October 2003. With permission.)
Te function F() has a resonance nature. It becomes negative at some frequencies and in some
ranges of . Negative values of function F() are necessary (but not sumcient) demand for
eff
and
eff
to be negative (for real values of and of the matrix media and spheres in them) (Figure 2I.I4a).
Decreasing the inclusion volume fraction v
f
has the efect of narrowing the band of frequencies, for
which
eff
and
eff
become negative. Besides v
f
, the product of
p
and
p
infuences the bandwidth
and location of the resonance. By making this product smaller, the frst resonance of
eff
and
eff
is
moved to larger values of the product k
0
a and the frequency bandwidth over which the permittivity
and permeability are negative increases.
Losses in material of particles decreases the efect of resonance behavior on the composite. Tis
efect is shown in Figure 2I.I4b. In this fgure, the dependence of the real part of the efective permit-
tivity on a normalized frequency is shown for several diferent values of the dielectric loss tangent
of the inclusions defned as tan =

p
. Te dielectric loss tangent of the matrix as well as the mag-
netic loss tangents of both materials are taken to be zero. Notice that, for this example, the real part
of the efective permittivity can still be negative for loss tangents of the inclusions, as large as 0.04.
However, for larger values, the resonance is damped out and the real part of the efective permittivity
remains positive. Tis shows that if the inclusion (i.e., the spherical particle) becomes too lossy, the
DNG properties cannot be realized.
21.5.3 DNG Medium Composed of Dielectric Spheres with Different
Radii (GarnetMaxwell Mixing Rule)
Te particles used in artifcial isotropic media on electromagnetic resonance spheres [36] are imprac-
tical because of their simultaneous high values not only of permittivity but of permeability as well.
Another model suitable for practical realization has been introduced by Vendik and Gashinova [38].
In that case, two types of spheres were used with diferent radii but made from the same material
(Figure 2I.I3b). In such a structure, one can observe the resonance of the TE
III
mode in one type of
spherical particles and the resonance of the TM
III
mode in other types of spherical particles at the
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same given frequency. In this case, it is possible to realize the negative dielectric permittivity as a
result of a contribution of the resonance of the TM
III
mode and the negative magnetic permeability
as a result of a contribution of the resonance of the TE
III
mode. Te diameters of the spheres must be
much smaller than the wavelength in the matrix (host material) but comparable to the wavelength in
the material of the spheres. Ferroelectric single crystal or ceramic samples with dielectric constants
I00400 can be used as a material for manufacturing the spherical particles.
Te numerical simulation of two-lattice structures by eigenmode analysis and FDTD analysis
has also been implemented in [38]. Te resonant behavior of a single sphere embedded in a host
material was investigated. Te cell under simulation with two pairs of PEW and PMW bounding
a propagation region is shown in the inset of Figure 2I.I3. Te feld pattern of the exiting plane
wave is equivalent to a waveguide excitation of the structure. Tis defnition of the elementary cell
allows us to obtain a scattering parameter (Figure 2I.I3a and b) of a two-port device. Extraction
of the efective dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability is based on the transformation
of Z-parameters of such an efective TL section. Te DNG behavior is observed at f =66.4GHz
(Figure 2I.I3c and d).
In [36,38], Lewins equations were applied directly to the system of two sets of spheres, and the
electric polarizability of spheres in the magnetic resonant mode was not taken into account. How-
ever, the electrical properties of these spheres can have a signifcant efect on the efective permittivity
of the composite. Tis afects especially the low-frequency limit, which then approaches the classi-
cal MaxwellGarnett mixing rule. In [39], a new model was presented, which takes this efect into
account. Equations are validated both analytically and numerically. Scattering from a single sphere
was calculated both analytically from the full Mie theory and numerically.
PMW
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
62 63 64 65 66
Frequency (GHz) (a)
|
S
1
1
|
,

|
S
2
1
|
67 68 69 70
PEW
a
1
= 100 m
S11
S21
60
40
20
0
20
40
62 63 64 65 66
Frequency (GHz) (c)
R
e

(
e
f
f
)
,

I
m

(
e
f
f
)
67 68 69 70
Re (
eff
)
Im (
eff
)
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
62 63 64 65 66
Frequency (GHz) (b)
|
S
1
1
|
,

|
S
2
1
|
67 68 69 70
a
2
= 70.5 m
S11
S12
a
1
= 100 m
6
3
0
3
6
62 63 64 65 66
Frequency (GHz) (d)
R
e

(
e
f
f
)
,

I
m

(
e
f
f
)
67 68 69 70
Re (
eff
)
Im (
eff
)
a
2
= 70.5 m
FIGURE 2I.I3 Scattering parameters and extracted efective permittivity (
eff
) and efective permeability (
eff
) of
a single sphere with = I000, radius a
I
= I00 m (a,c), and a
2
= 70.3 m (b,d).
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An efective medium model for a composite consisting of two sets of resonating spheres is
defned by
eff

h
eff
+ 2
h
=
f
e
h
(
2
h
+
p
F (
I
)
h

p
F (
I
)
) +
f
m
h
(
2
h
+
p
F (
2
)
h

p
F (
2
)
), (2I.4)
eff
I
eff
+ 2
= f
m
(
2 + F (
2
)
I F (
2
)
), (2I.3)
f
e
=
4
3
a
3
I
I
s
3
, f
m
=
4
3
a
3
2
I
s
3
, (2I.6)
F() =
2(sin cos )
(
2
I) sin + cos
, (2I.7)
where
I
= k
0
a
I
2
= k
0
a
2
p
a
I
is the radius of spheres with the electric resonance
a
2
is the radius of spheres with the magnetic resonance
f
e
and f
m
are the volume fractions for the corresponding spheres
In Figure 2I.I6, an example of efective permittivity as a function of the volume fraction of spheres
is shown. Te solid line represents
eff
given by Equation 2I.4, and the dashed line,
eff
, is calculated
using the method in [36,38], where the electric polarizability of spheres in the magnetic resonance
Re (
eff
), Equation 21.4
Im (
eff
), Equation 21.4
Re (
eff
)
Re (
eff
)
14.7
250
200
150
100
50
0
50
100
150
14.75 14.8
Frequency (GHz)
e
f
f
14.85 14.9
FIGURE 2I.I6 Te efective permittivity
eff
as a function of the frequency calculated by Equation 2I.4 compared
with the efective permittivity
eff
calculated without taking into account the electrical polarizability of spheres in
the magnetic resonance. In this case, the second term on the right-hand side of Equation 2I.4 is zero.
p
=I00
(I jI.23 I0
4
),
h
= I, f
e
= 0.I3, f
m
= 0.I3, a
I
= 3.I8 I0
3
mm, a
2
= 2.I8 I0
3
mm. (Taken from Jylh, L.,
Kolmakov, I., Maslovski, S., and Tretyakov, S., J. Appl. Phys., 99(4), 043I02043I02-7, 2006. With permission.)
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mode is not taken into account. It can be seen that the resonant frequency slightly shifs when the
improved mixing equation is used.
21.5.4 DNG Medium Composed of Dielectric Spheres with
Different Radii (Electromagnetic Wave Diffraction Model)
A numerical analysis of a bispherical structure [38] revealed that the interference of the adjacent
spherical particles is negligibly small. Tis makes it possible to solve the electromagnetic problem
for each sphere independent of the infuence of all others. We consider the difraction of a plane
electromagnetic wave on a dielectric sphere using the approach of Stratton [40]. Some results of
solving this problem as applied to the bispherical structure were presented in [4I,42].
Let us consider the difraction of a plane electromagnetic wave with the amplitude of electric feld
E
0
linearly polarized along the x-axis. Te wave propagates along the z-axis (Figure 2I.I7):
E (z, t) =

e
x
E
0
e
i(tk
2
z)
,

H(z, t) =

e
y
k
2
o
E
0
e
i(tk
2
z)
. (2I.8)
Te wave number k
2
is defned later.
In order to fulfll the boundary conditions on the surface of the spherical particle with respect to
the tangential components of the electric and magnetic felds, expansion of the incident plane wave in
terms of the spherical functionis used. Te spherical modes inside the sphere andthe spherical modes
propagating in open space outside the sphere are taken into consideration as well. Te boundary con-
ditions give rise to two pairs of nonhomogeneous equations with respect to the complex amplitudes
of the spherical functions inside and outside the spherical particle.
Te felds inside the spherical particle are presented in the following forms:
E
(in)
= E
0
e
i t

n=I
i
n
2n + I
n(n + I)
(a
(in)
n
m
o/n
ib
(in)
n
n
e/n
) , (2I.9)
H
(in)
=
k
I
0
E
0
e
i t

n=I
i
n
2n + I
n(n + I)
(b
(in)
n
m
e/n
+ ia
(in)
n
n
o/n
) , (2I.I0)
where
m
o/n, m, n
and
n
o/e, m, n
are spherical wave functions (odd and even) [40]. As far as the incident
wave in open space is linearly polarized, the number m = I is taken in Equations 2I.9 and 2I.I0.
Te wave numbers are defned as
k
I
=
0
, k
2
=
0
, (2I.II)
P
(a) (b)
TE
111
TM
111
z
M
y
x
E
H
k
FIGURE 2I.I7 Spherical particle in the feld of a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave and feld distribution in
the equatorial plane. (a) Dipole momentum of electric polarization of the particle P and dipole momentum of mag-
netization of the particle M. (b) Mode charts of the dominant TE
III
and TM
III
modes in a spherical resonator with
magnetic walls. Solid and dashed lines show the magnetic and electric feld lines, respectively.
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Filippo Capolino/Teory and Phenomena of Metamaterials 34232_C02I Finals Page I9 2009-8-26 #20
where
0
and
0
are the dielectric permittivity and permeability of free space. Te difracted feld
outside the spheres is given in [40].
Te solutions of the system of equations specifed by the boundary conditions defne the ampli-
tudes of the waves inside the spherical particle in the following forms:
I. For the waves of magnetic (transverse electric) type (E
r
= 0, Figure 2I.I7b, lef),
a
(in)
n
=
j
n
()[h
(I)
n
()]
h
(I)
n
()[j
n
()]
j
n
(N)[h
(I)
n
()]
h
(I)
n
()[Nj
n
(N)]
(2I.I2)
2. For the waves of electric (transverse magnetic) type (H
r
= 0, Figure 2I.I7b, right),
b
(in)
n
=
j
n
()[h
(I)
n
()]
h
(I)
n
()N[j
n
()]
N
2
j
n
(N)[h
(I)
n
()]
h
(I)
n
()[Nj
n
(N)]
(2I.I3)
where
= k
2
a, a is the radius of the spherical particle
j
n
(z) is the spherical Bessel function
h
(I)
n
(z) is the spherical Hankel function of the frst order
the sign []
means the diferentiation with respect to or N

N = k
I
/k
2
Figure 2I.I8 represents the distribution of the electromagnetic feld components in line with
Equations 2I.8 through 2I.I0 for the spheres with the dielectric permittivity
p
= 400 surrounded
by the air (
h
= I). Diagrams were plotted for values of polar angles = /4 and = /4.
Analysis of Equations 2I.I2 and 2I.I3 is followed by the two important conclusions:
I. At certain frequencies, the modulus of the denominators of the fractions (Equations 2I.I2
and 2I.I3) become minimum and corresponds to the resonance phenomena, but because
of the complex nature of the Hankel functions, they do not lead to singularities.
2. Te imaginary components of the Hankel functions determine the quality factor of the
resonator, which is fnite even in the case of lossless material of the spheres. Physically
this can be explained by the loss caused by the radiation of the difracted waves outside
the sphere.
21.6 Effective Permittivity and Permeability
of the Bispherical Lattice
For the model of a DNG composite arranged from the magnetodielectric spherical inclusions
introduced by Holloway, the efective permittivity and permeability are determined on the efective
medium theory of the electromagnetic response of inclusions embedded in a host material devel-
oped by Lewin (see Section 2I.3.2). In Section 2I.3.3, the efective permittivity and permeability
were found by application of the classical MaxwellGarnet mixing rule. Now, we consider the frame-
work of the electromagnetic wave difraction model. Te efective permittivity and permeability of
the bisphere lattice are determined.
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0 0.5 1 1.5 2.0 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0
100
200
300
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
0
20
40
60
0
1
2
3
4
5
(a)
(b)
E
r
E
E
H
r
H
H
Radius (mm) Radius (mm)
Radius (mm) Radius (mm)
a
1
a
1
a
2 a
2
E
r
E
E
H
r
H
H
FIGURE 2I.I8 (a) Electromagnetic feld components distribution for magnetic type waves; E
r
= 0 inside the sphere.
(b) Electromagnetic feld components distribution for electric type waves; H
r
= 0 inside the sphere.
21.6.1 Electric and Magnetic Dipole Moments of Spherical Resonators
Te spherical particle electric dipole momentum D
(E)
x
oriented along the x-axis and the magnetic
dipole momentum D
(M)
y
oriented along the y-axis (Figure 2I.I7a) are calculated as follows:
D
(E)
x
=
0
V
sph
(
E
(in)
(r, , )
e
x
E
0
)dv, (2I.I4)
D
(M)
y
=
0
V
sph
(
H
(in)
(r, , )
e
y

k
I
0
E
0
)dv. (2I.I3)
While integrating the scalar product of basis vectors e
r
, e
, and e
, e
x
and e
y
should be taken into
account.
Te averaged macroscopic magnetization and averaged macroscopic electric polarization can be
found as the corresponding dipole momentum divided by the volume of the cell containing the
dipoles [43]. Tus, one obtains the relative efective permittivity and permeability:
(eff)
r
() =
D
(E)
x
()
s
3
0
E
0
+
h
, (2I.I6)
(eff)
r
() =
D
(M)
y
()
s
3
E
0
k
2
+ I (2I.I7)
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Filippo Capolino/Teory and Phenomena of Metamaterials 34232_C02I Finals Page 2I 2009-8-26 #22
eff
< 0
Re (
eff
)
Re (
eff
)
eff
< 0
20
10
10
20
e
f
f
,

e
f
f
9.96 10.02 10.08
Frequency (GHz)
0
FIGURE 2I.I9 Te efective permittivity and permeability of bispherical medium versus frequency.
Afer calculating the integrals inEquations 2I.I4 and2I.I3 inaccordance withEquations 2I.9 and2I.I0,
where the spherical wave functions should be used [40], one obtains
(eff)
r
() =
4
3
a
3
2

I
s
3

p
b
(in)
I
(k
I
a
2
) I(k
I
a
2
), (2I.I8)
(eff)
r
() =
4
3
a
3
I

I
s
3
p
a
(in)
I
(k
I
a
I
) I(k
I
a
I
). (2I.I9)
Here, I() is the result of integration over the volume of the particle, a
I
and a
2
are radii of the parti-
cles, a
2
> a
I
. Te function I() has been approximated in the region 3 < <3 by the following simple
formula:
I() = 0.I832(4.3 ) + 0.0438(4 )
2
. (2I.20)
Te frequency dependence of the wave amplitude for the excited modes a
(in)
I
and b
(in)
I
determines
the frequency dependence of
(eff)
r
() and
(eff)
r
(). Considering the structure composed by two
sublattices of the dielectric spherical particles with diferent radii, we can adjust these radii to obtain
the same resonant frequencies for the H
III
mode in the smaller sphere and the E
III
mode in the
larger sphere. Figure 2I.I9 presents the simulated frequency dependence of
(eff)
r
() and
(eff)
r
()
for a
I
=0.748 mm, a
2
=I.069 mm, s =4mm, dielectric permittivity of the particle
p
=400 and tan
=I0
3
, and permittivity of the matrix
h
=I.
One may see that at the frequency slightly above f =I0 GHz both the permittivity
(eff)
r
and the
permeability
(eff)
r
are negative. Tus, in the rather narrow frequency band around f =I0 GHz, the
existence of isotropic DNG has been theoretically substantiated. A negative refraction bandwidth
depends on the permittivity of the spherical particles. Te smaller the value of permittivity of the
dielectric spherical particles, the wider is the frequency range, where both the efective permittivity
and permeability are negative. Te dependence of the negative refraction index bandwidth on the
permittivity of the material constituent particles is presented in Figure 2I.20.
21.6.2 Comparison of the Effective Permittivity and Permeability
Obtained with Different Models
Diferent analytical models for the DNG medium description were introduced to describe the
structures with sets of spherical particles [36,38,39,4I,42,44]. Te modeling of the electromagnetic
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Sphere permittivity
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e

i
n
d
e
x

b
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h

(
M
H
z
)
10 GHz, tan =0.001
10 GHz, tan =0.003
10 GHz, tan =0.005
15 GHz, tan =0.001
15 GHz, tan =0.003
FIGURE 2I.20 Dependence of negative refractive index bandwidth on spherical particle permittivity for two
resonance frequencies, f
I
= I0 GHz f
2
= I3 GHz, and diferent loss levels.
response of spherical inclusions embedded in a host material [36,38,39] is based on the generalized
Lewins model [37]. Originally, the Lewins model has been specifed only for spherical particles with
the same radius a arranged in a cubic lattice with the lattice constant s. Te spheres are assumed
to resonate either in the frst or second resonance mode of the Mie theory [43]. Expansion of the
model for the case of two sublattices of dielectric spherical particles with diferent radii makes pos-
sible the description of the DNG media [4I,44]. Te properties of DNG media required could be
observed in the frequency region, where the resonance of the E mode in one set of particles and the
resonance of the H mode in another set of particles are excited simultaneously. Te improved model
of the bispherical structure was presented in [39]. Te efective permittivity
eff
for a material with
two types of inclusions having two diferent electric polarizabilities was calculated from the general-
ized ClaussiusMossotti relation, taking into account the electric polarizabilities of the spheres in the
magnetic resonance and in the electric resonance mode. Consideration of the remaining static elec-
tric polarizability of spheres in the magnetic resonance modes, which is not equal to zero as in [38],
is important.
Let us compare the frequency dependences of both the efective dielectric permittivity and the
efective magnetic permeability calculatedby using diferent models. Figure 2I.2I presents anexample
of efective permittivity and permeability as a function of the frequency for three diferent analytical
models: (I) Lewins model [37], (2) the improved mixing rule model [39], taking into account the
electrical polarizability of spheres in the magnetic resonance, and (3) the difraction model [44].
Te parameters of the constituent materials are
p
=400,
h
=I, tan =I0
4
,
p
=
h
=I, a
I
=
0.747 mm, a
2
=I.069 mm, and s =4mm. Te results are in general similar, but they difer in the
resonant frequency and the magnitude of efective electromagnetic parameters of the medium. Te
resonant frequency is slightly shifed in comparison with Lewins model when the improved mixing
equation is used and is shifed more remarkably for the difraction model.
21.6.3 Results of the Full-Wave Analysis
Afer analytical calculations based on the difraction model, the structure was simulated by full-wave
analysis [46]. Te simulated structure consists of quarters of spheres placed in the dielectric material
(Figure 2I.22). In the case of appropriate boundary conditions, simulation of this model should give
the same results as those for the infnite 3D structure. Four quarters of the spheres of diferent radii
were placed in a host mediumwith the permittivity and the permeability equal to unity bounded with
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Frequency (GHz)
100
50
0
50
100
100
50
0
50
100
9.97 9.99 10.02 10.004
Frequency (GHz )
9.99 9.995 10 10.005
Re (
eff 1
)
Im (
eff 1
)
Re (
eff 3
)
Im (
eff 3
)
Re (
eff 2
)
Im (
eff 2
)
Re (
eff 1
)
Im (
eff 1
)
Re (
eff 2
)
Im (
eff 2
)
(a) (b)
FIGURE 2I.2I (a) Te efective permittivity as a function of the frequency for three diferent analytical models:
(I) Lewins model [37]
effI
; (2) the improved mixing rule model (taking into account the electrical polarizability
of spheres in the magnetic resonance), [39]
eff2
; and (3) the difraction model. (b) Te efective permeability as a
function of the frequency for the three diferent analytical models: (I) the mixing rule model [37,39],
effI
; and (2)
difraction model,
eff2
. Te parameters of the constituent materials are as follows:
p
= 400, tan = I0
4
,
h
= I;
p
=
h
= I, a
I
= 0.748 mm, a
2
= I.069 mm, and s = 4 mm.
(a) (b) (c)
=
s
FIGURE 2I.22 Single cells of single spherical and bispherical structures. Boundary conditions are two PEWs and
two PMWs on opposite sides: (a) large spheres, (b) small spheres, and (c) mixed structure.
two PEWs and two PMWs on the opposite sides, respectively. First, four quarters of the larger sphere
(radius r = I.069 mm, permittivity of particle
p
= 400, and loss factor tan = 0.000I) and then
four quarters of the smaller sphere (r =0.747 mm,
p
=400, tan =0.000I) were modeled. Ten,
the structure consisting of sets of spheres of two radii was modeled.
Te results for scattering matrix elements S
II
and S
2I
are shown in Figure 2I.23. Te stop band
is observed near the frequency I0 GHz in case of negative permittivity or permeability only. For the
mediumwith the set of both spheres, a narrowpass band near the frequency I0 GHz is observed. Te
frequency range of the electromagnetic wave with an enhanced transmission coemcient corresponds
to the DNG characteristics of the structure. Te resonance frequency has the same value as the one
calculated analytically.
Field patterns inside the unit cells are presented in Figure 2I.24. Te magnetic feld distribution on
the side plane of the structure (Figure 2I.24a) and the electric feld distribution on the top plane of
the structure (Figure 2I.24b) represent the TM mode in a larger sphere (electric dipole momentum)
and the TE mode (magnetic dipole momentum) in a smaller sphere.
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Large spheres
Small
spheres
Set of
spheres
9.92
S
12
, dB
S
11
, dB
Large sphere, electric resonance
Mix structure Small sphere, magnetic resonance
0
10
20
30
40
0
10
20
10.04 10 9.96 10.08
9.92 10.04 10 9.96 10.08
=
~
=
+
FIGURE 2I.23 Simulation results for a mixed structure with the following parameters:
p
= 400,
h
= I;
a
I
= I.063 mm, a
2
= 0.747 mm, s = 4 mm, and tan = 0.000I.
(a)
2 2
1
1
(b)
FIGURE 2I.24 Field patterns inside the unit cell of a structure: (a) magnetic feld distribution on the side plane
(magnetic dipoles) and (b) electric feld distribution on the top plane (electric dipoles).
21.6.4 Results of the Experiment
In order to verify the resonance behavior of the spheres, an experiment was conducted [46]. Te
Network Analyzer Agilent 8720ES was used for the measurement of S-parameters of the spheres.
A spherical particle was placed inside the rectangular waveguide. Diferent samples were used in the
experiment (two large spheres with radius 0.63 mmand two small spheres with radius 0.43 mm). Te
results of the experiment were compared with the data obtained previously by modeling. Te trans-
mission and refection coemcients for the small sphere (Figure 2I.23) reveal the resonance behavior
at the frequency I7.I7 GHz. Here, the gray solid and dashed lines represent the measured S
II(22)
and
S
I2(2I)
parameters, and the black line corresponds to the simulated results. Te transmission and
refection coemcients for the large sphere exhibit two resonances (Figure 2I.26): magnetic resonance
at the frequency II.89 GHz and electric resonance at I6.8 GHz.
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50
16.7
S
12(21)
, dB
S
11(22)
, dB
First, magnetic resonance
17.3
0
1
2
3
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
16.7 17.3
FIGURE 2I.23 S-parameters for the small sphere. Te solid black line represents the simulation results, and the gray
solid and dashed lines correspond to the measured characteristics.
p
= 378, r = 0.43I mm, tan 0.004.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
1
2
3
4
5
10 11 12 13 14
First, magnetic resonance
Second, electric resonance
15 16 17 18 19 20
10 11 12 13
S
11(22)
, dB
S
12(21)
, dB
14
11.89 GHz 16.8 GHz
15 16 17 18 19 20
FIGURE 2I.26 S-parameters for the large sphere. Te solid black line represents the simulation result, and the gray
solid and dashed lines correspond to the measured characteristics.
p
= 378, r = 0.63 mm, tan 0.004.
In the experiment, the magnetic resonance frequency in the small sphere does not coincide with
the electric resonance frequency in the large sphere, because the radii were not adjusted accurately,
and the possible DNGbehavior of the structure consisting of these samples was not observed. Never-
theless, the experiment provedthe validity of ananalytical difractionmodel describing the resonance
behavior of the dielectric spheres [42].
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21.6.5 Influence of Distribution of Size and Permittivity of Spherical
Particles on DNG Characteristics
Let us consider a DNG medium composed of dielectric spheres with diferent radii described by
the MaxwellGarnet mixing rule (see Section 2I.3.3). It has been shown in [32,39] that the random
distribution of the spherical particle sizes caused by manufacturing inaccuracy may afect the values
of the efective permittivity and permeability of the DNG medium.
In order to take into account the random size distribution of the spheres, one should rewrite
Equation 2I.3 in the form [39]
eff

h
eff
+ 2
h
=
I
h
(
K
k=I
f
ek
G(
Ik
)
+
L
l =I
f
ml
G(
2l
)
), (2I.2I)
where
k is the number of spheres in the electric resonance
l is the number of spheres in the magnetic resonance, G() =

h
p
F()
2
h
+
p
F()
Tis is the solution for the efective permittivity of the structure with two sets of spheres, where
one set of spheres is in the magnetic resonance and the other set is in the electric resonance. Te
efective permeability can be calculated in a similar way.
An example of how a normal size distribution, N =
I
2
exp(
(rr
)
2
2
2
) of spheres with half-
value widths =
e
and =
m
and expectation values r
= a
I
and r
= a
2
afects the efective material
parameters is presented in Figure 2I.27. Te lef-hand side of Figure 2I.27 describes the spheres
that are normally distributed with the half-value widths
m
=
e
=I m. Te expected values of the
sphere radii are a
I
=3.I8 mm and a
2
=2.28 mm. Te size distribution N for
e
is also shown. On the
right-hand side, everything is the same, except the half-value widths
e
=
m
=I0 m.
Te half-value width
e
=
m
=I m (Figure 2I.27, lef) does not increase the loss factor of the
structure signifcantly, but in the case of the half-value width of
e
=
m
=I0 m (Figure 2I.27, right),
the imaginary part becomes remarkably larger and
eff
does not exhibit negative values.
a
1
(mm)
N
/
m
a
x

(
N
)
N
/
m
a
x

(
N
)
9.5 10
Frequency (GHz)
10.5 9.5
10
8
6
4
2
0
1
0.5
0
3.15 3.2
Re ()
Im ()
Re ()
Im ()
2
4
6
8
10
10
8
6
4
2
0
1
0.5
0
3.15 3.2
Re ()
Im ()
Re ()
Im ()
2
4
6
8
10
10
Frequency (GHz)
10.5
a
1
(mm)
FIGURE 2I.27 Te efective permittivity as a function of the frequency calculated using Equation 2I.2I with
p
=
44 (I jI.23 I0
4
),
h
= I, and flling ratios f
e
= 2, f
m
= I4. (Taken from Jylh, L., Kolmakov, I., Maslovski, S.,
and Tretyakov, S., J. Appl. Phys., 99(4), 043I02043I02-7, 2006. With permission.)
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Now, we consider the infuence of the size distribution for the DNG medium model using the
model of the electromagnetic wave difraction on dielectric spheres with diferent radii. According
to Equations 2I.I8 and 2I.I9, the spherical particle radius infuences the values of the efective permit-
tivity and permeability. Dielectric sphere radius variationafects the value of the resonance frequency,
which corresponds to the low-frequency threshold of the negative index range. Let us estimate how
the resonant frequency depends on the radius of the constituent spherical particles. Te electrical
radius of the sphere was defned previously as
N = k
I
a, (2I.22)
where k
I
=
0
is the propagation constant. Let us rewrite Equation 2I.22 in this way:
f =
N
2 a
0
, (2I.23)
where f is the frequency of the electromagnetic wave.
Values of the electrical radius of the resonant spheres can be calculated from Equations 2I.I2
and 2I.I3 for the minimum modulus of the denominator in Equations 2I.I2 and 2I.I3. For a given a,
the values of the electrical radius providing magnetic or electric resonance the resonance frequency
can be calculated using Equation 2I.23.
Dependence of the resonant frequency on the sphere radius is shown in Figure 2I.28. Tis graph
represents the dependence of the resonant frequency on the spherical particle radius for two values
of particle permittivity, 400 and I000. According to Figure 2I.20, the negative index bandwidth for
a DNG medium with spherical inclusions permittivity equal to 400 should be I6 MHz for a I0 GHz
resonant frequency. Tis implies that the spherical particle radius accuracy should be I.3 m in
this case.
In line with Equation 2I.23, the resonance frequency is also infuenced by the permittivity of the
dielectric material of the particles. Figure 2I.29 represents the dependence of the resonant frequency
on the spherical particle permittivity for two diferent values of radii, I and 0.3 mm. To avoid fre-
quency spreading beyond the negative index bandwidth of 32 MHz, the tolerance of the permittivity
of material should be 0.3.
With regard to the possibility of the practical realization of such an artifcial metamaterial, we
should mention that recent technologies allow the production of dielectric spheres with accuracy
0 0.5 1 1.5 2.0
0
5
10
15
20
E-mode,
p
=400
H-mode,
p
=400
E-mode,
p
=1000
H-mode,
p
=1000
r
f
Sphere radius (mm)
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
c
e

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
G
H
z
)
FIGURE 2I.28 Dependence of resonance frequency on sphere radius for particles with
p
=400 and
p
=I000, f =32 MHz, r =3 m.
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E-mode, r =0.5 mm
H-mode, r =0.5 mm
Permittivity
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
c
e

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
G
H
z
)
E-mode, r =1 mm
H-mode, r =1 mm
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
0
5
10
15
20
p
f
FIGURE 2I.29 Dependence of resonance frequency on spherical particle permittivity for particles with r = 0.3 mm
and r = I mm; f = 32 MHz,
p
= 3.
r =I m. At the same time, the achievable accuracy of permittivity of the dielectric material with
r
> 200 is about 320. Despite this, it is really possible to select samples with desired values of
permittivity among a large number of manufactured samples.
21.6.6 Isotropic Medium of Coupled Dielectric Spherical Resonators
When dielectric spherical resonators are placed close to each other, they begin to interact. Te
coupling between resonators leads to the formation of new electromagnetic feld distribution in the
media outside the spheres. It becomes possible to get electric and magnetic dipole responses using
only one type of sphere. Te magnetic dipole comes from the frst Mie resonance in a dielectric
sphere. Te electric dipole is formed by the sphere interaction. Electric and magnetic dipole existence
provides a DNG response of the media [47].
A 2D plane structure consisting of 24 closely positioned dielectric spheres has been modeled.
If the distance between the spheres is large, there is no wave propagation on a resonant frequency
(Figure 2I.30a). By decreasing the spacing between the spheres, splitting of the resonance curve
occurs (Figure 2I.30b). Te pass band appears near the resonant frequency.
Figure 2I.3I represents the phase diagram of the structure considered. Te transverse magnetic
feld component in the free space is shown on the lef side of the picture. Te right side represents the
magnetic feld pattern for the structure containing the regular array of dielectric spheres. It is clearly
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
6
(a) (b)
6.5 7
Frequency (GHz)
7.5 8
0
5
10
15
20
25
6 6.5
S
2
1
7
Frequency (GHz)
7.5 8
FIGURE 2I.30 Transmission coemcient for (a) far and (b) closely positioned spheres.
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V
phase
V
phase
Incident
wave
180 210 240 270 300 330 360
360 270 180 90 0 90 180 270 360 450 360 270 180 90 0 90 180270360450
deg.
360
342
320
298
276
253
231
209
187
165
143
121
99.2
77.1
55.1
33.1
11.0
0
deg
360
342
320
298
276
253
231
209
187
165
143
121
99.2
77.1
55.1
33.1
11.0
0
FIGURE 2I.3I Phase distribution in a 2D plane of dielectric spheres.
seen fromthe magnifed part of the picture that the phase response of the propagated electromagnetic
inside the array of the spheres is positive, whereas the phase response outside the structure is negative.
Tis means that there is BW propagation in the structure considered.
21.7 Metamaterials for Optical Range
Defnitely, one of the most challenging problems is producing a metamaterial for the optical fre-
quency range. Invisibility, superlenses, and light rays manipulationthese properties in the optical
range are extremely promising. A model of metamaterial that can exhibit a negative refractive index
band in excess of 6 in a broad frequency range from the deep infrared to the terahertz region, has
been investigated in [48]. Te favored realization of the structure considered is a periodic crystal
wherein polaritonic spheres and Drude-like or plasma spheres are arranged on two interpenetrating
simple cubic lattices. When the diferences between the spheres are ignored, the resulting structure
is a face-centered cubic structure. Te sublattice of polaritonic spheres possesses negative magnetic
permeability in certain frequency regions, whereas the sublattice of the Drude-like spheres possesses
negative electric permittivity. Both phenomena are the results of the strong single-sphere Mie res-
onances. By a suitable choice of materials and parameters, a common region can be found, within
a broad frequency range from the deep infrared to the terahertz region, where both functions are
negative and the structure exhibits a negative refractive index band in excess of the 6 bandwidth.
A new concept of metafuidsliquid metamaterials based on clusters of metallic nanoparticles
or artifcial plasmonic molecules (APMs)has been introduced in [49]. APMs comprising four
nanoparticles in a tetrahedral arrangement have isotropic electric and magnetic responses and are
analyzed using the plasmon hybridization method, an electrostatic eigenvalue equation, and vecto-
rial fnite-element, frequency-domain, electromagnetic simulations. It has been demonstrated that
a colloidal solution of plasmonic tetrahedral nanoclusters can act as an optical medium with very
large, small, or even negative efective permittivity,
eff
, and substantial efective magnetic suscepti-
bility,
eff
=
eff
I, in the visible or near-infrared bands. Te electric and magnetic responses of the
tetramer allowone to construct anefective mediumwitha completely isotropic electric andmagnetic
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Filippo Capolino/Teory and Phenomena of Metamaterials 34232_C02I Finals Page 30 2009-8-26 #3I
response. Electromagnetic simulations indicate that achieving
eff
<0 and
eff
<0 in colloidal solu-
tions of artifcial molecules should be possible using either sumciently high concentrations of gold
clusters or materials with low-loss negative permittivity.
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]

a
t

2
3
:
3
1

0
4

A
u
g
u
s
t

2
0
1
4

Isotropic Double Negative Metamaterial

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Isotropic Double Negative Metamaterial

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Filippo Capolino/Teory and Phenomena of Metamaterials 34232_C02I Finals Page I 2009-8-26 #2

rotations around all Cartesian axes. Te unit cell provides a

provided very good

0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.66 0.7

means the diferentiation with respect to or N

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