INSTITUTO POLITCNICO NACIONAL

ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE CMPUTO

ANALOG ELECTRONICS


PRACTICE #2


RECTIFIERS


PROFESSOR: JOSE ALFREDO MARTINEZ GUERRERO


GROUP: 2CV5


AURIOLES DELGADILLO, MAURICIO JOEL

JIMENEZ SANDOVAL, EDUARDO





SCHOOL CYCLE
2013-2014/2


FEBRUARY 27 OF 2014

OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this practice are:
Analyze how rectifiers work with different diodes.
Analyze the behavior of different rectifiers with integration filter.
Make an interpretation of the obtained values and the theoretical ones.

MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT
MATERIAL
1 Proto board
4 1N4003 diodes
112V @ 1A Transformer with central derivation
1 100 @ 10W Resistance
1 22 @ 25W Resistance
1 470F @ 50V Electrolytic Capacitor
1 2200F @ 50V Electrolytic Capacitor


EQUIPMENT
1 Digital multimeters
1 General purpose Oscilloscope
2 BNC-Alligator cables for oscilloscope
6 alligator-alligator cables

INTRODUCTION
Most of the electronic devices, televisions, stereo equipment and computers need
a DC voltage to run continuously.
As voltage lines are alternate, the first thing to do is to convert the alternating
voltage into DC voltage.
The circuits that allow current to flow in one direction are called rectifiers.
Now, the analysis of diodes should be extended to include the variable functions in
time, such as the sine wave shape.

HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER


Half-wave rectifier is a circuit that eliminates half of the
received signal at the entrance, depending on how is
polarized the diode: If the polarization is direct, eliminate
the negative part of the signal, and if the polarization is
reverse, remove the positive part.


HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER WITH INTEGRATION
FILTER
A RC circuit serves as a filter to make the alternating voltage become direct almost
like a battery, this is thanks to the small oscillations the output voltage has, which
are practically nil.
The first part of the circuit consists of an AC voltage source, followed by a diode
that on this occasion will be ideal (simply to facilitate the understanding of the
operation) and finally the RC filter.
The circuit works in the following way:
1. enter the AC signal to the circuit, which is
rectified with diode. (Only allows passing a semi-
cycle of the signal, which in this case is the
positive semi-cycle)
2. at the moment coming voltage diode capacitor
begins to charge and the voltage drop is received
in the resistance.
3. to understand what is happening and how
calculate the filter.



WAVE RECTIFIER COMPLETE WITH CENTER TAP
Full-wave rectifier used both halves of the wave input senoid; for unipolar output,
inverts the negative semiciclos of the sine wave. In this application used for the
central winding of the transformer with the purpose of obtaining two voltages vs.
equal, in parallel with the two halves of the secondary winding with the indicated
polarities.
The most important thing is that the current flowing through the load always goes
through the same direction and voltage Vo is unipolar. The output waveform is
obtained by assuming that a conductive diode has a constant drop of voltage VDO,
i.e., you despise the effect of load.



FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
It is a rectifier full wave in which, unlike the previous, only necessary transformer if
the output voltage should be a value other than the input voltage.
In order to facilitate the explanation of the operation of this circuit, we are going to
call D-1 diode located above and D-2, D-3 and D-4 the following in descending
order.

o During the half cycle in which the upper point of the secondary of the
transformer is positive with respect to the lower secondary said, the current
flows through the following way:
Top point of the secondary - > diode D-1 - > (+) R(-) load resistance - > diode D-4 -
> bottom point of the secondary.

o In the next half-cycle, when the upper point of the secondary is negative and
the positive bottom it will do this by:
Lowest point of the secondary - > diode D-2 - > (+) R (-) load resistance - > diode
D-3 - > upper point of the secondary.
In this case, we see how current it circulates by charging, in the same sense, the
two semiciclos, which both take advantage and gets a ground current more uniform
than in the case of the half-wave rectifier, where during a half-cycle the current flow
is interrupted by the load.

In both types of full-wave rectifiers, the rectified output current waveform, is likely to
be a continuous pulse current, but with a frequency of double pulse of current AC
power.






TYPE BRIDGE FILTER INTEGRATION WITH FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER.
The C is always put in parallel with the R
L
. The circuit and the graphs are as
follows:

It is similar to the previous one, it changes the value of i
T
. Drive D
1
and D
3
positive
and lead D
2
and D
4
in the negative half-cycle. On the transformer the same winding
suffers the intensity, then has to endure all the intensity, but sometimes up and
others down. You have to design the winding of the secondary thread so that they
can withstand those positive and negative peaks.



PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT
Transformer
Assemble the following circuit:








Place a resistance of load according to the table and place the meter in terminals 1
and 2 of the circuit and measure voltage at the AC option.

100 15.10v
22 14.35v


Half-wave rectifier
Assemble the following circuit:











Place a resistance of 100 .

Connect the multimeter terminals 2 and 3 of the circuit and measure CD option
current (I0) and the output voltage V0 rectifier circuit

and calculate

Then place the channel 1 of oscilloscope in terminals 1 and 3 and channel 2 in
points 2 and 3.

Draw both channels













10 V/div channel 1
10V/div channel 2
10 mseg/div
Get the voltage peak of the channel 1 signal transformer

Get the peak voltage less channel 2 diode voltage

With integration filter half-wave rectifier
Assemble the following circuit:
Place a 100 resistor and capacitor according to the table.
Connect the meter in terminals 1 and 2 of the circuit, measure in the current CD
option

and voltage

of the circle rectifier with filter

Capacitor

470F 17.30v .163A 1.063v
2200 F 18.24v .78A 0.0606v


Then place the channel 1 of oscilloscope in terminals 1 and 2 on the AC option

























Get the ripple voltage

of the output signal and record it in the table above

Full-wave rectifier with two diodes
Assemble the following circuit:













Place a 100 resistor and capacitor according to the table.
Connect the multimeter terminals 2 and 3 of the circuit, measure in the
current CD option

and voltage

the signal output rectifier circuit

and calculate

Draw cannel 1 with the 470F capacitor Draw cannel 1 with the 2200F capacitor
2 V/div canal 1
10 mseg/div
0.5 V/div canal 1
10 mseg/div
Then replace the channel 1 of oscilloscope in terminals 1 and 3 and channel 2 in
points 2 and 3, draw both channels


Get the voltage peak of the channel 1 signal transformer

Get the peak voltage less channel 2 diode voltage

Full-wave rectifier with two diodes with filter integration

Assemble the following circuit













Place a 100 resistor and capacitor according to the table.
Connect the meter in terminals 1 and 2 of the circuit, measure in the current
CD option

and voltage

of the circle rectifier with filter

5 V/div canal 1
5 V/div canal 1
5 mseg/div
Capacitor

470F 9.59v 89.7mA 0.0203v
2200 F 9.86v 92mA 0.2656v

Then place the channel 1 of oscilloscope in terminals 1 and 2 on the AC option





















Get the ripple voltage

of the output signal and record it in the table above

Wave rectifier full bridge
Assemble the following circuit:














Draw cannel 1 with the 470F capacitor

Draw cannel 1 with the 2200F capacitor

100mV/div channel 1
2 mseg/div
500mV/div canal 1
2 mseg/div
Place a 100 resistor and capacitor according to the table.
Connect the meter in terminals 3 and 4 of the circuit, measure in the current CD
option

and voltage

of the circle rectifier with filter

and calculate

Then place the channel 1 of oscilloscope in terminals 1 and 3 and channel 2 in
points 2 and 3.











Get the voltage peak of the channel 1 signal transformer

Get the peak voltage less channel 2 diode voltage

10 V/div channel 1
5 V/div channel 1
5 mseg/div
Full-wave rectifier type bridge integration filter
Assemble the following circuit:













Place a 100 resistor and capacitor according to the table.
Connect the meter in terminals 1 and 2 of the circuit, measure in the current
CD option

and voltage

of the circle rectifier with filter

Capacitor

470F 18.03v 17.02mA 2.216v
2200 F 18.48v 172.1mA 0.1006v

Then place the channel 1 of oscilloscope in terminals 1 and 2 on the AC option





















Get the ripple voltage

of the output signal and record it in the table above

Draw cannel 1 with the 470F capacitor Draw cannel 1 with the 2200F capacitor
1V/div channel 1
5 mseg/div
0.2V/div channel 1
5 mseg/div



CALCULATIONS


QUESTIONNAIRE

CONCLUSIONS
Eduardo Jimenez
En esta prctica, observamos cada una de las grficas de los distintos diodos
rectificadores y su voltaje de rizo, con respecto a las grficas vimos como era su
voltaje de entrada y al pasar por el rectificador, su grafica en el voltaje de salida
cambiaba.

Mauricio Aurioles
En la segunda prctica, usamos los diferentes tipos de rectificadores. Armamos
diferentes circuitos para reconocer las grficas que nos daba en el osciloscopio.
Es importante aprender cada una de sus graficas porque la mayora nos daban
una de entrada y una de salida, por lo que conectamos los circuitos en los dos
canales del osciloscopio. Medimos voltajes en las diferentes resistencias de carga
y corrientes de salida de cada uno de los circuitos; y finalmente, calculamos los
voltajes de rizo utilizando los valores obtenidos.