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Confucianism

CANON
THE CHINESE CLASSICS
with a translation, critical and exegetical
notes, prolegomena, and copious indexes
by
ames Legge
IN !I"E "#L$%ES
C#N!$CIAN ANALECTS
THE &'EAT LEA'NIN&
THE (#CT'INE #! THE %EAN

C#N!$CIAN ANALECTS)

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CHA,TE' I) -) The %aster said, .Is it not pleasant to learn
with a constant perse/erance and application0
1) .Is it not delight2ul to ha/e 2riends coming 2rom distant
3uarters0.
4) .Is he not a man o2 complete /irtue, who 2eels no
discomposure though men may ta5e no note o2 him0.
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CHA,) II) -) The philosopher 6u said, .They are 2ew who,
being 2ilial and 2raternal, are 2ond o2 o22ending against their
superiors) There ha/e been none, who, not li5ing to o22end
against their superiors, ha/e been 2ond o2 stirring up con2usion)
1) .The superior man bends his attention to what is
radical)
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That being established, all practical courses naturally grow up)
!ilial piety and 2raternal submission788 are they not the root o2
all bene/olent actions0.
CHA,) III) The %aster said, .!ine words and an
insinuating appearance are seldom associated with true /irtue).
CHA,) I") The philosopher Tsang said, .I daily examine
mysel2 on three points988 whether, in transacting business 2or
others, I may ha/e been not 2aith2ul:88 whether, in intercourse
with 2riends, I may ha/e been not sincere:88 whether I may
ha/e not mastered and practised the instructions o2 my
teacher).
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CHA,) ") The %aster said, To rule a country o2 a thousand
chariots, there must be re/erent attention to business, and
sincerity: economy in expenditure, and lo/e 2or men: and the
employment o2 the people at the proper seasons).
CHA,) "I) The %aster said, .A youth, when at home,
should be 2ilial, and, abroad, respect2ul to his elders) He should
be earnest and truth2ul) He should o/er2low in lo/e to all, and
culti/ate the 2riendship o2 the good) ;hen he has time and
opportunity, a2ter the per2ormance o2 these things, he should
employ them in polite studies).
CHA,) "II) Ts<e8hsia said, .I2 a man withdraws his mind
2rom the lo/e o2 beauty, and applies it as sincerely to the lo/e
o2 the /irtuous: i2, in ser/ing his parents, he can exert his
utmost strength:
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i2, in ser/ing his prince, he can de/ote his li2e: i2, in his
intercourse with his 2riends, his words are sincere988 although
men say that he has not learned, I will certainly say that he
has).
CHA,) "III) -) The %aster said, .I2 the scholar be not
gra/e, he will not call 2orth any /eneration, and his learning
will not be solid)
1) .Hold 2aith2ulness and sincerity as 2irst principles)
4) .Ha/e no 2riends not e3ual to yoursel2)
=) .;hen you ha/e 2aults, do not 2ear to abandon them).
CHA,) I>) The philosopher Tsang said, .Let there be a
care2ul attention to per2orm the 2uneral rites to parents, and let
them be 2ollowed when long gone with the ceremonies o2
sacri2ice:88 then the /irtue o2 the people will resume its proper
excellence).
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CHA,) >) -) Ts<e8ch.in as5ed Ts<e85ung, saying, .;hen our
master comes to any country, he does not 2ail to learn all about
its go/ernment) (oes he as5 his in2ormation0 or is it gi/en to
him0.
1) Ts<e85ung said, .#ur master is benign, upright,
courteous, temperate, and complaisant, and thus he gets his
in2ormation) The master.s mode o2 as5ing in2ormation788 is it
not di22erent 2rom that o2 other men0.
CHA,) >I) The %aster said, .;hile a man.s 2ather is ali/e,
loo5 at the bent o2 his will: when his 2ather is dead, loo5 at his
conduct) I2 2or three years he does not alter 2rom the way o2
his 2ather, he may be called 2ilial).
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CHA,) >II) -) The philosopher 6u said, .In practising the rules o2
propriety, a natural ease is to be pri<ed) In the ways prescribed
by the ancient 5ings, this is the excellent 3uality, and in things
small and great we 2ollow them)
1) .6et it is not to be obser/ed in all cases) I2 one, 5nowing
how such ease should be pri<ed, mani2ests it, without
regulating it by the rules o2 propriety, this li5ewise is not to be
done).
CHA,) >III) The philosopher 6u said, .;hen agreements
are made according to what is right, what is spo5en can be
made good) ;hen respect is shown according to what is proper,
one 5eeps 2ar 2rom shame and disgrace) ;hen the parties upon
whom a man leans are proper persons to be intimate with, he
can ma5e them his guides and masters).
CHA,) >I") The %aster said, .He who aims to be a man o2
complete /irtue in his 2ood does not see5 to grati2y his
appetite, nor
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in his dwelling place does he see5 the appliances o2 ease: he is
earnest in what he is doing, and care2ul in his speech: he
2re3uents the company o2 men o2 principle that he may be
recti2ied988 such a person may be said indeed to lo/e to learn).
CHA,) >") -) Ts<e85ung said, .;hat do you pronounce
concerning the poor man who yet does not 2latter, and the rich
man who is not proud0. The %aster replied, .They will do: but
they are not e3ual to him, who, though poor, is yet cheer2ul,
and to him, who, though rich, lo/es the rules o2 propriety).
1) Ts<e85ung replied, .It is said in the *oo5 o2 ,oetry, ?As
you cut and then 2ile, as you car/e and then polish)?88 The
meaning is the same, I apprehend, as that which you ha/e @ust
expressed).
4) The %aster said, .;ith one li5e Ts.<e, I can begin to
tal5
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about the odes) I told him one point, and he 5new its proper
se3uence).
CHA,) >"I) The %aster said, .I will not be a22licted at
men.s not 5nowing me: I will be a22licted that I do not 5now
men).
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CHA,) I) The %aster said, .He who exercises go/ernment
by means o2 his /irtue may be compared to the north polar
star, which 5eeps its place and all the stars turn towards it).
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CHA,) II) The %aster said, .In the *oo5 o2 ,oetry are
three hundred pieces, but the design o2 them all may be
embraced in one sentence88 ?Ha/ing no depra/ed thoughts)?.
CHA,) III) -) The %aster said, .I2 the people be led by
laws, and uni2ormity sought to be gi/en them by punishments,
they will try to a/oid the punishment, but ha/e no sense o2
shame)
1) .I2 they be led by /irtue, and uni2ormity sought to be
gi/en them by the rules o2 propriety, they will ha/e the sense
o2 shame, and moreo/er will become good).
CHA,) I") -) The %aster said, .At 2i2teen, I had my mind
bent on learning)
1) .At thirty, I stood 2irm)
4) .At 2orty, I had no doubts)
=) .At 2i2ty, I 5new the decrees o2 Hea/en)
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A) .At sixty, my ear was an obedient organ 2or the
reception o2 truth)
B) .At se/enty, I could 2ollow what my heart desired,
without transgressing what was right).
CHA,) ") -) %ang I as5ed what 2ilial piety was) The
%aster said, .It is not being disobedient).
1) Soon a2ter, as !an Ch.ih was dri/ing him, the %aster
told him, saying, .%ang8sun as5ed me what 2ilial piety was, and
I answered him,88 ?not being disobedient)?.
4) !an Ch.ih said, .;hat did you mean0. The %aster
replied, .That parents, when ali/e, be ser/ed according to
propriety: that, when dead, they should be buried according to
propriety: and that they should be sacri2iced to according to
propriety).
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CHA,) "I) %ang ;u as5ed what 2ilial piety was) The
%aster said, .,arents are anxious lest their children should be
sic5).
CHA,) "II) Ts<e8yu as5ed what 2ilial piety was) The
%aster said, .The 2ilial piety o2 now8a8days means the support
o2 one.s parents) *ut dogs and horses li5ewise are able to do
something in the way o2 support:88 without re/erence, what is
there to distinguish the one support gi/en 2rom the other0.
CHA,) "III) Ts<e8hsia as5ed what 2ilial piety was) The
%aster said, .The di22iculty is with the countenance) I2, when
their elders ha/e any troublesome a22airs, the young ta5e the
toil o2 them, and i2, when the young ha/e wine and 2ood, they
set them be2ore their elders, is THIS to be considered 2ilial
piety0.
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CHA,) I>) The %aster said, .I ha/e tal5ed with Hui 2or a
whole day, and he has not made any ob@ection to anything I
said:88 as i2 he were stupid) He has retired, and I ha/e
examined his conduct when away 2rom me, and 2ound him able
to illustrate my teachings) Hui788 He is not stupid).
CHA,) >) -) The %aster said, .See what a man does)
1) .%ar5 his moti/es)
4) .Examine in what things he rests)
=) .How can a man conceal his character0
A) How can a man conceal his character0.
CHA,) >I) The %aster said, .I2 a man 5eeps cherishing his
old 5nowledge, so as continually to be ac3uiring new, he may
be a teacher o2 others).
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CHA,) >II) The %aster said, .The accomplished scholar is
not a utensil).
CHA,) >III) Ts<e85ung as5ed what constituted the
superior man) The %aster said, .He acts be2ore he spea5s, and
a2terwards spea5s according to his actions).
CHA,) >I") The %aster said, .The superior man is catholic
and no partisan) The mean man is partisan and not catholic).
CHA,) >") The %aster said, .Learning without thought is
labour lost: thought without learning is perilous).
CHA,) >"I) The %aster said, .The study o2 strange
doctrines is in@urious indeed7.
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CHA,) >"II) The %aster said, .6u, shall I teach you what
5nowledge is0 ;hen you 5now a thing, to hold that you 5now
it: and when you do not 5now a thing, to allow that you do not
5now it:88 this is 5nowledge).
CHA,) >"II) -) Ts<e8chang was learning with a /iew to
o22icial emolument)
1) The %aster said, .Hear much and put aside the points
o2 which you stand in doubt, while you spea5 cautiously at the
same time o2 the others988 then you will a22ord 2ew occasions
2or blame) See much and put aside the things which seem
perilous, while you are cautious at the same time in carrying
the others into practice988 then you will ha/e 2ew occasions 2or
repentance) ;hen one gi/es 2ew occasions 2or blame in his
words, and 2ew occasions 2or repentance in his conduct, he is in
the way to get emolument).
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CHA,) >I>) The (u5e Ai as5ed, saying, .;hat should be
done in order to secure the submission o2 the people0.
Con2ucius replied, .Ad/ance the upright and set aside the
croo5ed, then the people will submit) Ad/ance the croo5ed and
set aside the upright, then the people will not submit).
CHA,) >>) Chi +.ang as5ed how to cause the people to
re/erence their ruler, to be 2aith2ul to him, and to go on to
ner/e themsel/es to /irtue) The %aster said, .Let him preside
o/er them with gra/ity:88 then they will re/erence him) Let
him be 2ilial and 5ind to all:88 then they will be 2aith2ul to him)
Let him ad/ance the good and teach the incompetent:88 then
they will eagerly see5 to be /irtuous).
CHA,) >>I) -) Some one addressed Con2ucius, saying, .Sir,
why are you not engaged in the go/ernment0.
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1) The %aster said, .;hat does the Shu8ching say o2 2ilial
piety088 ?6ou are 2ilial, you discharge your brotherly duties)
These 3ualities are displayed in go/ernment)? This then also
constitutes the exercise o2 go/ernment) ;hy must there be
THAT88 ma5ing one be in the go/ernment0.
CHA,) >>II) The %aster said, .I do not 5now how a man
without truth2ulness is to get on) How can a large carriage be
made to go without the cross8bar 2or yo5ing the oxen to, or a
small carriage without the arrangement 2or yo5ing the horses0.
CHA,) >>III) -) Ts<e8chang as5ed whether the a22airs o2
ten ages a2ter could be 5nown)
1) Con2ucius said, .The 6in dynasty 2ollowed the
regulations o2 the Hsia9 wherein it too5 2rom or added to them
may be 5nown) The Chau dynasty has 2ollowed the regulations
o2 6in9 wherein it too5 2rom or added to them may be 5nown)
Some other may 2ollow the Chau, but though it should be at the
distance o2 a hundred ages, its a22airs may be 5nown).
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CHA,) >>I") -) The %aster said, .!or a man to sacri2ice to
a spirit which does not belong to him is 2lattery)
1) .To see what is right and not to do it is want o2
courage).
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CHA,) I) Con2ucius said o2 the head o2 the Chi 2amily, who
had eight rows o2 pantomimes in his area, .I2 he can bear to do
this, what may he not bear to do0.
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CHA,) II) The three 2amilies used the 6$N& ode, while the
/essels were being remo/ed, at the conclusion o2 the sacri2ice)
The %aster said, .?Assisting are the princes:88 the son o2 hea/en
loo5s pro2ound and gra/e9?88 what application can these words
ha/e in the hall o2 the three 2amilies0.
CHA,) III) The %aster said, .I2 a man be without the
/irtues proper to humanity, what has he to do with the rites o2
propriety0 I2 a man be without the /irtues proper to humanity,
what has he to do with music0.
CHA,) I") -) Lin !ang as5ed what was the 2irst thing to be
attended to in ceremonies)
1) The %aster said, .A great 3uestion indeed7
4) .In 2esti/e ceremonies, it is better to be sparing than
extra/agant)
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In the ceremonies o2 mourning, it is better that there be deep
sorrow than a minute attention to obser/ances).
CHA,) ") The %aster said, .The rude tribes o2 the east and
north ha/e their princes, and are not li5e the States o2 our
great land which are without them).
CHA,) "I) The chie2 o2 the Chi 2amily was about to
sacri2ice to the T.ai mountain) The %aster said to Can 6u, .Can
you not sa/e him 2rom this0. He answered, .I cannot). Con2ucius
said, .Alas7 will you say that the T.ai mountain is not so
discerning as Lin !ang0.
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CHA,) "II) The %aster said, .The student o2 /irtue has no
contentions) I2 it be said he cannot a/oid them, shall this be in
archery0 *ut he bows complaisantly to his competitors: thus he
ascends the hall, descends, and exacts the 2or2eit o2 drin5ing) In
his contention, he is still the Chun8ts<e).
CHA,) "III) -) Ts<e8hsia as5ed, saying, .;hat is the
meaning o2 the passage88 ?The pretty dimples o2 her art2ul
smile7 The well8de2ined blac5 and white o2 her eye7 The plain
ground 2or the colours0?.
1) The %aster said, .The business o2 laying on the colours
2ollows Dthe preparation o2E the plain ground).
4) .Ceremonies then are a subse3uent thing0. The %aster
said, .It is Shang who can bring out my meaning) Now I can
begin to tal5 about the odes with him).
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CHA,) I>) The %aster said, .I could describe the
ceremonies o2 the Hsia dynasty, but Chi cannot su22iciently
attest my words) I could describe the ceremonies o2 the 6in
dynasty, but Sung cannot su22iciently attest my words) DThey
cannot do soE because o2 the insu22iciency o2 their records and
wise men) I2 those were su22icient, I could adduce them in
support o2 my words).
CHA,) >) The %aster said, .At the great sacri2ice, a2ter the
pouring out o2 the libation, I ha/e no wish to loo5 on).
CHA,) >I) Some one as5ed the meaning o2 the great
sacri2ice) The %aster said, .I do not 5now) He who 5new its
meaning would 2ind it as easy to go/ern the 5ingdom as to loo5
on this:88 pointing to his palm)
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CHA,) >II) -) He sacri2iced to the dead, as i2 they were
present) He sacri2iced to the spirits, as i2 the spirits were
present)
1) The %aster said, .I consider my not being present at
the sacri2ice, as i2 I did not sacri2ice).
CHA,) >III) -) ;ang8sun Chia as5ed, saying, .;hat is the
meaning o2 the saying, ?It is better to pay court to the 2urnace
than to the south8west corner0?.
1) The %aster said, .Not so) He who o22ends against
Hea/en has none to whom he can pray).
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CHA,) >I") The %aster said, .Chau had the ad/antage o2
/iewing the two past dynasties) How complete and elegant are
its regulations7 I 2ollow Chau).
CHA,) >") The %aster, when he entered the grand
temple, as5ed about e/erything) Some one said, .;ho will say
that the son o2 the man o2 Tsau 5nows the rules o2 propriety7
He has entered the grand temple and as5s about e/erything).
The %aster heard the remar5, and said, .This is a rule o2
propriety).
CHA,) >"I) The %aster said, .In archery it is not going
through the leather which is the principal thing:88 because
people.s strength is not e3ual) This was the old way).
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CHA,) >"II) -) Ts<e85ung wished to do away with the
o22ering o2 a sheep connected with the inauguration o2 the 2irst
day o2 each month)
1) The %aster said, .Ts.<e, you lo/e the sheep: I lo/e the
ceremony).
CHA,) >"II) The %aster said, .The 2ull obser/ance o2 the
rules o2 propriety in ser/ing one.s prince is accounted by
people to be 2lattery).
CHA,) >I>) The (u5e Ting as5ed how a prince should
employ his ministers, and how ministers should ser/e their
prince) Con2ucius replied, .A prince should employ his minister
according to according to the rules o2 propriety: ministers
should ser/e their prince with 2aith2ulness).
CHA,) >>) The %aster said, .The +wan Tsu is expressi/e o2
en@oyment without being licentious, and o2 grie2 without being
hurt2ully excessi/e).
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CHA,) >>I) -) The (u5e Ai as5ed Tsai ;o about the altars
o2 the spirits o2 the land) Tsai ;o replied, .The Hsia so/ereign
planted the pine tree about them: the men o2 the 6in planted
the cypress: and the men o2 the Chau planted the chestnut tree,
meaning thereby to cause the people to be in awe).
1) ;hen the %aster heard it, he said, .Things that are
done, it is needless to spea5 about: things that ha/e had their
course, it is needless to remonstrate about: things that are past,
it is needless to blame).
CHA,) >>II) -) The %aster said, .Small indeed was the
capacity o2 +wan Chung7.
1) Some one said, .;as +wan Chung parsimonious0.
.+wan,. was the reply, .had the San +wei, and his o22icers
per2ormed no double duties: how can he be considered
parsimonious0.
4) .Then, did +wan Chung 5now the rules o2 propriety0.
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%aster said, .The princes o2 States ha/e a screen intercepting
the /iew at their gates) +wan had li5ewise a screen at his gate)
The princes o2 States on any 2riendly meeting between two o2
them, had a stand on which to place their in/erted cups) +wan
had also such a stand) I2 +wan 5new the rules o2 propriety,
who does not 5now them0.
CHA,) >>>II) The %aster instructing the grand music8
master o2 Lu said, .How to play music may be 5nown) At the
commencement o2 the piece, all the parts should sound
together) As it proceeds, they should be in harmony while
se/erally distinct and 2lowing without brea5, and thus on to the
conclusion).
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CHA,) >>I") The border warden at 6i re3uested to be
introduced to the %aster, saying, .;hen men o2 superior /irtue
ha/e come to this, I ha/e ne/er been denied the pri/ilege o2
seeing them). The 2ollowers o2 the sage introduced him, and
when he came out 2rom the inter/iew, he said, .%y 2riends,
why are you distressed by your master.s loss o2 o22ice0 The
5ingdom has long been without the principles o2 truth and
right: Hea/en is going to use your master as a bell with its
wooden tongue).
CHA,) >>") The %aster said o2 the Shao that it was
per2ectly beauti2ul and also per2ectly good) He said o2 the ;u
that it was per2ectly beauti2ul but not per2ectly good)
CHA,) >>"I) The %aster said, .High station 2illed without
indulgent generosity: ceremonies per2ormed without re/erence:
mourning conducted without sorrow:88 wherewith should I
contemplate such ways0.
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CHA,) I) The %aster said, .It is /irtuous manners which
constitute the excellence o2 a neighborhood) I2 a man in
selecting a residence, do not 2ix on one where such pre/ail, how
can he be wise0.
CHA,) II) The %aster said, .Those who are without /irtue
cannot abide long either in a condition o2 po/erty and hardship,
or in a condition o2 en@oyment) The /irtuous rest in /irtue: the
wise desire /irtue).
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CHA,) III) The %aster said, .It is only the DtrulyE /irtuous
man, who can lo/e, or who can hate, others).
CHA,) I") The %aster said, .I2 the will be set on /irtue,
there will be no practice o2 wic5edness).
CHA,) ") -) The %aster said, .'iches and honours are
what men desire) I2 it cannot be obtained in the proper way,
they should not be held) ,o/erty and meanness are what men
disli5e) I2 it cannot be a/oided in the proper way, they should
not be a/oided)
1) .I2 a superior man abandon /irtue, how can he 2ul2il
the re3uirements o2 that name0
4) .The superior man does not, e/en 2or the space o2 a
single meal, act contrary to /irtue) In moments o2 haste, he
clea/es to it) In seasons o2 danger, he clea/es to it).
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CHA,) "I) -) The %aster said, .I ha/e not seen a person
who lo/ed /irtue, or one who hated what was not /irtuous) He
who lo/ed /irtue, would esteem nothing abo/e it) He who hated
what is not /irtuous, would practise /irtue in such a way that
he would not allow anything that is not /irtuous to approach
his person)
1) .Is any one able 2or one day to apply his strength to
/irtue0 I ha/e not seen the case in which his strength would be
insu22icient)
4) .Should there possibly be any such case, I ha/e not
seen it).
CHA,) "II) The %aster said, .The 2aults o2 men are
characteristic o2 the class to which they belong) *y obser/ing a
man.s 2aults, it may be 5nown that he is /irtuous).
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CHA,) "III) The %aster said, .I2 a man in the morning
hear the right way, he may die in the e/ening without regret).
CHA,) I>) The %aster said, .A scholar, whose mind is set
on truth, and who is ashamed o2 bad clothes and bad 2ood, is
not 2it to be discoursed with).
CHA,) >) The %aster said, .The superior man, in the
world, does not set his mind either 2or anything, or against
anything: what is right he will 2ollow).
CHA,) >I) The %aster said, .The superior man thin5s o2
/irtue: the small man thin5s o2 com2ort) The superior man
thin5s o2 the sanctions o2 law: the small man thin5s o2 2a/ours
which he may recei/e).

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CHA,) >II) The %aster said9 .He who acts with a constant
/iew to his own ad/antage will be much murmured against).
CHA,) >III) The %aster said, .Is a prince is able to go/ern
his 5ingdom with the complaisance proper to the rules o2
propriety, what di22iculty will he ha/e0 I2 he cannot go/ern it
with that complaisance, what has he to do with the rules o2
propriety0.
CHA,) >I") The %aster said, .A man should say, I am not
concerned that I ha/e no place, I am concerned how I may 2it
mysel2 2or one) I am not concerned that I am not 5nown, I see5
to be worthy to be 5nown).
CHA,) >") -) The %aster said, .Shan, my doctrine is that
o2 an all8per/ading unity). The disciple Tsang replied, .6es).
1) The %aster went out, and the other disciples as5ed,
saying,
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.;hat do his words mean0. Tsang said, .The doctrine o2 our
master is to be true to the principles o2 our nature and the
bene/olent exercise o2 them to others,88 this and nothing more).
CHA,) >"I) The %aster said, .The mind o2 the superior
man is con/ersant with righteousness: the mind o2 the mean
man is con/ersant with gain).
CHA,) >"II) The %aster said, .;hen we see men o2 worth,
we should thin5 o2 e3ualling them: when we see men o2 a
contrary character, we should turn inwards and examine
oursel/es).
CHA,) >"III) The %aster said, .In ser/ing his parents, a
son may remonstrate with them, but gently: when he sees that
they do not incline to 2ollow his ad/ice, he shows an increased
degree o2 re/erence, but does not abandon his purpose: and
should they punish him, he does not allow himsel2 to murmur).

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CHA,) >I>) The %aster said, .;hile his parents are ali/e,
the son may not go abroad to a distance) I2 he does go abroad,
he must ha/e a 2ixed place to which he goes).
CHA,) >>) The %aster said, .I2 the son 2or three years
does not alter 2rom the way o2 his 2ather, he may be called
2ilial).
CHA,) >>I) The %aster said, .The years o2 parents may by
no means not be 5ept in the memory, as an occasion at once 2or
@oy and 2or 2ear).
CHA,) >>II) The %aster said, .The reason why the
ancients did not readily gi/e utterance to their words, was that
they 2eared lest their actions should not come up to them).
CHA,) >>III) The %aster said, .The cautious seldom err).
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CHA,) >>I") The %aster said, .The superior man wishes
to be slow in his speech and earnest in his conduct).
CHA,) >>") The %aster said, ."irtue is not le2t to stand
alone) He who practises it will ha/e neighbors).
CHA,) >>"I) Ts<e8yu said, .In ser/ing a prince, 2re3uent
remonstrances lead to disgrace) *etween 2riends, 2re3uent
reproo2s ma5e the 2riendship distant).
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CHA,) I) -) The %aster said o2 +ung8ye Ch.ang that he
might be wi/ed: although he was put in bonds, he had not been
guilty o2 any crime) Accordingly, he ga/e him his own daughter
to wi2e)
1) #2 Nan 6ung he said that i2 the country were well
go/erned
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he would not be out o2 o22ice, and i2 it were ill8go/erned, he
would escape punishment and disgrace) He ga/e him the
daughter o2 his own elder brother to wi2e)
CHA,) II) The %aster said o2 Ts<e8chien, .#2 superior
/irtue indeed is such a man7 I2 there were not /irtuous men in
Lu, how could this man ha/e ac3uired this character0.
CHA,) III) Ts<e85ung as5ed, .;hat do you say o2 me,
Ts.<e0 The %aster said, .6ou are a utensil). .;hat utensil0. .A
gemmed sacri2icial utensil).
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CHA,) I") -) Some one said, .6ung is truly /irtuous, but he
is not ready with his tongue).
1) The %aster said, .;hat is the good o2 being ready with
the tongue0 They who encounter men with smartnesses o2
speech 2or the most part procure themsel/es hatred) I 5now
not whether he be truly /irtuous, but why should he show
readiness o2 the tongue0.
CHA,) ") The %aster was wishing Ch.i8tiao +.ai to enter
on o22icial employment) He replied, .I am not yet able to rest in
the assurance o2 THIS). The %aster was pleased)
CHA,) "I) The %aster said, .%y doctrines ma5e no way) I
will get upon a ra2t, and 2loat about on the sea) He that will
accompany me will be 6u, I dare say). Ts<e8lu hearing this was
glad,
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upon which the %aster said, .6u is 2onder o2 daring than I am)
He does not exercise his @udgment upon matters).
CHA,) "II) -) %ang ;u as5ed about Ts<e8lu, whether he
was per2ectly /irtuous) The %aster said, .I do not 5now).
1) He as5ed again, when the %aster replied, .In a
5ingdom o2 a thousand chariots, 6u might be employed to
manage the military le/ies, but I do not 5now whether he be
per2ectly /irtuous).
4) .And what do you say o2 Ch.iu0. The %aster replied, .In
a city o2 a thousand 2amilies, or a clan o2 a hundred chariots,
Ch.iu might be employed as go/ernor, but I do not 5now
whether he is per2ectly /irtuous).
=) .;hat do you say o2 Ch.ih0. The %aster replied, .;ith
his sash girt and standing in a court, Ch.ih might be employed
to con/erse with the /isitors and guests, but I do not 5now
whether he is per2ectly /irtuous).
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CHA,) "III) -) The %aster said to Ts<e85ung, .;hich do
you consider superior, yoursel2 or Hui0.
1) Ts<e85ung replied, .How dare I compare mysel2 with
Hui0 Hui hears one point and 5nows all about a sub@ect: I hear
one point, and 5now a second).
4) The %aster said, .6ou are not e3ual to him) I grant you,
you are not e3ual to him).
CHA,) I>) -) Tsai 6u being asleep during the daytime, the
%aster said, .'otten wood cannot be car/ed: a wall o2 dirty
earth will not recei/e the trowel) This 6u788 what is the use o2
my repro/ing him0.
1) The %aster said, .At 2irst, my way with men was to
hear their words, and gi/e them credit 2or their conduct) Now
my way is to hear their words, and loo5 at their conduct) It is
2rom 6u that I ha/e learned to ma5e this change).
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CHA,) >) The %aster said, .I ha/e not seen a 2irm and
unbending man). Some one replied, .There is Shan Ch.ang).
.Ch.ang,. said the %aster, .is under the in2luence o2 his passions:
how can he be pronounced 2irm and unbending0.
CHA,) >I) Ts<e85ung said, .;hat I do not wish men to do
to me, I also wish not to do to men). The %aster said, .Ts.<e, you
ha/e not attained to that).
CHA,) >II) Ts<e85ung said, .The %aster.s personal
displays o2 his principles and ordinary descriptions o2 them
may be heard) His discourses about man.s nature, and the way
o2 Hea/en, cannot be heard).
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CHA,) >III) ;hen Ts<e8lu heard anything, i2 he had not
yet succeeded in carrying it into practice, he was only a2raid
lest he should hear something else)
CHA,) >I") Ts<e85ung as5ed, saying, .#n what ground did
+ung8wan get that title o2 ;an0. The %aster said, .He was o2 an
acti/e nature and yet 2ond o2 learning, and he was not ashamed
to as5 and learn o2 his in2eriors788 #n these grounds he has
been styled ;an).
CHA,) >") The %aster said o2 Ts<e8ch.an that he had 2our
o2 the characteristics o2 a superior man988 in his conduct o2
himsel2, he was humble: in ser/ing his superiors, he was
respect2ul: in nourishing the people, he was 5ind: in ordering
the people, he was @ust).
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CHA,) >"I) The %aster said, .6en ,.ing 5new well how to
maintain 2riendly intercourse) The ac3uaintance might be long,
but he showed the same respect as at 2irst).
CHA,) >"II) The %aster said, .Tsang ;an 5ept a large
tortoise in a house, on the capitals o2 the pillars o2 which he
had hills made, and with representations o2 duc5weed on the
small pillars abo/e the beams supporting the ra2ters)88 #2 what
sort was his wisdom0.
CHA,) >"III) -) Ts<e8chang as5ed, saying, .The minister
Ts<e8wan thrice too5 o22ice, and mani2ested no @oy in his
countenance) Thrice he retired 2rom o22ice, and mani2ested no
displeasure) He made it a point to in2orm the new minister o2
the way in which he had conducted the go/ernment:88 what do
you say o2 him0. The %aster replied) .He was loyal). .;as he
per2ectly /irtuous0. .I do not 5now) How can he be pronounced
per2ectly /irtuous0.
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1) Ts<e8chang proceeded, .;hen the o22icer Ch.ui 5illed
the prince o2 Ch.i, Ch.an ;an, though he was the owner o2 2orty
horses, abandoned them and le2t the country) Coming to
another State, he said, ?They are here li5e our great o22icer,
Ch.ui,? and le2t it) He came to a second State, and with the same
obser/ation le2t it also:88 what do you say o2 him0. The %aster
replied, .He was pure). .;as he per2ectly /irtuous0. .I do not
5now) How can he be pronounced per2ectly /irtuous0.
CHA,) >I>) Chi ;an thought thrice, and then acted) ;hen
the %aster was in2ormed o2 it, he said, .Twice may do).
CHA,) >>) The %aster said, .;hen good order pre/ailed in
his country, Ning ;u acted the part o2 a wise man) ;hen his
country was in disorder, he acted the part o2 a stupid man)
#thers may e3ual his wisdom, but they cannot e3ual his
stupidity).
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CHA,) >>I) ;hen the %aster was in Ch.an, he said, .Let
me return7 Let me return7 The little children o2 my school are
ambitious and too hasty) They are accomplished and complete
so 2ar, but they do not 5now how to restrict and shape
themsel/es).
CHA,) >>II) The %aster said, .,o8i and Shu8ch.i did not
5eep the 2ormer wic5ednesses o2 men in mind, and hence the
resentments directed towards them were 2ew).
CHA,) >>III) The %aster said, .;ho says o2 ;ei8shang
+ao
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that he is upright0 #ne begged some /inegar o2 him, and he
begged it o2 a neighbor and ga/e it to the man).
CHA,) >>I") The %aster said, .!ine words, an insinuating
appearance, and excessi/e respect:88 Tso Ch.iu8ming was
ashamed o2 them) I also am ashamed o2 them) To conceal
resentment against a person, and appear 2riendly with him:88
Tso Ch.iu8ming was ashamed o2 such conduct) I also am
ashamed o2 it).
CHA,) >>") -) 6en 6uan and Chi Lu being by his side, the
%aster said to them, .Come, let each o2 you tell his wishes).
1) Ts<e8lu said, .I should li5e, ha/ing chariots and horses,
and light 2ur dresses, to share them with my 2riends, and
though they should spoil them, I would not be displeased).
4) 6en 6uan said, .I should li5e not to boast o2 my
excellence, nor to ma5e a display o2 my meritorious deeds).
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=) Ts<e8lu then said, .I should li5e, sir, to hear your
wishes). The %aster said, .They are, in regard to the aged, to
gi/e them rest: in regard to 2riends, to show them sincerity: in
regard to the young, to treat them tenderly).
CHA,) >>"I) The %aster said, .It is all o/er7 I ha/e not
yet seen one who could percei/e his 2aults, and inwardly
accuse himsel2).
CHA,) >>"II) The %aster said, .In a hamlet o2 ten
2amilies, there may be 2ound one honourable and sincere as I
am, but not so 2ond o2 learning).
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CHA,) I) -) The %aster said, .There is 6ung788 He might
occupy the place o2 a prince).
1) Chung85ung as5ed about Ts<e8sang ,o8ts<e) The %aster
said, .He may pass) He does not mind small matters).
4) Chung85ung said, .I2 a man cherish in himsel2 a
re/erential 2eeling o2 the necessity o2 attention to business,
though he may be easy in small matters in his go/ernment o2
the people, that may be allowed) *ut i2 he cherish in himsel2
that easy 2eeling, and also carry it out in his practice, is not
such an easy mode o2 procedure excessi/e0.
=) The %aster said, .6ung.s words are right).
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CHA,) II) The (u5e Ai as5ed which o2 the disciples lo/ed
to learn) Con2ucius replied to him, .There was 6en Hui: HE lo/ed
to learn) He did not trans2er his anger: he did not repeat a 2ault)
$n2ortunately, his appointed time was short and he died: and
now there is not such another) I ha/e not yet heard o2 any one
who lo/es to learn as he did).
CHA,) III) -) Ts<e8hwa being employed on a mission to
Ch.i, the disciple Can re3uested grain 2or his mother) The
%aster said, .&i/e her a 2u). 6en re3uested more) .&i/e her an
yu,. said the %aster) 6en ga/e her 2i/e ping)
1) The %aster said, .;hen Ch.ih was proceeding to Ch.i, he
had 2at horses to his carriage, and wore light 2urs) I ha/e heard
that
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a superior man helps the distressed, but does not add to the
wealth o2 the rich).
4) 6uan S<e being made go/ernor o2 his town by the
%aster, he ga/e him nine hundred measures o2 grain, but S<e
declined them)
=) The %aster said, .(o not decline them) %ay you not
gi/e them away in the neighborhoods, hamlets, towns, and
/illages0.
CHA,) I") The %aster, spea5ing o2 Chung85ung, said, .I2
the cal2 o2 a brindled cow be red and horned, although men
may not wish to use it, would the spirits o2 the mountains and
ri/ers put it aside0.
CHA,) ") The %aster said, .Such was Hui that 2or three
months there would be nothing in his mind contrary to per2ect
/irtue) The others may attain to this on some days or in some
months, but nothing more).
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CHA,) "I) Chi +.ang as5ed about Chung8yu, whether he
was 2it to be employed as an o22icer o2 go/ernment) The %aster
said, .6u is a man o2 decision: what di22iculty would he 2ind in
being an o22icer o2 go/ernment0. +.ang as5ed, .Is Ts.<e 2it to be
employed as an o22icer o2 go/ernment0. and was answered,
.Ts.<e is a man o2 intelligence: what di22iculty would he 2ind in
being an o22icer o2 go/ernment0. And to the same 3uestion
about Ch.iu the %aster ga/e the same reply, saying, .Ch.iu is a
man o2 /arious ability).
CHA,) "II) The chie2 o2 the Chi 2amily sent to as5 %in
Ts<e8ch.ien to be go/ernor o2 ,i) %in Ts<e8ch.ien said, .(ecline
the o22er 2or me politely) I2 any one come again to me with a
second in/itation, I shall be obliged to go and li/e on the ban5s
o2 the ;an).
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CHA,) "III) ,o8niu being ill, the %aster went to as5 2or
him) He too5 hold o2 his hand through the window, and said, .It
is 5illing him) It is the appointment o2 Hea/en, alas7 That such a
man should ha/e such a sic5ness7 That such a man should ha/e
such a sic5ness7.
CHA,) I>) The %aster said, .Admirable indeed was
the /irtue o2 Hui7 ;ith a single bamboo dish o2 rice, a single
gourd dish o2 drin5, and li/ing in his mean narrow lane, while
others could not ha/e endured the distress, he did not allow his
@oy to be a22ected by it) Admirable indeed was the /irtue o2
Hui7.
CHA,) >) 6en Ch.iu said, .It is not that I do not delight in
your doctrines, but my strength is insu22icient). The %aster
said, .Those whose strength is insu22icient gi/e o/er in the
middle o2 the way but now you limit yoursel2).
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CHA,) >I) The %aster said to Ts<e8hsia, .(o you be a
scholar a2ter the style o2 the superior man, and not a2ter that o2
the mean man).
CHA,) >II) Ts<e8yu being go/ernor o2 ;u8ch.ang, the
%aster said to him, .Ha/e you got good men there0. He
answered, .There is Tan8t.ai %ieh8ming, who ne/er in wal5ing
ta5es a short cut, and ne/er comes to my o22ice, excepting on
public business).
CHA,) >III) The %aster said, .%ang Chih82an does not
boast o2 his merit) *eing in the rear on an occasion o2 2light,
when they were about to enter the gate, he whipped up his
horse, saying, ?It is not that I dare to be last) %y horse would
not ad/ance)?.
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CHA,) >I") The %aster said, .;ithout the specious speech
o2 the litanist T.o and the beauty o2 the prince Chao o2 Sung, it
is di22icult to escape in the present age).
CHA,) >") The %aster said, .;ho can go out but by the
door0 How is it that men will not wal5 according to these
ways0.
CHA,) >"I) The %aster said, .;here the solid 3ualities are
in excess o2 accomplishments, we ha/e rusticity: where the
accomplishments are in excess o2 the solid 3ualities, we ha/e
the manners o2 a cler5) ;hen the accomplishments and solid
3ualities are e3ually blended, we then ha/e the man o2 /irtue).
CHA,) >"II) The %aster said, .%an is born 2or
uprightness) I2 a man lose his uprightness, and yet li/e, his
escape 2rom death is the e22ect o2 mere good 2ortune).
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CHA,) >"III) The %aster said, .They who 5now the truth
are not e3ual to those who lo/e it, and they who lo/e it are not
e3ual to those who delight in it).
CHA,) >I>) The %aster said, .To those whose talents are
abo/e mediocrity, the highest sub@ects may be announced) To
those who are below mediocrity, the highest sub@ects may not
be announced).
CHA,) >>) !an Ch.ih as5ed what constituted wisdom) The
%aster said, .To gi/e one.s sel2 earnestly to the duties due to
men, and, while respecting spiritual beings, to 5eep aloo2 2rom
them, may be called wisdom). He as5ed about per2ect /irtue)
The %aster said, .The man o2 /irtue ma5es the di22iculty to be
o/ercome his 2irst business, and success only a subse3uent
consideration:88 this may be called per2ect /irtue).
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CHA,) >>I) The %aster said, .The wise 2ind pleasure in
water: the /irtuous 2ind pleasure in hills) The wise are acti/e:
the /irtuous are tran3uil) The wise are @oy2ul: the /irtuous are
long8li/ed).
CHA,) >>II) The %aster said, .Ch.i, by one change, would
come to the State o2 Lu) Lu, by one change, would come to a
State where true principles predominated).
CHA,) >>III) The %aster said, .A cornered /essel without
corners)88 A strange cornered /essel7 A strange cornered
/essel7.
CHA,) >>I") Tsai ;o as5ed, saying, .A bene/olent man,
though it be told him,88 .There is a man in the well. will go in
a2ter him, I suppose). Con2ucius said, .;hy should he do so0. A
superior
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man may be made to go to the well, but he cannot be made to
go down into it) He may be imposed upon, but he cannot be
2ooled).
CHA,) >>") The %aster said, .The superior man,
extensi/ely studying all learning, and 5eeping himsel2 under
the restraint o2 the rules o2 propriety, may thus li5ewise not
o/erstep what is right).
CHA,) >>"I) The %aster ha/ing /isited Nan8ts<e, Ts<e8lu
was displeased, on which the %aster swore, saying, .;herein I
ha/e done improperly, may Hea/en re@ect me, may Hea/en
re@ect me7.
CHA,) >>"II) The %aster said, .,er2ect is the /irtue which
is
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according to the Constant %ean7 'are 2or a long time has been
its practise among the people).
CHA,) >>"III) -) Ts<e85ung said, .Suppose the case o2 a
man extensi/ely con2erring bene2its on the people, and able to
assist all, what would you say o2 him0 %ight he be called
per2ectly /irtuous0. The %aster said, .;hy spea5 only o2 /irtue
in connexion with him0 %ust he not ha/e the 3ualities o2 a
sage0 E/en 6ao and Shun were still solicitous about this)
1) .Now the man o2 per2ect /irtue, wishing to be
established himsel2, see5s also to establish others: wishing to
be enlarged himsel2, he see5s also to enlarge others)
4) .To be able to @udge o2 others by what is nigh in
oursel/es:88 this may be called the art o2 /irtue).
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CHA,) I) The %aster said, .A transmitter and not a ma5er,
belie/ing in and lo/ing the ancients, I /enture to compare
mysel2 with our old ,.ang).
CHA,) II) The %aster said, .The silent treasuring up o2
5nowledge: learning without satiety: and instructing others
without being wearied988 which one o2 these things belongs to
me0.
CHA,) III) The %aster said, .The lea/ing /irtue without
proper culti/ation: the not thoroughly discussing what is
learned: not being able to mo/e towards righteousness o2 which
a 5nowledge is gained: and not being able to change what is not
good988 these are the things which occasion me solicitude).
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CHA,) I") ;hen the %aster was unoccupied with
business, his manner was easy, and he loo5ed pleased)
CHA,) ") The %aster said, .Extreme is my decay) !or a
long time, I ha/e not dreamed, as I was wont to do, that I saw
the du5e o2 Chau).
CHA,) "I) -) The %aster said, .Let the will be set on the
path o2 duty)
1) .Let e/ery attainment in what is good be 2irmly
grasped)
4) .Let per2ect /irtue be accorded with)
=) .Let relaxation and en@oyment be 2ound in the polite
arts).
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CHA,) "II) The %aster said, .!rom the man bringing his
bundle o2 dried 2lesh 2or my teaching upwards, I ha/e ne/er
re2used instruction to any one).
CHA,) "III) The %aster said, .I do not open up the truth
to one who is not eager to get 5nowledge, nor help out any one
who is not anxious to explain himsel2) ;hen I ha/e presented
one corner o2 a sub@ect to any one, and he cannot 2rom it learn
the other three, I do not repeat my lesson).
CHA,) I>) -) ;hen the %aster was eating by the side o2 a
mourner, he ne/er ate to the 2ull)
1) He did not sing on the same day in which he had been
weeping)
CHA,) >) -) The %aster said to 6en 6uan, .;hen called to
o22ice, to underta5e its duties: when not so called, to lie
retired:88 it is only I and you who ha/e attained to this).
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1) Ts<e8lu said, .I2 you had the conduct o2 the armies o2 a
great State, whom would you ha/e to act with you0.
4) The %aster said, .I would not ha/e him to act with me,
who will unarmed attac5 a tiger, or cross a ri/er without a
boat, dying without any regret) %y associate must be the man
who proceeds to action 2ull o2 solicitude, who is 2ond o2
ad@usting his plans, and then carries them into execution).
CHA,) >I) The %aster said, .I2 the search 2or riches is sure
to be success2ul, though I should become a groom with whip in
hand to get them, I will do so) As the search may not be
success2ul, I will 2ollow a2ter that which I lo/e).
CHA,) >II) The things in re2erence to which the %aster
exercised the greatest caution were 88 2asting, war, and
sic5ness)
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CHA,) >III) ;hen the %aster was in Ch.i, he heard the
Shao, and 2or three months did not 5now the taste o2 2lesh) .I
did not thin5.. he said, .that music could ha/e been made so
excellent as this).
CHA,) >I") -) 6en 6u said, .Is our %aster 2or the ruler o2
;ei0. Ts<e85ung said, .#h7 I will as5 him).
1) He went in accordingly, and said, .;hat sort o2 men
were ,o8i and Shu8ch.i0. .They were ancient worthies,. said the
%aster) .(id they ha/e any repinings because o2 their course0.
The %aster again replied, .They sought to act /irtuously, and
they did so: what was there 2or them to repine about0. #n this,
Ts<e85ung went out and said, .#ur %aster is not 2or him).
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CHA,) >") The %aster said, .;ith coarse rice to eat, with
water to drin5, and my bended arm 2or a pillow:88 I ha/e still
@oy in the midst o2 these things) 'iches and honours ac3uired
by unrighteousness, are to me as a 2loating cloud).
CHA,) >"I) The %aster said, .I2 some years were added to
my li2e, I would gi/e 2i2ty to the study o2 the 6i, and then I
might come to be without great 2aults).
CHA,) >"II The %aster.s 2re3uent themes o2 discourse
were88 the #des, the History, and the maintenance o2 the 'ules
o2 ,ropriety) #n all these he 2re3uently discoursed)
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CHA,) >"III) -) The (u5e o2 Sheh as5ed Ts<e8lu about
Con2ucius, and Ts<e8lu did not answer him)
1) The %aster said, .;hy did you not say to him,88 He is
simply a man, who in his eager pursuit Do2 5nowledgeE 2orgets
his 2ood, who in the @oy o2 its attainment 2orgets his sorrows,
and who does not percei/e that old age is coming on0.
CHA,) >I>) The %aster said, .I am not one who was born
in the possession o2 5nowledge: I am one who is 2ond o2
anti3uity, and earnest in see5ing it there).
CHA,) >>) The sub@ects on which the %aster did not tal5,
were88 extraordinary things, 2eats o2 strength, disorder, and
spiritual beings)
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CHA,) >>I) The %aster said, .;hen I wal5 along with two
others, they may ser/e me as my teachers) I will select their
good 3ualities and 2ollow them, their bad 3ualities and a/oid
them).
CHA,) >>II) The %aster said, .Hea/en produced the /irtue
that is in me) Hwan T.ui88 what can he do to me0.
CHA,) >>III) The %aster said, .(o you thin5, my disciples,
that I ha/e any concealments0 I conceal nothing 2rom you)
There is nothing which I do that is not shown to you, my
disciples:88 that is my way).
CHA,) >>I") There were 2our things which the %aster
taught,88 letters, ethics, de/otion o2 soul, and truth2ulness)
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CHA,) >>") -) The %aster said, .A sage it is not mine to
see: could I see a man o2 real talent and /irtue, that would
satis2y me).
1) The %aster said, .A good man it is not mine to see:
could I see a man possessed o2 constancy, that would satis2y
me)
4) .Ha/ing not and yet a22ecting to ha/e, empty and yet
a22ecting to be 2ull, straitened and yet a22ecting to be at ease988
it is di22icult with such characteristics to ha/e constancy).
CHA,) >>"I) The %aster angled,88 but did not use a net)
He shot,88 but not at birds perching)
CHA,) >>"II) The %aster said, .There may be those who
act without 5nowing why) I do not do so) Hearing much and
selecting what is good and 2ollowing it: seeing much and
5eeping it in memory988 this is the second style o2 5nowledge).
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CHA,) >>"III) -) It was di22icult to tal5 Dpro2itably and


reputablyE with the people o2 Hu8hsiang, and a lad o2 that place
ha/ing had an inter/iew with the %aster, the disciples
doubted)
1) The %aster said, .I admit people.s approach to me
without committing mysel2 as to what they may do when they
ha/e retired) ;hy must one be so se/ere0 I2 a man puri2y
himsel2 to wait upon me, I recei/e him so puri2ied, without
guaranteeing his past conduct).
CHA,) >>I>) The %aster said, .Is /irtue a thing remote0 I
wish to be /irtuous, and lo7 /irtue is at hand).
CHA,) >>>) -) The minister o2 crime o2 Ch.an as5ed
whether the du5e Chao 5new propriety, and Con2ucius said, .He
5new propriety).
1) Con2ucius ha/ing retired, the minister bowed to ;u8
ma Ch.i
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to come 2orward, and said, .I ha/e heard that the superior man
is not a partisan) %ay the superior man be a partisan also0 The
prince married a daughter o2 the house o2 ;u, o2 the same
surname with himsel2, and called her,88 ?The elder Ts<e o2 ;u)?
I2 the prince 5new propriety, who does not 5now it0.
4) ;u8ma Ch.i reported these remar5s, and the %aster
said, .I am 2ortunate7 I2 I ha/e any errors, people are sure to
5now them).
CHA,) >>>I) ;hen the %aster was in company with a
person who was singing, i2 he sang well, he would ma5e him
repeat the song, while he accompanied it with his own /oice)
CHA,) >>>II) The %aster said, .In letters I am perhaps
e3ual to other men, but the character o2 the superior man,
carrying out in his conduct what he pro2esses, is what I ha/e
not yet attained to).
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CHA,) >>>III) The %aster said, .The sage and the man o2
per2ect /irtue:88 how dare I ran5 mysel2 with them0 It may
simply be said o2 me, that I stri/e to become such without
satiety, and teach others without weariness). +ung8hsi Hwa
said, .This is @ust what we, the disciples, cannot imitate you in).
CHA,) >>>I") The %aster being /ery sic5, Ts<e8lu as5ed
lea/e to pray 2or him) He said, .%ay such a thing be done0.
Ts<e8lu replied, .It may) In the Eulogies it is said, ?,rayer has
been made 2or thee to the spirits o2 the upper and lower
worlds)?. The %aster said, .%y praying has been 2or a long
time).
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CHA,) >>>") The %aster said, .Extra/agance leads to
insubordination, and parsimony to meanness) It is better to be
mean than to be insubordinate).
CHA,) >>>"I) The %aster said, .The superior man is
satis2ied and composed: the mean man is always 2ull o2
distress).
CHA,) >>>"II) The %aster was mild, and yet digni2ied:
ma@estic, and yet not 2ierce: respect2ul, and yet easy)
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CHA,) I) The %aster said, .T.ai8po may be said to ha/e
reached the highest point o2 /irtuous action) Thrice he declined
the 5ingdom, and the people in ignorance o2 his moti/es could
not express their approbation o2 his conduct).
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CHA,) II) -) The %aster said, .'espect2ulness, without the
rules o2 propriety, becomes laborious bustle: care2ulness,
without the rules o2 propriety, becomes timidity: boldness,
without the rules o2 propriety, becomes insubordination:
straight2orwardness, without the rules o2 propriety, becomes
rudeness)
1) .;hen those who are in high stations per2orm well all
their duties to their relations, the people are aroused to /irtue)
;hen old 2riends are not neglected by them, the people are
preser/ed 2rom meanness).
CHA,) III) The philosopher Tsang being ill, he called to
him the disciples o2 his school, and said, .$nco/er my 2eet,
unco/er my hands) It is said in the *oo5 o2 ,oetry, ?;e should
be apprehensi/e and cautious, as i2 on the brin5 o2 a deep gul2,
as i2 treading on thin ice,? and so ha/e I been) Now and
herea2ter, I 5now my escape 2rom all in@ury to my person, # ye,
my little children).
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CHA,) I") -) The philosopher Tsang being ill, %eng Chang
went to as5 how he was)
1) Tsang said to him, .;hen a bird is about to die, its
notes are mourn2ul: when a man is about to die, his words are
good)
4) .There are three principles o2 conduct which the man o2
high ran5 should consider specially important988 that in his
deportment and manner he 5eep 2rom /iolence and
heedlessness: that in regulating his countenance he 5eep near
to sincerity: and that in his words and tones he 5eep 2ar 2rom
lowness and impropriety) As to such matters as attending to
the sacri2icial /essels, there are the proper o22icers 2or them).
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CHA,) ") The philosopher Tsang said, .&i2ted with ability,
and yet putting 3uestions to those who were not so: possessed
o2 much, and yet putting 3uestions to those possessed o2 little:
ha/ing, as though he had not: 2ull, and yet counting himsel2 as
empty: o22ended against, and yet entering into no altercation:
2ormerly I had a 2riend who pursued this style o2 conduct).
CHA,) "I) The philosopher Tsang said, .Suppose that there
is an indi/idual who can be entrusted with the charge o2 a
young orphan prince, and can be commissioned with authority
o/er a state o2 a hundred li, and whom no emergency howe/er
great can dri/e 2rom his principles988 is such a man a superior
man0 He is a superior man indeed).
CHA,) "II) -) The philosopher Tsang said, .The o22icer
may not be without breadth o2 mind and /igorous endurance)
His burden is hea/y and his course is long)
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1) .,er2ect /irtue is the burden which he considers it is
his to sustain:88 is it not hea/y0 #nly with death does his
course stop:88 is it not long0
CHA,) "III) -) The %aster said, .It is by the #des that the
mind is aroused)
1) .It is by the 'ules o2 ,ropriety that the character is
established)
4) .It is 2rom %usic that the 2inish is recei/ed).
CHA,) I>) The %aster said, .The people may be made to
2ollow a path o2 action, but they may not be made to
understand it).
CHA,) >) The %aster said, .The man who is 2ond o2 daring
and is dissatis2ied with po/erty, will proceed to
insubordination) So will the man who is not /irtuous, when you
carry your disli5e o2 him to an extreme).
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CHA,) >I) The %aster said, .Though a man ha/e abilities
as admirable as those o2 the (u5e o2 Chau, yet i2 he be proud
and niggardly, those other things are really not worth being
loo5ed at).
CHA,) >II) The %aster said, .It is not easy to 2ind a man
who has learned 2or three years without coming to be good).
CHA,) >III) -) The %aster said, .;ith sincere 2aith he
unites the lo/e o2 learning: holding 2irm to death, he is
per2ecting the excellence o2 his course)
1) .Such an one will not enter a tottering State, nor dwell
in a disorgani<ed one) ;hen right principles o2 go/ernment
pre/ail in the 5ingdom, he will show himsel2: when they are
prostrated, he will 5eep concealed)
4) .;hen a country is well8go/erned, po/erty and a mean
condition are things to be ashamed o2) ;hen a country is ill8
go/erned, riches and honour are things to be ashamed o2).
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CHA,) >I") The %aster said, .He who is not in any
particular o22ice, has nothing to do with plans 2or the
administration o2 its duties).
CHA,) >") The %aster said, .;hen the music master Chih
2irst entered on his o22ice, the 2inish o2 the +wan Tsu was
magni2icent:88 how it 2illed the ears7.
CHA,) >"I) The %aster said, .Ardent and yet not upright:
stupid and yet not attenti/e: simple and yet not sincere988 such
persons I do not understand).
CHA,) >"II) The %aster said, .Learn as i2 you could not
reach your ob@ect, and were always 2earing also lest you should
lose it).
CHA,) >"III) The %aster said, .How ma@estic was the
manner in which Shun and 6u held possession o2 the empire, as
i2 it were nothing to them7.
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CHA,) >I>) -) The %aster said, .&reat indeed was 6ao as a
so/ereign7 How ma@estic was he7 It is only Hea/en that is
grand, and only 6ao corresponded to it) How /ast was his
/irtue7 The people could 2ind no name 2or it)
1) .How ma@estic was he in the wor5s which he
accomplished7 How glorious in the elegant regulations which he
instituted7.
CHA,) >>) -) Shun had 2i/e ministers, and the empire was
well8go/erned)
1) +ing ;u said, .I ha/e ten able ministers).
4) Con2ucius said, .Is not the saying that talents are
di22icult to 2ind, true0 #nly when the dynasties o2 T.ang and 6u
met, were they more abundant than in this o2 Chau, yet there
was a woman among them) The able ministers were no more
than nine men)
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=) .+ing ;an possessed two o2 the three parts o2 the
empire, and with those he ser/ed the dynasty o2 6in) The
/irtue o2 the house o2 Chau may be said to ha/e reached the
highest point indeed).
CHA,) >>I) The %aster said, .I can 2ind no 2law in the
character o2 6u) He used himsel2 coarse 2ood and drin5, but
displayed the utmost 2ilial piety towards the spirits) His
ordinary garments were poor, but he displayed the utmost
elegance in his sacri2icial cap and apron) He li/ed in a low mean
house, but expended all his strength on the ditches and water8
channels) I can 2ind nothing li5e a 2law in 6u).
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CHA,) I) The sub@ects o2 which the %aster seldom spo5e
were88 pro2itableness, and also the appointments o2 Hea/en,
and per2ect /irtue)
CHA,) II) -) A man o2 the /illage o2 Ta8hsiang said, .&reat
indeed is the philosopher +.ung7 His learning is extensi/e, and
yet he does not render his name 2amous by any particular
thing).
1) The %aster heard the obser/ation, and said to his
disciples, .;hat shall I practise0 Shall I practise charioteering,
or shall I practise archery0 I will practise charioteering).
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CHA,) III) -) The %aster said, .The linen cap is that
prescribed by the rules o2 ceremony, but now a sil5 one is
worn) It is economical, and I 2ollow the common practice)
1) .The rules o2 ceremony prescribe the bowing below the
hall, but now the practice is to bow only a2ter ascending it) That
is arrogant) I continue to bow below the hall, though I oppose
the common practice).
CHA,) I") There were 2our things 2rom which the %aster
was entirely 2ree) He had no 2oregone conclusions, no arbitrary
predeterminations, no obstinacy, and no egoism)
CHA,) ") -) The %aster was put in 2ear in +.wang)
1) He said, .A2ter the death o2 +ing ;an, was not the
cause o2 truth lodged here in me0
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4) .I2 Hea/en had wished to let this cause o2 truth perish,
then I, a 2uture mortal, should not ha/e got such a relation to
that cause) ;hile Hea/en does not let the cause o2 truth perish,
what can the people o2 +.wang do to me0.
CHA,) "I) -) A high o22icer as5ed Ts<e85ung, saying, .%ay
we not say that your %aster is a sage0 How /arious is his
ability7.
1) Ts<e85ung said, .Certainly Hea/en has endowed him
unlimitedly) He is about a sage) And, moreo/er, his ability is
/arious).
4) The %aster heard o2 the con/ersation and said, .(oes
the high o22icer 5now me0 ;hen I was young, my condition
was low, and there2ore I ac3uired my ability in many things,
but they were mean matters) %ust the superior man ha/e such
/ariety o2 ability0 He does not need /ariety o2 ability).
=) Lao said, .The %aster said, ?Ha/ing no o22icial
employment, I ac3uired many arts)?.
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CHA,) "II) The %aster said, .Am I indeed possessed o2
5nowledge0 I am not 5nowing) *ut i2 a mean person, who
appears 3uite empty8li5e, as5 anything o2 me, I set it 2orth
2rom one end to the other, and exhaust it).
CHA,) "III) The %aster said, .The !AN& bird does not
come: the ri/er sends 2orth no map988 it is all o/er with me7.
CHA,) I>) ;hen the %aster saw a person in a mourning
dress, or any one with the cap and upper and lower garments
o2 2ull dress, or a blind person, on obser/ing them approaching,
though they were younger than himsel2, he would rise up, and
i2 he had to pass by them, he would do so hastily)
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CHA,) >) -) 6en 6uan, in admiration o2 the %aster.s
doctrines, sighed and said, .I loo5ed up to them, and they
seemed to become more high: I tried to penetrate them, and
they seemed to become more 2irm: I loo5ed at them be2ore me,
and suddenly they seemed to be behind)
1) .The %aster, by orderly method, s5il2ully leads men on)
He enlarged my mind with learning, and taught me the
restraints o2 propriety)
4) .;hen I wish to gi/e o/er the study o2 his doctrines, I
cannot do so, and ha/ing exerted all my ability, there seems
something to stand right up be2ore me: but though I wish to
2ollow and lay hold o2 it, I really 2ind no way to do so).
CHA,) >I) -) The %aster being /ery ill, Ts<e8lu wished the
disciples to act as ministers to him)
1) (uring a remission o2 his illness, he said, .Long has the
conduct o2 6u been deceit2ul7 *y pretending to ha/e ministers
when I ha/e them not, whom should I impose upon0 Should I
impose upon Hea/en0
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4) .%oreo/er, than that I should die in the hands o2
ministers, is it not better that I should die in the hands o2 you,
my disciples0 And though I may not get a great burial, shall I
die upon the road0.
CHA,) >II) Ts<e85ung said, .There is a beauti2ul gem here)
Should I lay it up in a case and 5eep it0 or should I see5 2or a
good price and sell it0. The %aster said, .Sell it7 Sell it7 *ut I
would wait 2or one to o22er the price).
CHA,) >III) -) The %aster was wishing to go and li/e
among the nine wild tribes o2 the east)
1) Some one said, .They are rude) How can you do such a
thing0. The %aster said, .I2 a superior man dwelt among them,
what rudeness would there be0.
CHA,) >I") The %aster said, .I returned 2rom ;ei to Lu,
and then the music was re2ormed, and the pieces in the 'oyal
songs and ,raise songs all 2ound their proper places).
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CHA,) >") The %aster said, .Abroad, to ser/e the high
ministers and nobles: at home, to ser/e one.s 2ather and elder
brothers: in all duties to the dead, not to dare not to exert one.s
sel2: and not to be o/ercome o2 wine988 which one o2 these
things do I attain to0.
CHA,) >"I) The %aster standing by a stream, said, .It
passes on @ust li5e this, not ceasing day or night7.
CHA,) >"II) The %aster said, .I ha/e not seen one who
lo/es /irtue as he lo/es beauty).
CHA,) >"III) The %aster said, .The prosecution o2
learning may be compared to what may happen in raising a
mound) I2 there want but one bas5et o2 earth to complete the
wor5, and I stop, the
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stopping is my own wor5) It may be compared to throwing
down the earth on the le/el ground) Though but one bas5et2ul
is thrown at a time, the ad/ancing with it is my own going
2orward).
CHA,) >I>) The %aster said, .Ne/er 2lagging when I set
2orth anything to him:88 ah7 that is Hui).
CHA,) >>) The %aster said o2 6en 6uan, .Alas7 I saw his
constant ad/ance) I ne/er saw him stop in his progress).
CHA,) >>I) The %aster said, .There are cases in which the
blade springs, but the plant does not go on to 2lower7 There are
cases where it 2lowers, but no 2ruit is subse3uently produced7.
CHA,) >>II) The %aster said, .A youth is to be regarded
with respect) How do we 5now that his 2uture will not be e3ual
to our present0 I2 he reach the age o2 2orty or 2i2ty, and has not
made himsel2 heard o2, then indeed he will not be worth being
regarded with respect).
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CHA,) >>") The %aster said, .Can men re2use to assent to
the words o2 strict admonition0 *ut it is re2orming the conduct
because o2 them which is /aluable) Can men re2use to be
pleased with words o2 gentle ad/ice0 *ut it is un2olding their
aim which is /aluable) I2 a man be pleased with these words,
but does not un2old their aim, and assents to those, but does
not re2orm his conduct, I can really do nothing with him).
CHA,) >>I") The %aster said, .Hold 2aith2ulness and
sincerity as 2irst principles) Ha/e no 2riends not e3ual to
yoursel2) ;hen you ha/e 2aults, do not 2ear to abandon them).
CHA,) >>") The %aster said, .The commander o2 the
2orces o2 a large state may be carried o22, but the will o2 e/en a
common man cannot be ta5en 2rom him).
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CHA,) >>"I) -) The %aster said, .(ressed himsel2 in a
tattered robe 3uilted with hemp, yet standing by the side o2
men dressed in 2urs, and not ashamed:88 ah7 it is 6u who is
e3ual to this7
1) .?He disli5es none, he co/ets nothing:88 what can he do
but what is good7?.
4) Ts<e8lu 5ept continually repeating these words o2 the
ode, when the %aster said, .Those things are by no means
su22icient to constitute Dper2ectE excellence).
CHA,) >>"II) The %aster said, .;hen the year becomes
cold, then we 5now how the pine and the cypress are the last
to lose their lea/es).
CHA,) >>"III) The %aster said, .The wise are 2ree 2rom
perplexities: the /irtuous 2rom anxiety: and the bold 2rom 2ear).
CHA,) >>I>) The %aster said, .There are some with whom
we may study in common, but we shall 2ind them unable to go
along
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with us to principles) ,erhaps we may go on with them to
principles, but we shall 2ind them unable to get established in
those along with us) #r i2 we may get so established along with
them, we shall 2ind them unable to weigh occurring e/ents
along with us).
CHA,) >>>) -) How the 2lowers o2 the aspen8plum 2lutter
and turn7 (o I not thin5 o2 you0 *ut your house is distant)
1) The %aster said, .It is the want o2 thought about it)
How is it distant0.
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CHA,) I) -) Con2ucius, in his /illage, loo5ed simple and
sincere, and as i2 he were not able to spea5)
1) ;hen he was in the prince.s ancestorial temple, or in
the court, he spo5e minutely on e/ery point, but cautiously)
CHA, II) -) ;hen he was waiting at court, in spea5ing
with the great o22icers o2 the lower grade, he spa5e 2reely, but
in a straight2orward manner: in spea5ing with those o2 the
higher grade, he did so blandly, but precisely)
1) ;hen the ruler was present, his manner displayed
respect2ul uneasiness: it was gra/e, but sel28possessed)
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CHA,) III) -) ;hen the prince called him to employ him
in the reception o2 a /isitor, his countenance appeared to
change, and his legs to mo/e 2orward with di22iculty)
1) He inclined himsel2 to the other o22icers among whom
he stood, mo/ing his le2t or right arm, as their position
re3uired, but 5eeping the s5irts o2 his robe be2ore and behind
e/enly ad@usted)
4) He hastened 2orward, with his arms li5e the wings o2 a
bird)
=) ;hen the guest had retired, he would report to the
prince, .The /isitor is not turning round any more).
CHA,) I") -) ;hen he entered the palace gate, he seemed
to bend his body, as i2 it were not su22icient to admit him)
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1) ;hen he was standing, he did not occupy the middle o2
the gate8way: when he passed in or out, he did not tread upon
the threshold)
4) ;hen he was passing the /acant place o2 the prince,
his countenance appeared to change, and his legs to bend under
him, and his words came as i2 he hardly had breath to utter
them)
=) He ascended the reception hall, holding up his robe
with both his hands, and his body bent: holding in his breath
also, as i2 he dared not breathe)
A) ;hen he came out 2rom the audience, as soon as he
had descended one step, he began to relax his countenance, and
had a satis2ied loo5) ;hen he had got to the bottom o2 the
steps, he ad/anced rapidly to his place, with his arms li5e
wings, and on occupying it, his manner still showed respect2ul
uneasiness)
CHA,) ") -) ;hen he was carrying the scepter o2 his
ruler, he seemed to bend his body, as i2 he were not able to
bear its weight) He did not hold it higher than the position o2
the hands in ma5ing
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a bow, nor lower than their position in gi/ing anything to
another) His countenance seemed to change, and loo5
apprehensi/e, and he dragged his 2eet along as i2 they were
held by something to the ground)
1) In presenting the presents with which he was charged,
he wore a placid appearance)
4) At his pri/ate audience, he loo5ed highly pleased)
CHA,) "I) -) The superior man did not use a deep purple,
or a puce colour, in the ornaments o2 his dress)
1) E/en in his undress, he did not wear anything o2 a red
or reddish colour)
4) In warm weather, he had a single garment either o2
coarse or 2ine texture, but he wore it displayed o/er an inner
garment)
=) #/er lamb.s 2ur he wore a garment o2 blac5: o/er
2awn.s 2ur one o2 white: and o/er 2ox.s 2ur one o2 yellow)
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A) The 2ur robe o2 his undress was long, with the right
slee/e short)
B) He re3uired his sleeping dress to be hal2 as long again
as his body)
F) ;hen staying at home, he used thic5 2urs o2 the 2ox or
the badger)
G) ;hen he put o22 mourning, he wore all the appendages
o2 the girdle)
H) His under8garment, except when it was re3uired to be
o2 the curtain shape, was made o2 sil5 cut narrow abo/e and
wide below)
-I) He did not wear lamb.s 2ur or a blac5 cap, on a /isit o2
condolence)
--) #n the 2irst day o2 the month he put on his court
robes, and presented himsel2 at court)
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CHA,) "II) -) ;hen 2asting, he thought it necessary to
ha/e his clothes brightly clean and made o2 linen cloth)
1) ;hen 2asting, he thought it necessary to change his
2ood, and also to change the place where he commonly sat in
the apartment)
CHA,) "III) -) He did not disli5e to ha/e his rice 2inely
cleaned, nor to ha/e his minced meat cut 3uite small)
1) He did not eat rice which had been in@ured by heat or
damp and turned sour, nor 2ish or 2lesh which was gone) He did
not eat what was discoloured, or what was o2 a bad 2la/our, nor
anything which was ill8coo5ed, or was not in season)
4) He did not eat meat which was not cut properly, nor
what was ser/ed without its proper sauce)
=) Though there might be a large 3uantity o2 meat, he
would not allow what he too5 to exceed the due proportion 2or
the rice) It was only in wine that he laid down no limit 2or
himsel2, but he did not allow himsel2 to be con2used by it)
A) He did not parta5e o2 wine and dried meat bought in
the mar5et)
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B) He was ne/er without ginger when he ate)
F) He did not eat much)
G) ;hen he had been assisting at the prince.s sacri2ice, he
did not 5eep the 2lesh which he recei/ed o/ernight) The 2lesh
o2 his 2amily sacri2ice he did not 5eep o/er three days) I2 5ept
o/er three days, people could not eat it)
H) ;hen eating, he did not con/erse) ;hen in bed, he did
not spea5)
-I) Although his 2ood might be coarse rice and /egetable
soup, he would o22er a little o2 it in sacri2ice with a gra/e,
respect2ul air)
CHA,) I>) I2 his mat was not straight, he did not sit on it)
CHA,) >) -) ;hen the /illagers were drin5ing together, on
those who carried sta22s going out, he went out immediately
a2ter)
1) ;hen the /illagers were going through their
ceremonies to dri/e away pestilential in2luences, he put on his
court robes and stood on the eastern steps)
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CHA,) >I) -) ;hen he was sending complimentary
in3uiries to any one in another State, he bowed twice as he
escorted the messenger away)
1) Chi +.ang ha/ing sent him a present o2 physic, he
bowed and recei/ed it, saying, .I do not 5now it) I dare not
taste it).
CHA,) >II) The stable being burned down, when he was
at court, on his return he said, .Has any man been hurt0. He did
not as5 about the horses)
CHA,) >III) -) ;hen the prince sent him a gi2t o2 coo5ed
meat, he would ad@ust his mat, 2irst taste it, and then gi/e it
away to others) ;hen the prince sent him a gi2t o2 undressed
meat, he would ha/e it coo5ed, and o22er it to the spirits o2 his
ancestors) ;hen the prince sent him a gi2t o2 a li/ing animal, he
would 5eep it ali/e)
1) ;hen he was in attendance on the prince and @oining
in the entertainment, the prince only sacri2iced) He 2irst tasted
e/erything)
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4) ;hen he was ill and the prince came to /isit him, he
had his head to the east, made his court robes be spread o/er
him, and drew his girdle across them)
=) ;hen the prince.s order called him, without waiting 2or
his carriage to be yo5ed, he went at once)
CHA,) >I") ;hen he entered the ancestral temple o2 the
State, he as5ed about e/erything)
CHA,) >") -) ;hen any o2 his 2riends died, i2 he had no
relations who could be depended on 2or the necessary o22ices,
he would say, .I will bury him).
1) ;hen a 2riend sent him a present, though it might be a
carriage and horses, he did not bow)
4) The only present 2or which he bowed was that o2 the
2lesh o2 sacri2ice)
CHA,) >"I) -) In bed, he did not lie li5e a corpse) At
home, he did not put on any 2ormal deportment)
1) ;hen he saw any one in a mourning dress, though it
might be an ac3uaintance, he would change countenance: when
he saw any one wearing the cap o2 2ull dress, or a blind person,
though he might be in his undress, he would salute them in a
ceremonious manner)
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4) To any person in mourning he bowed 2orward to the
crossbar o2 his carriage: he bowed in the same way to any one
bearing the tables o2 population)
=) ;hen he was at an entertainment where there was an
abundance o2 pro/isions set be2ore him, he would change
countenance and rise up)
A) #n a sudden clap o2 thunder, or a /iolent wind, he
would change countenance)
CHA,) >"II) -) ;hen he was about to mount his carriage,
he would stand straight, holding the cord)
1) ;hen he was in the carriage, he did not turn his head
3uite round, he did not tal5 hastily, he did not point with his
hands)
CHA,) >"III) -) Seeing the countenance, it instantly rises)
It 2lies round, and by and by settles)
1) The %aster said, .There is the hen8pheasant on the hill
bridge) At its season7 At its season7. Ts<e8lu made a motion to
it) Thrice it smelt him and then rose)
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CHA,) I) -) The %aster said, .The men o2 2ormer times, in
the matters o2 ceremonies and music were rustics, it is said,
while the men o2 these latter times, in ceremonies and music,
are accomplished gentlemen)
1) .I2 I ha/e occasion to use those things, I 2ollow the men
o2 2ormer times).
CHA,) II) -) The %aster said, .#2 those who were with me
in Ch.an and Ts.ai, there are none to be 2ound to enter my door).
1) (istinguished 2or their /irtuous principles and practice,
there were 6en 6uan, %in Ts<e8ch.ien, Can ,o8niu, and Chung8
5ung: 2or their ability in speech, Tsai ;o and Ts<e85ung: 2or
their adminis8
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trati/e talents, Can 6u and Chi Lu: 2or their literary
ac3uirements, Ts<e8yu and Ts<e8hsia)
CHA,) III) The %aster said, .Hui gi/es me no assistance)
There is nothing that I say in which he does not delight).
CHA,) I") The %aster said, .!ilial indeed is %in Ts<e8
ch.ien7 #ther people say nothing o2 him di22erent 2rom the
report o2 his parents and brothers).
CHA,) ") Nan 6ung was 2re3uently repeating the lines
about a white scepter stone) Con2ucius ga/e him the daughter
o2 his elder brother to wi2e)
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CHA,) "I) Chi +.ang as5ed which o2 the disciples lo/ed to
learn) Con2ucius replied to him, .There was 6en Hui: he lo/ed to
learn) $n2ortunately his appointed time was short, and he died)
Now there is no one who lo/es to learn, as he did).
CHA,) "II) -) ;hen 6en 6uan died, 6en Lu begged the
carriage o2 the %aster to sell and get an outer shell 2or his son.s
co22in)
1) The %aster said, .E/ery one calls his son his son,
whether he has talents or has not talents) There was Li: when
he died, he had a co22in but no outer shell) I would not wal5 on
2oot to get a shell 2or him, because, ha/ing 2ollowed in the rear
o2 the great o22icers, it was not proper that I should wal5 on
2oot).
CHA,) "III) ;hen 6en 6uan died, the %aster said, .Alas7
Hea/en is destroying me7 Hea/en is destroying me7.
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CHA,) I>) -) ;hen 6en 6uan died, the %aster bewailed
him exceedingly, and the disciples who were with him said,
.%aster, your grie2 is excessi/e0.
1) .Is it excessi/e0. said he)
4) .I2 I am not to mourn bitterly 2or this man, 2or whom
should I mourn0.
CHA,) >) -) ;hen 6en 6uan died, the disciples wished to
gi/e him a great 2uneral, and the %aster said, .6ou may not do
so).
1) The disciples did bury him in great style)
4) The %aster said, .Hui beha/ed towards me as his
2ather) I ha/e not been able to treat him as my son) The 2ault is
not mine: it belongs to you, # disciples).
CHA,) >I) Chi Lu as5ed about ser/ing the spirits o2 the
dead) The %aster said, .;hile you are not able to ser/e men,
how can you ser/e their spirits0. Chi Lu added, .I /enture to
as5 about
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death0. He was answered, .;hile you do not 5now li2e, how can
you 5now about death0.
CHA,) >II) -) The disciple %in was standing by his side,
loo5ing bland and precise: Ts<e8lu, loo5ing bold and soldierly:
Can 6u and Ts<e85ung, with a 2ree and straight2orward manner)
The %aster was pleased)
1) He said, .6u, there788 he will not die a natural death).
CHA,) >III) -) Some parties in Lu were going to ta5e
down and rebuild the Long Treasury)
1) %in Ts<e8ch.ien said, .Suppose it were to be repaired
a2ter its old style:88 why must it be altered and made anew0.
4) The %aster said, .This man seldom spea5s: when he
does, he is sure to hit the point).
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CHA,) >I") -) The %aster said, .;hat has the lute o2 6u to
do in my door0.
1) The other disciples began not to respect Ts<e8lu) The
%aster said, .6u has ascended to the hall, though he has not yet
passed into the inner apartments).
CHA,) >") -) Ts<e85ung as5ed which o2 the two, Shih or
Shang, was the superior) The %aster said, .Shih goes beyond the
due mean, and Shang does not come up to it).
1) .Then,. said Ts<e85ung, .the superiority is with Shih, I
suppose).
4) The %aster said, .To go beyond is as wrong as to 2all
short).
CHA,) >"I) -) The head o2 the Chi 2amily was richer than
the du5e o2 Chau had been, and yet Ch.iu collected his imposts
2or him, and increased his wealth)
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1) The %aster said, .He is no disciple o2 mine) %y little
children, beat the drum and assail him).
CHA,) >"II) -) Ch.ai is simple)
1) Shan is dull)
4) Shih is specious)
=) 6u is coarse)
CHA,) >"III) -) The %aster said, .There is Hui7 He has
nearly attained to per2ect /irtue) He is o2ten in want)
1) .Ts.<e does not ac3uiesce in the appointments o2
Hea/en, and his goods are increased by him) 6et his @udgments
are o2ten correct).
CHA,) >I>) Ts<e8chang as5ed what were the
characteristics o2
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the &##( man) The %aster said, .He does not tread in the
2ootsteps o2 others, but moreo/er, he does not enter the
chamber o2 the sage).
CHA,) >>) The %aster said, .I2, because a man.s discourse
appears solid and sincere, we allow him to be a good man, is he
really a superior man0 or is his gra/ity only in appearance0.
CHA,) >>I) Ts<e8lu as5ed whether he should immediately
carry into practice what he heard) The %aster said, .There are
your 2ather and elder brothers to be consulted:88 why should
you act on that principle o2 immediately carrying into practice
what you hear0. Can 6u as5ed the same, whether he should
immediately carry into practice what he heard, and the %aster
answered, .Immediately carry into practice what you hear).
+ung8hsi Hwa said, .6u as5ed whether he should carry
immediately into practice what he heard, and you said, ?There
are your 2ather and elder brothers to be consulted)? Ch.iu as5ed
whether he should immediately carry into practice what he
heard, and you said, ?Carry it immediately into practice)? I,
Ch.ih, am perplexed, and /enture to as5 you 2or an explanation).
The %aster said, .Ch.iu is retiring and slow: there2ore,
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I urged him 2orward) 6u has more than his own share o2
energy: there2ore I 5ept him bac5).
CHA,) >>II) The %aster was put in 2ear in +.wang and
6en 6uan 2ell behind) The %aster, on his re@oining him, said, .I
thought you had died). Hui replied, .;hile you were ali/e, how
should I presume to die0.
CHA,) >>III) -) Chi Ts<e8<an as5ed whether Chung 6u and
Can Ch.iu could be called great ministers)
1) The %aster said, .I thought you would as5 about some
extraordinary indi/iduals, and you only as5 about 6u and Ch.iu7
4) .;hat is called a great minister, is one who ser/es his
prince according to what is right, and when he 2inds he cannot
do so, retires)
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=) .Now, as to 6u and Ch.iu, they may be called ordinary
ministers).
A) Ts<e8<an said, .Then they will always 2ollow their
chie2:88 will they0.
B) The %aster said, .In an act o2 parricide or regicide, they
would not 2ollow him).
CHA,) >>I") -) Ts<e8lu got Ts<e85ao appointed go/ernor
o2 ,i)
1) The %aster said, .6ou are in@uring a man.s son).
4) Ts<e8lu said, .There are DthereE common people and
o22icers: there are the altars o2 the spirits o2 the land and grain)
;hy must one read boo5s be2ore he can be considered to ha/e
learned0.
=) The %aster said, .It is on this account that I hate your
glib8tongued people).
CHA,) >>") -) Ts<e8lu, Tsang Hsi, Can 6u, and +ung8hsi
Hwa were sitting by the %aster)
1) He said to them, .Though I am a day or so older than
you, do not thin5 o2 that)
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4) .!rom day to day you are saying, ?;e are not 5nown)?
I2 some ruler were to 5now you, what would you li5e to do0.
=) Ts<e8lu hastily and lightly replied, .Suppose the case o2
a State o2 ten thousand chariots: let it be straitened between
other large States: let it be su22ering 2rom in/ading armies: and
to this let there be added a 2amine in corn and in all
/egetables988 i2 I were intrusted with the go/ernment o2 it, in
three years. time I could ma5e the people to be bold, and to
recognise the rules o2 righteous conduct). The %aster smiled at
him)
A) Turning to 6en 6u, he said, .Ch.iu, what are your
wishes0. Ch.iu replied, .Suppose a state o2 sixty or se/enty li
s3uare, or one o2 2i2ty or sixty, and let me ha/e the go/ernment
o2 it:88 in three years. time, I could ma5e plenty to abound
among the people) As to teaching them the principles o2
propriety, and music, I must wait 2or the rise o2 a superior man
to do that).
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B) .;hat are your wishes, Ch.ih,. said the %aster next to
+ung8hsi Hwa) Ch.ih replied, .I do not say that my ability
extends to these things, but I should wish to learn them) At the
ser/ices o2 the ancestral temple, and at the audiences o2 the
princes with the so/ereign, I should li5e, dressed in the dar5
s3uare8made robe and the blac5 linen cap, to act as a small
assistant).
F) Last o2 all, the %aster as5ed Tsang Hsi, .Tien, what are
your wishes0. Tien, pausing as he was playing on his lute, while
it was yet twanging, laid the instrument aside, and rose) .%y
wishes,. he said, .are di22erent 2rom the cherished purposes o2
these three gentlemen). .;hat harm is there in that0. said the
%aster: .do you also, as well as they, spea5 out your wishes).
Tien then said, .In this, the last month o2 spring, with the dress
o2 the season all complete, along with 2i/e or six young men
who ha/e assumed the cap, and six or se/en boys, I would
wash in the I, en@oy the bree<e among the rain altars, and
return home singing). The %aster hea/ed a sigh and said, .I
gi/e my appro/al to Tien).
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G) The three others ha/ing gone out, Tsang Hsi remained
behind, and said, .;hat do you thin5 o2 the words o2 these
three 2riends0. The %aster replied, .They simply told each one
his wishes).
H) Hsi pursued, .%aster, why did you smile at 6u0.
-I) He was answered, .The management o2 a State
demands the rules o2 propriety) His words were not humble:
there2ore I smiled at him).
--) Hsi again said, .*ut was it not a State which Ch.iu
proposed 2or himsel20. The reply was, .6es: did you e/er see a
territory o2 sixty or se/enty li or one o2 2i2ty or sixty, which
was not a State0.
-1) #nce more, Hsi in3uired, .And was it not a State which
Ch.ih proposed 2or himsel20. The %aster again replied, .6es: who
but princes ha/e to do with ancestral temples, and with
audiences but the so/ereign0 I2 Ch.ih were to be a small
assistant in these ser/ices, who could be a great one0
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CHA,) I) -) 6en 6uan as5ed about per2ect /irtue) The
%aster said, .To subdue one.s sel2 and return to propriety, is
per2ect /irtue) I2 a man can 2or one day subdue himsel2 and
return to propriety, all under hea/en will ascribe per2ect /irtue
to him) Is the practice o2 per2ect /irtue 2rom a man himsel2, or
is it 2rom others0.
1) 6en 6uan said, .I beg to as5 the steps o2 that process).
The %aster replied, .Loo5 not at what is contrary to propriety:
listen not to what is contrary to propriety: spea5 not what is
contrary to propriety: ma5e no mo/ement which is contrary to
propriety). 6en 6uan then said, .Though I am de2icient in
intelligence and /igour, I will ma5e it my business to practise
this lesson).
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CHA,) II) Chung85ung as5ed about per2ect /irtue) The
%aster said, .It is, when you go abroad, to beha/e to e/ery one
as i2 you were recei/ing a great guest: to employ the people as
i2 you were assisting at a great sacri2ice: not to do to others as
you would not wish done to yoursel2: to ha/e no murmuring
against you in the country, and none in the 2amily). Chung85ung
said, .Though I am de2icient in intelligence and /igour, I will
ma5e it my business to practise this lesson).
CHA,) III) -) S<e8ma Niu as5ed about per2ect /irtue)
1) The %aster said, .The man o2 per2ect /irtue is cautious
and slow in his speech).
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4) .Cautious and slow in his speech7. said Niu:88 .is this
what is meant by per2ect /irtue0. The %aster said, .;hen a
man 2eels the di22iculty o2 doing, can he be other than cautious
and slow in spea5ing0.
CHA,) I") -) S<e8ma Niu as5ed about the superior man)
The %aster said, .The superior man has neither anxiety nor
2ear).
1) .*eing without anxiety or 2ear7. said Nui:88 .does this
constitute what we call the superior man0.
4) The %aster said, .;hen internal examination disco/ers
nothing wrong, what is there to be anxious about, what is there
to 2ear0.
CHA,) ") -) S<e8ma Niu, 2ull o2 anxiety, said, .#ther men
all ha/e their brothers, I only ha/e not).
1) Ts<e8hsia said to him, .There is the 2ollowing saying
which I ha/e heard988
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4) .?(eath and li2e ha/e their determined appointment:
riches and honours depend upon Hea/en)?
=) .Let the superior man ne/er 2ail re/erentially to order
his own conduct, and let him be respect2ul to others and
obser/ant o2 propriety988 then all within the 2our seas will be
his brothers) ;hat has the superior man to do with being
distressed because he has no brothers0.
CHA,) "I) Ts<e8chang as5ed what constituted intelligence)
The %aster said, .He with whom neither slander that gradually
soa5s into the mind, nor statements that startle li5e a wound in
the 2lesh, are success2ul, may be called intelligent indeed) 6ea,
he with whom neither soa5ing slander, nor startling
statements, are success2ul, may be called 2arseeing).
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CHA,) "II) -) Ts<e85ung as5ed about go/ernment) The
%aster said, .The re3uisites o2 go/ernment are that there be
su22iciency o2 2ood, su22iciency o2 military e3uipment, and the
con2idence o2 the people in their ruler).
1) Ts<e85ung said, .I2 it cannot be helped, and one o2
these must be dispensed with, which o2 the three should be
2oregone 2irst0. .The military e3uipment,. said the %aster)
4) Ts<e85ung again as5ed, .I2 it cannot be helped, and one
o2 the remaining two must be dispensed with, which o2 them
should be 2oregone0. The %aster answered, .,art with the 2ood)
!rom o2 old, death has been the lot o2 all men: but i2 the people
ha/e no 2aith in their rulers, there is no standing 2or the state).
CHA,) "III) -) Chi Ts<e8ch.ang said, .In a superior man it
is only the substantial 3ualities which are wanted:88 why
should we see5 2or ornamental accomplishments0.
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1) Ts<e85ung said, .Alas7 6our words, sir, show you to be a
superior man, but 2our horses cannot o/erta5e the tongue)
4) #rnament is as substance: substance is as ornament)
The hide o2 a tiger or a leopard stripped o2 its hair, is li5e the
hide o2 a dog or a goat stripped o2 its hair).
CHA,) I>) -) The (u5e Ai in3uired o2 6u Co, saying, .The
year is one o2 scarcity, and the returns 2or expenditure are not
su22icient:88 what is to be done0.
1) 6u Co replied to him, .;hy not simply tithe the
people0.
4) .;ith two tenths, said the du5e, .I 2ind it not enough:88
how could I do with that system o2 one tenth0.
=) 6u Co answered, .I2 the people ha/e plenty, their prince
will not be le2t to want alone) I2 the people are in want, their
prince cannot en@oy plenty alone).
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CHA,) >) -) Ts<e8chang ha/ing as5ed how /irtue was to
be exalted, and delusions to be disco/ered, the %aster said,
.Hold 2aith2ulness and sincerity as 2irst principles, and be
mo/ing continually to what is right:88 this is the way to exalt
one.s /irtue)
1) .6ou lo/e a man and wish him to li/e: you hate him and
wish him to die) Ha/ing wished him to li/e, you also wish him
to die) This is a case o2 delusion)
4) .?It may not be on account o2 her being rich, yet you
come to ma5e a di22erence)?.
CHA,) >I) -) The (u5e Ching, o2 Ch.i, as5ed Con2ucius
about go/ernment)
1) Con2ucius replied, .There is go/ernment, when the
prince is prince, and the minister is minister: when the 2ather
is 2ather, and the son is son).
4) .&ood7. said the du5e: .i2, indeed: the prince be not
prince, the minister not minister, the 2ather not 2ather, and the
son not son, although I ha/e my re/enue, can I en@oy it0.
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CHA,) >II) -) The %aster said, .Ah7 it is 6u, who could
with hal2 a word settle litigations7.
1) Ts<e8lu ne/er slept o/er a promise)
CHA,) >III) The %aster said, .In hearing litigations, I am
li5e any other body) ;hat is necessary, howe/er, is to cause
the people to ha/e no litigations).
CHA,) >I") Ts<e8chang as5ed about go/ernment) The
%aster said, .The art o2 go/erning is to 5eep its a22airs be2ore
the mind without weariness, and to practise them with
unde/iating consistency).
CHA,) >") The %aster said, .*y extensi/ely studying all
learning, and 5eeping himsel2 under the restraint o2 the rules
o2 propriety, one may thus li5ewise not err 2rom what is right).
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CHA,) >"I) The %aster said, .The superior man see5s to
per2ect the admirable 3ualities o2 men, and does not see5 to
per2ect their bad 3ualities) The mean man does the opposite o2
this).
CHA,) >"II) Chi +.ang as5ed Con2ucius about go/ernment)
Con2ucius replied, .To go/ern means to recti2y) I2 you lead on
the people with correctness, who will dare not to be correct0.
CHA,) >"III) Chi +.ang, distressed about the number o2
thie/es in the state, in3uired o2 Con2ucius how to do away with
them) Con2ucius said, .I2 you, sir, were not co/etous, although
you should reward them to do it, they would not steal).
CHA,) >I>) Chi +.ang as5ed Con2ucius about go/ernment,
saying, .;hat do you say to 5illing the unprincipled 2or the
good o2 the principled0. Con2ucius replied, .Sir, in carrying on
your go/ernment, why should you use 5illing at all0 Let your
e/inced desires be 2or what is good, and the people will be
good) The relation
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between superiors and in2eriors, is li5e that between the wind
and the grass) The grass must bend, when the wind blows
across it).
CHA,) >>) -) Ts<e8chang as5ed, .;hat must the o22icer be,
who may be said to be distinguished0.
1) The %aster said, .;hat is it you call being
distinguished0.
4) Ts<e8chang replied, .It is to be heard o2 through the
State, to be heard o2 throughout his clan).
=) The %aster said, .That is notoriety, not distinction)
A) .Now the man o2 distinction is solid and
straight2orward, and lo/es righteousness) He examines people.s
words, and loo5s at their countenances) He is anxious to humble
himsel2 to others) Such a man will be distinguished in the
country: he will be distinguished in his clan)
B) .As to the man o2 notoriety, he assumes the appearance
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/irtue, but his actions are opposed to it, and he rests in this
character without any doubts about himsel2) Such a man will be
heard o2 in the country: he will be heard o2 in the clan).
CHA,) >>I) -) !an Ch.ih rambling with the %aster under
the trees about the rain altars, said, .I /enture to as5 how to
exalt /irtue, to correct cherished e/il, and to disco/er
delusions).
1) The %aster said, .Truly a good 3uestion7
4) .I2 doing what is to be done be made the 2irst business,
and success a secondary consideration:88 is not this the way to
exalt /irtue0 To assail one.s own wic5edness and not assail that
o2 others:88 is not this the way to correct cherished e/il0 !or a
morning.s anger to disregard one.s own li2e, and in/ol/e that o2
his parents:88 is not this a case o2 delusion0.
CHA,) >>II) -) !an Ch.ih as5ed about bene/olence) The
%aster said, .It is to lo/e all men). He as5ed about 5nowledge)
The %aster said, .It is to 5now all men).
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1) !an Ch.ih did not immediately understand these
answers)
4) The %aster said, .Employ the upright and put aside all
the croo5ed:88 in this way the croo5ed can be made to be
upright).
=) !an Ch.ih retired, and, seeing Ts<e8hsia, he said to him,
.A Little while ago, I had an inter/iew with our %aster, and
as5ed him about 5nowledge) He said, .Employ the upright, and
put aside all the croo5ed:88 in this way, the croo5ed will be
made to be upright). ;hat did he mean0.
A) Ts<e8hsia said, .Truly rich is his saying7
B) .Shun, being in possession o2 the 5ingdom, selected
2rom among all the people, and employed +ao8yao, on which all
who were de/oid o2 /irtue disappeared) T.ang, being in
possession o2 the 5ingdom, selected 2rom among all the people,
and employed I 6in, and all who were de/oid o2 /irtue
disappeared).
CHA,) >>III) Ts<e85ung as5ed about 2riendship) The
%aster said, .!aith2ully admonish your 2riend, and s5ill2ully
lead him on) I2 you 2ind him impracticable, stop) (o not
disgrace yoursel2).
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CHA,) >>I") The philosopher Tsang said, .The superior
man on grounds o2 culture meets with his 2riends, and by their
2riendship helps his /irtue).
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CHA,) I) -) Ts<e8lu as5ed about go/ernment) The %aster
said, .&o be2ore the people with your example, and be laborious
in their a22airs).
1) He re3uested 2urther instruction, and was answered,
.*e not weary Din these thingsE).
CHA,) II) -) Chung85ung, being chie2 minister to the Head
o2 the Chi 2amily, as5ed about go/ernment) The %aster said,
.Employ
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2irst the ser/ices o2 your /arious o22icers, pardon small 2aults,
and raise to o22ice men o2 /irtue and talents).
1) Chung85ung said, .How shall I 5now the men o2 /irtue
and talent, so that I may raise them to o22ice0. He was
answered, .'aise to o22ice those whom you 5now) As to those
whom you do not 5now, will others neglect them0.
CHA,) III) -) Ts<e8lu said, .The ruler o2 ;ei has been
waiting 2or you, in order with you to administer the
go/ernment) ;hat will you consider the 2irst thing to be done0.
1) The %aster replied, .;hat is necessary is to recti2y
names).
4) .So, indeed7. said Ts<e8lu) .6ou are wide o2 the mar57
;hy must there be such recti2ication0.
=) The %aster said, .How unculti/ated you are, 6u7 A
superior man, in regard to what he does not 5now, shows a
cautious reser/e)
A) .I2 names be not correct, language is not in accordance
with
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the truth o2 things) I2 language be not in accordance with the
truth o2 things, a22airs cannot be carried on to success)
B) .;hen a22airs cannot be carried on to success,
proprieties and music will not 2lourish) ;hen proprieties and
music do not 2lourish, punishments will not be properly
awarded) ;hen punishments are not properly awarded, the
people do not 5now how to mo/e hand or 2oot)
F) .There2ore a superior man considers it necessary that
the names he uses may be spo5en appropriately, and also that
what he spea5s may be carried out appropriately) ;hat the
superior man re3uires, is @ust that in his words there may be
nothing incorrect).
CHA,) I") -) !an Ch.ih re3uested to be taught husbandry)
The %aster said, .I am not so good 2or that as an old
husbandman). He
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re3uested also to be taught gardening, and was answered, .I am
not so good 2or that as an old gardener).
1) !an Ch.ih ha/ing gone out, the %aster said, .A small
man, indeed, is !an Hsu7
4) I2 a superior lo/e propriety, the people will not dare
not to be re/erent) I2 he lo/e righteousness, the people will not
dare not to submit to his example) I2 he lo/e good 2aith, the
people will not dare not to be sincere) Now, when these things
obtain, the people 2rom all 3uarters will come to him, bearing
their children on their bac5s:88 what need has he o2 a
5nowledge o2 husbandry0.
CHA,) ") The %aster said, .Though a man may be able to
recite the three hundred odes, yet i2, when intrusted with a
go/ernmental charge, he 5nows not how to act, or i2, when sent
to any 3uarter on a mission, he cannot gi/e his replies
unassisted, notwithstanding the extent o2 his learning, o2 what
practical use is it0.
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CHA,) "I) The %aster said, .;hen a prince.s personal
conduct is correct, his go/ernment is e22ecti/e without the
issuing o2 orders) I2 his personal conduct is not correct, he may
issue orders, but they will not be 2ollowed).
CHA,) "II) The %aster said, .The go/ernments o2 Lu and
;ei are brothers).
CHA,) "III) The %aster said o2 Ching, a scion o2 the ducal
2amily o2 ;ei, that he 5new the economy o2 a 2amily well)
;hen he began to ha/e means, he said, .Ha7 here is a
collection7. ;hen they were a little increased, he said, .Ha7 this
is complete7. ;hen he had become rich, he said, .Ha7 this is
admirable7.
CHA,) I>) -) ;hen the %aster went to ;ei, Can 6u acted
as dri/er o2 his carriage)
1) The %aster obser/ed, .How numerous are the people7.
4) 6u said, .Since they are thus numerous, what more
shall be done 2or them0. .Enrich them,. was the reply)
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=) .And when they ha/e been enriched, what more shall
be done0. The %aster said, .Teach them).
CHA,) >) The %aster said, .I2 there were Dany o2 the
princesE who would employ me, in the course o2 twel/e
months, I should ha/e done something considerable) In three
years, the go/ernment would be per2ected).
CHA,) >I) The %aster said, .?I2 good men were to go/ern a
country in succession 2or a hundred years, they would be able
to trans2orm the /iolently bad, and dispense with capital
punishments)? True indeed is this saying7.
CHA,) >II) The %aster said, .I2 a truly royal ruler were to
arise, it would still re3uire a generation, and then /irtue would
pre/ail).
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CHA,) >III) The %aster said, .I2 a minister ma5e his own
conduct correct, what di22iculty will he ha/e in assisting in
go/ernment0 I2 he cannot recti2y himsel2, what has he to do
with recti2ying others0.
CHA,) >I") The disciple Can returning 2rom the court, the
%aster said to him, .How are you so late0. He replied, .;e had
go/ernment business). The %aster said, .It must ha/e been
2amily a22airs) I2 there had been go/ernment business, though I
am not now in o22ice, I should ha/e been consulted about it).
CHA,) >") -) The (u5e Ting as5ed whether there was a
single sentence which could ma5e a country prosperous)
Con2ucius replied, .Such an e22ect cannot be expected 2rom one
sentence)
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1) .There is a saying, howe/er, which people ha/e88 ?To
be a prince is di22icult: to be a minister is not easy)?
4) .I2 a ruler 5nows this,88 the di22iculty o2 being a
prince,88 may there not be expected 2rom this one sentence the
prosperity o2 his country0.
=) The du5e then said, .Is there a single sentence which
can ruin a country0. Con2ucius replied, .Such an e22ect as that
cannot be expected 2rom one sentence) There is, howe/er, the
saying which people ha/e88 ?I ha/e no pleasure in being a
prince, but only in that no one can o22er any opposition to what
I say7?
A) .I2 a ruler.s words be good, is it not also good that no
one oppose them0 *ut i2 they are not good, and no one opposes
them, may there not be expected 2rom this one sentence the
ruin o2 his country0.
CHA,) >"I) -) The (u5e o2 Sheh as5ed about go/ernment)
1) The %aster said, .&ood go/ernment obtains, when those
who are near are made happy, and those who are 2ar o22 are
attracted).
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CHA,) >"II) Ts<e8hsia, being go/ernor o2 Chu82u, as5ed
about go/ernment) The %aster said, .(o not be desirous to ha/e
things done 3uic5ly: do not loo5 at small ad/antages) (esire to
ha/e things done 3uic5ly pre/ents their being done thoroughly)
Loo5ing at small ad/antages pre/ents great a22airs 2rom being
accomplished).
CHA,) >"III) -) The (u5e o2 Sheh in2ormed Con2ucius,
saying, .Among us here there are those who may be styled
upright in their conduct) I2 their 2ather ha/e stolen a sheep,
they will bear witness to the 2act).
1) Con2ucius said, .Among us, in our part o2 the country,
those who are upright are di22erent 2rom this) The 2ather
conceals the misconduct o2 the son, and the son conceals the
misconduct o2 the 2ather) $prightness is to be 2ound in this).
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CHA,) >I>) !an Ch.ih as5ed about per2ect /irtue) The
%aster said, .It is, in retirement, to be sedately gra/e: in the
management o2 business, to be re/erently attenti/e: in
intercourse with others, to be strictly sincere) Though a man go
among rude, unculti/ated tribes, these 3ualities may not be
neglected).
CHA,) >>) -) Ts<e85ung as5ed, saying, .;hat 3ualities
must a man possess to entitle him to be called an o22icer0 The
%aster said, .He who in his conduct o2 himsel2 maintains a
sense o2 shame, and when sent to any 3uarter will not disgrace
his prince.s commission, deser/es to be called an o22icer).
4) Ts<e85ung pursued, .I /enture to as5 who may be
placed in the next lower ran50. And he was told, .He whom the
circle o2 his relati/es pronounce to be 2ilial, whom his 2ellow8
/illagers and neighbours pronounce to be 2raternal).
4) Again the disciple as5ed, .I /enture to as5 about the
class still next in order). The %aster said, .They are determined
to be sincere in what they say, and to carry out what they do)
They are obstinate little men) 6et perhaps they may ma5e the
next class).
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=) Ts<e85ung 2inally in3uired, .#2 what sort are those o2
the present day, who engage in go/ernment0. The %aster said
.,ooh7 they are so many pec5s and hampers, not worth being
ta5en into account).
CHA,) >>I) The %aster said, .Since I cannot get men
pursuing the due medium, to whom I might communicate my
instructions, I must 2ind the ardent and the cautiously8decided)
The ardent will ad/ance and lay hold o2 truth: the cautiously8
decided will 5eep themsel/es 2rom what is wrong).
CHA,) >>II) -) The %aster said, .The people o2 the south
ha/e a saying88 ?A man without constancy cannot be either a
wi<ard or a doctor)? &ood7
1) .Inconstant in his /irtue, he will be /isited with
disgrace).
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4) The %aster said, .This arises simply 2rom not attending
to the prognostication).
CHA,) >>III) The %aster said, .The superior man is
a22able, but not adulatory: the mean man is adulatory, but not
a22able).
CHA,) >>I") Ts<e85ung as5ed, saying, .;hat do you say
o2 a man who is lo/ed by all the people o2 his neighborhood0.
The %aster replied, .;e may not 2or that accord our appro/al
o2 him). .And what do you say o2 him who is hated by all the
people o2 his neighborhood0. The %aster said, .;e may not 2or
that conclude that he is bad) It is better than either o2 these
cases that the good in the neighborhood lo/e him, and the bad
hate him).
CHA,) >>") The %aster said, .The superior man is easy to
ser/e and di22icult to please) I2 you try to please him in any
way which is not accordant with right, he will not be pleased)
*ut in his
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employment o2 men, he uses them according to their capacity)
The mean man is di22icult to ser/e, and easy to please) I2 you
try to please him, though it be in a way which is not accordant
with right, he may be pleased) *ut in his employment o2 men,
he wishes them to be e3ual to e/erything).
CHA,) >>"I) The %aster said, .The superior man has a
digni2ied ease without pride) The mean man has pride without
a digni2ied ease).
CHA,) >>"II) The %aster said, .The 2irm, the enduring,
the simple, and the modest are near to /irtue).
CHA,) >>"III) Ts<e8lu as5ed, saying, .;hat 3ualities must
a man possess to entitle him to be called a scholar0. The %aster
said, .He must be thus,88 earnest, urgent, and bland988 among
his 2riends, earnest and urgent: among his brethren, bland).
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CHA,) >>I>) The %aster said, .Let a good man teach the
people se/en years, and they may then li5ewise be employed
in war).
CHA,) >>>) The %aster said, .To lead an uninstructed
people to war, is to throw them away).
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CHA,) I) Hsien as5ed what was shame2ul) The %aster
said, .;hen good go/ernment pre/ails in a state, to be thin5ing
only o2 salary: and, when bad go/ernment pre/ails, to be
thin5ing, in the same way, only o2 salary:88 this is shame2ul).
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CHA,) II) -) .;hen the lo/e o2 superiority, boasting,
resentments, and co/etousness are repressed, this may be
deemed per2ect /irtue).
1) The %aster said, .This may be regarded as the
achie/ement o2 what is di22icult) *ut I do not 5now that it is to
be deemed per2ect /irtue).
CHA,) III) The %aster said, .The scholar who cherishes
the lo/e o2 com2ort is not 2it to be deemed a scholar).
CHA,) I") The %aster said, .;hen good go/ernment
pre/ails in a state, language may be lo2ty and bold, and actions
the same) ;hen bad go/ernment pre/ails, the actions may be
lo2ty and bold, but the language may be with some reser/e).
CHA,) ") The %aster said, .The /irtuous will be sure to
spea5 correctly, but those whose speech is good may not
always be /irtuous) %en o2 principle are sure to be bold, but
those who are bold may not always be men o2 principle).
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CHA,) "I) Nan85ung +wo, submitting an in3uiry to
Con2ucius, said, .I was s5ill2ul at archery, and Ao could mo/e a
boat along upon the land, but neither o2 them died a natural
death) 6u and Chi personally wrought at the toils o2 husbandry,
and they became possessors o2 the 5ingdom). The %aster made
no reply: but when Nan85ung +wo went out, he said, .A
superior man indeed is this7 An esteemer o2 /irtue indeed is
this7.
CHA,) "II) The %aster said, .Superior men, and yet not
always /irtuous, there ha/e been, alas7 *ut there ne/er has
been a mean man, and, at the same time, /irtuous).
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CHA,) "III) The %aster said, .Can there be lo/e which
does not lead to strictness with its ob@ect0 Can there be loyalty
which does not lead to the instruction o2 its ob@ect0.
CHA,) I>) The %aster said, .In preparing the
go/ernmental noti2ications, ,.i Shan 2irst made the rough
draught: Shi8shu examined and discussed its contents: Ts<e8yu,
the manager o2 !oreign intercourse, then polished the style:
and, 2inally, Ts<e8ch.an o2 Tung8li ga/e it the proper elegance
and 2inish).
CHA,) >) -) Some one as5ed about Ts<e8ch.an) The %aster
said, .He was a 5ind man).
1) He as5ed about Ts<e8hsi) The %aster said, .That man7
That man7.
4) He as5ed about +wan Chung) .!or him,. said the %aster,
.the city o2 ,ien, with three hundred 2amilies, was ta5en 2rom
the chie2 o2 the ,o 2amily, who did not utter a murmuring
word, though, to the end o2 his li2e, he had only coarse rice to
eat).
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CHA,) >I) The %aster said, .To be poor without
murmuring is di22icult) To be rich without being proud is easy).
CHA,) >II) The %aster said, .%ang +ung8ch.o is more than
2it to be chie2 o22icer in the 2amilies o2 Chao and ;ei, but he is
not 2it to be great o22icer to either o2 the States Tang or Hsieh).
CHA,) >III) -) Ts<e8lu as5ed what constituted a
C#%,LETE man) The %aster said, .Suppose a man with the
5nowledge o2 Tsang ;u8chung, the 2reedom 2rom co/etousness
o2 +ung8ch.o, the bra/ery o2 Chwang o2 ,ien, and the /aried
talents o2 Can Ch.iu: add to these the accomplishments o2 the
rules o2 propriety and music988 such a one might be rec5oned a
C#%,LETE man).
1) He then added, .*ut what is the necessity 2or a
complete man o2 the present day to ha/e all these things0 The
man, who in the
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/iew o2 gain, thin5s o2 righteousness: who in the /iew o2
danger is prepared to gi/e up his li2e: and who does not 2orget
an old agreement howe/er 2ar bac5 it extends988 such a man
may be rec5oned a C#%,LETE man).
CHA,) >I") -) The %aster as5ed +ung8ming Chia about
+ung8shu ;an, saying, .Is it true that your master spea5s not,
laughs not, and ta5es not0.
1) +ung8ming Chia replied, .This has arisen 2rom the
reporters going beyond the truth)88 %y master spea5s when it
is the time to spea5, and so men do not get tired o2 his
spea5ing) He laughs when there is occasion to be @oy2ul, and so
men do not get tired o2 his laughing) He ta5es when it is
consistent with righteousness to do so, and so men do not get
tired o2 his ta5ing). The %aster said, .So7 *ut is it so with him0.
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CHA,) >") The %aster said, .Tsang ;u8chung, 5eeping
possession o2 !ang, as5ed o2 the du5e o2 Lu to appoint a
successor to him in his 2amily) Although it may be said that he
was not using 2orce with his so/ereign, I belie/e he was).
CHA,) >"I) The %aster said, .The du5e ;an o2 Tsin was
cra2ty and not upright) The du5e Hwan o2 Ch.i was upright and
not cra2ty).
CHA,) >"II) -) Ts<e8lu said, .The (u5e Hwan caused his
brother Chiu to be 5illed, when Shao Hu died with his master,
but +wan Chung did not die) %ay not I say that he was wanting
in /irtue0.
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1) The %aster said, .The (u5e Hwan assembled all the
princes together, and that not with weapons o2 war and
chariots988 it was all through the in2luence o2 +wan Chung)
;hose bene2icence was li5e his0 ;hose bene2icence was li5e
his0.
CHA,) >"III) -) Ts<e85ung said, .+wan Chung, I
apprehend, was wanting in /irtue) ;hen the (u5e Hwan
caused his brother Chiu to be 5illed, +wan Chung was not able
to die with him) %oreo/er, he became prime minister to Hwan).
1) The %aster said, .+wan Chung acted as prime minister
to the (u5e Hwan, made him leader o2 all the princes, and
united and recti2ied the whole 5ingdom) (own to the present
day, the people en@oy the gi2ts which he con2erred) *ut 2or
+wan Chung, we should now be wearing our hair unbound, and
the lappets o2 our coats buttoning on the le2t side)
4) .;ill you re3uire 2rom him the small 2idelity o2
common
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men and common women, who would commit suicide in a
stream or ditch, no one 5nowing anything about them0.
CHA,) >I>) -) The great o22icer, Hsien, who had been
2amily8minister to +ung8shu ;an, ascended to the prince.s
court in company with ;an)
1) The %aster, ha/ing heard o2 it, said, .He deser/ed to be
considered ;AN Dthe accomplishedE).
CHA,) >>) -) The %aster was spea5ing about the
unprincipled course o2 the du5e Ling o2 ;ei, when Ch.i +.ang
said, .Since he is o2 such a character, how is it he does not lose
his State0.
1) Con2ucius said, .The Chung8shu 6u has the
superintendence o2 his guests and o2 strangers: the litanist, T.o,
has the management
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o2 his ancestral temple: and ;ang8sun Chia has the direction o2
the army and 2orces988 with such o22icers as these, how should
he lose his State0.
CHA,) >>I) The %aster said, .He who spea5s without
modesty will 2ind it di22icult to ma5e his words good).
CHA,) >>II) -) Chan Ch.ang murdered the (u5e Chien o2
Ch.i)
1) Con2ucius bathed, went to court, and in2ormed the
du5e Ai, saying, .Chan Hang has slain his so/ereign) I beg that
you will underta5e to punish him).
4) The du5e said, .In2orm the chie2s o2 the three 2amilies
o2 it).
=) Con2ucius retired, and said, .!ollowing in the rear o2 the
great o22icers, I did not dare not to represent such a matter,
and my prince says, ?In2orm the chie2s o2 the three 2amilies o2
it)?.
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A) He went to the chie2s, and in2ormed them, but they
would not act) Con2ucius then said, .!ollowing in the rear o2 the
great o22icers, I did not dare not to represent such a matter).
CHA,) >>III) Ts<e8lu as5ed how a ruler should be ser/ed)
The %aster said, .(o not impose on him, and, moreo/er,
withstand him to his 2ace).
CHA,) >>I") The %aster said, .The progress o2 the
superior man is upwards: the progress o2 the mean man is
downwards).
CHA,) >>") The %aster said, .In ancient times, men
learned with a /iew to their own impro/ement) Now8a8days,
men learn with a /iew to the approbation o2 others).
CHA,) >>"I) -) Chu ,o8yu sent a messenger with 2riendly
in3uiries to Con2ucius)
1) Con2ucius sat with him, and 3uestioned him) .;hat,.
said he, .is your master engaged in0. The messenger replied,
.%y master is
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anxious to ma5e his 2aults 2ew, but he has not yet succeeded).
He then went out, and the %aster said, .A messenger indeed7 A
messenger indeed7.
CHA,) >>"II) The %aster said, .He who is not in any
particular o22ice, has nothing to do with plans 2or the
administration o2 its duties).
CHA,) >>"III) The philosopher Tsang said, .The superior
man, in his thoughts, does not go out o2 his place).
CHA,) >>I>) The %aster said, .The superior man is modest
in his speech, but exceeds in his actions).
CHA,) >>>) -) The %aster said, .The way o2 the superior
man is three2old, but I am not e3ual to it) "irtuous, he is 2ree
2rom anxieties: wise, he is 2ree 2rom perplexities: bold, he is
2ree 2rom 2ear)
1) Ts<e85ung said, .%aster, that is what you yoursel2 say).
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CHA,) >>>I) Ts<e85ung was in the habit o2 comparing
men together) The %aster said, .Ts<e must ha/e reached a high
pitch o2 excellence7 Now, I ha/e not leisure 2or this).
CHA,) >>>II) The %aster said, .I will not be concerned at
men.s not 5nowing me: I will be concerned at my own want o2
ability).
CHA,) >>>III) The %aster said, .He who does not
anticipate attempts to decei/e him, nor thin5 be2orehand o2 his
not being belie/ed, and yet apprehends these things readily
Dwhen they occurE:88 is he not a man o2 superior worth0.
CHA,) >>>I") -) ;ei8shang %au said to Con2ucius, .Ch.iu,
how is it that you 5eep roosting about0 Is it not that you are an
insinuating tal5er0.
1) Con2ucius said, .I do not dare to play the part o2 such a
tal5er, but I hate obstinacy).
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CHA,) >>>") The %aster said, .A horse is called a ch.i, not
because o2 its strength, but because o2 its other good 3ualities).
CHA,) >>>"I) -) Some one said, .;hat do you say
concerning the principle that in@ury should be recompensed
with 5indness0.
1) The %aster said, .;ith what then will you recompense
5indness0
4) .'ecompense in@ury with @ustice, and recompense
5indness with 5indness).
CHA,) >>>"II) -) The %aster said, .Alas7 there is no one
that 5nows me).
1) Ts<e85ung said, .;hat do you mean by thus saying88
that no one 5nows you0. The %aster replied, .I do not murmur
against
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Hea/en) I do not grumble against men) %y studies lie low, and
my penetration rises high) *ut there is Hea/en:88 that 5nows
me7.
CHA,) >>>"III) -) The +ung8po Liao, ha/ing slandered
Ts<e8lu to Chi8sun, Ts<e82u Ching8po in2ormed Con2ucius o2 it,
saying, .#ur master is certainly being led astray by the +ung8po
Liao, but I ha/e still power enough le2t to cut Liao o22, and
expose his corpse in the mar5et and in the court).
1) The %aster said, .I2 my principles are to ad/ance, it is
so ordered) I2 they are to 2all to the ground, it is so ordered)
;hat can the +ung8po Liao do where such ordering is
concerned0.
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CHA,) >>>I>) -) The %aster said, .Some men o2 worth
retire 2rom the world)
1) Some retire 2rom particular states)
4) Some retire because o2 disrespect2ul loo5s)
=) Some retire because o2 contradictory language).
CHA,) >L) The %aster said, .Those who ha/e done this
are se/en men).
CHA,) >LI) Ts<e8lu happening to pass the night in Shih8
man, the gate5eeper said to him, .;hom do you come 2rom0.
Ts<e8lu said, .!rom %r) +.ung). .It is he,88 is it not0.88 said the
other, .who 5nows the impracticable nature o2 the times and
yet will be doing in them).
CHA,) >LII) -) The %aster was playing, one day, on a
musical stone in ;ei, when a man, carrying a straw bas5et,
passed the door
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o2 the house where Con2ucius was, and said, .His heart is 2ull
who so beats the musical stone).
1) A little while a2ter, he added, .How contemptible is the
one8ideaed obstinacy those sounds display7 ;hen one is ta5en
no notice o2, he has simply at once to gi/e o/er his wish 2or
public employment) ?(eep water must be crossed with the
clothes on: shallow water may be crossed with the clothes held
up)?.
4) The %aster said, .How determined is he in his purpose7
*ut this is not di22icult7.
CHA,) >LIII) -) Ts<e8chang said, .;hat is meant when the
Shu says that +ao8tsung, while obser/ing the usual imperial
mourning, was 2or three years without spea5ing0.
1) The %aster said, .;hy must +ao8tsung be re2erred to
as an example o2 this0 The ancients all did so) ;hen the
so/ereign died, the o22icers all attended to their se/eral duties,
ta5ing instructions 2rom the prime minister 2or three years).
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CHA,) >LI") The %aster said, .;hen rulers lo/e to
obser/e the rules o2 propriety, the people respond readily to
the calls on them 2or ser/ice).
CHA,) >L") Ts<e8lu as5ed what constituted the superior
man) The %aster said, .The culti/ation o2 himsel2 in re/erential
care2ulness). .And is this all0. said Ts<e8lu) .He culti/ates
himsel2 so as to gi/e rest to others,. was the reply) .And is this
all0. again as5ed Ts<e8lu) The %aster said, .He culti/ates
himsel2 so as to gi/e rest to all the people) He culti/ates himsel2
so as to gi/e rest to all the people988 e/en 6ao and Shun were
still solicitous about this).
CHA,) >L"I) 6uan Cang was s3uatting on his heels, and
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so waited the approach o2 the %aster, who said to him, .In
youth not humble as be2its a @unior: in manhood, doing nothing
worthy o2 being handed down: and li/ing on to old age988 this is
to be a pest). ;ith this he hit him on the shan5 with his sta22)
CHA,) >L"I) -) A youth o2 the /illage o2 Ch.ueh was
employed by Con2ucius to carry the messages between him and
his /isitors) Some one as5ed about him, saying, .I suppose he
has made great progress).
1) The %aster said, .I obser/e that he is 2ond o2 occupying
the seat o2 a 2ull8grown man: I obser/e that he wal5s shoulder
to shoulder with his elders) He is not one who is see5ing to
ma5e progress in learning) He wishes 3uic5ly to become a man).
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CHA,) I) -) The (u5e Ling o2 ;ei as5ed Con2ucius about
tactics) Con2ucius replied, .I ha/e heard all about sacri2icial
/essels, but I ha/e not learned military matters). #n this, he
too5 his departure the next day)
1) ;hen he was in Chan, their pro/isions were exhausted,
and his 2ollowers became so ill that they were unable to rise)
4) Ts<e8lu, with e/ident dissatis2action, said, .Has the
superior man li5ewise to endure in this way0. The %aster said,
.The superior man may indeed ha/e to endure want, but the
mean man, when he is in want, gi/es way to unbridled license).
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CHA,) II) -) The %aster said, .Ts.<e, you thin5, I suppose,


that I am one who learns many things and 5eeps them in
memory0.
1) Ts<e85ung replied, .6es,88 but perhaps it is not so0.
4) .No,. was the answer: .I see5 a unity all8per/ading).
CHA,) III) The %aster said, .6u, those who 5now /irtue
are 2ew).
CHA,) I") The %aster said, .%ay not Shun be instanced as
ha/ing go/erned e22iciently without exertion0 ;hat did he do0
He did nothing but gra/ely and re/erently occupy his royal
seat).
CHA,) ") -) Ts<e8chang as5ed how a man should conduct
himsel2, so as to be e/erywhere appreciated)
1) The %aster said, .Let his words be sincere and truth2ul,
and his actions honourable and care2ul:88 such conduct may be
practised among the rude tribes o2 the South or the North) I2
his words be
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not sincere and truth2ul and his actions not honourable and
care2ul, will he, with such conduct, be appreciated, e/en in his
neighborhood0
4) .;hen he is standing, let him see those two things, as it
were, 2ronting him) ;hen he is in a carriage, let him see them
attached to the yo5e) Then may he subse3uently carry them
into practice).
=) Ts<e8chang wrote these counsels on the end o2 his sash)
CHA,) "I) -) The %aster said, .Truly straight2orward was
the historiographer 6u) ;hen good go/ernment pre/ailed in his
State, he was li5e an arrow) ;hen bad go/ernment pre/ailed,
he was li5e an arrow)
1) A superior man indeed is Chu ,o8yu7 ;hen good
go/ernment pre/ails in his state, he is to be 2ound in o22ice)
;hen bad go/ernment pre/ails, he can roll his principles up,
and 5eep them in his breast).
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CHA,) "II) The %aster said, .;hen a man may be spo5en
with, not to spea5 to him is to err in re2erence to the man)
;hen a man may not be spo5en with, to spea5 to him is to err
in re2erence to our words) The wise err neither in regard to
their man nor to their words).
CHA,) "III) The %aster said, .The determined scholar and
the man o2 /irtue will not see5 to li/e at the expense o2
in@uring their /irtue) They will e/en sacri2ice their li/es to
preser/e their /irtue complete).
CHA,) I>) Ts<e85ung as5ed about the practice o2 /irtue)
The %aster said, .The mechanic, who wishes to do his wor5
well, must 2irst sharpen his tools) ;hen you are li/ing in any
state, ta5e ser/ice with the most worthy among its great
o22icers, and ma5e 2riends o2 the most /irtuous among its
scholars).
CHA,) >) -) 6en 6uan as5ed how the go/ernment o2 a
country should be administered)
1) The %aster said, .!ollow the seasons o2 Hsia)
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4) .'ide in the state carriage o2 6in)
=) .;ear the ceremonial cap o2 Chau)
A) .Let the music be the Shao with its pantomimes)
B) *anish the songs o2 Chang, and 5eep 2ar 2rom specious
tal5ers) The songs o2 Chang are licentious: specious tal5ers are
dangerous).
CHA,) >I) The %aster said, .I2 a man ta5e no thought
about what is distant, he will 2ind sorrow near at hand).
CHA,) >II) The %aster said, .It is all o/er7 I ha/e not seen
one who lo/es /irtue as he lo/es beauty).
CHA,) >III) The %aster said, .;as not Tsang ;an li5e one
who had stolen his situation0 He 5new the /irtue and the
talents
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o2 Hui o2 Liu8hsia, and yet did not procure that he should stand
with him in court).
CHA,) >I") The %aster said, .He who re3uires much 2rom
himsel2 and little 2rom others, will 5eep himsel2 2rom being the
ob@ect o2 resentment).
CHA,) >") The %aster said, .;hen a man is not in the
habit o2 saying88 ?;hat shall I thin5 o2 this0 ;hat shall I thin5
o2 this0? I can indeed do nothing with him7.
CHA,) >"I) The %aster said, .;hen a number o2 people
are together, 2or a whole day, without their con/ersation
turning on righteousness, and when they are 2ond o2 carrying
out the suggestions o2 a small shrewdness:88 theirs is indeed a
hard case).
CHA,) >"II) The %aster said, .The superior man in
e/erything considers righteousness to be essential) He per2orms
it according to the rules o2 propriety) He brings it 2orth in
humility) He completes it with sincerity) This is indeed a
superior man).
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CHA,) >"III) The %aster said, .The superior man is
distressed by his want o2 ability) He is not distressed by men.s
not 5nowing him).
CHA,) >I>) The %aster said, .The superior man disli5es
the thought o2 his name not being mentioned a2ter his death).
CHA,) >>) The %aster said, .;hat the superior man see5s,
is in himsel2) ;hat the mean man see5s, is in others).
CHA,) >>I) The %aster said, .The superior man is
digni2ied, but does not wrangle) He is sociable, but not a
parti<an).
CHA,) >>II) The %aster said, .The superior man does not
promote a man simply on account o2 his words, nor does he put
aside good words because o2 the man).
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CHA,) >>III) Ts<e85ung as5ed, saying, .Is there one word
which may ser/e as a rule o2 practice 2or all one.s li2e0. The
%aster said, .Is not 'ECI,'#CIT6 such a word0 ;hat you do not
want done to yoursel2, do not do to others).
CHA,) >>I") -) The %aster said, .In my dealings with
men, whose e/il do I blame, whose goodness do I praise,
beyond what is proper0 I2 I do sometimes exceed in praise,
there must be ground 2or it in my examination o2 the
indi/idual)
1) .This people supplied the ground why the three
dynasties pursued the path o2 straight2orwardness).
CHA,) >>") The %aster said, .E/en in my early days, a
historiographer would lea/e a blan5 in his text, and he who
had a horse would lend him to another to ride) Now, alas7 there
are no such things).
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CHA,) >>"I) The %aster said, .Specious words con2ound
/irtue) ;ant o2 2orbearance in small matters con2ounds great
plans).
CHA,) >>"II) The %aster said, .;hen the multitude hate
a man, it is necessary to examine into the case) ;hen the
multitude li5e a man, it is necessary to examine into the case).
CHA,) >>"III) The %aster said, .A man can enlarge the
principles which he 2ollows: those principles do not enlarge the
man).
CHA,) >>I>) The %aster said, .To ha/e 2aults and not to
re2orm them,88 this, indeed, should be pronounced ha/ing
2aults).
CHA,) >>>) The %aster said, .I ha/e been the whole day
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without eating, and the whole night without sleeping988
occupied with thin5ing) It was o2 no use) The better plan is to
learn).
CHA,) >>>I) The %aster said, .The ob@ect o2 the superior
man is truth) !ood is not his ob@ect) There is plowing:88 e/en in
that there is sometimes want) So with learning:88 emolument
may be 2ound in it) The superior man is anxious lest he should
not get truth: he is not anxious lest po/erty should come upon
him).
CHA,) >>>II) -) The %aster said, .;hen a man.s
5nowledge is su22icient to attain, and his /irtue is not su22icient
to enable him to hold, whate/er he may ha/e gained, he will
lose again)
1) .;hen his 5nowledge is su22icient to attain, and he has
/irtue enough to hold 2ast, i2 he cannot go/ern with dignity, the
people will not respect him)
4) .;hen his 5nowledge is su22icient to attain, and he has
/irtue enough to hold 2ast: when he go/erns also with dignity,
yet i2 he try to mo/e the people contrary to the rules o2
propriety988 2ull excellence is not reached).
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CHA,) >>>III) The %aster said, .The superior man cannot
be 5nown in little matters: but he may be intrusted with great
concerns) The small man may not be intrusted with great
concerns, but he may be 5nown in little matters).
CHA,) >>>I") The %aster said, ."irtue is more to man
than either water or 2ire) I ha/e seen men die 2rom treading on
water and 2ire, but I ha/e ne/er seen a man die 2rom treading
the course o2 /irtue).
CHA,) >>>") The %aster said, .Let e/ery man consider
/irtue as what de/ol/es on himsel2) He may not yield the
per2ormance o2 it e/en to his teacher).
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CHA,) >>>"I) The %aster said, .The superior man is
correctly 2irm, and not 2irm merely).
CHA,) >>>"II) The %aster said, .A minister, in ser/ing his
prince, re/erently discharges his duties, and ma5es his
emolument a secondary consideration).
CHA,) >>>"III) The %aster said, .In teaching there
should be no distinction o2 classes).
CHA,) >>>I>) The %aster said, .Those whose courses are
di22erent cannot lay plans 2or one another).
CHA,) >L) The %aster said, .In language it is simply
re3uired that it con/ey the meaning).
CHA,) >LI) -) The %usic8master, %ien, ha/ing called upon
him, when they came to the steps, the %aster said, .Here are
the steps). ;hen they came to the mat 2or the guest to sit upon,
he
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said, .Here is the mat). ;hen all were seated, the %aster
in2ormed him, saying, .So and so is here: so and so is here).
1) The %usic8master, %ien, ha/ing gone out, Ts<e8chang
as5ed, saying) .Is it the rule to tell those things to the %usic8
master0.
4) The %aster said, .6es) This is certainly the rule 2or
those who lead the blind).
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CHA,) I) -) The head o2 the Chi 2amily was going to attac5
Chwan8yu)
1) Can 6u and Chi8lu had an inter/iew with Con2ucius, and
said, .#ur chie2, Chi, is going to commence operations against
Chwan8yu).
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4) Con2ucius said, .Ch.iu, is it not you who are in 2ault
here0
=) .Now, in regard to Chwan8yu, long ago, a 2ormer 5ing
appointed its ruler to preside o/er the sacri2ices to the eastern
%ang: moreo/er, it is in the midst o2 the territory o2 our State:
and its ruler is a minister in direct connexion with the
so/ereign988 ;hat has your chie2 to do with attac5ing it0.
A) Can 6u said, .#ur master wishes the thing: neither o2 us
two ministers wishes it).
B) Con2ucius said, .Ch.iu, there are the words o2 Chau
Can,88 ?;hen he can put 2orth his ability, he ta5es his place in
the ran5s o2 o22ice: when he 2inds himsel2 unable to do so, he
retires 2rom it) How can he be used as a guide to a blind man,
who does not support him when tottering, nor raise him up
when 2allen0?
F) .And 2urther, you spea5 wrongly) ;hen a tiger or
rhinoceros escapes 2rom his cage: when a tortoise or piece o2
@ade is in@ured in its repository988 whose is the 2ault0.
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G) Can 6u said, .*ut at present, Chwan8yu is strong and
near to ,i: i2 our chie2 do not now ta5e it, it will herea2ter be a
sorrow to his descendants).
H) Con2ucius said) .Ch.iu, the superior man hates that
declining to say88 ?I want such and such a thing,? and 2raming
explanations 2or the conduct)
-I) .I ha/e heard that rulers o2 States and chie2s o2
2amilies are not troubled lest their people should be 2ew, but
are troubled lest they should not 5eep their se/eral places: that
they are not troubled with 2ears o2 po/erty, but are troubled
with 2ears o2 a want o2 contented repose among the people in
their se/eral places) !or when the people 5eep their se/eral
places, there will be no po/erty: when harmony pre/ails, there
will be no scarcity o2 people: and when there is such a
contented repose, there will be no rebellious upsettings)
--) .So it is)88 There2ore, i2 remoter people are not
submissi/e, all
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the in2luences o2 ci/il culture and /irtue are to be culti/ated to
attract them to be so: and when they ha/e been so attracted,
they must be made contented and tran3uil)
-1) .Now, here are you, 6u and Ch.iu, assisting your chie2)
'emoter people are not submissi/e, and, with your help, he
cannot attract them to him) In his own territory there are
di/isions and down2alls, lea/ings and separations, and, with
your help, he cannot preser/e it)
-4) .And yet he is planning these hostile mo/ements
within the State)88 I am a2raid that the sorrow o2 the Chi8sun
2amily will not be on account o2 Chwan8yu, but will be 2ound
within the screen o2 their own court).
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CHA,) II) -) Con2ucius said, .;hen good go/ernment
pre/ails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and puniti/e
military expeditions proceed 2rom the son o2 Hea/en) ;hen
bad go/ernment pre/ails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and
puniti/e military expeditions proceed 2rom the princes) ;hen
these things proceed 2rom the princes, as a rule, the cases will
be 2ew in which they do not lose their power in ten
generations) ;hen they proceed 2rom the &reat o22icers o2 the
princes, as a rule, the cases will be 2ew in which they do not
lose their power in 2i/e generations) ;hen the subsidiary
ministers o2 the great o22icers hold in their grasp the orders o2
the state, as a rule, the cases will be 2ew in which they do not
lose their power in three generations)
1) .;hen right principles pre/ail in the 5ingdom,
go/ernment will not be in the hands o2 the &reat o22icers)
4) .;hen right principles pre/ail in the 5ingdom, there
will be no discussions among the common people).
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CHA,) III) Con2ucius said, .The re/enue o2 the state has
le2t the ducal House now 2or 2i/e generations) The go/ernment
has been in the hands o2 the &reat o22icers 2or 2our generations)
#n this account, the descendants o2 the three Hwan are much
reduced).
CHA,) I") Con2ucius said, .There are three 2riendships
which are ad/antageous, and three which are in@urious)
!riendship with the upright: 2riendship with the sincere: and
2riendship with the man o2 much obser/ation988 these are
ad/antageous) !riendship with the man o2 specious airs:
2riendship with the insinuatingly so2t: and 2riendship with the
glib8tongued988 these are in@urious).
CHA,) ") Con2ucius said, .There are three things men 2ind
en@oyment in which are ad/antageous, and three things they
2ind en@oyment in which are in@urious) To 2ind en@oyment in the
discriminating study o2 ceremonies and music: to 2ind
en@oyment in
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spea5ing o2 the goodness o2 others: to 2ind en@oyment in ha/ing
many worthy 2riends988 these are ad/antageous) To 2ind
en@oyment in extra/agant pleasures: to 2ind en@oyment in
idleness and sauntering: to 2ind en@oyment in the pleasures o2
2easting988 these are in@urious).
CHA,) "I) Con2ucius said, .There are three errors to which
they who stand in the presence o2 a man o2 /irtue and station
are liable) They may spea5 when it does not come to them to
spea5:88 this is called rashness) They may not spea5 when it
comes to them to spea5:88 this is called concealment) They may
spea5 without loo5ing at the countenance o2 their superior:88
this is called blindness).
CHA,) "II) Con2ucius said, .There are three things which
the superior man guards against) In youth, when the physical
powers
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are not yet settled, he guards against lust) ;hen he is strong
and the physical powers are 2ull o2 /igor, he guards against
3uarrelsomeness) ;hen he is old, and the animal powers are
decayed, he guards against co/etousness).
CHA,) "III) -) Con2ucius said, .There are three things o2
which the superior man stands in awe) He stands in awe o2 the
ordinances o2 Hea/en) He stands in awe o2 great men) He stands
in awe o2 the words o2 sages)
1) .The mean man does not 5now the ordinances o2
Hea/en, and conse3uently does not stand in awe o2 them) He is
disrespect2ul to great men) He ma5es sport o2 the words o2
sages).
CHA,) I>) Con2ucius said, .Those who are born with the
possession o2 5nowledge are the highest class o2 men) Those
who learn, and so, readily, get possession o2 5nowledge, are the
next)
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Those who are dull and stupid, and yet compass the learning,
are another class next to these) As to those who are dull and
stupid and yet do not learn:88 they are the lowest o2 the
people).
CHA,) >) Con2ucius said, .The superior man has nine
things which are sub@ects with him o2 thought2ul consideration)
In regard to the use o2 his eyes, he is anxious to see clearly) In
regard to the use o2 his ears, he is anxious to hear distinctly) In
regard to his countenance, he is anxious that it should be
benign) In regard to his demeanor, he is anxious that it should
be respect2ul) In regard to his speech, he is anxious that it
should be sincere) In regard to his doing o2 business, he is
anxious that it should be re/erently care2ul) In regard to what
he doubts about, he is anxious to 3uestion others) ;hen he is
angry, he thin5s o2 the di22iculties Dhis anger may in/ol/e him
inE) ;hen he sees gain to be got, he thin5s o2 righteousness).
CHA,) >I) -) Con2ucius said, .Contemplating good, and
pursuing it, as i2 they could not reach it: contemplating e/il,
and shrin5ing 2rom it, as they would 2rom thrusting the hand
into boiling water988 I ha/e seen such men, as I ha/e heard
such words)
1) .Li/ing in retirement to study their aims, and
practising
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righteousness to carry out their principles988 I ha/e heard
these words, but I ha/e not seen such men).
CHA,) >II) -) The du5e Ching o2 Ch.i had a thousand
teams, each o2 2our horses, but on the day o2 his death, the
people did not praise him 2or a single /irtue) ,o8i and Shu8ch.i
died o2 hunger at the 2oot o2 the Shau8yang mountain, and the
people, down to the present time, praise them)
1) .Is not that saying illustrated by this0.
CHA,) >III) -) Ch.an +.ang as5ed ,o8yu, saying, .Ha/e you
heard any lessons 2rom your 2ather di22erent 2rom what we
ha/e all heard0.
1) ,o8yu replied, .No) He was standing alone once, when I
passed below the hall with hasty steps, and said to me, ?Ha/e
you learned the #des0? #n my replying ?Not yet,? he added, ?I2
you do not learn the #des, you will not be 2it to con/erse with)?
I retired and studied the #des)
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4) .Another day, he was in the same way standing alone,


when I passed by below the hall with hasty steps, and said to
me, .Ha/e you learned the rules o2 ,ropriety0. #n my replying
.Not yet,. he added, .I2 you do not learn the rules o2 ,ropriety,
your character cannot be established). I then retired, and
learned the rules o2 ,ropriety)
=) .I ha/e heard only these two things 2rom him).
A) Ch.ang +.ang retired, and, 3uite delighted, said, .I as5ed
one thing, and I ha/e got three things) I ha/e heard about the
#des) I ha/e heard about the rules o2 ,ropriety) I ha/e also
heard that the superior man maintains a distant reser/e
towards his son).
CHA,) >I") The wi2e o2 the prince o2 a state is called by
him !$ CAN) She calls hersel2 HSIA# T.$N&) The people o2 the
State call
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her CH$N !$ CAN, and, to the people o2 other States, they call
her +.;A HSIA# CH$N) The people o2 other states also call her
CH$N !$ CAN)
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CHA,) I) -) 6ang Ho wished to see Con2ucius, but
Con2ucius would not go to see him) #n this, he sent a present o2
a pig to Con2ucius, who, ha/ing chosen a time when Ho was not
at home, went to pay his respects 2or the gi2t) He met him,
howe/er, on the way)
1) Ho said to Con2ucius, .Come, let me spea5 with you). He
then as5ed, .Can he be called bene/olent who 5eeps his @ewel in
his
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bosom, and lea/es his country to con2usion0. Con2ucius replied,
.No). .Can he be called wise, who is anxious to be engaged in
public employment, and yet is constantly losing the
opportunity o2 being so0. Con2ucius again said, .No). .The days
and months are passing away: the years do not wait 2or us).
Con2ucius said, .'ight: I will go into o22ice).
CHA,) II) The %aster said, .*y nature, men are nearly
ali5e: by practice, they get to be wide apart).
CHA,) III) The %aster said, .There are only the wise o2
the highest class, and the stupid o2 the lowest class, who cannot
be changed).
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CHA,) I") -) The %aster, ha/ing come to ;u8ch.ang,
heard there the sound o2 stringed instruments and singing)
1) ;ell pleased and smiling, he said, .;hy use an ox 5ni2e
to 5ill a 2owl0.
4) Ts<e8yu replied, .!ormerly, %aster, I heard you say,88
?;hen the man o2 high station is well instructed, he lo/es men:
when the man o2 low station is well instructed, he is easily
ruled)?.
=) The %aster said, .%y disciples, 6en.s words are right)
;hat I said was only in sport).
CHA,) ") +ung8shan !u8<ao, when he was holding ,i, and
in an attitude o2 rebellion, in/ited the %aster to /isit him, who
was rather inclined to go)
1) Ts<e8lu was displeased, and said, .Indeed, you cannot
go7 ;hy must you thin5 o2 going to see +ung8shan0.
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4) The %aster said, .Can it be without some reason that he
has in/ited %E0 I2 any one employ me, may I not ma5e an
eastern Chau0.
CHA,) "I) Ts<e8chang as5ed Con2ucius about per2ect
/irtue) Con2ucius said, .To be able to practise 2i/e things
e/erywhere under hea/en constitutes per2ect /irtue). He
begged to as5 what they were, and was told, .&ra/ity,
generosity o2 soul, sincerity, earnestness, and 5indness) I2 you
are gra/e, you will not be treated with disrespect) I2 you are
generous, you will win all) I2 you are sincere, people will repose
trust in you) I2 you are earnest, you will accomplish much) I2
you are 5ind, this will enable you to employ the ser/ices o2
others)
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CHA,) "II) -) ,i Hsi in/iting him to /isit him, the %aster
was inclined to go)
1) Ts<e8lu said, .%aster, 2ormerly I ha/e heard you say,
?;hen a man in his own person is guilty o2 doing e/il, a
superior man will not associate with him)? ,i Hsi is in rebellion,
holding possession o2 Chung8mau: i2 you go to him, what shall
be said0.
4) The %aster said, .6es, I did use these words) *ut is it
not said, that, i2 a thing be really hard, it may be ground
without being made thin0 Is it not said, that, i2 a thing be really
white, it may be steeped in a dar5 2luid without being made
blac50
=) .Am I a bitter gourd7 How can I be hung up out o2 the
way o2 being eaten0.
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CHA,) "III) -) The %aster said, .6u, ha/e you heard the
six words to which are attached six becloudings0. 6u replied, .I
ha/e not).
1) .Sit down, and I will tell them to you)
4) .There is the lo/e o2 being bene/olent without the lo/e
o2 learning:88 the beclouding here leads to a 2oolish simplicity)
There is the lo/e o2 5nowing without the lo/e o2 learning:88 the
beclouding here leads to dissipation o2 mind) There is the lo/e
o2 being sincere without the lo/e o2 learning:88 the beclouding
here leads to an in@urious disregard o2 conse3uences) There is
the lo/e o2 straight2orwardness without the lo/e o2 learning:88
the beclouding here leads to rudeness) There is the lo/e o2
boldness without the lo/e o2 learning:88 the beclouding here
leads to insubordination) There is the lo/e o2 2irmness without
the lo/e o2 learning:88 the beclouding here leads to extra/agant
conduct).
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CHA,) I>) -) The %aster said, .%y children, why do you
not study the *oo5 o2 ,oetry0
1) .The #des ser/e to stimulate the mind)
4) .They may be used 2or purposes o2 sel28contemplation)
=) .They teach the art o2 sociability)
A) .They show how to regulate 2eelings o2 resentment)
B) .!rom them you learn the more immediate duty o2
ser/ing one.s 2ather, and the remoter one o2 ser/ing one.s
prince)
F) .!rom them we become largely ac3uainted with the
names o2 birds, beasts, and plants).
CHA,) >) The %aster said to ,o8yu, .(o you gi/e yoursel2
to the Chau8nan and the Shao8nan) The man who has not
studied the Chau8nan and the Shao8nan, is li5e one who stands
with his 2ace right against a wall) Is he not so0.
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CHA,) >I) The %aster said, .?It is according to the rules o2
propriety,? they say)88 ?It is according to the rules o2
propriety,? they say) Are gems and sil5 all that is meant by
propriety0 ?It is music,? they say)88 ?It is music,? they say) Are
bells and drums all that is meant by music0.
CHA,) >II) The %aster said, .He who puts on an
appearance o2 stern 2irmness, while inwardly he is wea5, is li5e
one o2 the small, mean people:88 yea, is he not li5e the thie2
who brea5s through, or climbs o/er, a wall0.
CHA,) >III) The %aster said, .6our good, care2ul people o2
the /illages are the thie/es o2 /irtue).
CHA,) >I") The %aster said, .To tell, as we go along, what
we ha/e heard on the way, is to cast away our /irtue).
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CHA,) >") -) The %aster said, .There are those mean
creatures7 How impossible it is along with them to ser/e one.s
prince7
1) .;hile they ha/e not got their aims, their anxiety is
how to get them) ;hen they ha/e got them, their anxiety is lest
they should lose them)
4) .;hen they are anxious lest such things should be lost,
there is nothing to which they will not proceed).
CHA,) >"I) -) The %aster said, .Anciently, men had three
2ailings, which now perhaps are not to be 2ound)
1) .The high8mindedness o2 anti3uity showed itsel2 in a
disregard o2 small things: the high8mindedness o2 the present
day shows itsel2 in wild license) The stern dignity o2 anti3uity
showed itsel2 in gra/e reser/e: the stern dignity o2 the present
day shows itsel2 in 3uarrelsome per/erseness) The stupidity o2
anti3uity showed itsel2 in straight2orwardness: the stupidity o2
the present day shows itsel2 in sheer deceit).
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CHA,) >"II) The %aster said, .!ine words and an
insinuating appearance are seldom associated with /irtue).
CHA,) >"III) The %aster said, .I hate the manner in
which purple ta5es away the luster o2 /ermilion) I hate the
way in which the songs o2 Chang con2ound the music o2 the 6a)
I hate those who with their sharp mouths o/erthrow 5ingdoms
and 2amilies).
CHA,) >I>) -) The %aster said, .I would pre2er not
spea5ing).
1) Ts<e85ung said, .I2 you, %aster, do not spea5, what
shall we, your disciples, ha/e to record0.
4) The %aster said, .(oes Hea/en spea50 The 2our seasons
pursue their courses, and all things are continually being
produced, but does Hea/en say anything0.
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CHA,) >>) Cu ,ei wished to see Con2ucius, but Con2ucius
declined, on the ground o2 being sic5, to see him) ;hen the
bearer o2 this message went out at the door, Dthe %asterE too5
his lute and sang to it, in order that ,ei might hear him)
CHA,) >>I) -) Tsai ;o as5ed about the three years.
mourning 2or parents, saying that one year was long enough)
1) .I2 the superior man,. said he, .abstains 2or three years
2rom the obser/ances o2 propriety, those obser/ances will be
3uite lost) I2 2or three years he abstains 2rom music, music will
be ruined)
4) .;ithin a year the old grain is exhausted, and the new
grain has sprung up, and, in procuring 2ire by 2riction, we go
through all the changes o2 wood 2or that purpose) A2ter a
complete year, the mourning may stop).
=) The %aster said, .I2 you were, a2ter a year, to eat good
rice, and wear embroidered clothes, would you 2eel at ease0. .I
should,. replied ;o)
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A) The %aster said, .I2 you can 2eel at ease, do it) *ut a
superior man, during the whole period o2 mourning, does not
en@oy pleasant 2ood which he may eat, nor deri/e pleasure
2rom music which he may hear) He also does not 2eel at ease, i2
he is com2ortably lodged) There2ore he does not do what you
propose) *ut now you 2eel at ease and may do it).
B) Tsai ;o then went out, and the %aster said, .This
shows 6u.s want o2 /irtue) It is not till a child is three years old
that it is allowed to lea/e the arms o2 its parents) And the three
years. mourning is uni/ersally obser/ed throughout the
empire) (id 6u en@oy the three years. lo/e o2 his parents0.
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CHA,) >>II) The %aster said, .Hard is it to deal with him,
who will stu22 himsel2 with 2ood the whole day, without
applying his mind to anything good7 Are there not gamesters
and chess players0 To be one o2 these would still be better than
doing nothing at all).
CHA,) >>III) Ts<e8lu said, .(oes the superior man esteem
/alour0. The %aster said, .The superior man holds
righteousness to be o2 highest importance) A man in a superior
situation, ha/ing /alour without righteousness, will be guilty o2
insubordination: one o2 the lower people ha/ing /alour without
righteousness, will commit robbery).
CHA,) >>I") -) Ts<e85ung said, .Has the superior man his
hatreds also0. The %aster said, .He has his hatreds) He hates
those who proclaim the e/il o2 others) He hates the man who,
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being in a low station, slanders his superiors) He hates those
who ha/e /alour merely, and are unobser/ant o2 propriety) He
hates those who are 2orward and determined, and, at the same
time, o2 contracted understanding).
1) The %aster then in3uired, .Ts.<e, ha/e you also your
hatreds0. Ts<e85ung replied, .I hate those who pry out matters,
and ascribe the 5nowledge to their wisdom) I hate those who
are only not modest, and thin5 that they are /alourous) I hate
those who ma5e 5nown secrets, and thin5 that they are
straight2orward).
CHA,) >>") The %aster said, .#2 all people, girls and
ser/ants are the most di22icult to beha/e to) I2 you are 2amiliar
with them, they lose their humility) I2 you maintain a reser/e
towards them, they are discontented).
CHA,) >>"I) The %aster said, .;hen a man at 2orty is the
ob@ect o2 disli5e, he will always continue what he is).
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CHA,) I) -) The "iscount o2 ;ei withdrew 2rom the court)
The "iscount o2 Chi became a sla/e to Chau) ,i85an
remonstrated with him and died)
1) Con2ucius said, .The 6in dynasty possessed these three
men o2 /irtue).
CHA,) II) Hui o2 Liu8hsia being chie2 criminal @udge, was
thrice dismissed 2rom his o22ice) Some one said to him, .Is it not
yet time 2or you, sir, to lea/e this0. He replied, .Ser/ing men in
an upright way, where shall I go to, and not experience such a
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dismissal0 I2 I choose to ser/e men in a croo5ed way, what
necessity is there 2or me to lea/e the country o2 my parents0.
CHA,) III) The du5e Ching o2 Ch.i, with re2erence to the
manner in which he should treat Con2ucius, said, .I cannot treat
him as I would the chie2 o2 the Chi 2amily) I will treat him in a
manner between that accorded to the chie2 o2 the Chi, and that
gi/en to the chie2 o2 the %ang 2amily). He also said, .I am old: I
cannot use his doctrines). Con2ucius too5 his departure)
CHA,) I") The people o2 Ch.i sent to Lu a present o2
2emale musicians, which Chi Hwan recei/ed, and 2or three days
no court was held) Con2ucius too5 his departure)
CHA,) ") -) The madman o2 Ch.u, Chieh8yu, passed by
Con2ucius, singing and saying, .# !AN&7 # !AN&7 How is your
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/irtue degenerated7 As to the past, reproo2 is useless: but the
2uture may still be pro/ided against) &i/e up your /ain pursuit)
&i/e up your /ain pursuit) ,eril awaits those who now engage
in a22airs o2 go/ernment).
1) Con2ucius alighted and wished to con/erse with him,
but Chieh8yu hastened away, so that he could not tal5 with
him)
CHA,) "I) -) Ch.ang8tsu and Chieh8ni were at wor5 in the
2ield together, when Con2ucius passed by them, and sent Ts<e8
lu to in3uire 2or the 2ord)
1) Ch.ang8tsu said, .;ho is he that holds the reins in the
carriage there0. Ts<e8lu told him, .It is +.ung Ch.iu). .Is it not
+.ung Ch.iu o2 Lu0. as5ed he) .6es,. was the reply, to which the
other re@oined, .He 5nows the 2ord).
4) Ts<e8lu then in3uired o2 Chieh8ni, who said to him,
.;ho
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are you, sir0. He answered, .I am Chung 6u). .Are you not the
disciple o2 +.ung Ch.iu o2 Lu0. as5ed the other) .I am,. replied
he, and then Chieh8ni said to him, .(isorder, li5e a swelling
2lood, spreads o/er the whole empire, and who is he that will
change its state 2or you0 Than 2ollow one who merely
withdraws 2rom this one and that one, had you not better
2ollow those who ha/e withdrawn 2rom the world altogether0.
;ith this he 2ell to co/ering up the seed, and proceeded with
his wor5, without stopping)
=) Ts<e8lu went and reported their remar5s, when the
%aster obser/ed with a sigh, .It is impossible to associate with
birds and beasts, as i2 they were the same with us) I2 I
associate not with these people,88 with man5ind,88 with whom
shall I associate0 I2 right principles pre/ailed through the
empire, there would be no use 2or me to change its state).
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CHA,) "II) -) Ts<e8lu, 2ollowing the %aster, happened to


2all behind, when he met an old man, carrying across his
shoulder on a sta22 a bas5et 2or weeds) Ts<e8lu said to him,
.Ha/e you seen my master, sir7. The old man replied, .6our 2our
limbs are unaccustomed to toil: you cannot distinguish the 2i/e
5inds o2 grain988 who is your master0. ;ith this, he planted his
sta22 in the ground, and proceeded to weed)
1) Ts<e8lu @oined his hands across his breast, and stood
be2ore him)
4) The old man 5ept Ts<e8lu to pass the night in his
house, 5illed a 2owl, prepared millet, and 2easted him) He also
introduced to him his two sons)
=) Next day, Ts<e8lu went on his way, and reported his
ad/enture) The %aster said, .He is a recluse,. and sent Ts<e8lu
bac5 to see him again, but when he got to the place, the old
man was gone)
A) Ts<e8lu then said to the 2amily, .Not to ta5e o22ice is not
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righteous) I2 the relations between old and young may not be
neglected, how is it that he sets aside the duties that should be
obser/ed between so/ereign and minister0 ;ishing to
maintain his personal purity, he allows that great relation to
come to con2usion) A superior man ta5es o22ice, and per2orms
the righteous duties belonging to it) As to the 2ailure o2 right
principles to ma5e progress, he is aware o2 that).
CHA,) "III) -) The men who ha/e retired to pri/acy 2rom
the world ha/e been ,o8i, Shu8ch.i, 6u8chung, I8yi, Chu8chang,
Hui o2 Liu8hsia, and Shao8lien)
1) The %aster said, .'e2using to surrender their wills, or
to submit to any taint in their persons:88 such, I thin5, were
,o8i and Shu8ch.i)
4) .It may be said o2 Hui o2 Liu8hsia, and o2 Shao8lien, that
they surrendered their wills, and submitted to taint in their
persons,
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but their words corresponded with reason, and their actions
were such as men are anxious to see) This is all that is to be
remar5ed in them)
=) .It may be said o2 6u8chung and I8yi, that, while they
hid themsel/es in their seclusion, they ga/e a license to their
words: but, in their persons, they succeeded in preser/ing their
purity, and, in their retirement, they acted according to the
exigency o2 the times)
A) .I am di22erent 2rom all these) I ha/e no course 2or
which I am predetermined, and no course against which I am
predetermined).
CHA,) I>) -) The grand music master, Chih, went to Ch.i)
1) +an, the master o2 the band at the second meal, went
to Ch.u) Liao, the band master at the third meal, went to Ts.ai)
Chueh, the band master at the 2ourth meal, went to Ch.in)
4) !ang8shu, the drum master, withdrew to the north o2
the ri/er)
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=) ;u, the master o2 the hand drum, withdrew to the
Han)
A) 6ang, the assistant music master, and Hsiang, master o2
the musical stone, withdrew to an island in the sea)
CHA,) >) The du5e o2 Chau addressed his son, the du5e o2
Lu, saying, .The /irtuous prince does not neglect his relations)
He does not cause the great ministers to repine at his not
employing them) ;ithout some great cause, he does not dismiss
2rom their o22ices the members o2 old 2amilies) He does not
see5 in one man talents 2or e/ery employment).
CHA,) >I) To Chau belonged the eight o22icers, ,o8ta,
,o85wo, Chung8tu, Chung8hwu, Shu8ya, Shu8hsia, Chi8sui, and
Chi85wa)
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CHA,) I) Ts<e8chang said, .The scholar, trained 2or public
duty, seeing threatening danger, is prepared to sacri2ice his li2e)
;hen the opportunity o2 gain is presented to him, he thin5s o2
righteousness) In sacri2icing, his thoughts are re/erential) In
mourning, his thoughts are about the grie2 which he should
2eel) Such a man commands our approbation indeed).
CHA,) II) Ts<e8chang said, .;hen a man holds 2ast to
/irtue, but without see5ing to enlarge it, and belie/es right
principles, but without 2irm sincerity, what account can be
made o2 his existence or non8existence0.
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CHA,) III) The disciples o2 Ts<e8hsia as5ed Ts<e8chang
about the principles that should characteri<e mutual
intercourse) Ts<e8chang as5ed, .;hat does Ts<e8hsia say on the
sub@ect0. They replied, .Ts<e8hsia says988 ?Associate with those
who can ad/antage you) ,ut away 2rom you those who cannot
do so)?. Ts<e8chang obser/ed, .This is di22erent 2rom what I
ha/e learned) The superior man honours the talented and
/irtuous, and bears with all) He praises the good, and pities the
incompetent) Am I possessed o2 great talents and /irtue088
who is there among men whom I will not bear with0 Am I
de/oid o2 talents and /irtue088 men will put me away 2rom
them) ;hat ha/e we to do with the putting away o2 others0.
CHA,) I") Ts<e8hsia said, .E/en in in2erior studies and
employments there is something worth being loo5ed at: but i2
it be
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attempted to carry them out to what is remote, there is a
danger o2 their pro/ing inapplicable) There2ore, the superior
man does not practise them).
CHA,) ") Ts<e8hsia said, .He, who 2rom day to day
recognises what he has not yet, and 2rom month to month does
not 2orget what he has attained to, may be said indeed to lo/e
to learn).
CHA,) "I) Ts<e8hsia said, .There are learning extensi/ely,
and ha/ing a 2irm and sincere aim: in3uiring with earnestness,
and re2lecting with sel28application988 /irtue is in such a
course).
CHA,) "II) Ts<e8hsia said, .%echanics ha/e their shops to
dwell in, in order to accomplish their wor5s) The superior man
learns, in order to reach to the utmost o2 his principles).
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CHA,) "III) Ts<e8hsia said, .The mean man is sure to gloss
his 2aults).
CHA,) I>) Ts<e8hsia said, .The superior man undergoes
three changes) Loo5ed at 2rom a distance, he appears stern:
when approached, he is mild: when he is heard to spea5, his
language is 2irm and decided).
CHA,) >) Ts<e8hsia said, .The superior man, ha/ing
obtained their con2idence, may then impose labours on his
people) I2 he ha/e not gained their con2idence, they will thin5
that he is oppressing them) Ha/ing obtained the con2idence o2
his prince, one may then remonstrate with him) I2 he ha/e not
gained his con2idence, the prince will thin5 that he is /ili2ying
him).
CHA,) >I) Ts<e8hsia said, .;hen a person does not
transgress the boundary line in the great /irtues, he may pass
and repass it in the small /irtues).
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CHA,) >II) -) Ts<e8yu said, .The disciples and 2ollowers o2
Ts<e8hsia, in sprin5ling and sweeping the ground, in answering
and replying, in ad/ancing and receding, are su22iciently
accomplished) *ut these are only the branches o2 learning, and
they are le2t ignorant o2 what is essential)88 How can they be
ac5nowledged as su22iciently taught0.
1) Ts<e8hsia heard o2 the remar5 and said, .Alas7 6en 6u
is wrong) According to the way o2 the superior man in teaching,
what departments are there which he considers o2 prime
importance, and deli/ers0 what are there which he considers o2
secondary importance, and allows himsel2 to be idle about0 *ut
as in the case o2 plants, which are assorted according to their
classes, so he deals with his disciples) How can the way o2 a
superior man be such as to ma5e 2ools o2 any o2 them0 Is it not
the sage alone, who can unite in one the beginning and the
consummation o2 learning0.
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CHA,) >III) Ts<e8hsia said, .The o22icer, ha/ing discharged
all his duties, should de/ote his leisure to learning) The student,
ha/ing completed his learning, should apply himsel2 to be an
o22icer).
CHA,) >I") Ts<e8hsia said, .%ourning, ha/ing been carried
to the utmost degree o2 grie2, should stop with that).
CHA,) >") Ts<e8hsia said, .%y 2riend Chang can do things
which are hard to be done, but yet he is not per2ectly /irtuous).
CHA,) >"I) The philosopher Tsang said, .How imposing is
the manner o2 Chang7 It is di22icult along with him to practise
/irtue).
CHA,) >"II) The philosopher Tsang said, .I heard this
2rom our %aster988 ?%en may not ha/e shown what is in them
to the 2ull extent, and yet they will be 2ound to do so, on
occasion o2 mourning 2or their parents)?.
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CHA,) >"III) The philosopher Tsang said, .I ha/e heard
this 2rom our %aster988 ?The 2ilial piety o2 %ang Chwang, in
other matters, was what other men are competent to, but, as
seen in his not changing the ministers o2 his 2ather, nor his
2ather.s mode o2 go/ernment, it is di22icult to be attained to)?.
CHA,) >I>) The chie2 o2 the %ang 2amily ha/ing
appointed 6ang !u to be chie2 criminal @udge, the latter
consulted the philosopher Tsang) Tsang said, .The rulers ha/e
2ailed in their duties, and the people conse3uently ha/e been
disorganised, 2or a long time) ;hen you ha/e 2ound out the
truth o2 any accusation, be grie/ed 2or and pity them, and do
not 2eel @oy at your own ability).
CHA,) >>) Ts<e85ung said, .Chau.s wic5edness was not so
great as that name implies) There2ore, the superior man hates
to dwell
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in a low8lying situation, where all the e/il o2 the world will
2low in upon him).
CHA,) >>I) Ts<e85ung said, .The 2aults o2 the superior
man are li5e the eclipses o2 the sun and moon) He has his
2aults, and all men see them: he changes again, and all men
loo5 up to him).
CHA,) >>II) -) +ung8sun Ch.ao o2 ;ei as5ed Ts<e85ung,
saying, .!rom whom did Chung8ni get his learning0.
1) Ts<e85ung replied, .The doctrines o2 ;an and ;u ha/e
not yet 2allen to the ground) They are to be 2ound among men)
%en o2 talents and /irtue remember the greater principles o2
them, and others, not possessing such talents and /irtue,
remember the smaller) Thus, all possess the doctrines o2 ;an
and ;u) ;here could our %aster go that he should not ha/e an
opportunity o2 learning them0 And yet what necessity was
there 2or his ha/ing a regular master0.
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CHA,) >>III) -) Shu8sun ;u8shu obser/ed to the great
o22icers in the court, saying, .Ts<e85ung is superior to Chung8ni).
1) Ts<e82u Ching8po reported the obser/ation to Ts<e8
5ung, who said, .Let me use the comparison o2 a house and its
encompassing wall) %y wall only reaches to the shoulders) #ne
may peep o/er it, and see whate/er is /aluable in the
apartments)
4) .The wall o2 my %aster is se/eral 2athoms high) I2 one
do not 2ind the door and enter by it, he cannot see the ancestral
temple with its beauties, nor all the o22icers in their rich array)
=) .*ut I may assume that they are 2ew who 2ind the door)
;as not the obser/ation o2 the chie2 only what might ha/e
been expected0.
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CHA,) >>I") Shu8sun ;u8shu ha/ing spo5en re/ilingly o2
Chung8ni, Ts<e85ung said, .It is o2 no use doing so) Chung8ni
cannot be re/iled) The talents and /irtue o2 other men are
hilloc5s and mounds which may be stepped o/er) Chung8ni is
the sun or moon, which it is not possible to step o/er) Although
a man may wish to cut himsel2 o22 2rom the sage, what harm
can he do to the sun or moon0 He only shows that he does not
5now his own capacity)
CHA,) >>") -) Ch.an Ts<e8ch.in, addressing Ts<e85ung,
said, .6ou are too modest) How can Chung8ni be said to be
superior to you0.
1) Ts<e85ung said to him, .!or one word a man is o2ten
deemed to be wise, and 2or one word he is o2ten deemed to be
2oolish) ;e ought to be care2ul indeed in what we say)
4) .#ur %aster cannot be attained to, @ust in the same way
as the hea/ens cannot be gone up to by the steps o2 a stair)
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=) .;ere our %aster in the position o2 the ruler o2 a State
or the chie2 o2 a !amily, we should 2ind /eri2ied the description
which has been gi/en o2 a sage.s rule988 he would plant the
people, and 2orthwith they would be established: he would lead
them on, and 2orthwith they would 2ollow him: he would ma5e
them happy, and 2orthwith multitudes would resort to his
dominions: he would stimulate them, and 2orthwith they would
be harmonious) ;hile he li/ed, he would be glorious) ;hen he
died, he would be bitterly lamented) How is it possible 2or him
to be attained to0.
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CHA,) I) -) 6ao said, .#h7 you, Shun, the Hea/en8
determined order o2 succession now rests in your person)
Sincerely hold 2ast the due %ean) I2 there shall be distress and
want within the 2our seas, the Hea/enly re/enue will come to a
perpetual end).
1) Shun also used the same language in gi/ing charge to
6u)
4) T.ang said, .I the child Li, presume to use a dar58
coloured /ictim, and presume to announce to Thee, # most
great and so/ereign &od, that the sinner I dare not pardon, and
thy ministers, # &od, I do not 5eep in obscurity) The
examination o2 them is by thy mind, # &od) I2, in my person, I
commit o22ences, they are not to be attributed to you, the
people o2 the myriad regions) I2 you in the myriad regions
commit o22ences, these o22ences must rest on my person).
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=) Chau con2erred great gi2ts, and the good were enriched)
A) .Although he has his near relati/es, they are not e3ual
to my /irtuous men) The people are throwing blame upon me,
the #ne man).
B) He care2ully attended to the weights and measures,
examined the body o2 the laws, restored the discarded o22icers,
and the good go/ernment o2 the 5ingdom too5 its course)
F) He re/i/ed States that had been extinguished, restored
2amilies whose line o2 succession had been bro5en, and called
to o22ice those who had retired into obscurity, so that
throughout the 5ingdom the hearts o2 the people turned
towards him)
G) ;hat he attached chie2 importance to, were the 2ood o2
the people, the duties o2 mourning, and sacri2ices)
H) *y his generosity, he won all) *y his sincerity, he made
the people repose trust in him) *y his earnest acti/ity, his
achie/ements were great) *y his @ustice, all were delighted)
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CHA,) II) -) Ts<e8chang as5ed Con2ucius, saying, .In what
way should a person in authority act in order that he may
conduct go/ernment properly0. The %aster replied, .Let him
honour the 2i/e excellent, and banish away the 2our bad,
things:88 then may he conduct go/ernment properly). Ts<e8
chang said, .;hat are meant by the 2i/e excellent things0. The
%aster said, .;hen the person in authority is bene2icent
without great expenditure: when he lays tas5s on the people
without their repining: when he pursues what he desires
without being co/etous: when he maintains a digni2ied ease
without being proud: when he is ma@estic without being 2ierce).
1) Ts<e8chang said, .;hat is meant by being bene2icent
without great expenditure0. The %aster replied, .;hen the
person in authority ma5es more bene2icial to the people the
things 2rom which
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they naturally deri/e bene2it:88 is not this being bene2icent
without great expenditure0 ;hen he chooses the labours which
are proper, and ma5es them labour on them, who will repine0
;hen his desires are set on bene/olent go/ernment, and he
secures it, who will accuse him o2 co/etousness0 ;hether he
has to do with many people or 2ew, or with things great or
small, he does not dare to indicate any disrespect:88 is not this
to maintain a digni2ied ease without any pride0 He ad@usts his
clothes and cap, and throws a dignity into his loo5s, so that,
thus digni2ied, he is loo5ed at with awe:88 is not this to be
ma@estic without being 2ierce0.
4) Ts<e8chang then as5ed, .;hat are meant by the 2our
bad things0. The %aster said, .To put the people to death
without ha/ing instructed them:88 this is called cruelty) To
re3uire 2rom them, suddenly, the 2ull tale o2 wor5, without
ha/ing gi/en them warning:88 this is called oppression) To issue
orders as i2 without urgency, at 2irst, and, when the time
comes, to insist on them with se/erity:88 this is called in@ury)
And, generally, in the gi/ing pay
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or rewards to men, to do it in a stingy way:88 this is called
acting the part o2 a mere o22icial).
CHA, III) -) The %aster said, .;ithout recognising the
ordinances o2 Hea/en, it is impossible to be a superior man)
1) .;ithout an ac3uaintance with the rules o2 ,ropriety, it
is impossible 2or the character to be established)
4) .;ithout 5nowing the 2orce o2 words, it is impossible to
5now men).

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