The Mole

• 1 Mole (mol) amounts to the substance equal to 12g or carbon Ex. 1 mol
of Mg =24.31g

• 1 mol of any substance contains the same # of particles Avogadro

Constant(NA) (6.02* 10^23)

• N= NA* n & n=N/NA

Molar Mass (M)

• Molar mass is the mass of one mole of an element or Chemical
Substance

• n= Number of Moles (mol) m = Mass of Substance (g) M

= Molar Mass (g/mol^-1)

Mass to Moles 

• Sample Mass/ Molar Mass Ex. Iron= 111.7g/55.85 g/mol = 2

mol

1. Moles * Molar mass = # of moles

Moles & Mass

2. n (number of moles) = m (mass of substance in g)/ M (molar
mass of substance in g · mol−1)

The equation can also be used to calculate mass and molar mass, using the
following equations:
m = n ×M & M =m/n
Composition of Substances
• Isotopic abundance % of an elements Isotope
3. To Find Average atomic mass of Ex. Argon= (106.9u*.518%)
+(108.9u*.482%)= 107.9u

• Law of definite proportions elements in a compound are always

proportioned as the mass
• Mass Percent is the amount of mass of an element in a compound (%
of total mass)
• Percent Composition is the relative mass of an element in a compound in
% DUH
• Percent composition from mass: Mass Percent of Element(1mol)/mass of
1 Mole of compound
 4. Ex. C9H8O Mass percent of Carbon = 9*(M)Of Carbon/ (M)
C9H8O
=
9*12.01g/mol Divided By 132g/mol
= .8188* 100% = 81.9% of
C in C9H8O
• The empirical formula of a chemical compound gives the number of each
type of atom in it.
• The molecular formula of a chemical compound gives the exact number of
atoms of each element in one molecule of that compound. Simply put
C2H4O2.
• The ratio of atoms in the compound is 2:4:2, which can be simplified to 1:2:1
Therefore, the empirical formula for this compound is C H2O
5. To find Percentage of element by mass= atomic mass / molecular
mass of H2SO4*100%
Hydrogen= 2.016/98.09 × 100% = 2.06%
Sulfur= 32.07/98.09 × 100% = 32.69%
Oxygen= 64 / 98.09 × 100% = 65.25%
6. To find imperial formula from percent composition
Convert the mass of each element into number of moles
Ex. A compound contains 52.2% carbon (C), 13.0% hydrogen (H) and 34.8%
oxygen (O).
Number of moles of element /smallest number of moles
Carbon 4.35/2.18= 2 Hydrogen 12.90/2.18= 6 Oxygen
2.18/2.18= 1 C2H6O
7. Determining the formula of a compound
Ex, 207 g of lead combines with oxygen to form 239 g of a lead
oxide
Step 1 Calculate the mass of oxygen in the reactants 239 − 207 = 32g
Step 2 Calculate the number of moles of lead and oxygen in the
reactants.
Step 3 Deduce the formula of the compound
The mole ratio of Pb:O in the product is 1:2, which means that for
every atom of
Lead, there will be two atoms of oxygen. The formula of the compound
is PbO2.
8. Empirical & Molecular Formula Question: acetic acid has the
following percentage composition: 39.9% carbon, 6.7% Hydrogen and
53.4% oxygen.
Determine the molecular formula of acetic acid if the molar
mass is 60g/mol.
Empirical formula (n/lowest mole of the elements is CH2O)
Molecular Formula = find mole of compound then multiply
n*empirical subscripts
Ex. 60g has two moles of acetic acid(n* empirical formula = 2*CH2O
=C2H4O2
Molar concentrations in liquids
• Concentration is a measure of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a
given volume of liquid. It is measured in mol.dm−3. Another term that is
used for concentration is molarity (M) C= n/V
 9. Concentration of Solution f 3.5 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is
dissolved in 2.5 dm3 of water, what is the concentration of the solution
in mol.dm−3?
C =n/V 0.0875/2.5 C=0.035 mol.dm−3 or 0.035 M
Stoichiometric calculations
• Stoichiometry is the study and calculation of relationships between
reactants and products of chemical reactions.
• C=n/V where C is the concentration (in mol.dm−3), n is the
number of moles of solute dissolved in the solution and V is the volume
of the solution (in dm3)
• A limiting reagent is the chemical that is used up first in a reaction,
and which therefore determines how far the reaction will go before it
has to stop.
• An excess reagent is a chemical that is in greater quantity than the
limiting reagent in the reaction. Once the reaction is complete, there
will still be some of this chemical that has not been used up.
10. What volume of oxygen at S.T.P. is needed for the complete
combustion
of 2dm3 of propane (C3H8)? (Hint: CO2 and H2O are the products in
this reaction
Step 1 Write balanced equation C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) +
4H2O (g)
Step 2 determine Oxygen to Propane ratio 5:1
Step 3 Ex. 2dm-3*5
11. What mass of iron (II) sulphide is formed when 5.6 g of iron is
completely reacted with sulfur?
Step1 Write a balanced chemical equation Fe(s) + S(s) → FeS(s)
Step 2Calculate the number of moles of iron that react.
Step 3Calculate the mass of iron sulfide formed m = n ×M = 0.1 ×
87.911 = 8.79g