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General Engineering Knowledge:

Survey:

Authorised independent examination, investigation, and inspection, measuring or testing of
ship structure, machinery and equipment, done and supervised by Surveyors appointed by
regulatory or commercial organisations.

Classification Societies:
They are third party independent bodies.

Their functions:
To ensure that ship is soundly constructed and the standard of construction is
maintained.
Carried out Statutory Survey on behalf of the Administration regarding the ship
safety and prevention of pollution of marine environment.

Classed ship:

A ship, which is built in standard and maintained under rules and regulations of
Classification
For a ship to be entitled to a class, Classification Society issues a Classification
Certificate after carrying out Classification Surveys.
Classification Certificate confirms that the ship has both structural and mechanical
fitness for their intended services.

Maintaining the class:
To maintain a ship in the class:
The owner must carry out regular surveys of hull, machinery and equipment.
Carry out repairs necessary from time to time, under the supervision of Class Surveyors.

Statutory Survey:
Carried out by Administration regarding the safety of the ship, sea worthiness and
pollution, in accordance with national and international rules.
Issued a certificate, this is essential to the ships ability to trade.
If Statutory Survey is not certified, the ship can be detained.

Statutory Surveys are:
International tonnage survey
International load line survey 5 years interval
Cargo ship safety construction survey 5 years -
Cargo ship safety equipment survey 2 years -
Cargo ship safety radio survey 1 year -
Marpol IOPP survey 5 years -
Carriage of grain cargo, etc:

Classification Survey.
Carried out by Classification Surveyor, to ensure that the ship has both structural
and mechanical fitness, for intended voyage, in accordance with the class
requirements.
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Difference bet: Statutory Survey and Classification Survey:

Statutory surveys are not assessing or measuring something for a client.
Statutory survey will inspect something against a set standard or law.
On completion of this survey, the ship is issued with a certificate, which is
essential to the ship's ability to trade.
Class cannot go to the ship unless requested by the owner, or unless the ship is
detained by the Port State Control.

Why Classification Societies sometimes issue the Statutory Certificate?

Sometimes Administration delegates the authority, to the Classification Society to
inspect and issue Certificates, on their behalf, regarding statutory requirements.

Port State Control:

1.
2.
3.
4.
Port State Inspection is a particular form of Statutory Survey.
Intention of Survey is to check that, ships flying the Flags of States comply with
the Requirements of the Conventions.
When these ships are in Ports of States, Port State Authority has control over the
ships in port, and has rights to inspect the followings, in order to avoid
Substandard Ships:

Safety Equipment.
IOPP Certificate.
Oil Record Book.
Sewage Treatment Plant.
MARPOL Equipment.

For PSC purposes, Port Authorities will apply in general, the following Instruments.
ILL 66, SOLAS 74, MARPOL 73/78, STCW 78, COLARG 72 and ILO 76.

A Surveyor representing the Authority of the Government carries out the Port State
Inspection.

Preparation for Port State Control Inspection: [As a CE]

IOPP Certificate
Load Line Certificate
SOLAS Certificates
STCW Certificates, kept ready.
Safety Equipment prepared for testing and inspection.
MARPOL Equipment prepared for testing and inspection, such as:
OWS operation and alarm test.
Incinerator tested and kept ready for demonstration, and alarm test.
Sewage Treatment Plant, in good order, and dose chemicals.
Tank top near OWS and Bilge Pumping Station kept clean.
Bilge overboard discharge valve, tightly closed and kept under lock and key.
Update and attach ORB, with photocopies of MARPOL Certificates, original Oil
Disposal Receipts, and Dirty Oil and Sludge Piping Diagram.
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Flag State control:

1.
2.
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Flag State or Administration has responsibilities that the ships built to their flag,
comply with the Requirements of the Conventions, in construction and upkeep
afterwards.
Government body carried out Surveys and issued Certificates relating to safety of
the ship, sea worthiness and pollution.
Flag State Control is limited to ensure that valid Certificates are onboard.

Passenger ship safety certificate Validity 1 year.
Cargo ship safety construction certificate 5 years
Cargo ship safety equipment certificate 2 years
Cargo ship safety radio certificate 1 year
International load line certificate 5 years
MARPOL IOPP certificate 5 years
International sewage pollution prevention certificate, ISPP. etc: 5 year.

Preparation for Entering a Stringent Port:

In Port State Control system, inspections are done at the port, in order to avoid
Substandard Ships.
For PSC purposes, Port Authorities will apply in general the following Instruments.

International Convention of Load Line. ILL 66
International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea. SOLAS 1974.
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships.
MARPOL 1973/78
International Convention on Standard of Training,
Certification and Watch Keeping for Seafarers. STCW 1978.
Convention or the International Regulation for Prevention of Collision at Sea.
COLARG 72
Merchant Shipping (minimum standard) Convention. ILO 1976

Before entering the port, prepare the following in general:

Certificates and Documents prepared.
ORB properly entered and updated.
Sludge formation should be compared with 1% of voyage fuel consumption.
Receipt for sludge and waste oil disposal to shore facility, attached to ORB.
ORBs retained for 3 years after date of last entry should be onboard.
IOPP Certificate has validity.
OWS alarm tested, discharge valve closed, spare filter onboard, tank top near OWS
cleaned.
ODM tested for 15ppm alarm, and automatic stopping device.
USCG Notice posted especially near OWS and bilge pumping station.
Boiler not to emit black smoke.
Incinerator prepared for demonstration:
a) Waste oil tank, drained-off water and heated up to 80 90C.
b) Photocell, pilot burner and waste oil burner of incinerator removed and cleaned.
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c) Flame failure, high flue gases temperature, and force draught fan failure alarms
tested.
d) Line filter for waste oil line, cleaned.
e) Incinerated ash collected to show to Surveyor, or if disposed to shore facility,
receipt attached to ORB.
12.
13.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fire extinguishers and fire detection system, CO alarms system, tested.
Check Sewage plant.

Periodical Survey: Mainly consists of Annual Survey and Special Survey.

Annual Survey (machinery):

General Inspection of conditions of the whole machinery and equipment.
At each Annual Survey between Special Surveys, main and auxiliary machinery are
generally examined, and placed in satisfactory running condition.
If necessary, some of the machinery or parts are to be opened-up for the surveyor to
examine.
Survey items include steering arrangement, windlass, weather decks, watertight
bulkheads, doors, fire equipment, hatch ways, etc: (hull survey items).

Special Surveys (machinery):

Thorough Inspection of the whole machinery and equipment
Including open-up inspection of machinery and equipment, their performance tests
and inspection of electrical installation.
Main and auxiliary machinery are subjected to Special Survey, at intervals similar to
those for special surveys of the hull, i.e. every 4 years, in order that both may be
recorded approximately at the same time at each Special Survey.

All openings to sea, including sanitary and all overboard discharges together
with cocks and valves to be examined internally and externally.
Fastenings to the shell plating are to be renewed, if surveyor recommends.
Pumps and pumping systems including valves, cocks, pipes and strainers are
to be examined.
Shafts, except propeller shaft, bearings and line shafts to be examined.
Foundations of main and auxiliary machinery to be examined.
Cylinders, cylinder heads, valves and gears, fuel pumps, scavenging pumps,
superchargers, pistons, crossheads, connecting rods, crankshaft, clutch,
reversing gears, air compressors, intercoolers, and such other items covered by
CMS system.

CMS/ CSM:

A Special Survey carried out on a planned schedule, within a circle of 5 years, at the
request of the owner, and upon approval of the proposed arrangement.
Approximately 20% of the surveyable machinery items shall be examined each year.
Completion of circle implies that all essential machinery parts have been examined
within a previous 5 years.


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Items covered by CMS:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Main propulsion machinery, steam turbine.
Power transmission and main shafting.
Auxiliary engine.
Air compressors, air receiver and blowers.
CW, FO, LO, feed water, condensate, bilge, ballast and fire pumps, etc:
Condenser and feed water heaters, coolers, oil heaters, and evaporators.
Fuel tanks (more than 1 m ), cargo oil pumping installation.
Deck machinery.
Steering gear including operational test and checking of relief valve setting.
Reduction gears; to check the gear teeth, pinions, etc.
Other items of machinery and equipment, which the Society considers to be covered
by CMS.

Items not covered by CSM:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
1.
2.
3.
Propeller and shaft.
Sea valves below load water line.
Boiler, EGE.
Cargo handling gears
Measurement of crank shaft deflections for ME.
Measurement of clearance at the aft end of stern tube.
Items of machinery and equipment which are not required open-up inspection at
Periodical Surveys, e.g. foundation bolts, refer installation, electrical installation,
incinerators, etc.
Performance tests, pressure tests required at Periodical Surveys.
Machinery and equipment of small capacity or low frequency operation, e.g.
emergency air compressor, hand pump for bilge, FO tanks less than 1 m3
Machinery and equipment of special type or newly developed type.
Other items which the society considers not to be included in CMS system.

Planed Maintenance:

Planed maintenance should be flexible, and following items should be considered.
1. Weather Condition.
2. Length of voyage, trade.
3. Maintenance of Safety Equipment, and Emergency Team Training.
4. Optimum conditions for Statutory and Classification Surveys.
5. Dry Docking.
6. Manufacturers advises.
7. Breakdown maintenance.
8. Replacing of spares.
9. Controlling and recording of maintenance up-to-date.

Planed Maintenance should include:

Short term maintenance, weekly, fortnightly, and monthly.
Long term maintenance, 3 monthly, 6 monthly, yearly.
Operational maintenance, to be carried out if necessary.
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Construction of a Planed Maintenance Schedule:

1. Plan must be flexible, so that changes, orders, or cargoes do not upset it unduly.
2. Adaptable to various weather conditions.
3. Length of voyage, routes and trades, that vessel is involved must be considered.
4. Maintenance of Safety Equipment and Emergency Team Training should be
integrated with overall maintenance plan.
5. Appropriate equipment is brought-up to optimum condition for Statutory and Class
Surveys, such as Safety Equipment, Load Line, and Lifting Apparatus.
6. Dry-docking and repair period should be integrated with the plan.
7. Manufacturers advises, to be complied with, and all Manufacturers Maintenance
Logs to be completed.
8. Plan should include availability of appropriate equipment, for breakdown
maintenance, due to unforeseen circumstances.
9. Provisions made for spare part replacements for wear and tear maintenance.
10. Plan must be carefully thought-out, well controlled, and efficient recording system
must be kept up-to-date.

Classification Surveys:

- Annual Survey of hull and machinery.
- Special Survey of hull and machinery: the first special survey becomes due 4 years after
the date of built. Special Survey can be extended up to 5 years if not completed at one time.
[S/S 4+1 year.]
- Continuous Survey or running survey of hull and machinery.

Automation Survey :

Carried-out at 1 year from the date of installations and periodical Special Surveys are to be
carried out at 4 years intervals. ( 1 +4 )

At 1 year from the date of installation, during this Survey:
1. General examination of automatic and control system.
2. Examination of ship service generator in operation and control system.
3. Random checking of function indicators, alarms and control actuators.
4. Examination of machinery records to ensure that the performance of the control
system are in good order through the period since last survey.
5. Machinery space fire detection and bilge alarms.

At interval of 4 years, during this Special Survey:
1. All requirements of Annual Survey are done.
2. Examination of control actuator,
3. Insulation resistance of all electrical equipment and circuits.
4. Control system of UMS for proper operation.
5. Automatic alarms and safety systems.

Tail shaft Survey:
Tail shaft with water lubricated bearing, to be drawn and surveyed, every 3 years for
single screw, and every 4 years for twin screw.
Tail shaft with oil lubricated bearings, to be drawn and surveyed once every 4 years.
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It is a survey done by Surveyor at the request of owner or his agent, due to damage of
hull, machinery or equipment, which can effect the seaworthiness, or class of ship.
All necessary repairs to be carried out to Surveyors satisfaction.

Tail shaft Survey includes:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Complete withdrawal of tail shaft.
Propeller nut and tail shaft threaded end to be checked.
Cone, key and keyway to be checked, and forward part of the taper to be checked for
crack with approved crack detecting method.
Tail shaft bearing wear, to be checked.
Stern bush and bearings, to be checked.
Shaft sealing arrangement, including oil system, to be checked.

Boiler Survey:

The Class Surveyor shall survey every boiler of working pressure 3.5 bar and heating surface
area 4.65 m and above.

Survey interval:
DNV & LLOYDS: Every 2-years interval until 8 years old, and every 1-year interval after 8
years old.
GL: Every 2 years interval until 10 years old and every 1-year interval after 10 years old.

Annual Boiler Survey includes:

1. Hydraulic testing ( 1.25 x approved working pressure for not more than 10
minutes ).
2. Pressure testing of main steam piping at 15% in excess of approved working
pressure for not more than 10 minutes.
3. Internal inspection, hammer test to furnace, stays bolts, fire and stay tubes,
brickwork, baffles and casing.
4. Inspection of alarm and control system, fuel system, feed system, all steam piping
and lagging arrangement, foundation and chocking system.
5. Checking of pressure gauge and water level gauges.
6. Testing of safety valves to blow off at the pressure not greater than 3% above
w.p.
7. After 10 years old or at any time, if surveyor demands, drill test near the water
line should be done to determine actual thickness of boiler shell. If found
necessary, lower working pressure may be reassigned

At 4 years interval :
In addition to above Annual inspection procedure, all valves on boiler required to open-up
and inspected, every 4 years at the time of Annual Survey, or at the next regular dry
docking period thereafter.

Preparation for survey:

1. Clean water and fire sides.
2. Gags or clamps must be prepared for safety valves.
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3. Boiler must be filled with water at a temperature not more than 38C for fire tube
boiler and not more than 82C for water tube boiler.
4. Drip pan placed under all burners.
5. Tank top and bilges cleaned.
6. Pump for pressure test to be kept ready.
7. Blanks must be installed at steam valves and water level gauge.

Damage Survey:

1. It has to do with causalities and accidents, repairs, causes and remedies.
2. Damage to hull, machinery and equipment, which effects seaworthiness or
classification, is to be submitted by owner and representative, for examination by
Surveyor.
3. All repairs to be carried out to surveyor's satisfaction.

When damage occurs:

If the vessel is classed, and the port has facilities of Classification Society, and Underwriter
Surveyors and repairs firm:
1. Invite Classification Surveyor
2. Invite Underwriter Surveyor (appointed by Insurers)
3. Both Surveyors to survey the damage
4. Repairs to be carried out as per Class Requirements.
5. Quotation of repairer and repair cost to be submitted to Underwriter Surveyor to
negotiate any reduction that may appears necessary.
6. Both Surveyors to survey the repairs when completed.
7. Repair bills must be endorsed by the Underwriter Surveyor so as to claim
insurance.
8. Underwriter Surveyor does not accept bills for transportation.
9. Class Surveyor must confirm class of machinery (Interim Certificate of Class)
10. Log Abstracts and damage reports must be submitted to the Class Surveyor and
owner.

If the vessel is classed, but the port is very small, and duly appointed Surveyor may not be
available:
1. Call the next best surveyor.
2. If no surveyor is available, Damage Survey may be carried out by two Chief
Engineers of same Flag (Port of Registry), but should not be from same company,
to avoid biased report.

Actions taken by C/E when ME breakdown, fire / explosion occurred:

1. Find out extent of damage or breakdown.
2. Find out whether the damage can be repaired or not by ship crew.
3. Consider that vessel can resume the voyage or not.
4. Inform present situation to HO and take instruction.
5. Record exact times and position of ship.
6. Take pictures of damage for evidence.
7. After temporary or proper repair, resume voyage under suitable speed.
8. Prepare detail damage report and submit to head office.
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CE damage report form:

1. Date, time, approximate ship position, voyage no.
2. Where damage occurs.
3. Causes and extent of damage.
4. HO confirmation and approval for major repair.
5. Actions taken.
6. Repaired condition, detail statement of clearances, measurements, etc.
7. Used and required spares to be ordered.
8. Training and instructions to prevent reoccurrence.
9. Take photos before and after repairs.

Insurance:

Ship owners insured their ships against unforeseen damage or loss such as:
Actual Total Loss.
Constructive Total Loss (the cost of repair being greater than the value).
Presumed Total Loss.
Partial Loss.
Third party Liabilities (collision, injury to crew)

The rate of Insurance:
It depends on size, age and engine, and a vessel with valid Certificates of Classification is
likely to attract more favourable rate than a vessel without.

Insurance claim purpose:
Following items are necessary:

1. C/E damage report
2. Log abstracts.
3. Damage report form for insurance claim.
4. Class Surveyor recommendation.
5. Repair bills endorsed by Underwriter Surveyor.

Protecting and Indemnity Association:

This is a P&I Club or Mutual Insurance Club or Small Damage Club.
An association formed by Ship Owners, having certain risks to insure.
That certain risks are not covered by the Insurance Policy.
A Mutual Insurance Company, belonging to ship owners, which insures the damages
relative to the ship, which are not covered by Insurance Policy.

Protecting:

1. Loss of life and personal injury.
2. Hospital, medical and funeral expanses arising from injury claim.
3. Sickness and repatriation.
4. Cargo damage due to improper navigation.
5. Oil pollution.
6. Collision damage, etc.
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Indemnity:
1. Claim in respect of wrong delivery of cargo.
2. Ships liability to cargo, after collision, not covered by policy.
3. Fine or penalty imposed as a result of custom law, health regulations, and
immigration law including smuggling.

Interim Certificate of Class:

Class Surveyor will issue the Certificate, when repairs have been completed to the
Surveyor's satisfaction.
This Certificate enables the vessel to remain in class, until the next full survey due.
Validity is until next survey due.

Certificate of Seaworthiness:

To enable to proceed to the next port, the Surveyor other than Class Surveyor issues it.
If the Classification Surveyor does not carry out the survey, the requisite certificate that
is issued will be one of seaworthiness.
This Certificate enables the vessel to proceed to her next port, where a further survey by
the Classification Surveyor will be conducted, so that Interim Certificate of Class can be
issued.

Seaworthiness:
1. The fitness of the vessel in all respects for carrying cargo and crew in safe
condition.
2. Important items concerned are stability, strength, freeboard, machinery and
design, and they must be entirely satisfactory.

Franchise Clauses:

~ These state certain portion of insured value, for which Insurers arenot liable to pay.
~ There are two kinds of franchises:
[These state the percentage of the claim, which the Assured must bear.]

Deductible:

1. If amount of loss does not exceed the franchise amount the Insurers
(Underwriters) are not liable to pay at all.
2. But if the amount of loss exceeds the franchise amount Insurers are liable to pay
that portion which exceeds the franchise amount.
[Only claims in excess of certain percentages are paid, i.e. the Assured pays the first so much
percentage of any claim.]

Non-Deductible:

1. If amount of loss does not exceed the franchise amount the Insurers
(Underwriters) are not liable to pay at all.
2. But if the amount of loss exceeds the franchise amount Insurers are liable to pay
the whole amount.
[The Underwriter pays the whole claim if it exceeds the stipulated percentage.]
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Electrical Survey:
Electrical equipment inspected and tested, during complete engine survey, at 4 years
interval.
Such a survey is prescribed, under the rules and regulations for the classification of ship.

Following survey items generally apply to all ships:
1. Generators and governors.
2. Circuit breakers
3. Switchboard and fittings (main and emergency switchboard, distributor
switchboard).
4. Cables
5. Insulation resistance
6. Motors and Starters
7. Emergency power equipment
8. Parts of steering gear
9. Navigation light indicator

For UMS operation:
1. Alarms associated with ME, AE, lubricating and cooling, tested for correct
operation.
2. Electrical circuits from various sensors such as pressurestat, flow switch, level
switch, temperature switch, tested.
3. Action of auto-shut down for ME and AE, auto-starting up of stand-by units,
tested.
4. Auto-starting of emergency generator, demonstrated.
5. UMS requirements demand that a stand-by main generator should be
automatically started on loss of duty generator within 45 sec.
6. Bilge level alarm together with automatic bilge pumping, proved to correct
action.
7. Main and stand-by electric power supply to overall alarms and monitoring system
inspected and tested.
8. Complete inspection and test of fire detection and alarm system.
9. ME control will function correctly and tested from bridge position, main control
room and emergency position alongside the engine.

For Tankers / Gas Carrier:
~ Electrical equipment in hazardous area is surveyed every year, during each Docking
Survey and Annual Survey.

Alternator Survey:
Required conditions for Surveyor:
Main and emergency generators are cleaned.
Show stable operation when run in parallel with other generator.
Generator windings on stator and rotor must be free of dust, rust, oil and moisture.
Visual check made for any obvious deterioration, abrasion, and cracking of insulation
around winding coils in stator.
The insulation test to earth and between stator phase windings is done while the machine
is still hot after running on load.
Air gap between stator and rotor checked to ensure that pedestal bearings are in good
condition.
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Switchboard Survey:
1. Thorough cleaning internally and externally at switchboard, when all generators
are stopped and their prime movers locked off.
2. Main bus bar and their connections checked for tightness.
3. Bus bar supports, checked for damage due to insulation material.
4. Overheating signs at connection junctions, due to loose joint.
5. Internal wiring securely fixed.
6. Cable entries at switchboard bottom, sealed with non-flammable material.
7. Earth bar, securely bonded to both frame and to the ships hull.
8. Hinged panel door bonded with an earth strap to main switchboard frame.
9. Insulation resistance of each terminal measured.
10. Voltmeters, Watt meters and Ammeters calibrated and tested.
11. All trips tested [Safety devices].
12. Synchronising test [load sharing] demonstrated.
13. Earth lamps checked.
14. Automatic circuit breaker (ACB) and Automatic voltage regulator (AVR)
tested.

Emergency Power and Associated Equipment Survey:

1. Emergency generator started manually and automatically.
2. Electrical supplies from emergency switchboard, checked for their proper
voltage, ampere and frequency.
3. Correct functioning of emergency lighting, fire pump, and other electrical
equipment.
4. Electrical interlocking arrangement between main and emergency switchboard
checked.
5. Emergency battery installation and its charging rectifier checked.
6. Keep battery environment dry and well ventilated, battery tops cleaned,
electrolyte at proper level and have correct value of specific gravity by checking
with hydrometer.
7. Battery charging equipment checked for dirt, overheating, loose connection and
correct functioning of indicator instruments.
8. Battery locker ventilation arrangements should be checked.

Insulation Resistance Survey:
1. Survey will require a list, which shows the results of recent insulation tests on all
440V and 220V main circuits.
2. The list should also indicate the test date, weather condition, hot or humid etc.
together with any comment relevant to the test conditions such as machine is hot
or cold.

Navigation light indicator survey:
1. Surveyor will ensure that Navigation light indicator operates correctly and has
appropriate alarm.
2. Broken wire or lamp can be simulated by pulling appropriate fuse.
3. Power source for navigation lights must be duplicated [usually alternate power
supply being used from Emergency Switchboard].
4. Changeover facility for power source, to be checked.
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5. Although the actual light fitting for Navigation is part of Safety Equipment
Survey, the Electrical Survey will naturally include a check on the supply cables
to the Navigation lights.

Load Line Survey:
1. Carried out as first Survey when a new ship is completed.
2. During this survey freeboard arrangement and conditions of assignment, are
made in accordance with International Regulations and Documentation.
3. After thorough inspection, Load Line Certificate is issued, and its validity is 5
years, subjected to Annual Survey.
4. Load Line Renewal Survey held at 5 years interval from the date of build, and
whenever a periodical Special Survey is made.
5. Validity of Load Line Certificate extends to the end of next Special Survey.
6. During this survey, all freeboard items to be examined, and load line markings to
be verified. [With trammel gauge]
7. On satisfactory completion of the Survey, an International Load Line Certificate,
valid for 5 years is issued.
8. Load Line Annual Inspection carried out within 3 months anniversary date of
the Certificate.
9. Main purpose of Load Line Survey is, to examine that the ship construction
complies with Requirements of Convention.
Requirements can be grouped into 4 categories:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Structural Strength.
Watertight Integrity.
Stability.
Crew Quarter Protection.

Conditions of Freeboard Assignment: Why it is important?

1. Efficient means of protection must be provided for all openings to hull and
superstructure, for protection of crew in heavy weather, and for rapid freeing of water
from weather deck.
2. Condition of Assignment must be maintained, at all times in satisfactory condition.
3. Annual Inspection to be made by assigning authorities, to ensure that they have been
maintained in satisfactory condition for continued validity of Load Line Certificate.

Preparation for Load Line / Annual Survey:

Ship Officers/Engineers should ensure, the following items are in efficient condition, prior to
the Classification Society Surveyors arrival on board.

1. Load line marks, verified with existing Load line Certificate.
2. Coamings and closing appliances of exposed hatchways, hatchways within
superstructures, to be examined.
3. Holding-down clips/bolts are in good order; packing and seats are watertight.
4. Watertight steel hatch covers are to be hose-tested (pressure not less than 2 kg/cm
from a distance of 1.5m with " bore jet) for water-tightness.
5. Spring-loaded battening-down wedges between covers, and holding down cleats, to be
in good working condition.
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6. Exposed engine casing and their openings, fiddley openings, ER skylights and their
closing appliances, to be checked and tested. ER skylight to be able to close from
remote position.
7. Test Ventilators, check all flap levers are free, and locking pins are in place and secured
by chain to ventilation casing.
8. Check air pipes and their closing means, flame traps for fuel oil tanks air pipes, are in
order.
9. Watertight doors and closing arrangements to be checked.
10. Scuppers and their discharge pipe and valves below the freeboard deck, checked for
corrosion/wastage.
11. Gangways and cargo ports below freeboard or superstructure deck, to be checked.
12. General condition of hull, as far as could be seen.

Load Line Certificate:

> A Certificate issued to a ship, if she is built and maintained thereafter, according to the
requirements of International Convention on Load Line (1966)
> Issued by the Administration or Classification Society.
> Validity is 5-years and subjected to Annual Survey.

FO DB Tank Survey:

Transferring, cleaning and gas freeing must be done.

Testing of atmosphere:





Toxicity
O content with Oxygen Analyser
Explosive Gases with Explosimeter
Gas free certificate from Chemist.

Survey:

1. Heating coil leak test: [1.5 times working pressure.]
2. Condition and testing of level alarm
3. Condition of sounding pipe, striker plate and flame trap
4. High temp. alarm sensor
5. Internal inspection by surveyor.

Sounding pipe requirements:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Used to determine the dept of liquid in a tank.
Should be as straight as possible.
If it is not possible, pipe curvature should allow easy passage of sounding rod or
chain.
Normally, bore of pipe must be not less than 32mm.
Striking pad of adequate size and thickness placed under the pipe.


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IOPP Certificate:

Issued after Survey is carried out by Administration, in accordance with International
Convention for Oil Pollution Prevention. Validity is 5 years.

Checking procedure for IOPP Certificate, When CE sign-on:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Check the validity of certificate.
Check the ORB up to date recording.
Visual inspection of plants in good order.
Check 15-ppm alarm and automatic stopping device.
Check spare filter element, at least one no.
Waste oil tank and capacity.
Compare fuel consumption and sludge formation.
Incinerator capacity and workability.

IOPP Survey preparations:

1. Validity of the IOPP Certificate checked.
2. Proper entry of ORB and, sludge disposal receipts to shore facilities attached to ORB.
3. Calculate the sludge formation, and compared with 1% of voyage fuel consumption.
4. Incinerating time, incinerated waste oil amount, remainder of waste oil in waste oil tank
should be reasonable.
5. Incinerator kept ready for demonstration, such as heating of waste oil tank, alarms,
control and functional test, done prior to survey.
6. OWS in good order, its piping free from oil leaks, overboard valve from OWS locked in
closed position. If possible, one section of discharge pipe removed and free from oil
residues.
7. ODM checked for 15-ppm alarm and automatic stopping.
8. High level alarms of sludge tank, waste oil tank and bilge holding tank checked.
9. Spare filter for OWS must be onboard.
10. USCG Notice posted near OWS and bilge pumping out station

Survey by CE:

Requirements:
~ CE must have first class competency certificate or equivalent.
~ At least 3 years service as CE on owner's vessels.
~ Should be at sea or in port with no Class Surveyor.
~ Generally cannot survey on Safety Equipment, pressure vessels, and main engine except
in unit overhaul.
~ Can survey auxiliary machinery such as, AE, pumps, and Air Compressors.
~ DNV allows half of all items covered by CMS, of which there are more than one, may be
surveyed by CE.

Confirmatory Survey:

1. When any machinery and equipment, allowed to be surveyed by CE, were opened-up
and examined by CE at sea, Confirmatory Survey of these items must be done by the
Class Surveyor at next port of call, or the first port of opportunity.
16
2. During this survey, show the followings to Class Surveyor:
a) Relevant entries in log book.
b) Two copies of statement, signed by CE.
c) Description of items surveyed by CE.
d) Spare parts replaced.
e) All photos for evidence.
3. If the surveyor does not satisfied, he has right to open up the item for inspection. If he
satisfy, he will issue Interim Certificate of Class.

AE survey by CE:

Safe operation of propulsion must not be effected, when CE surveys AE.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
All cylinder covers, valve gears, pistons, piston rings, liners, top and bottom end
bearings, all upper half of main bearings, gudgeon pins are to be opened up.
To withdraw at least two bottom half bearings for inspection.
Checking of all crank pin bearings, journals and gudgeon pins.
Cylinder liner gauging and recording.
L.O. cooler to be opened up for inspection.
Defective attached pumps such as LO pump, FW pump, etc. to be opened up.
Testing of all safety devices, alarm and trip.
Crankshaft deflection taken and recorded after reassembled.

Confirmatory survey by Class Surveyor:
He has rights to open up at least two main bearings and two bottom end bearings, and
crankshaft deflections to be taken and checked with CE records.
Run the engine and load-tested. All safety devices tested for alarms and trip for generator
and switchboard, and are to be witnessed by the surveyor. (DNV).

Generator load test:

1. After priming the AE, start and run under no load, low speed condition for about 3 to
5 min.
2. Then stop and checked externally for overheating. If no overheating, crankcase doors
to be opened and checked temperature of bearings and running gears.
3. If satisfactory, restart the engine at full speed, no load condition for about 30 min.,
then stopped and recheck again.
4. If satisfactory, restart and load-shared with running generator engine. Load sharing
should be gradually increased in small steps, taking about 6 to 10 hours to reach at
full load condition. While running in full load, another generator to be run in stand-
by for possible emergency use. Synchronising or load sharing steps: 25%, 50%,
75%, and 100% within 6 to 10 hrs.
5. All necessary items checked, during load increasing steps.
6. Then peak pressure indicator and other performance data, taken for each cylinder and
compare with test results.
7. Load test should be done, until preferential trip initiates.

A/E Damage Insurance Claim:

Items necessary to submit to Superintendent Engineer are:
CE damage report.
17
Log abstracts.
Damage report form for insurance claim.
Class surveyor recommendation.
Repair bills endorsed by Underwriter Surveyor.

If A/E damage occurred at sea:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Date, time, position, voyage no., where the damage occurred, extent of damage,
causes of damage, are reported to Head Office in detail.
Take HO confirmation and approval for major repair.
Take required damage photos.
When at nearest port, repair condition, photos before and after repair are submitted
to Surveyor for Confirmatory Survey.
If Surveyor does not satisfy, he has right to open-up for inspection.
If Surveyor is satisfied, he will issue Interim Certificate of Class, and give
recommendation.

If A/E damage occurred in Port:

Invite Class and Underwriter Surveyors through Master or Agent to make surveys.
Negotiate with shipyard repair firm, about cost and prices.
After completion of shipyard repair firms work, Surveyor will inspect the AE, and
issue Interim Certificate of Class, and Underwriter Surveyor will inspect and give
repair cost and certified endorsement.
Repaired condition with photos, and used spares, reported to HO and required spares
ordered.

Surveys, requested by owners, charterers, underwriters and authorities:
1. Damage Survey
2. On and Off Hire Survey
3. Lay-up Survey
4. IMCO Survey (Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organisation.)
5. Pre-loading Survey
6. Draught Survey
7. Ullage Survey
8. Conditional Survey: [the ships over 15 years of age may be subjected to survey,
annually, so as to ensure their seaworthiness, only upon request by owners and
underwriters.]

On and Off Hire Survey:
1. The most time-consuming survey and must be done in daylight, with the hatches fully
open, empty and clean.
2. Two Surveyors will have to carry out this Survey.
3. One representing the owner, may be the Master, and the other representing the
Charterers.

The areas of Survey include:
1. Portside Bulwark/rails and Deck. [Bulwark is the part of ships side, above Upper
Deck.]
2. Starboard side Bulwark/rails and Deck.
18
3. Deck houses and cargo gears.
4. Hatch coamings and hatches.
5. Shipsides, Tank tops, Bulkheads fore and aft.
6. Bunker Survey.

In Water Survey:

1.
2.
Due to increasing in size of oil tankers and bulk carriers and consequently, small
numbers and size of docks incapable of docking these vessels, In Water Survey is
permitted by Class.
This survey includes visual examination of hull, rudder, propeller, sea inlets and
measuring the wearing of rudder bearings and cleaning of hull by suitable methods.

Limitation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Not periodical special survey.
For less than 10 years old of vessels.
Must have Class notation to suit for in water survey.
Hull painted with high resistance paint and fitted with impressed current system
for hull protection.
Class must approve Diver Firms.
Ship draught not more than 10 meters.

Requirements:
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Hand held closed circuit TV camera that can be controlled remotely from surface
monitoring system.
Communication between Diver Party and Surveyor.
Water is clean and clear.
Carried out in daylight.

Docking Survey:

The ship must be examined in dry dock preferably at 1-year intervals, but new Class
Regulations allowed intervals of up to 2 years.
The vessel is to be placed in dry dock or upon a slip way and the keel, stern frame post,
rudder and outside plating, propeller, exposed part of stern bearing assembly, rudder
pintle and gudgeon securing arrangements, sea chest, strainers and other fastenings are to
be cleaned and examined.
The stern bearing clearance and rudder bearing clearance are to be ascertained.

Underwater [Bottom] Survey on Dry Dock:

Shell plating washed and brushed down, checked for distortion, bulging, roughness
and corrosion.
Welding seams inspected for cracks.
Zinc anodes checked for replacement.
Shipside valves and cocks removed, overhauled and refitted.
Shell box or Sea Chest wire brushed and applied anti-fouling paint.
Remove drain plug of rudder to determine the present of water.
Measure wear down of rudder and jumping clearance.
Bearing metal of gudgeon pin of rudder checked and clearance
19
must not exceed 6 mm.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Pintle nuts with locking device checked.
Propeller carefully examined especially near the tip on the driving face and fore
side for cavitation. Damaged propeller blades repaired.
Wear down of tail shaft measured. For oil lubricated: 2 x original clearance.
For water lubricated: maximum 10 mm.
Stern tube checked for tightness.
For CPP, checked for good working order.
Anchor and chain cable, lay up and measured.

Dry Docking:

Required Plans and Arrangements for Docking:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Docking plan.
General arrangement plan.
Capacity plan.
Shell expansion plan.
Shell painting area plan.
Mid ship section plan.
Longitudinal section plan.
Anode plan.
Shafting and propeller arrangement.
Rudder, to check.

Docking plan:

Provides the positions of frame spacing, watertight bulkheads, docking plugs, etc.
Determine the positioning of keel blocks, bilge blocks, bilge shore, breast shore
when the ship is on dock.

Preparation for Dry Docking: [As a CE.]

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Take all information from HO and dockyard.
Sent Docking Plan to Dockyard.
Prepare dockyard and ship staff repair lists and survey items.
Prepare necessary spares and store, drawings, Manuals, Certificates, special tools and
measuring equipment.
2/E should be instructed to perform the followings:

a) Label all sea valves, all shipside valves and cocks. Mark the positions of items to
be repaired, with tags or colour code.
b) Keep Emergency Fire Pump, Emergency Generator, Air Compressors,
Emergency Air Bottle, and portable Fire Extinguishers in good order.
c) Lock Fixed Fire Fighting Installation, as per shipyard rules.
d) Shut down Boiler, OWS, Sewage Plant if dockyard does not allow.
e) Lock overboard discharge valve in closed position.
f) Fill up Settling and Service Tanks.
g) Press up Air Bottles and Emergency Air Bottle, and shut the valves tightly.
h) ME crankshaft deflections to be taken and recorded.
20
i) Hose down tank tops, and empty Bilge Holding Tank, Sludge Tank, Waste Oil
Tank.
j) Prepare for receiving of Shore Power Supply, International Shore Connection,
cooling arrangement for Air Conditioning and Provision Plants.
k) Provide fire watch in ER at all times, and follow Dockyard Fire and Safety
Regulations.
l) Adjust required trim and draught, with deck officer.
m) Take soundings of DB tanks and cofferdam.

During Docking:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1.
2.
Discuss with the superintendent and dockyard repair manager about repair jobs.
Assist Surveyor and record the survey items.
Witness all alignment works and clearance measurements.
Take and record propeller shaft wear down, rudder wear down and jumping
clearance.
Check oil tightness of stern tube.
Check all completed underwater jobs, done by dockyard.
Check all sea valves, shipside valves and cocks, after overhauling.
Check all repaired jobs done by ship staff, and used spares and store.
Make daily records.

Undocking:
Check all repair and underwater jobs in accordance with repair list.
Check all measurement data are correct and completed.
Make price negotiation.
When sea water level covers the sea chest, each sea valve should be opened and
checked for any leakage.
Purge air from cooling seawater pumps, run the pumps and check pressure.
Test run the ship generators, until satisfactory, and cut out shore supply, cut in
ship generator, disconnect the shore connection, restart seawater pump, record the
time and read watt meter.
All sea valves, shipside valves, repaired pipes, repaired jobs must be finally
checked, before leaving the dock.
Prepared for ME.
All DB tank soundings checked.

After Leaving the Dock.
Checked ME crankshaft deflection and compare with former record.
Prepare for Docking Report.

Cargo ship Safety Construction Certificate:

Issued after survey to every cargo ship of 500 GRT and over, by the government of
Flag State.
Validity is 5 years, subjected to survey at specified intervals.
During survey, following items must be in accordance with the requirements of SOLAS
1974 Convention.

1. Ship structure, including structural fire protection.
2. External examination of ships bottom.
21
3. Electrical installation.
4. Steering gear.
5. Pressure vessels and fitting.
6. Main and auxiliary machinery.

Cargo ship Safety Equipment Certificate:

Issued after survey to every cargo ship of 500 GRT and above, by the government of flag
state.
Validity is 2 years and annual inspection of 3 months.
Safety Equipment Survey, consists of inspection and demonstration:

1. Fire fighting appliance, FFA
2. Life saving appliance, LSA
3. Navigation equipment
4. Vessel documentation
5. Alarm system.

Concerning items for CE:

1. All portable and semi-portable fire extinguishers
2. Fixed installation of fire fighting
3. Fixed fire detection and alarm system
4. Fire mans outfit
5. Emergency fire pump, main fire pump
6. Emergency stop switches, remote quick closing valves, skylight, watertight
doors
7. Emergency generator and lighting system
8. Escape ways in ER.
9. Steering gear and communication system
10. Life boat engines and launching system.
11. All the items required by SOLAS must be prepared.

Some government administrators publish checklist for survey. This is an essential tool for
preparing for a survey, so that one surveyor should be able to complete the survey in day.

Safety Equipment Survey:

Government body carried out at every 2-year interval, and annual inspection of its
validity.
At every port, where the ship called on, Government body concerned has a right to
inspect Safety Equipment, IOPP Certificate, Sewage treatment plant, Marpol
equipment, and ORB for Port State Control measures.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
To inspect Fire hoses, Nozzles and container box.
Firemans outfits: Breathing apparatus.
All portable extinguishers.
Emergency and Main fire pumps.
Emergency generator.
22
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Fixed installation [gas level, cleared lines and nozzles, operating mechanism and
alarm system].
Audible Fire alarms, Fire detection system, Abandon ship warning, and Ship Siren
and Muster list.
Stop switches outside ER, for fans, fuel pumps, fuel tank valves, Skylight doors,
Watertight doors, Fire dampers.
Inert gas system of cargo ships, 500 tons Gross Tonnage and above.
Life raft Certificate.
Life buoys, Smoke floats, Buoyancy lines.
Lifeboat internally and externally.
Condition of Buoyancy tanks inside lifeboat.
Illuminating power sources, for launching of Lifeboat and Rafts
Latest Nautical Publications.
To run Lifeboat Engine, ahead and astern in water.
To swing out all lifeboats at least 50% lowered into the water.
To lower Davit span ropes and Boarding ladders.
To lay out and survey all lifeboat equipment.
To survey Life jackets.
To check Navigation lighting.
To check pilot ladder with lighting.
To inspect fall release mechanism [free fall or float free].

Certificates onboard:

1. Certificate of Registry
2. International Tonnage Certificate
3. International Load Line Certificate
4. International Load Line Exemption Certificate
5. Certificates for Master, Officers and Ratings
6. Derating or Derating Exemption Certificate
7. International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate
8. International Sewage Pollution Prevention Certificate
9. International Safety Management Certificate, SMC
10. International Medical Certificate
11. Passenger Ship Safety Certificate
12. Cargo Ship Safety Construction Certificate, SAFCON
13. Cargo Ship Safety Equipment Certificate, SEC
14. Cargo Ship Safety Radio Certificate
15. Exemption Certificates for SAFCON, SEC and Radio Certificate
16. Certificate of Classification
17. Certificate of Insurance or other financial security
in respect of civil liability for oil pollution damage.

18. International Pollution Prevention Certificate
for the Carriage of Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk. [NLS Certificate]
19. Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk
(Chemical Tanker)
20. Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Liquefied Gases in Bulk
(Gas Carrier)

23
SOLAS Certificates:

1. Passenger Ship Safety Certificate
2. Cargo Ship Safety Construction Certificate, SAFCON
3. Cargo Ship Safety Equipment Certificate, SEC
4. Cargo Ship Safety Radio Certificate
5. Exemption Certificates for SAFCON, SEC and Radio Certificate

MARPOL Certificates:

1. International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate, IOPP
2. International Sewage Pollution Prevention Certificate, ISPP
3. Certificate of Insurance or other financial security
in respect of civil liability for oil pollution damage.
4. International Pollution Prevention Certificate
for the Carriage of Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk. [NLS Certificate]
5. Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk
(Chemical Tanker)
6. Certificate of Fitness for the Carriage of Liquefied Gases in Bulk (Gas Carrier)

Oil Record Book: I

Operations involving oil and oily mixtures recorded in ORB.
Dates, geographical position, quantity, tank identification, and duration of operation
entered.
Port State Authority may take copies of entries, and if so requested, the master is
required to state that it is a true copy.
ORB retained onboard for 3 years after date of last entry.

To be recorded:

1. Ballasting and cleaning of fuel oil tanks. (Code a.)
2. Discharge of dirty ballast or cleaning water from oil fuel tanks. ( b.)
3. Disposal of oil residues (sludge). ( c.)
4. Non-automatic discharge overboard or disposal otherwise, of bilge water
accumulated in machinery spaces ( d.)
5. Automatic discharge overboard or disposal otherwise, of bilge water accumulated in
machinery spaces ( e.) (e.g. transfer of bilge water to slop tank) (identify tank)
6. Conditions of ODM and Control System. ( f.)
7. Accidental or other exceptional discharge of oil. ( g.)
8. Bunkering of fuel or bulk of LO. (h.)
9. Additional operational procedures and general remarks. ( i.)

Oil Record Book: II

To be recorded:

1. Loading and unloading of oil cargo.
2. Internal transfer of oil cargo during voyage.
3. Cleaning of cargo tanks.
24
4. Crude Oil Washing (COW System only)
5. Ballasting of cargo tanks.
6. Ballasting of Segregated Clean Ballast Tanks (CBT Tankers only)
7. Discharge of dirty ballast.
8. Discharge of clean ballast contained in cargo tanks.
9. Discharge of ballast from Segregated CBTs. (CBT Tankers only)
10. Discharge of water from Slop Tanks into the sea.
11. Condition of ODM and Control System.
12. Accidental or other exceptional discharge of oil.
13. Additional operational procedures and general remarks.
14. Loading of ballast water. (Tankers engaged in specific trades)
15. Re-allocation of ballast water within the ship. (do)
16. Ballast water discharged to reception facilities. (do)

CE hand over / take over:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Discuss with outgoing CE about machinery condition and standing order from
HO.
To read, hand over note / maintenance record.
Check logbook at least for last 3-months, CMS quarterly list, Survey items,
previous voyage report ORB up-to-date filling, garbage book, sludge formation
compared with 1% of voyage fuel consumption, sludge remaining onboard, all
certificates, documents, and validity such as IOPP, ISPP etc:
Take all FO, LO tank soundings, calculate ROB, based on API gravity method, and
check with log entry. Ensure fuel consumption is enough for next port or next
bunker port.
Check all running machinery, MARPOL equipment, OWS, incinerator, sewage
plant, FFA, emergency generator, quick closing arrangement and lifeboat engine.
Check standard spares and store, special tools and measuring equipment.
If everything is OK, sign the hand over note.


CEs Routine Works:

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Every morning: Round check of operating machinery and engine room,
Discuss with 2/E, about ER repair and maintenance jobs.
Discuss with master, about ship situation and company instruction.
At noon: To check ER logbook, FO, LO, DO consumption and ROB,
Performance and running hours of machinery.
Prepare Noon Report.
Once a month: Fuel and LO onboard.
Store and spare inventory.
Maintenance report and breakdown report.

Every voyage: Voyage Report.


CE reports: includes confidential report, voyage report, LO and FO consumption report,
maintenance report, repair list, store and spare report and vouchers.

25
Joining a vessel, which is not commissioned. (New ship delivery)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
Check Specifications and Class Requirements thoroughly.
Inspect the works of shipyard staff for final acceptance. Unsatisfactory works
should be informed to company representatives and dockyard manager.
All alignment and clearance measurement works, witnessed by CE.
Before closing the tank manholes, make final inspection.
Before undocking, all underwater jobs must be completed and checked by CE.
Check the list of spares to be supplied, and inform if necessary items are missing.
Received spares properly stored and recorded.
Make familiar with all the layout of machinery, piping, cooling arrangement, etc.
Check fire fighting system, and location of remote stops and shut-off devices.
When other engineers arrived, CE must explain the layout and operations of
machinery.
All initial records, ideal conditions, shop test records, trial test records must be
kept for the whole life of ship.


Marpol, Annex I, II, ..V.

I. Regulation for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil.
II. Regulation for Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substance in bulk
carrying by sea.
III. Regulation for Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substance
carrying by sea in package form.
IV. Regulation for Prevention of Pollution by Sewage.
V. Regulation for Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from ship.


Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan: SOPEP.

Every oil tanker of 150GRT and above, and every ship of 400GRT and above, shall carry
onboard a Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan.

The plan shall consist at least of:

Procedures to be followed by Master, or other person having charged of the ship,
to report an oil pollution incident.
List of authorities or persons to be contacted, in the event of oil pollution incident.
Detailed description of actions to be taken immediately by persons onboard, to
reduce or control the discharge of oil.
Procedures and point of contact onboard, for co-ordinating shipboard action with
local authorities in combating the pollution.

Procedures, when accidental oil overflow occurs:

Notify Harbour/Terminal Authority immediately through the Master.
Actions immediately taken by persons onboard to stop, reduce or control the oil
discharge.
Co-ordinate shipboard actions with local Authorities.
26
4.
5.
6.
Inform owner, agent, P&I Club, Flag State Authorities, and vessels in vicinity.
Invite P&I (Protection and indemnity) correspondents.
Record in ORB, time & place of occurrence, approximate amount & type of oil,
circumstances of discharge or escape.


Oil Pollution Prevention:

Regulations of Oil or Oily Water discharge:

Any discharge into the sea of oil or oily mixtures, prohibited except when all the following
conditions are satisfied:

For oil tanker:
[ 150 gross tonnage and above.]

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Tanker is outside Special Areas.
More than 50 NM from nearest land.
Proceeding en-route.
Instantaneous rate of oil discharge does not exceed 30 litres per NM.
Total quantity of oil discharged does not exceed;
- 1/15,000 of total quantity of particular cargo for exiting tankers, and
- 1/30,000 of total quantity of particular cargo, for new tankers.
Tanker has in operation, an ODM and Control system, and Slop Tank
Arrangement.

For cargo ship:
[ 400 gross tonnage and above.]

The ship is outside Special Areas.
More than 12 NM from nearest land
Proceeding en-route.
Oil content of the effluent is less than 15 PPM.
The ship has in operation, an ODM and Control system, Oily Water Separating
Equipment and Oil Filtering Equipment.

For within Special Areas: [ for Annex: I.]

Such as: 1) Mediterranean Sea 2) Baltic Sea 3) Black Sea 4) Red Sea
5) Persian Gulf Area 6) Gulf of Aden 7) Antarctic Area

Bilge water does not originate from cargo pump room. (on oil tankers)
Bilge water is not mixed with oil cargo residues. (on oil tankers)
Ship is proceeding en-route.
Oil content of effluent without dilution does not exceed 15 PPM.
The ship has in operation Oil Filtering Equipment with an automatic 15 PPM
Stopping Device.



27
Environmental Pollution Prevention:

Sewage Regulation:



Type of Sewage


Distance in Nautical Mile from nearest land
0 4 12
Sewage treated by approved Sewage Plant. Not visible, floating, nor discoloration
Sewage comminuted and disinfected by
approved equipment.
Prohibited
Untreated sewage Prohibited

Sewage stored in Holding Tanks

Prohibited
At moderate
rate, en-oute,
4 Knots.



Emission of Black Smoke:

Black smoke from ship may lead to pollution of air space, and many countries have their
own regulations, that are not to be violated. Smoke from ship is checked for blackness, by
comparing with Ringelman Scale Chart. On this scale, white card is numbered 0 and totally
black card is 5.
There is specific time limit, during which black smoke emission is not penalised.

The allowable black smoke emissions are:

1. Continuous emission must not be longer than 4 minutes.
2. Short emission in every 20 minutes period, must be limited to 3 minutes.
3. Another part of ruling limits, emission must be not more than 10 minutes in any 2-hour
periods.

Garbage:
Garbage is grouped into six categories.

Plastic
Floating garbage
Paper products, rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery, etc.
Ground-down paper products, rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery, etc.
Food waste
Incinerator ash

Garbage Record Book:

In accordance with regulations of Annex V of MARPOL, a record to be kept of each
discharge operation or completed incineration. This include discharges at sea, to reception
facilities, or to other ship.
Garbage Record Book should be kept onboard for a period of two years after last entry.
28
When garbage is

discharged to sea,
discharged to reception facility ashore or other ship,
incinerated,
discharged accidentally or exceptionally,
date, time, position of ship, category of garbage, estimated amount, in ( m) should be
entered and signed by the in-charge of operation.
If discharged to shore reception facility or other vessel, a receipt or certificate, specifying
estimated amount in (m), should be taken and kept onboard with Garbage Record Book for
two years.

Garbage Regulation:

Special Area for Garbage: [ for Annex: V.]
1) Mediterranean Sea 2) Baltic Sea 3) Black Sea 4) Red Sea 5) Persian Gulf Area
6) Gulf of Aden 7) Antarctic Area 8) North Sea 9) Wider Caribbean Sea



Type of Garbage


Inside Special Area

Outside Special Area
Plastic, synthetic rope, fishing net, plastic
garbage bag
Prohibited Prohibited
Floating dunnage, lining and packing
material

Prohibited >25 miles offshore
Paper, rag, glass, metal, bottle, crockery
and similar refuse
prohibited >12 miles offshore
All other garbage, paper, rag, glass etc.
comminuted or ground
prohibited >3 miles offshore
Food waste not comminuted or ground

>12 miles offshore >12 miles offshore
Food waste comminuted or ground

>12 miles offshore >3 miles offshore


Note: Comminuted or ground garbage must be able to pass through a screen with mesh size
no larger than 25 mm.

Special Area for Annex II: [Noxious Liquid Substance]
1) Black Sea, 2) Baltic Sea, 3) Antarctic Area.

Incinerator:

Safety devices fitted on incinerator:
i. Alarms and shutdown devices:
a) Flame failure for pilot burner and main burner.
b) High flue gas temperature. [above 400C].
29
c) Cooling fan failure.
ii. Emergency fuel shutdown valve:
iii. Micro switch, fitted to hinged furnace door.

Burning capacity of incinerator:
It is mentioned at the supplementary of IOPP Certificate, and the incinerator should burn:
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Waste oil
Oil and water mixture up to 25% of water content
Rag and galley waste
Solid matters from sewage plant.

Function of cooling fan:
To prevent incinerator shell from overheating
To create a negative pressure in combustion chamber
To keep flue gas temperature in safe limit.

Sludge Tank requirements:

Capacity must be minimum 1% of used HFO for 30 days (or)
% of used DO for 30 days.
Sufficient manholes to reach all parts of tank.
Adequate heating arrangement.
No direct connection between sludge tank discharge piping and overboard discharge
piping.
Fitted with designated pump, having suitable capacity and discharge head.
Fitted with standard discharge connection.
Fitted with high level alarm.

Sludge Tank Capacity and Requirements:

For ship, which does not carry ballast water in oil fuel tank, minimum sludge tank capacity
should be calculated as:

V =KCD m

Where K =0.01 for ship, where HO is purified for ME ( i.e. 1% )
K =0.005 for ships using DO or HO, which does not require
purification before use ( i.e. % )
C =Daily fuel oil consumption.
D =Maximum period of voyage between ports ( in days).
In absence of precise data, a figure of 30 days should be used.
Note: Sludge Tank Capacity (min) = 0.01 or 1% of used HFO for 30 days. [or]
0.005 or % of used DO for 30 days.
Requirements:
1. Manhole
2. Heating coil
3. No direct connection to overboard.
4. Sludge pump.
5. International Discharge Connection.
6. High level alarm.
30
Biological Sewage Treatment Plant:

1. The unit is divided into 3 compartments: Aeration Chamber, Settling Chamber and
Chlorinator.
2. Sewage enters Aeration Tank through soil inlet, and retained for about 24 hours and
thoroughly mixed and aerated by aerators located at the bottom of the tank.
3. Aerobic bacteria and micro-organisms breakdown the organic waste and produce
new bacteria cell.
4. Air, which provides oxygen for bacteria and micro-organisms, is supplied by Rotary
Blowers to aerators.
5. The mixture is replaced by incoming sewage into Settling Tank, after passing
through coarse screen.
6. All solids are precipitated in Settling Tank as Activated Sludge, which are then
returned to Aeration Tank by airlift, and mixed with incoming raw sewage.
7. Clean liquid is displaced into Chlorinator, where remaining bacteria are killed.
8. Discharge of harmless effluent from Collecting Tank is controlled by Float Switch
connected to Discharge Pump.

Important Equipment:

1. Two Rotary Blowers
2. Two Discharge Pumps.
3. Safety Valve at Aeration Blower.
4. High water level activating switch.
5. Low water level activating switch.
6. High water level alarm.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand, BOD:

~ Amount of Oxygen taken up by Bacteria Incubation Process, in PPM.

Coliform Count:

1. Coliform is the name given to bacteria group, found in intestine.
2. Not normally harmful, but can cause Dysentery, Typhoid, and Gastro-enteritis.
3. Coliform Count checks effectiveness of disinfection.
4. Carried-out on effluent sample and incubating it for 24 48 hours at 35C.
5. Coliform Bacteria count: 200/100 mlt. [Maximum].

Welding:

Welding on Cast Iron:

Oxy-acetylene Welding:

1.
2.
3.
Flame adjusted with slightly excess acetylene, to get a temperature of
1200C, [Melting point of CI].
Welding rod: pure CI with high silicon content.
Part to be welded is preheated to 600 ~700C, to avoid excessive stresses.
31
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
During welding, gas bubbles are developed in molten weld pool. By striking the
pool in circular motion with welding rod, these bubbles can be removed.
It is necessary to use welding flux.

Arc Welding:

Electrode: pure nickel (or) nickel iron.
Weld metal, deposited in short thin beads with small electrode and low amperage,
to avoid local heat built up and expansion, around weld point.
Casting is allowed to cool, between each run.

Welding on Aluminium:

Gas Welding:

Used for thickness of plate up to 3/16".
Slightly excess acetylene is used, due to lower melting point, 660C.
Welding rod: Pure aluminium.
Necessary to use flux, to dissolve oxide.
Avoid inhalation of smoke, produced during welding.

Arc Welding:

Thickness of plate " or more.
Electrode: 95% Aluminium, 5% Silicon: with 20of vertical.
Keep arc as short as possible, low amperage and movement is in straight line.
Welding speed is 3 times faster than mild steel.
Thick plate should be preheated for smooth weld.
Traces of flux, removed with hot water after gas or arc welding, otherwise flux
corrosion will occur.

Inert gas welding:

Welds are superior in strength and pressure tightness.
No flux is required, so no risk of corrosion.
Very high speed is possible with welding machine.
Gas metallic arc welding GMAW or MIG is easier to use, particularly where
position welding is needed, vertical, horizontal or overhead.
For plate thickness of " MIG is more economical and practical.


CEs Instruction, regarding Welding Equipment handling:

Leather gloves, Safety shoes, helmet, and clean clothing [not oily Boiler Suit] to be
worn.
Remove combustible material from vicinity.
Wear Safety Goggle when chipping and grinding.
One bucket of water and portable fire extinguisher kept near-by.
Cable connections, tight and well insulated.
To avoid Welding in confined spaces.
32
7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Never use oxygen and acetylene without attached pressure regulator.
Open oxygen cylinder valve slowly, and acetylene cylinder valve not more than 1
turns.
Never attempt to mix any other with oxygen cylinder, and transfer or mix
acetylene from one bottle to another.
Never use acetylene at a pressure higher than 15 psi [1kg/cm].

Welding Distortion:
Depends upon:

Cooling rate.
Size of work.
Heat conductivity.
Melting point.
Welding speed.
Type of electrode.

Oxy-Acetylene Welding

Never use Oxygen and Acetylene without pressure reducing regulators attached to
cylinders.
Open Oxygen cylinder valve slowly and fully.
Open Acetylene cylinder valve not more than 1 turns.
Use Acetylene at a pressure not higher than 15 psi (1 kg/cm).
Pressure ranges of 20 39 psi for Oxygen and 1 12 psi for Acetylene should be
used depending on tip size, torch type and thickness of work.

Electric Arc Welding

Electrode diameter 1/16" Ampere controlled bet: 50 100 Amp.
Voltage 30 Volts
Thickness of plate up to 3/16"

Electrode diameter 1/8" Ampere controlled bet: 125 175 Amp.
Voltage 28 Volts
Thickness of plate above 1/2"

Electron Beam Welding:

1. A welding process directing high energy electron beam on workpiece (anode),
in a high vacuum chamber.
2. Applied to rare metal, and no electrode, no welding rod and no gases required.
3. This process can weld deeply in one pass, without overlapping.
4. Potential difference between cathode and anode is 15 kV.
Speed of electron flow, 140,000 miles/sec.

Testing of material:

1. Non- Destructive Test
2. Destructive Test.
33
Non- Destructive Tests:

Carried-out on components and not on test pieces:

1. Visual Probe
2. Electrical eddy current
3. Liquid penetrant
4. Magnetic particles
5. Ultra-sonic
6. Radiographic inspection

Destructive Tests:

Carried-out only on specimen, which are subjected to damage during testing.

1. Harness test
2. Impact test
3. Tensile test
4. Bend test
5. Creep test
6. Proof test

Arctic D steel:

If part of ships structure is liable to particularly low temperature, a special type of
steel known as Arctic D is used, as normal grade of steel is not suitable.
Has higher tensile strength than normal mild steel.
Has higher impact strength.
Most important quality is its ability to absorb Impact value of 40 J oules at 55C,
in Charpy Impact test using standard specimen.


ISM Code:

IMO has adopted International Safety Management Code on 4
th
Nov 1993 for safe operation
of ships and pollution prevention, in accordance with SOLAS, MARPOL and STCW.

Objectives:

1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
To cover safety and pollution
To provide a framework for achievement of Total Quality System ISO 9002,
and ISM Code.

Purpose:
Safe management and operation of ship, and Prevention of marine pollution:

Mainly to ensure:
Safety at sea
Prevention of human injury or loss of life
Avoidance of damage to marine environment and property
34
Implementation:
Every shipping company should develop, implement and maintain Safety Management
System SMS.

SMS includes following requirements:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
Safety and Environmental Protection policy.
Instruction and procedure for safe operation of ship, and protection of
environment, in compliance with International and Flag State Legislation.
Lines of communication between Shore-based and Shipboard personnel.
Procedures for reporting Accidents and Non-Conformities.
Procedures for preparedness and response, to emergency situations.
Procedures for Internal Audits and management reviews.

Documentation:

Quality/safety system should include following levels:
Quality/Safety Policy Manuals.
Quality/Safety Procedures Manuals.
Instruction Manuals.

Mandatory key dates:
1/7/98 applied to all passenger ships, bulk carriers, oil tankers, chemical and gas carriers.
1/7/2002 applied to all other cargo ships.

Certification:
Flag State Administration or Government or authorised body, issue Certificates
valid for 5-years, after thorough Audit.

Safety Management Certificate SMC:

Issued to the ships, audited 2 years after an Initial Audit, [within 6 months] and
subjected to a Renewal Audit, before 5-years period has elapsed, but not later than 3
months before expiry date.
It verifies that the company and its shipboard management operate in accordance
with approved Safety Management System, SMS.

Interim SMC:
For ships that are taken-up into shipping company anew, and it is valid for 6 months.

Document of Compliance DOC:

Issued to onshore organisation, which is audited annually after an Initial Audit, and
subjected to a Renewal Audit, before 5-years period has elapsed, but not later than 3
months before expiry date.

Interim DOC:
For a new company, valid for 12 months, or for an existing company if new ship-type enters
the companys fleet, valid for 6 months.

35
General Checklist for Audit:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Certificates and documents including ORB, Logbooks.
Safety in general.
Testing and drills.
Navigation equipment.
LSA.
FFA.
Radio installation including GMDSS.
Load Line.
Machinery in ER.
Electrical equipment.
Mooring equipment.
Cargo gears.
Hull construction.
Marine pollution.
Accommodation.

Main Drills in ISM:

Lifeboat Drill
Fire Drill
Abandon Ship Drill
Man Overboard Dill
Enclosed Space Rescue Drill
Oil Spill Response Drill
Emergency Steering Gear Drill


SMC:
Issued by;
Administration
Organization recognized by Administration.

DOC:
Issued by;
Administration
Organization recognized by Administration
Another contracting government recognized by Administration.