Bubbledeck - Ec 2 (Tính Toán)

Appendices
A. Appendix A Brochure UK
B. Appendix B Geometry for Standard Deck sizes
C. Appendix C Eurocodes 2 Practical Use
D. Appendix D Comments to Eurocodes 2
E. Appendix E Shear according to Eurocodes 2
F. Appendix F BubbleDeck Standard Details
G. Appendix G Examples
H. Appendix H Brochure UK Site Installation

Appendix A Brochure UK

CI/SfB
(23) Eq4
Part 1 September 2008
The Original Voided Flat Slabs
with BubbleDeck
B u b b l e D e c k
S t r u c t u r e S o l u t i o n s
P r o d u c t
I n t r o d u c t i o n
U N I T E D K I N G D O M
R
Wh a t
Reinforcing mesh, top
Recycled plastic hollow Bubble void former
Reinforcing mesh, bottom cast into optional
concrete filigree biscuit permanent formwork
i s t h e B u b b l e D e c k
S y s t e m ?
Advantages
Design Freedom
Reduced
Dead Weight
Longer Spans
Green and
Sustainable
Fast
Construction
Want to know more?
BubbleDeck Technical Manual
BubbleDeck Design Guide
Interactive CD ROM with
BubbleDeck slab calculator
are also available
upon request
BubbleDeck is a revolutionary method of virtually eliminating concrete from the middle of a floor slab not performing any
structural function, thereby dramatically reducing structural dead weight. BubbleDeck is based on a new patented technique
- the direct way of linking air and steel. Void formers in the middle of a flat slab eliminates 35% of a slabs self-weight
removing constraints of high dead loads and short spans.
Incorporation of recycled plastic bubbles as void formers permits 50% longer spans between
columns. Combination of this with a flat slab construction approach spanning in two
directions the slab is connected directly to insitu concrete columns without any beams -
produces a wide range of cost and construction benefits including:-
Design Freedom flexible layout easily adapts to irregular & curved plan layouts.
Reduced Dead Weight 35% removed allowing smaller foundation sizes.
Longer spans between columns up to 50% further than traditional structures.
Downstand Beams eliminated quicker & cheaper erection of walls and services.
Load bearing walls eliminated facilitating MMC with lightweight building envelopes.
Reduced concrete usage 1 kg recycled plastic replaces 100 kg of concrete.
Environmentally Green and Sustainable reduced energy & carbon emissions.
The overall floor area is divided down into a series of planned individual elements, either 3 or
2.4 metres wide dependant upon site access, which are manufactured off-site using MMC
techniques. These elements comprise the top and bottom reinforcement mesh, sized to suit
the specific project, joined together with vertical lattice girders with the bubble void formers
trapped between the top and bottom mesh reinforcement to fix their optimum position. This
is termed a bubble-reinforcement sandwich which is then cast into bottom layer of pre-cast
concrete, encasing the bottom mesh reinforcement, to provide permanent formwork
within part of the overall finished slab depth.
On site the individual elements are then stitched together with loose reinforcement simply
laid centrally across the joints between elements. Splice bars are inserted loose above the pre-cast concrete layer between
the bubbles and purpose made mesh sheets tied across the top reinforcement mesh to join the elements together. After the
site finishing concrete is poured and cured this technique provides structural continuity across the whole floor slab the
joints between elements are then redundant without any structural effect to create a seamless floor slab.
BubbleDeck has proved to be highly successful in Europe since its invention ten years ago. In Denmark and Holland over 1
million square metres of floors have been constructed in the last seven years using the BubbleDeck system in all types of
multi-storey buildings.
Bubbl e De c k
i s a s i mpl e s ol ut i on t ha t e l i mi na t e s non- wor k i ng

de a d l oa d i n f l oor s whi l e f ul l y r e t a i ni ng s t r e ngt h.
T h e e n g i n e e r i n g s o l u t i o n t h a t r a d i c a l l y
i m p r o v e s b u i l d i n g d e s i g n a n d p e r f o r m a n c e
w h i l e r e d u c i n g t h e o v e r a l l c o s t .
BubbleDecks
height saving
allowed 2
floors to be
added
during
construction
p a g e 2
R
Simple s i t e i ns t a l l a t i on
( Ty pe A - Fi l i gr e e E l e me nt s )
Temporary Support Propping on parallel beams at 1.8
to 2.4 metre spacing
Placing Elements Semi pre-cast elements mechanically
lifted into position
Joint Reinforcement Insert loose bottom splice bars
and tie top mesh across joints between elements
Shear Reinforcement Insert loose bars across columns
Edge reinforcement Insert edge bars and hairpins
around slab perimeter
Perimeter shuttering Fix shuttering to bottom pre-cast
concrete layer & tie to top mesh reinforcement
Soffite shuttering Prop plywood across tolerance joints
between element bays and between elements & columns
Preparation Seal joints between elements, clean and
moisten bottom pre-cast concrete layer
Concreting Pour, vibrate and float 10mm max.
aggregate in-situ concrete
Temporary works Remove, typically after 3 5 days,
according to specific site advice
Finishing no further work required, the slab is complete
unless requirement for exposed soffite
BubbleDeck
is a two-way
spanning hollow
deck in which
recycled plastic
bubbles serve the
purpose of
eliminating
non-structural
concrete
p a g e 3
t y pe s
Type A Filigree Elements, where the bottom of the bubble-
reinforcement sandwich includes a 70mm thick pre-cast concrete
layer acting as permanent formwork within part of the finished slab
depth replacing the need for soffite shuttering. The elements are
placed on temporary propping, loose joint, shear & edge
reinforcement added, perimeter and tolerance joints shuttered and then the remaining
slab depth concreted.
Most commonly specified being suitable for the majority of new-build projects. Requires fixed or
mobile crane to lift into position due to weight of manufactured
elements as delivered to site.
Type B Reinforcement Modules
comprising pre-fabricated bubble-
reinforcement sandwich elements.
The modules are placed on
traditional site formwork, loose joint,
shear & edge reinforcement added and then
concreted in 2 stages to the full slab depth.
Suitable for suspended ground floor slabs and alteration /
refurbishment projects, particularly where site access is
extremely restricted. Can be manually lifted into position.
Type C Finished Planks, delivered to the building site as complete
pre-cast factory made slab elements with the full concrete thickness. These
span in one direction only and require the inclusion of supporting beams or walls
within the structure.
Version Slab Bubbles Span Cantilever Span Completed Site Concrete
Thickness (Multiple bays) Maximum Length (Single bay rows) Slab Mass Quantity
mm mm metres metres metres kN/m
2
m
3
/m
2
BD230 230 180 5 8.1 2.8 5 6.5 4.26 0.112
BD280 280 225 7 10.1 3.3 6 7.8 5.11 0.146
BD340 340 270 9 12.5 4.0 7 9.5 6.22 0.191
BD390 390 315 11 14.4 4.7 9 10.9 6.92 0.219
BD450 450 360 13 16.4 5.4 10 12.5 7.95 0.252
BD510* 510 410 15 18.8 6.1 11 13.9 9.09 0.298
BD600* 600 500 16 21.0 7.2 12 15.0 10.30 0.348
BubbleDeck can be supplied in 3 types of
manufactured elements:
versions B u b b l e d e c k
s l a b
Element
The appropriate BubbleDeck slab version is bespoke engineered to suit building configuration, span length between supports,
applied loadings and vertical alignment of supports. Indicative spans are given as a guide to what can be achieved. Established from
full calculation FE analysis these are based on 20mm concrete cover to bottom rebar (1 hour fire resistance); live load 3+1 kN/m
2
,
dead load 1.5 kN/m
2
and lightweight external envelope maximum 6 kN/m line load. Completed slab mass and Site Concrete
Quantity based on 3 x 9 metre pre-cast elements with 35 kg/m
2
total reinforcement.
* New 2006
BubbleDeck slab
configurations:
Agrment
certification
pending, outside
scope of KOMO
technical
certificate.
p a g e 4
R
Selected B u b b l e D e c k
p r o j e c t s
Le Coie Housing
The largest BubbleDeck structure so far erected in Great Britain was
completed 6 weeks ahead of programme. The structure comprises 7,800m
2
of
BubbleDeck floor slabs between 3 and 6 stories high supported on in-situ
reinforced concrete columns. Over 400,000 of savings were realised as a
direct result of incorporating BubbleDeck into this project, amounting to a
3% saving off the TOTAL project cost.
The Main Contractor subsequently found the BubbleDeck system
benefits continue throughout the whole construction process with
faster and cheaper erection of external & internal walls plus fast
and easy installation of services below the flat soffites.
Chris Dunne, Project Architect, commented:- Our original
solution for Le Coie was a steel frame with Bison floor planks &
structural concrete topping in the 5 to 6 storey areas, with load
bearing blockwork supporting a composite metal deck in the lower sections.
The BubbleDeck technique not only saved a considerable sum but simplified
the buildings structure, removing my co-ordination headache of getting
services around or through beams required with a traditional solution.We
were also able to eliminate all load bearing walls down the middle of each
flat, required to support the short spans of composite metal decks, giving
more internal space and fantastic flexibility.
I will definitely consider BubbleDeck
for use on my future projects.
These are only a few of many projects with
BubbleDeck floors.
For many others and new projects see our
WEB site: www. BubbleDeck-UK.com
p a g e 5
Media City
This 32.000 m
2
building was
constructed with great
transparency, revealing a huge
open atrium. This atrium is the fulcrum and heart of the
building. The spaces are formed in soft, organic
shapes that allow light to spill onto every
single workplace in the building.
To achieve these wide, open, internal
spaces a BubbleDeck structure of
post tensioned 450mm deep
floor plates, achieving 16 metre
spans between columns was
selected - dramatically reducing
structure dead weight and
enabling long spans. The flexibility
of BubbleDeck also facilitated
construction of the soft flowing,
organic shapes forming the floors around
the central atrium.
Millennium Tower
Originally designed with hollow core planks, late in the
design stage it was determined that BubbleDeck would
realise considerable cost and time savings. Adopting
BubbleDeck also reduced the structural floor zone
depth due to omission of beams, lowering the
overall buildings height.
Another consideration was the lack of storage
space on the building site which is located close to
major arterial roads and streets. The floors were on
average erected, cast and completed in half the
time - 4 days instead of 8 days it would have
taken to construct with hollow core planks. Half
way through constructing the structure it was
decided to add another 2 floors which was made
possible within the overall height of the original building
due to BubbleDeck reducing structural floor depth.
City Hall and Offices
BubbleDecks superior cantilevering ability
achieved 3.3 metre cantilevers from a
280mm deep slab with 7.5 metre internal
spans between columns. The building
provides a City Hall and financial centre
for Danske Bank containing 4,000 m
2
floor area. The slender slab without any
beams secures maximum light from the
facades, which is enhanced by an internal
atrium. This project won Building of the
Year 2004 award for offices and
commercial buildings.
BubbleDeck
BubbleDeck is
the ONLY officially
certified voided flat
slab system having
been granted Kiwa
N.V. KOMO Certificate
K22722, recognised
in the Building
Regulations as
equivalent to
an Agrment
Certificate.
p a g e 6
R
A BubbleDeck slab has the same applied load carrying capacity with
only 50% of the concrete required for a solid concrete slab, or with
the same slab thickness has twice the load carrying capacity using
65% of the concrete required by a solid concrete slab.
Schematic design basic principle
As a general guide for project scoping purposes the maximum achievable
spans for each BubbleDeck slab depth is usually determined by deflection
limitations. This criteria is controlled by the ratio of span / effective depth
(L/d) stipulated in BS8110 and modified by applying a factor of 1.5,
permitted by BS8110 to take account of BubbleDecks dramatically lower
dead weight than traditional solid flat slabs.
L/d 30 for simply supported floors (single spans)
L/d 39 for continuously supported floors (multiple spans)
L/d 12.5 for cantilevers.
The effective depth of a BubbleDeck slab is the overall depth less standard
20mm concrete cover (achieving 1 hour fire resistance) from the bottom
mesh reinforcement to underside of the slab. Where 90 minute fire
resistance is required deduct 25mm off overall slab depth, or for 120
minute fire resistance deduct 30mm off overall slab depth. In the case of
spanning onto columns without beams use the longest dimensions
between columns, where the slab will span onto walls or beams use the
shortest span dimension.
As an example for BD280 slab version, with 1 hour fire
resistance, d is 260mm so 39xd indicates a maximum 10.14
metre continuously supported (multiple bay) span; 30xd
indicates a maximum 7.8 metre simply supported (single bay)
span, and 12.5xd indicates a maximum 3.25 metre cantilever is
potentially feasible. This basic principle has been verified for
dead loadings up to 4.5 Kn/m
2
following full calculations on
many projects as a generally reliable indication.We can refine
this approximate indication by full calculation and we would be
pleased to give you advice on a specific project.
Post tensioning
When mega spans are required
(above 15 metres) we can provide
a PostTensioned (PT)
BubbleDeck solution. The above
deflection limits can be
increased by up to 30% with
post-tensioned BubbleDeck
slabs.
Solid
d e c k c o mp a r i s o n s
p a g e 7
By virtually eliminating concrete in the middle of a slab BubbleDeck
makes a significant contribution to reducing environmental impact.
Guidance from the ODPM requires the direct environmental effects of buildings
to be considered, including usage of natural resources and emissions resulting
from construction. Not only is concrete usage reduced by up to 50% within a
buildings structure but knock-on benefits can be realised through reduced
foundation sizes. BubbleDeck can make a big contribution towards achieving
BREEAM targets.
Every 5,000 m
2
of BubbleDeck floor slab can save:-
1,000 m
3
site concrete.
166 ready mix lorry trips.
1,798 Tonnes of foundation loads or 19 less piles.
1,745 GJ energy used in concrete production & haulage.
278 Tonnes of CO
2
green house gases emissions.
BubbleDeck structures are also Sustainable with the system allowing frame re-use for future
purposes. The envelope and all internal work can be removed from a BubbleDeck building
and the original frame simply refitted for a new purpose. The two way spanning nature of
BubbleDeck slabs allows any internal layout to be reconfigured to new uses within the
original design load parameters.
Data based on typical 4,500 m
2
Office Building with 7.5 x 7.5 metre multiple
spans between in-situ or precast concrete columns.
Assumptions:
1) Lightweight external envelope (curtain walling or equal).
2) Typical office live load 2.5 kN/m
2
+ 1.5 kN/m
2
for lightweight partitions, computer floor, finishes & services.
3) Overall stability braced by stair / lift core shear walls in both cases BubbleDeck transfers lateral loads to cores.
4) Energy from materials transport cement 50 miles, aggregate 10 miles (to ready mix plant) and concrete 5
miles (to site).
Relative values in % of solid slab
Carrying capacity 25 50 25
Dead load 75 50 40
Dead load / Carrying capacity 3:1 1:1 1.5:1
Absolute values in % of solid slab
Carrying capacity 100 200 100
Slab dead load 100 65 50
Utility value of 300 200
concrete increased
A BubbleDeck has twice the capacity with 65% concrete and
the same capacity with 50% concrete compared to
a solid slab.
Carrying capacity
Slab Dead load
Solid slab BubbleDeck
BubbleDeck
same thickness same capacity

Green
Consider
c r e d e n t i a l s
t h e b e n e f i t s
Slab Site Concrete Site Concrete Total Slab Embodied CO
2
Depth Volume Quantity Dead Load Energy Emissions
(mm) m
3
/ m
2
m
3
(Tonnes) (Giga Joules) (Tonnes)
Solid Slab 310 0.31 1,395 3,376 3,278 522
BubbleDeck 230 0.11 495 1,758 1,707 272
BD SAVES 80 0.20 900 1,618 1,571 250
BubbleDeck
floors make a
substantial
contribution to
reducing carbon
emissions arising
from construction.
p a g e 8
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WEB: www. Bubbl eDeck- UK. com
B U B B L E D E C K
The
BubbleDeck
system is based
upon the patented
integration
technique - the
direct way of
linking air and
steel.
Service o p t i o n s
p a g e 9
R
We provide two alternative Service Options covering provision of design, detailing, drawing production,
element manuifacture and supply of all components to site completely ready for construction:-
Option A Full Floor Design by BubbleDeck (BD)
1. Initial Enquiry & consultation / advice / meetings (FOC).
2. Schematic design of Deck Type and advice on appropriate solution (FOC).
3. Quotation for Detail Design, Drawing Production, Element Manufacture & Supply, based on estimated amount of reinforcement
required per m
2
(FOC).
4. Acceptance of Quotation and order / payment for Detail Engineering Design,
Calculations and Drawing Production.
5. Detail Engineering Design and Calculations of BubbleDeck floors by
Bubbledeck, Detail Design of all other elements (foundations,
columns, external envelope & roof) by Clients Agents or others.
6. Production of Manufacturing and Site Installation drawings
by Bubbledeck, including pre-cast elements ready for
manufacture and all required loose reinforcement.
7. Preparation of Design & Calculation report
by Bubbledeck. Provision of Design Report and
Manufacturing / Site Installation Drawings to Clients
Agents for their Building Control submission.
8. Acceptance and sign-off by Clients Agents of
BubbleDeck Design Report and Manufacturing / Site
Installation Drawings.
9. Preparation of loose site reinforcement bar bending
schedules issued to Main Contractor / Site Installer
for supply to site by others.
10. Adjusted Quotation, based on final amount of reinforcement per m
2
.
11. Acceptance of Adjusted Quotation & Order for prefabricated BubbleDeck Element
manufacture, production & supply to site.
12. Advice to Clients Main Contractor & Agents on Site Installation & Construction.
13. Manufacture of prefabricated BubbleDeck Elements & supply to Site.
14. Advice to Main Contractor during Site Installation & Construction.
15. Site Inspections of Erection, Loose Reinforcement installation and sign off by
BubbleDeck prior to final concrete pour.
Option A under-written by Bubbledeck's Professional Indemnity / Product Liability Insurance Policies and
Collateral Warranty issued following settlement of BubbleDeck Account.
Option B Structure & BubbleDeck Floor Design by Clients Agents
1. Initial Enquiry & consultation / advice / meetings (FOC).
2. Advice on Deck Type, appropriate solution, element layout and design (FOC).
3. Quotation for Element Production & Supply, based on Clients Agents estimated reinforcement per m
2
(FOC).
4. Detail Design of BubbleDeck floors and all other elements (foundations, columns, external envelope & roof)
by Clients Agents or others.
5. Submission of Detail Design by Clients Agents to BubbleDeck for review & comment.
6. Production of Manufacturing drawings by BubbleDeck, production of Site Installation drawings by Clients Agents
including all required loose site reinforcement.
8. Preparation by Clients Agents of Design & Calculation report and submission with Manufacturing / Site Installation Drawings by
Clients Agents to Building Control for approval.
7. Submission of Design & Calculation report and Site Installation drawings to BubbleDeck for review & comment.
8. Preparation by Clients Agents of loose site reinforcement bar bending schedules for supply to site by others.
9. Adjusted Quotation, based on final amount of reinforcement per m
2
in prefabricated BubbleDeck elements.
10. Acceptance of Adjusted Quotation & Order for prefabricated BubbleDeck Element manufacture, production & supply to site.
11. Advice to Clients Main Contractor & Agents on Site Installation & Construction.
12. Manufacture of prefabricated BubbleDeck Elements & supply to Site.
13. Site Inspections of Erection, Loose Reinforcement installation and signoff by Clients Agents prior to final concrete pour.
Option B under-written by BD's Product Liability Policy and Product Guarantee.
Appendix B Geometry for Standard Deck sizes

1
2
5
1
2
5
1
2
5
1
2
5
1
2
5
1
2
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
7
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
1
2
5
1
2
5
1
2
5
1
2
5
1
2
5
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
B
u
b
b
I
e
D
e
c
k

S
I
a
b
B
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b
b
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8
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K

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3
5
2
0

F
a
r
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m
P
h
/
f
a
x

+
4
5

4
4

9
5

5
9

5
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
Y
Y
X
1
:
5
C
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3
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.
5
Girder 152
B
D

2
3
0

T
y
p
e

A
Y
5
Y
5
Y
8
Y
8
2 5
1
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b
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r
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O
N
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Y

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d
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o
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a
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r
e
b
a
r
s
75
125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75
17.5
42.5
125
75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75
125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
30
30
BubbIeDeck SIab
Y Y
X
1:20
Cross section and mesh
230 mm BubbleDeck
G
i
r
d
e
r

1
5
2
D = 180
G
i
r
d
e
r

1
5
2
BD 230 Type A
2960
3000
17.5
42.5
2960
Top mesh
Cross section
Bottom mesh
Measures in mm
1
2
5
1
2
5
1
2
5
1
2
5
1
2
5
1
2
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
7
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
1
2
5
7
5
1
2
5
1
2
5
1
2
5
7
5
1
2
5
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
B
u
b
b
I
e
D
e
c
k

S
I
a
b
B
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b
b
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D
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8
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3
5
2
0

F
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P
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x

+
4
5

4
4

9
5

5
9

5
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
Y
Y
X
Y
5
Y
5
Y
8
Y
8
1
:
5
C
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Girder 152
R
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b
a
r
s

l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
a
l
:

b
l
a
c
k

m
a
r
k
i
n
g
R
e
b
a
r
s

d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
:

w
h
i
t
e

m
a
r
k
i
n
g
4
2
.
5
3
0
6
7
.
5
6
7
.
5
3
0
3
0
4
2
.
5
2 5
Girder 152
B
D

2
3
0

T
y
p
e

B
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
D
o
t
t
e
d

"
b
a
r
s

O
N
L
Y

i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l

r
e
b
a
r
s
75
125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75
42.5
87.5
75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75
125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
30
30
BubbIeDeck SIab
Y Y
X
1:20
230 mm BubbleDeck
G
i
r
d
e
r

1
5
0
-
1
5
5
D = 180
G
i
r
d
e
r

1
5
0
-
1
5
5
BD 230 Type B
2960
3000
42.5
87.5
2960
Top mesh
Cross section
Bottom mesh
Measures in mm
75
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
3
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
5
5
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
D
o
t
t
e
d

"
b
a
r
s

O
N
L
Y

i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l

r
e
b
a
r
s
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
B
u
b
b
I
e
D
e
c
k

S
I
a
b
B
u
b
b
I
e
D
e
c
k

I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
I
R
s
e
v
a
n
g
e
n

8
D
K

-

3
5
2
0

F
a
r
u
m
P
h
/
f
a
x

+
4
5

4
4

9
5

5
9

5
9
2
0
2
0
Y
Y
X
Y
6
Y
0
8
1
:
5
C
r
o
s
s

s
e
c
t
i
o
n

o
f

j
o
i
n
t
2
8
5

m
m

B
u
b
b
l
e
D
e
c
k
Girder 195-200
R
e
b
a
r
s

l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
a
l
:

b
l
a
c
k

m
a
r
k
i
n
g
R
e
b
a
r
s

d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
:

w
h
i
t
e
/
g
r
e
y

m
a
r
k
i
n
g
2 5
3
0
5
5
2
0
2
0
3
0
5
5
3
0
5
5
B
D

2
8
5

T
y
p
e

A
Girder 195-200
Y
6
Y
0
8
2
5
0
1
2
5
1
2
5
2
5
0
2
5
0
100
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 30
55
150
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
150
100
100
100
150
150
100
150
150
150
150
100
100
100
55
30
BubbIeDeck SIab
Y Y
X
1:20
285 mm BubbleDeck
G
i
r
d
e
r

1
9
5
-
2
0
0
D = 225
G
i
r
d
e
r

1
9
5
-
2
0
0
BD 285 Type A
2960
3000
30
55
2960
Top mesh
Cross section
Bottom mesh
Measures in mm
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
5
5
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
2
5
0
1
2
5
1
2
5
2
5
0
2
5
0
B
u
b
b
I
e
D
e
c
k

S
I
a
b
B
u
b
b
I
e
D
e
c
k

I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
I
R
s
e
v
a
n
g
e
n

8
D
K

-

3
5
2
0

F
a
r
u
m
P
h
/
f
a
x

+
4
5

4
4

9
5

5
9

5
9
2
0
2
0
Y
Y
X
Y
6
Y
1
0
1
:
5
C
r
o
s
s

s
e
c
t
i
o
n

o
f

j
o
i
n
t
2
8
5

m
m

B
u
b
b
l
e
D
e
c
k
R
e
b
a
r
s

l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
a
l
:

b
l
a
c
k

m
a
r
k
i
n
g
R
e
b
a
r
s

d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
:

w
h
i
t
e

m
a
r
k
i
n
g
2 55
5
3
0
2
0
2
0
5
5
3
0
B
D

2
8
5

T
y
p
e

B
Y
6
Y
1
0
3
0
5
5
Girder 195-200
Girder 195-200
D
o
t
t
e
d

"
b
a
r
s

O
N
L
Y

i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l

r
e
b
a
r
s
100
100 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 100
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10055
80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
30
55
BubbIeDeck SIab
Y Y
X
1:20
285 mm BubbleDeck
G
i
r
d
e
r

1
9
5
-
2
0
0
D = 225
G
i
r
d
e
r

1
9
5
-
2
0
0
BD 285 Type B
2960
3000
55
80
2960
Top mesh
Cross section
Bottom mesh
Measures in mm
B
u
b
b
I
e
D
e
c
k

S
I
a
b
B
u
b
b
I
e
D
e
c
k

I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
I
R
s
e
v
a
n
g
e
n

8
D
K

-

3
5
2
0

F
a
r
u
m
P
h
/
f
a
x

+
4
5

4
4

9
5

5
9

5
9
X
X
Y
1
:
5
L
a
t
t
i
c
e

G
i
r
d
e
r
2
8
5

m
m

B
u
b
b
l
e
D
e
c
k
Girder 195-200
R
e
b
a
r
s

l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
a
l
:

R
e
b
a
r
s

d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
:

w
h
i
t
e
/
g
r
e
y

m
a
r
k
i
n
g
b
l
a
c
k

m
a
r
k
i
n
g
2 5
B
D

2
8
5

:

L
a
t
t
i
c
e

G
i
r
d
e
r
Y
0
8
Y
0
8
2
5
0
2
5
0
2
5
0
2
5
0
Y
0
8
2
5
0
1
2
5
2
5
0
2
5
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
8
0
1
5
0
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
0
0
3
0
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
B
u
b
b
I
e
D
e
c
k

S
I
a
b
B
u
b
b
I
e
D
e
c
k

I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
I
R
s
e
v
a
n
g
e
n

8
D
K

-

3
5
2
0

F
a
r
u
m
P
h
/
f
a
x

+
4
5

4
4

9
5

5
9

5
9
2
0
2
0
3
0
2
0
2
0
Y
Y
X
1
:
5
C
r
o
s
s

s
e
c
t
i
o
n

o
f

j
o
i
n
t
3
4
0

m
m

B
u
b
b
l
e
D
e
c
k
girder 230 - 235
R
e
b
a
r
s

l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
a
l
:

b
l
a
c
k

m
a
r
k
i
n
g
R
e
b
a
r
s

d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
:

w
h
i
t
e

m
a
r
k
i
n
g
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
8
0
1
0
0
5
5
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
B
D

3
4
0

T
y
p
e

A
Y
6
Y
6
Y
1
2
Y
1
2
2 5
girder 230 - 235
1
0
0
1
0
0
D
o
t
t
e
d

"
b
a
r
s

O
N
L
Y

i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l

r
e
b
a
r
s
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 30
80
200
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
55
55
BubbIeDeck SIab
Y Y
X
1:20
340 mm BubbleDeck
G
i
r
d
e
r

2
3
0
-
2
3
5
D = 270
G
i
r
d
e
r

2
3
0
-
2
3
5
BD 340 Type A
2960
3000
30
80
2960
Top mesh
Cross section
Bottom mesh
Measures in mm
150
150
150
150
150
150
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
8
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
8
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
0
0
3
0
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
B
u
b
b
I
e
D
e
c
k

S
I
a
b
B
u
b
b
I
e
D
e
c
k

I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
I
R
s
e
v
a
n
g
e
n

8
D
K

-

3
5
2
0

F
a
r
u
m
P
h
/
f
a
x

+
4
5

4
4

9
5

5
9

5
9
2
0
2
0
8
0
2
0
2
0
Y
Y
X
1
:
5
C
r
o
s
s

s
e
c
t
i
o
n

o
f

j
o
i
n
t
3
4
0

m
m

B
u
b
b
l
e
D
e
c
k
girder 230 - 235
R
e
b
a
r
s

l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
a
l
:

b
l
a
c
k

m
a
r
k
i
n
g
R
e
b
a
r
s

d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
:

w
h
i
t
e

m
a
r
k
i
n
g
1
0
0
5
0
1
0
0
8
0
1
0
0
5
5
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
0
0
5
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
B
D

3
4
0

T
y
p
e

B
Y
6
Y
6
Y
1
2
Y
1
2
2 5
2 5
girder 230 - 235
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
D
o
t
t
e
d

"
b
a
r
s

O
N
L
Y

i
n
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l

r
e
b
a
r
s
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 30
80 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
55
55
BubbIeDeck SIab
Y Y
X
1:20
340 mm BubbleDeck
G
i
r
d
e
r

2
3
0
-
2
3
5
D = 270
G
i
r
d
e
r

2
3
0
-
2
3
5
BD 340 Type B
2960
3000
30
2960
Top mesh
Cross section
Bottom mesh
Measures in mm
150
150
150
150
150
150
50 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50
B
u
b
b
I
e
D
e
c
k

S
I
a
b
B
u
b
b
I
e
D
e
c
k

I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
I
R
s
e
v
a
n
g
e
n

8
D
K

-

3
5
2
0

F
a
r
u
m
P
h
/
f
a
x

+
4
5

4
4

9
5

5
9

5
9
Y
Y
X
1
:
5
C
r
o
s
s

s
e
c
t
i
o
n

o
f

j
o
i
n
t
3
9
0

m
m

B
u
b
b
l
e
D
e
c
k
R
e
b
a
r
s

l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
a
l
:

b
l
a
c
k

m
a
r
k
i
n
g
R
e
b
a
r
s

d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
:

w
h
i
t
e

m
a
r
k
i
n
g
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
2 5
5
0
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
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0
0
1
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0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
3
0
3
5
0
2
0
2
0
5
5
2
0
2
0
Y
6
Y
6
Y
6
Y
6
Y
6
Y
1
0
Y
1
0
Y
1
0
Girder 280 - 285
2 5
2 5
3
0
5
5
3
0
5
5
B
D

3
9
0
1
0
0
3
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0
1
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3
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0
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t
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b
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d
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c
t
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a
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r
e
b
a
r
s
200
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
200 200 200 200 200 200 200
50
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
50 50 50 50 50 50 50
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
150
150
150
150
150
150
50
50
50
50
50
50
100
100
100
100
100
100
50
50
50
50
50
50
30
30
BubbIeDeck SIab
55
55
Y Y
X
1:20
395 mm BubbleDeck
G
i
r
d
e
r

2
8
0
-
2
8
5
D = 315
G
i
r
d
e
r

2
8
0
-
2
8
5
BD 395
2960
3000
55
55
2960
Top mesh
Cross section
Bottom mesh
Measures in mm
25
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
1
5
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
5
0
1
0
0
5
5
1
0
0
5
5
1
5
0
1
2
5
1
2
5
1
2
5
1
2
5
7
5
6
7
.
5
7
5
6
7
.
5
1
2
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
7
5
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
5
5
5
4
0
0
4
0
0
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b
b
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D
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c
k

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a
b
B
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-

3
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0

F
a
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m
P
h
/
f
a
x

+
4
5

4
4

9
5

5
9

5
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2
0
2
0
3
0
3
0
2
0
2
0
Y
Y
X
Y
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6
Y
6
Y
6
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1
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1
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5
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5
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m
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B
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b
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k
Girder 330
R
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b
a
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s

l
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a
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:

b
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d
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w
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m
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1
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4
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"
b
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N
L
Y

i
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d
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d
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e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l

r
e
b
a
r
s
200 200 200 200 200 200 200
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
150
150
150
150
150
150
50
50
50
50
50
50
100
100
150
150
150
150
50
50
50
50
50
50
55
55
BubbIeDeck SIab
30
Y Y
X
1:20
450 mm BubbleDeck
G
i
r
d
e
r

3
3
0
D = 360
G
i
r
d
e
r

3
3
0
BD 450
2960
3000
30
125 125 125 125 125 125 125
75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75
125 125 125 125 125 125 75 75
67.5 67.5
2960
Top mesh
Cross section
Bottom mesh
Measures in mm
Appendix C Eurocodes 2 Practical Use

The practical use of Eurocode 2
Rod Webster Concrete Innovation & Design Page 1

1 Introduction
When or before Eurocode 2 is introduced in early 2003, most engineers will need to be
assured that it can be used as a practical concrete design tool, as well as producing
economic results. If they are not assured of this, practices will continue to use BS 8110 in
preference to adopting the new code.

Necessary guidance in the form of explanatory literature, process flowcharts, spreadsheets
and other software etcetera is in preparation. This brief report will attempt to summarise the
principal design procedures required by EC2, compare them with their BS 8110
counterparts, and demonstrate that the transition to EC2 need not be a difficult process.

2 Comparisons with BS 8110

2.1 Loading
EC2 BS 8110
Loaded spans:
Worst of
G
= 1.35,
Q
= 1.05
and
G
= 1.15,
Q
= 1.5
G
= 1.4,
Q
= 1.6
Unloaded spans:
G
= as above
G
= 1.0
Loading pattern: All + adjacent + alternate spans All spans + alternate spans

For the sake of simplicity,
G
= 1.35 and
Q
= 1. 5 may be used for loaded spans (with
G
=
1.35 on unloaded spans), although this would be very conservative. Both
G
and
Q
are
marginally lower than in BS 8110, but for unloaded spans
G
is higher, reflecting a lower
probability of variation in dead loads. For a typical member with Q
k
= 0.5 G
k
, maximum
ULS loading would be 13.6% lower than for BS 8110. The use of the same value for
G

throughout also reduces the effect of pattern loading, thus marginally reducing span
moments.

The loading code, EN 1991-1-1, stipulates values of imposed loads that vary only
marginally from current UK practice (e.g. 3 kN/m
2
for offices). This code stipulates weights
for both construction materials and stored materials, and it should be noted that the density
of normal weight reinforced concrete should be taken as 25 kN/m
2
.

2.2 Cover
Nominal covers required for durability and bond are fairly similar to BS 8110. However,
nominal cover to EC2 is in two parts, C
nom
= C
min
+ c, where c is a design tolerance
varying from 0 to 10mm, depending upon quality assurance level. This can have the effect
of increasing cover to slabs when larger diameter bars are used, as C
min
bar and c must
be added.
2.3 Materials EC2 BS 8110

Partial factor, concrete:
c
= 1.5
c
= 1.5
Partial factor, steel:
s
= 1.15
s
= 1.05
Rod Webster Concrete Innovation & Design Page

At first inspection, the higher
s
factor in EC2 would appear disadvantageous. However, this
difference is almost exactly neutralised by the introduction of reinforcing steel with f
yk
=
500 N/mm
2
.

2.4 Stress block flexure
Eurocode 2
Section Strain Stress
neutral axis
As
As
2
h
d
x
x
d
2
sc F
c
F
sc
F
st
z
c
f = f /
cd cc ck c

f
ck
= characteristic concrete cylinder strength (equivalent to 80% cube strength).

For f
ck
50 N/mm
2
, = 1,
c
= 0.0035,
cc
= 1.0 and = 0.8. As
c
is the same for both
codes, this results in concrete design strengths being 19.4% higher than in BS 8110 below.
This difference gives advantage in terms of reinforcement areas because of the resulting
increase in the lever arm, z.
Section Strain Stress
neutral axis
As
As
h
d
x
0.9x
d
sc F
c
F
sc
F
st
z
c
= 0.0035 f = 0.67f /
cd ck c

BS 8110

2.5 Stress block columns
In BS 8110, an identical stress block is used for both pure flexure and bending with axial
load. In EC2 however,
c
the limiting concrete compressive strain, starts to reduce when the
neutral axis x drops outside of the section height, h. This strain reaches a lower bound value
(0.00175 for f
ck
50 N/mm
2
) when the section is in pure compression.
2

The diagram below demonstrates this procedure. Effectively, the strain diagram has a
hinge point, which falls at h/2 for normal strength concretes. This process is easily
automated, but is not suited to hand calculation, so it is best accomplished by spreadsheet.

As few columns are very close to being in pure compression, this gradual reduction in
strain, and hence compressive stress, has less effect than one might imagine.

General relationship When x > h Pure compression
h
d
h/2
x
x
s
0.00175 min 0.00175
0.00175 0.0035 max
hinge
point
0.00175x /(x-h/2)

EC2 strain relationship at ULS (f
ck
50 N/mm
2
)

2.6 Redistribution
EC2 BS 8110
Neutral axis limit: x/d - 0.4 x/d
b
- 0.4
Redistribution limit: 30% classes B & C 30% generally
20% for class A rebar 10% sway frames > 4 storeys
0% in columns 0% in columns
Limitations: Adjacent spans ratio 2

The EC2 x/d limit reduces for concrete with f
ck
> 50 N/mm
2
, otherwise both codes are very
similar.

2.7 Beam shear
A strut-and-tie model is used for shear reinforcement to EC2, which can have a varying
angle between the compressive struts and main tension chord. Cot is normally taken as
the maximum value of 2.5, but may be as low as 1.0 if required for high shear forces.

For UD loading, EC2 BS 8110
Shear resistance: = 0.7 f
ck
/200 0.5
k = 1 + (200/d) 2 v
c
= from Table 3.8

1
= A
sl
/b
w
d 0.02
At support face: V
Rd,max
= 0.9b
w
d.f
cd
/(cot + tan) V
max
= 0.8f
cu
5
At d from support: V
Rd,ct
= 0.12k(100
1
f
ck
)
1/3
V
c
= v
c
.b
v
d
If V
Rd,ct
V
Ed
nominal links If Vc
ct
V, nominal links
3

Links: A
sw
/s = V
Ed
/(0.9d..f
cd
cot) A
sv
/s
v
=1.05 b
v
(v-v
c
) /f
yv

Nominal links: A
sw
/s 0.5.f
cd
b
w
/f
ywd
A
sv
/s
v
0.42b
v
/f
yv

Understandably, these approaches are somewhat different although both methods are simple
enough to apply. One can see from the above formulae that when more than nominal links
are required, EC2 ignores any contribution from the concrete. The strut-and-tie method
produces an additional tension in the main steel where the compression strut meets this
steel. This effect is catered for by applying the shift rule when detailing (see Section 3).

2.8 Punching shear
The calculation of punching shear is basically similar to BS 8110, except that the control
perimeter is at 2d, rather than 1.5d from the column face, and follows a locus from the
column face, rather than being rectangular in shape.

2d

1.5d

EC2 BS 8110
Basic control perimeter: At 2d at 1.5d
Control perimeter shape: Rounded corners Rectangular
Flat slab shear enhancement factors
Internal: 1.15 1.15
Edges: 1.4 1.4 or 1.25
Corners: 1.5 1.25

When links are required, EC2 allows a contribution of 75% of the concrete shear resistance
(unlike beam shear), and a radial distribution of links is assumed. An outer perimeter, at
which no further links are required, is based upon the link arrangement rather than the basic
control perimeter.

The much higher enhancement factor of 1.5 for corner columns may prove critical in some
circumstances, when sizing flat slabs for shear. However, the method as a whole seems very
logical and may result in fewer links and be simpler to detail than the BS8110 method.
4

2.9 Span to depth ratios
EC2 BS 8110
Basic L/d ratios:
K factors from Table 7.4 used in
equations 7.14a & b
From Table 3.9
Tension steel
modifier:
In equations From Table 3.10
Compression steel
modifier:
In equations From Table 3.11
Flanged sections: 1 1 0.2b
w
/b
f
/3 0.8
Interpolated between Table
3.9 values
Long span modifier:
Only used if there are brittle partitions
Flat slabs: 8.5 /L 1
Otherwise: 7 /L 1
10 /L 1
Service stress
modifier:
310 /
s
(steel service stress)
Formulae included in Table
3.10

These two methods are very similar, but in practice, Eurocode 2 effectively allows
marginally shallower members than BS 8110. This is likely to be because the EC2 ratios
have made no allowance for early age overloading during construction, which can increase
the degree of cracking, particularly in slabs.

2.10 Maximum bar spacing
For normal internal exposure, EC2 recommends a maximum crack width of 0.4mm
compared to 0.3mm in BS 8110. However, the maximum bar spacings in Table 7.3 are
somewhat less than those now commonly used in the UK. This will tend towards the use of
slightly smaller diameter bars in slabs. The actual calculation of crack widths to clause 7.3.4
allows more flexibility.

2.11 Beam flange widths
To both codes, effective flange widths may be calculated directly from the distances
between points of contraflexure, but the default values below give an indication of
comparative values.
EC2 BS 8110
Effective span, spans:
Simple supports, L
End span, 0.85L
Internal span, 0.7L
Simple supports, L
End span, 0.85L
Internal span, 0.7L
Effective span, supports:
Cantilever, L.
Others, 0.15L either side of support.
Not applicable
Effective b
f
, T-beam:
[b
1
/5+L
eff
/10]L
eff
/5

plus [b
2
/5+L
eff
/10]L
eff
/5
b
w
+b
1
+b
2

b
w
+L
eff
/5 b
w
+b
1+
b
2
Effective b
f
, L-beam: b
w
+{[b
1
/5+L
eff
/10]L
eff
/5} b
w
+b
1
b
w
+L
eff
/10 b
w
+b
1

b
1
and b
2
are the actual flange outstands on either side of the web

It should be noted that EC2 requires a portion of beam support steel to be spread across the
width of flange. This is why a method is also provided for assessing the widths of tension
flanges.

2.12 Flat slabs
For flat slabs, the two codes are almost identical, the relevant EC2 clauses having been
drafted in Britain. Slightly more latitude is suggested however, for the apportioning of
moments between column strips and middle strips.

M
t,max
, the limit on moment transfer into edge/corner columns, is approximately 10% lower
than for BS 8110.

2.13 Columns
Some of the terminology in Eurocode 2 relating to column design may be slightly
unfamiliar, with minimum eccentricities being described under imperfections and
buckling etcetera falling within second order effects. Alternative design methods are
given, but the curvature method is similar in approach to current practice. As with BS
8110, the column design process is quite tedious to perform manually, but is relatively easy
to automate. The simplified method given for carrying out biaxial bending checks is more
logical than in BS 8110, and is simple to apply.

A comparison between the EC2 and BS column design processes is shown in the flowcharts
below.
6


3 Detailing
3.1 General
EC2detailing rules are slightly more complex than for BS 8110. It will no longer be possible
to make simple assumptions, such 35 or 40 diameters for an anchorage length, and
technicians will need to learn the necessary skills, as there are differing anchorage rules for
different types of member. There are also many small changes to be learned, such as the
detailing of beam support steel within flanges, minimum reinforcement percentages, and
new rules regarding the staggering of laps.

3.2 The shift rule
This is the recommended method for working out curtailment points for beam
reinforcement, which at the same time ensures the provision of sufficient steel near to
supports, to accommodate the additional tensile forces generated by the strut-and-tie shear
action described in 2.7.

Basically, the bending moment envelope is shifted a distance between 0.45d and 1.125d
and bars should have an anchorage length beyond their relevant shifted point of being no
longer required.

4 Unfamiliar processes
4.1 Strut-and-tie models
The strut-and-tie method should be used for the design of D-regions, which are described as
discontinuities in geometry or action. Some such discontinuities are frame corners,
corbels, or abrupt changes in section. It is also important to note that this method is implied
within the shear design process described in 2.7 and 2.8 above.

7

Typical node model
for a corbel
a
c
a
H
H
Ed
H
Ed
F
Ed
F
wd
F
td
F
Ed
z
0
d
h
c
Rd,max
2
1


Although widely used in other European countries, this approach, while not being
particularly complex, will be unfamiliar to many designers in the UK, so both engineers and
technicians are likely to require guidance.

5 EC2 overview
5.1 General
The areas covered by this document are not exhaustive; only what are considered to be the
more important and commonly used procedures have been discussed. Eurocode 2 is a very
comprehensive code and also includes rules for precast concrete, post-tensioned members
etcetera, but the focus here has been on everyday insitu reinforced concrete design.

5.2 Code philosophy
The general philosophy of EC2 is quite different from that found in BS 8110. The Eurocode
is less empirical and more logical in its approach. For example, variables such as partial
factors for materials are shown within formulae, rather than being built in as part of an
obscure number. If one wishes to go into greater detail, there are appendices to the code that
give derivation formulae for items such as creep coefficients and shrinkage strains, which
are most helpful when attempting to automate the design process.

EC2 makes no attempt to be a design guide; it is a code giving general rules. There are no
simplified tables of moment or shear factors for example, as one would be expected to look
for these in separate design guides or standard textbooks.

In my view, EC2 has great potential of being accepted as a very good replacement for BS
8110. Inevitably there will be those who wish to resist any change, but I am sure that, after
an initial learning period, the superiority and economic advantages of EC2 will universally
recognised.

5.3 What is needed?
To smooth the transition to EC2, the following tools will be required; preferably to be
available before the predicted formal release of the new code in early 2003.

General design guides
Worked examples
A Concise EC2
A full set of design spreadsheets
Comparative and calibration studies
An EC2 version of Economic Frame Elements

Hopefully, specialist software houses can also be encouraged to update their programs in
due time. Of prime importance will be the availability of updated finite element software, as
moments generated by programs written to the ENV version of EC2 will not be correct.


5.4 Factors of safety
There has been recent discussion regarding comparative factors of safety between BS
8110 and EC2 (also CP49!), which shows a massive misunderstanding of the basic
principles of limit state design.

A true factor of safety can only be determined by comparing design loading with that at collapse.
Partial factors for materials and loading are not safety factors; they only reflect degrees of
confidence.
Any basic understanding of statistics proves that to simply multiply together sets of factors or
probabilities is completely meaningless.

The economic advantages of EC2 for flexural design are far greater than can be assessed by
looking at the partial factors for loading and materials alone.

For similar characteristic loading, ULS loading can be 10% to 15% less.
Rebar design stresses are almost identical, in spite of the differing factor.
The difference in pattern loading may marginally increase support moments but reduce span
moments.
For the same concrete mix, EC2 gives a concrete stress 19.4% higher than BS 8110, which in turn
increases the lever arm z.
More generous span-to-depth ratios can lead to shallower members.

These economies would seem very significant. Shear and column design do not appear to
have been trimmed in the same way, but this must reflect our increasing understanding of
concrete design. Slabs are by far the most economically critical elements, and here there is
advantage.

9
BubbleDeck Voided
Flat Slab Solutions
Technical Paper
BubbleDeck
Design and
Detailing Notes guidance to
engineers and detailers
October 2007
BubbleDeck - guidance to engineering designers and detailers
Engineering design
Generally:
The engineering designer should be very familiar with the principals of slab design
and particularly flat slabs as well as having a good grounding in general structural
engineering.
It is recommended, as a minimum, to have read a general text on flat slab design
and the appropriate sections of Concrete Society Technical Report TR43[i] and
TR58[ii] (Note TR43 is specifically for post tensioned slabs but there is useful and
relevant material there). Essential reading also is Eurocode 2[iii] at least the
sections on flexure and shear, with particular reference to punching shear.
CIRIA Report 89[iv] and 110[v] are also important background reading (although the
latter is somewhat obsolete, it contains useful material).
The engineer wishing to explore in greater depth should read Nielsen[vi]. This is
especially useful text as Nielsen was an influential member of the EC2 drafting
committee and to a large degree, was responsible for bringing the code up to date
with recent advances in plastic theory instead of reliance on outdated empirical
practices and over-reliance on elastic methods.
It is also helpful to read through the various reports of testing and studies done on
BubbleDeck Slabs in Europe.
All design work should be checked or reviewed by a competent person. It is not
recommended to rely on Local Authority Building Control Checking as some
checking engineers lack the specialised knowledge and experience to properly check
advanced RC designs.
The analysis and calculation of resistances for BubbleDeck is much the same as for
ordinary slabs except for some additional criteria. It is essential that the engineering
designer has an understanding of analytical manual methods, particularly yield line
theory, and an understanding of the principals and application of finite element
analysis. In the latter case an understanding of linear elastic and non-linear methods
is necessary.
Material properties:
Shear:
The shear resistance of BubbleDeck is a slightly conservative value, taken from
tests, which we use in design: 0.6 times the shear resistance of a solid slab of the
same thickness. If this is exceeded by the applied shear, at a column for example,
we leave out the balls and use the full solid shear values. Test conducted in
Germany, Denmark and Holland have shown the resistance to vary from about 65%
to 90% of a solid slab.
Flexure:
Standard strength parameters and properties are used as for solid slabs.
Deflection:
Span depth ratio calculations for deflections are very approximate and are not
appropriate in flat slabs of irregular layout except for the most simple or unimportant
cases. FE modelling, including non-linear cracked section analysis is used to
calculate the deflection using normal structural concrete with a Youngs Modulus
(secant) E
cm
, multiplied by 0.9 (see above) and a tensile strength, f
ctm
multiplied by
0.8 (to reduce the crack moment as mentioned above this is mainly significant in
the computation of uncracked curvatures where the geometry of the concrete section
is significant but is of increasingly negligible significance after cracking).
It is not presently possible to calculate for the difference in age related properties in
the filigree and in-situ concrete parts. This is not considered to be a significant
weakness.
Design methods:
Generally:
For ULS, elastic or plastic methods may be used to determine the applied actions.
The engineer should, however, be aware of the fundamental differences between the
two theories.
For flexural design, plastic theory may lead, in practice, to more efficient use of
reinforcement. This is usually applied, in the case of slabs, by the yield line theory
the most celebrated exponent of this being K W Johansson. Johansson[vii] published
a comprehensive work on the practical use of yield line theory as well as his original
work on the theory itself. Kennedy and Goodchild[viii] have published a useful and
very readable introduction to the use of yield line theory also. Yield line theory is a
very powerful tool by virtue of the relatively simple procedures involved leading to
economic reinforcement quantities. It is not without need for caution, however, and
care needs to be excercised not to overlook SLS concerns.
The main reason for the economy of yield line design is that collapse mechanisms
are found (usually in an upper bound analysis) that involve the whole, or a very large
part, of a reinforcement zone in yielding since it can be shown that the whole must
fail before the structure can fail globally (bearing in mind there may be many upper
bound mechanisms that need to be checked). This is in contrast to elastic design,
which usually results in a fairly heterogeneous moment field for which the designer
attempts to fit a practical arrangement of reinforcement. In fact, Nielsen
vi
states that
the elastic theory can lead to an optimal arrangement of reinforcement and, in
addition, that there is no philosophical objection to the use of plastic theory in
designing the reinforcement for applied actions determined from the elastic theory. It
is evident from this that the use of elastic theory and, in this particular context elastic
moment results for slabs, it is only significantly uneconomic if the designer is too un-
conservative about how the moment result field is covered by the reinforcement
provision and if there is no allowance for yielding and redistribution.
For example, FE results for a slab may show a small but irregular area of high design
moment. The designer may apply rebar to this in a rationalised zone, probably
rectangular, which actually extends over areas where the design moments are very
low. It would be possible, with appropriate experience and judgment to adjust
downwards the quantity of reinforcement so that it actually yields at the intense
moments and redistributes moment to the less utilised areas. This might be checked
by utilising a work equation in the same way as yield line design is carried out. It is
obviously important to ensure that the work done, the dissipation, in yielding a
reinforcement zone balances the work done by the external loads. In an
approximation, one could check that the dissipation of the applied reinforcement
exceeds that of the required reinforcement from the elastic results.
Codes and published methods often give weight to concepts of column strips and
middle strips but these are usually difficult to apply in irregular slabs. TR43 gives
guidance on this, for example, and suggests that the column strip is determined as
0.4 of the distance from the column centreline to the zero shear line. Some methods
further divide the column strip into an inner column strips and outer column strips. It
is recommended in most UK practice to concentrate most of the reinforcement, say
2/3 of that in the column strip in to the inner column strip so that the reinforcement
provision will be greatest where the service moments, tending to the elastic end of
the spectrum, are greatest and thus where most needed to resist cracking and limit
rotation contributing to deflection. To prevent absurd concentration of rebar, one may
take the reinforcement for the average moments for the inner column strip and
provide this for the full width of that strip.
Another phenomenon tending to produce in economy from yield line design is that it
utilises the technique of allowing support and span moments to yield according to the
reinforcement chosen in such a way that the relative quantities in the top of the slab
at supports and in the bottom at mid-span are optimised to what is available and
practical.
There is, however, an important feature of yield line design that must not be
overlooked: It design for ULS only and assumes that a collapse mechanism can exist
which mobilises all the concrete and steel used. This implies that the slab is
sufficiently ductile in all respects and requires that steel can reach the strains
required without exceeding the ultimate strain and that the concrete does not crush
or crack excessively. Furthermore, it does not check the conditions at SLS and if
over-reliance is placed on ductility it can sometimes lead to excessive cracking if
large rotations occur at SLS which cannot be accommodated by the rebar supplied
without large tensile strains in the concrete.
There may also be an important point to observe if excessive yielding occurs where
one relies on shear resistance punching shear at columns for example. According
to modified compression field theory, it can be shown that shear softening may be
significant.
This is where the advantage of FE analysis and design are most significant; even if
linear elastic models are used (there are non-linear plastic FE methods in existence
but they are not widely used). Modern software is available which simulates non-
linear behaviour, including the effects of cracking in an iterative process on the
elastic stiffness method and these have been shown to give good results. Using
these tools, checks on the SLS behaviour, including cracking and deflection can be
carried out as well as a ULS design indicating where yield limits may occur.
The FE methods also have the advantage of combining all the static analyses and
checking into one process that can be efficiently managed.
Shear:
The shear resistance of BubbleDeck is taken as 0.6 times the shear resistance of a
solid slab of the same thickness. If this is exceeded by the applied shear, at a column
for example, we leave out the balls and use the full solid shear values. Using
Eurocode 2
iii
(or any other code for that matter, with slight differences) one may
calculate the applied shear at 2d and subsequent perimeters from the column face
as per the code requirements, as well as at the column face itself. This would then be
compared to the calculated resistance.
. If the applied shear is less than the un-reinforced hollow slab resistance, no further
check is required.
. If the applied shear is greater than the hollow slab resistance we omit balls and
make it solid then check the solid part.
. If the resistance is still greater than the solid slab resistance and less than the
maximum allowed, we provide shear reinforcement.
All is exactly as solid flat slab design. Additionally one places bottom bars as per
CIRIA report R89
iv
, designed to protect against progressive collapse these bars
may be checked using Rasmussens dowel calculation so that they can sustain, say
75% of the accidental limit state shear force.
Punching shear, in difficult or complex cases, may also be checked using methods
described in Nielsen
vi
. Indeed it is always a good idea to check using more than one
method or theory as this can expose anomalies or mistakes that must be checked.
In calculating the shear resistance care and judgment should be exercised in
employing formulae which include a scale factor. The scale factor in shear is real but,
according to Regan
iv
, there is evidence that it is diminished if the aggregate is also
scaled. It must be remembered that aggregates are often smaller for the smaller
BubbleDeck slabs and thus it is prudent to set the scale factor to the value it would
have for a slab of 450mm thickness in EC2 this amounts to setting k = 1.7.
At edge and corner columns, as well as at eccentric loaded columns and transfer
loads, torsion and moment capacity should be checked. Nielsen gives methods for
this. The designer should be aware that the resistance of the slab at edge and corner
columns may be governed by torsion and flexure as well as punching shear. In fact it
is possible that flexural/tensional resistance at edges and corners will make punching
shear calculations at these positions irrelevant.
If shear reinforcement is required, a conservative assumption is to design the
reinforcement to sustain the entire shear without the concrete contribution. This will
assist in avoiding complications with strain softening in intense shear situations at the
expense of slightly more shear steel.
The valid detail for the joint at columns or walls is to arrange the filigree to embed
into the columns or walls so that shear over the full section can be mobilised.
Sometimes there will be requests for a joint around the column where the filigree
does not reach the face of the support usually by a distance of 40mm to 50mm
this is highly undesirable and complicates the shear design and there is no validated
method of design. If the detail is unavoidable one may, with care, be able to design
the section assuming the filigree to be ineffective near the column or wall but this will
produce a greatly reduced shear resistance. At some distance from the column, if the
shear reinforcement elements are properly anchored in the filigree and in-situ parts
(that is anchored outside the main reinforcement planes), it may be argued that the
section can be re-combined and the full section used for these outer perimeters. This
leaves some scope for engineering judgment.
Punching shear reinforcement may take the form of purpose made rebar, studs or
Lenton Steel Fortress, according to practical constraints. It is important to apply
these properly and to pay attention to the anchorage requirements of any system.
Shear heads may also be design for extreme situations and may be structural steel
or rebar beams. ACI318-05[ix] gives recommendations for the design of these.
Longitudinal shear is only critical at high rates of change of applied moments (which
is of course gives the maximum transverse shear). Within the span, the rate of
change of moment tends to be less than close to the supports. The areas close to
supports are usually solid however, and the filigree is in compression, so the intensity
of longitudinal shear near the supports is mitigated. If a check is necessary, EC2
gives values for shear between concrete cast at different times as well as the method
for calculating the applied shear (the change in moment divided by the distance
between the section considered and the point of zero moment, on average). The
girder webs may be taken into account in reinforcing the interface but only one
diagonal in every pair unless otherwise can be justified due to the web angle.
Flexure:
A standard method may be used provided that the depth of concrete in compression
does not overlap the ball zone by more than 20%. This is almost always the case in
all but extremely heavily stressed slabs.
The maximum moments are usually over the columns or supports. This means the
compression is in the slab bottom here, and this is usually in a solid zone, so the
restriction on the depth of compression need not necessarily apply at columns and
supports.
A rectangular stress distribution or other appropriate distribution may be used in the
concrete. EC2 contains a useful and simple method but other plastic methods may
be used.
Steel should be ductility class B, especially if plastic design is used, unless special
calculations prove class A to be satisfactory. This should ensure that the yield strain
limit is not reached prematurely in the reinforcement.
The engineer should exercise a degree of judgment when interpreting the results of
FE analysis, especially if it is a linear elastic analysis. There are many mathematical
anomalies that can occur which can distort the results one way or another.
Singularities, for example, can occur at concave corners and point loads and
supports these lead to absurdly high design moments. Some software uses peak
smoothing algorithms and, if these are not available, manual averaging or taking
moment at the support face may be an expedient choice.
Even with cracked section iterative analysis, high concentrations of moment and/or
torsion can occur in corners and, although this is a reflection of reality, they can lead
to very high reinforcement requirements. In manual analysis, and indeed in yield line
methods, these peaks are averaged out by implied yielding. This is legitimate
provided always that the structure, or any substructure, is globally elastic at SLS and
provided that the rotations implied by the yielding do not lead to excessive cracking
(and consequent increase in deflection), particularly at the top of the slab at columns.
Excessive cracking here may also indicate that shear strength is compromised. For
these reasons, it is recommended that the top tension steel is bunched toward the
centre of such supports such practice is mentioned in several codes and literature.
Deflection:
Span depth ratio methods are not recommended, except in checking and
approximate or relatively unimportant cases. FE analysis is recommended for all
slabs as there is no practical manual method that can be used with confidence. Even
unidirectional spans can be very tedious in the computation of deflections.
Where accurate deflections are required, the software runs iteratively, calculating
modified and cracked element properties at each stage of the iteration, using the
applied reinforcement, until convergence is reached. The deflection using this
method has been shown to have good agreement with tests conducted at the ECBP
at Cardington (see Concrete Society Technical Report TR 58
ii
).
Short term loadings cases are usually patterned, subject to engineering judgment,
(chequerboard or parallel strips depending on the characteristics of the project) using
the Frequent Combination set out in Eurocode 0 and using combination factors y1
as appropriate. For long term loading, the Quasi-permanent combination is used
with combination factors y2 as well as creep coefficient and shrinkage curvature
parameters if necessary. Shrinkage curvature is generally of low order compared to
extrinsic effects L/1500 has been quoted as an order of magnitude of the defection
component due to this.
The combination factors now available in EC0 represent a statistical method of
estimating which part of the imposed load is variable and which is invariable.
For simplicity, and where it can be justified, the engineer may estimate long term
loadings using the total permanent load and 50% of the imposed load without great
loss of accuracy. This is likely to be good enough for most ordinary building projects.
Non-linear, iterative analysis can take a long time on complex or large slab models
so it is not generally efficient to run such an exacting analysis on every slab and
every load case. Partial models can be constructed to model limited parts of slabs
and reasonably good results can be obtained with the exercise of some prudence. It
is recommended to calibrate such partial models by comparing them to the full model
under comparable conditions so that the approximation represented by the partial
model can be validated. In a similar way, elastic results may be used as a broad
approximation provided they use a modified elasticity and that this is calibrated
against a more rigorous analysis.
Creep and shrinkage have been shown by tests to be only marginally higher than a
solid slab of similar dimension. Due to the precision of serviceability calculations this
small difference is usually ignored.
Vibration:
RC slab structures are generally less susceptible to vibration problems compared to
steel framed and light weight skeletal structures, especially using thin slabs.
However, BubbleDeck is light and is not immune from vibration in all cases so this
must be checked just as it should be in appropriate solid slab applications.
Where deflections are large, as indicated by the static design, it is often an indication
that the structure is sensitive to vibration SLS issues.
The lighter weight of BubbleDeck may be exploited if it can usefully alter the modal
frequencies of a slab generally raising them compared to a solid slab. The most
effective weapons against vibration, particularly resonant vibration, are stiffness and
damping. If we consider damping to be similar to solid slabs, and concentrate on
stiffness, we may observe that a BubbleDeck slab can provided over 2_ times the
stiffness obtained from a solid slab for the same quantity of concrete used. This can
be exploited in vibration sensitive applications.
At the present time, the static modification to the flexural stiffness is applied.
However, future work may show that the static stiffness is not the same as the
flexural stiffness in BubbleDeck slabs but the difference is thought to be minor
compared to the effects of inaccuracies in modelling vibration problems.
TR43
i
should be used for the procedures for determining vibration sensitivity and
modal superposition may used to determine the response for given excitation.
Fire resistance:
The fire resistance of the slab is a complex matter but is chiefly dependent on the
ability of the steel to retain sufficient strength during a fire when it will be heated and
lose significant strength as the temperature rises. The temperature of the steel is
controlled by the fire and the insulation of the steel from the fire. The degree to which
weakening of the steel is significant is related to the service stress at FLS.
The design then reduces to a determination of the combination of the amount of steel
and amount of concrete cover to attain a balance of steel temperature and stress that
allows the structure to remain stable at FLS.
Advance or more complex design and analysis may include the determination of
temperature profiles in the time domain, of cooling and the even effects of quenching
by fire fighting water.
A basic design may make use of the data tabulated in the BD technical manual for
cover required for various fire resistance periods and steel stress. An analysis may
be carried out for FLS loading (roughly 0.7 of the ULS loading but this should be
calculated according to EC2-1-2) and the applied moments obtained. This will allow
the designer to check various sections, using calculated moment curvature
relationships, to determine the steel stress corresponding to the FLS moments.
When these steel stresses are known they may be interpolated in the tabulated data
and cover or fire resistance thus estimated.
A question that frequently arises concerns the pressure in the bubbles during
heating. Calculations have been carried out by Jrgen Breuning to show that this is
not a serious issue. In any case, all concrete is cracked and, in a fire, it is likely that
the air would escape and the pressure dissipated.
If the standard bubble material is used (HDPE), the products of combustion are
relatively benign, certainly compared to other materials that would also be burning in
the vicinity. In an intense, prolonged fire, the ball would melt and eventually char
without significant or detectable effect.
Seismic design:
This is a specialist area outside the scope of this brief technical note. However, the
concerns in Seismic design are largely similar to any flat slab structure.
Punching shear under seismic conditions is the most critical issue and damage at the
slab-column junction during sway reversals should be properly considered as well as
amplification of the punching shear due to the vertical component of ground
acceleration.
In computing the buildings response, the seismic designer should be closely
engaged with determination of the mass and the effect of this on modal spectrum.
Using BubbleDeck a significant reduction of mass in the floor plate may be realised
together with an increase in modal frequency and reduction in the sway forces due to
lateral acceleration.
Detailing:
BubbleDeck demands more from the detailer than normal flat slab design of this
there is no doubt. The geometrical discipline required to coordinate the layering and
spacing of factory fixed and site fixed rebar as well as the bubble module is far more
demanding and requires an attention to detail greater than ordinary detailing.
The BubbleDeck geometry is founded on the module size which, until recently,
comprised 200mm, 250mm, 300mm, 350mm, and 400mm. Larger sizes have been
added but the rules applying to the geometry still apply.
. The ball diameter is always 0.9 of the module.
. The effective depth, except with heavy reinforcement may be approximated as
equal to the module.
. The cover to the bubbles should be at least one ninth of the ball diameter.
The cover to the bubbles and to the reinforcement may vary, of course, and this may
require adjustments to be made. Slightly more concrete that standard may be poured
to achieve a range of sizes intermediate to those imposed by the fixed module sizes.
The filigree or biscuit standard thickness is 60mm or 70mm depending on size of
bottom steel. The bottom edges have a 6mm x 6mm bevel. At least two edges of
every unit must have 25mm x 25mm bevel on the top to ensure that the splice bar
has a filet of site concrete to seal it against attack by fire.
At a very early stage, the detailer should draft the sections to be used in a project
and verify the reinforcement geometry and especially the mesh spacing and girder
size required.
Although the edge distance of the balls to the edge of the units, at internal edges that
will be concreted, may follow the natural module; the cover to the bubble may be
insufficient at the outside of the slab so it may be necessary to leave out a row of
balls or otherwise plan the spacing with this in mind. Fixings are frequently made to
edges of slabs so a slightly wider solid edge zone is often no bad thing.
Mesh will generally need to be custom mesh and it should be noted that machine
made meshes usually have one or more of the following restrictions:
. Max. bar size 16mm
. Longitudinal bar spacing increments of 50mm c/c (eg 50mm / 100mm / 150mm /
200mm, etc.)
. Min. distance from last bar to end 25mm
. Cross wire spacing sometimes in 25mm increments but may be unrestricted
according to machine type.
Girders are supplied in height increments of 10mm but some suppliers may supply
any size. The diagonals should be 63 approximately and must be welded securely
to the longitudinal bars (See CUR86 for a useful specification).
The standard girder spacing, as outlined in CUR86 is two balls maximum. Greater
spacing than this is possible but the unit may be too flexible and crack more easily
during transit or handling. The longitudinal girder bar should be 10mm minimum for
the 200 and 250 modules and at least 12mm for 300 modules and above. The girder
web bar may usually be 7mm or 8mm and 8mm is preferred except in light
applications.
The section should be drafted so that the correct ball spacing is produced and so that
the bubbles are restrained against movement laterally or vertically by at least two
bars at the bottom and two bars at the top. It is usually sufficient to have two long
bars in the bottom mesh controlling the position and two transverse bars at the top. It
is imperative that the ball cannot rise up more than a few millimetres when placed in
the casting bed. The top mesh should be low enough in the section to permit the top
site steel to be placed allowing for some tolerance.
The detailer should note that the ball will float up, during casting in the factory, until it
is in contact with the closest top mesh bars. This means that the top mesh will
usually control the height of the ball.
The top mesh does not usually fulfil an important function in the permanent state,
except for an crack purposes, and is more significant in the temporary state (lifting
and when spanning between props) when it has the important purpose of stabilising
the top of the girder against lateral buckling. Clearly it also traps the bubbles in place.
Loose bars, not welded in the mesh, may be detailed to fit between the mesh bars,
secured by tying wire, to achieve localised increases in steel area.
Splice bars are placed on top of the filigree and should be detailed so that they have
adequate clearance, spacing and anchorage. It will generally be more efficient to
provide more of smaller bars than few of larger ones. Anti-progressive-collapse bars
will also pass through columns in two directions and lay directly on the filigree.
Top site steel is detailed and placed in the normal way as for solid slabs. A heavy
zone of steel will usually occur over columns with lighter steel on the column lines
between these zones. In curtailing the top steel, it is advantageous to do so in a way
that does not result in the bars ending very close to a unit joint and thus complicating
placement of splice mesh.
Where the top main site steel does not already form a top splice to the top mesh,
narrow sheets of top mesh are used to lay over the joints to complete a continuous
top reinforcement.
All edges of the slab must be fitted with U-bars, whether they are support edges or
not. This provides for the tensional resistance required at slab edges and the
satisfaction of the correct conditions for the development of the Kirchhoff boundary
forces. This is especially important near supports, like columns, and corners.
Shear reinforcement should be long enough to achieve correct cover top and bottom
but must be anchored in the top and bottom steel zones. The lateral spacing should
be as close to 0.75 times the effective depth as practicable, but not greater. For
radial arrangements of shear reinforcement, the circumferential spacing should be
similar in the case of the first element perimeter, which should be placed at a
maximum of approximately 0.375 times the effective depth from the face of support.
There will almost inevitably be conflict with the mesh and site steel and the spacing
should be varied by as small an amount as possible to clear this. In cases where
there is doubt about the suitability of a position, and extra element may be placed
adjacent.
To close the edge of the mesh and to provide transverse reinforcement to prevent
separation of the filigree at the joints, the edges of the units should have 8mm hook
bars, along the edge, hooked around the bottom mesh and top mesh edge bars.
The mesh should be welded to the top and bottom of the girders and the welds
should be sufficiently close together to resist pull-out from the filigree during lifting
and should provide sufficiently close spacing to the top girder bar so that it does not
buckle when in compression. Triangular or three bar girders have better resistance
but are more difficult to install with sufficient space for the bubbles and other steel.
It is suggested that the welds between the mesh and the girders should be at a
maximum spacing of 600mm spacing. The welds should not be too far apart as they
may allow the girder to pull out to easily from the filigree during lifting. They may also
provide insufficient restrain to the girder top bar which must be prevented from
buckling, especially when it is spanning across the props on site and supporting the
concrete pouring operation.
If fixings are to be made to the top of the slab when it is exposed to the weather, a
hole should be drilled right through to enable trapped water to drain out.
References
[i] Technical Report 43, Post Tensioned Concrete Floors Design Handbook, The
Concrete Society.
[ii] Technical Report 58, Deflections in Concrete Beams and Slabs, The Concrete
Society.
[iii] Eurocode 2 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules
and rules for buildings, British Standards Institution.
[iv] CIRIA Report 89, Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slabs, P E Regan,
CIRIA, 1981.
[v] CIRIA Report 110, Design of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slabs to BS8110, CIRIA,
Revised Edition 1994.
[vi] Limit Analysis and Concrete Plasticity, M P Nielsen, CRC Press, 2
nd
Edition 1998.
[vii] Yield Line Formulae for Slabs, K W Johansson, Concrete Society
[viii] Practical Yield Line Design, Gerrard Kennedy and Charles Goodchild, British
Cement Association 1
st
Edition 2003
[ix] ACI318-05, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-05)
and Commentary (ACI 318R-05)
BubbleDeck UK
White Lodge,
Wellington Road,
St. Saviour,
JERSEY, C.I.
JE2 7TE
T: +44 (0)1534 725402
F: +44 (0)1534 739115
E: info@BubbleDeck-UK.com
W: www.BubbleDeck-UK.com
Appendix D Comments to Eurocodes 2

Draft BD Annex to EC2

Bending:
Flexural or bending behaviour is elementary. Use the EC2 recommended procedures.
To avoid the situation that would exist if the depth of concrete in compression overlaps the ball zone, the
depth in compression must be limited so that the depth does not overlap by more than 20% of the
compression zone depth.

Deflection:
Methods:
Deflection is calculated from integration of curvatures or by software. If the latter is used, the engineer must
ensure that the procedure either uses an appropriate procedure for cracked section analysis or use
appropriate corrections to the modulus of elasticity.
The EC2 method for manual design closely resembles, and incorporates procedures for including the effects
of cracking and tension stiffening, methods developed by Branson and also Nielsen. It is proposed that
Nielsens method and notation may be used as it is reasonably clear and concise.
In the case of two-way spans, the spans in each direction must be evaluated separately and then the results
combined in a rational way.
Each span is divided into sections, usually equal lengths, and the curvatures computed for each from the
expression = M/EI. The curvature should be modified using Nielsens procedure, taking into account the
ratio of the cracking moment to the applied moment at the section. The curvatures at each section must then
be integrated twice on the span to produce the deflected profile. A classic procedure for this is due to
Timoshenko and the conjugate beam analogy may be used.
In the case of irregular plan forms and irregular spans, it is unlikely that hand methods will produce anything
better than an approximate estimate and computerised FE modelling will be necessary. FE Modelling using
non-linear and cracked section analysis has been shown to produce good results. Analysis using the gross
section properties must be avoided unless careful correlation of the equivalent elastic modulus is used. Any
software used must possess well documented explanations of the procedures used, must also have some
form of validation and be obtained from a reputable company with appropriate quality assurance procedures.
Loading:
Slabs should be checked for long term and short term loading. Long term loading will normally be modelled
by the application of a creep coefficient, and may include shrinkage curvature deflections, although the latter
is usually of secondary magnitude. The creep coefficient should be determined with reference to the age art
which the deflection is required but is will usually be of the order of 2.
The appropriate combination of loading in EC2, which refers to EC0 and EC1, for long term loading, is the
Quasi-permanent combination. This requires the application of the full permanent load plus a proportion of
the imposed load. Combination factors for the invariable part of the imposed load are given and these depend
on the structures use they range generally from 0.3 to 0.7. However, since deflection calculations are
necessarily approximate, a combination factor of 0.5 may be applied to imposed loads without meaningful
loss of accuracy.
For short term loading, the Frequent combination is usually appropriate. Again combination factors are
given to represent the variable parts of imposed loads and they again depend on the use of the structure.
These may be applied to obtain an estimate of immediate deflection using short term material properties and
loading on adjacent spans may be investigated if appropriate. It is important to note that the deflection due to
imposed load only may not be obtained directly due to the non-linear effects of cracking so an analysis must
be carried out for permanent and imposed load as well as permanence load only and the imposed load
deflection obtained by subtracting one from the other.
Deflection limits should be obtained wherever possible from the client or building user. However, the
guidance on appropriate limits given in EC0 and EC2 may also be used.
Pre-camber may be specified to mitigate the effects of deflection. As a guide, such pre-camber should not
normally exceed Span/250 approximately.
It should be noted that large deflections, especially due to the permanent load alone, may indicate potential
vibration sensitivity that should be subject to a specialist investigation.

References:
1. Enochsson, Ola & Dufvenberg, Peter - Concrete Slabs Designed With Finite Element Methods - Lulea
University of Technology.

2. Ferenc, Nmeth - Calculation of Reinforced Concrete Plates with non-orthogonal
reinforcement - Budapest, September, 1999

3. Eurocodes 0, 1 and 2.

4. Whittle RT - Design of reinforced concrete flat slabs to BS8110 - CIRIA Report 110 (2nd Ed. 1994)

5. Regan PE - Behaviour of reinforced concrete flat slabs - CIRIA Report 89.

10. Technical Report 43 - Concrete Society.

11. Technical Report 58 - Concrete Society.

Appendix E Shear according to Eurocodes 2

BubbleDeck International












Appendix F BubbleDeck Standard Details

BubbIeDeck Versions
Cross sections only
DetaiI 01

BubbIeDeck Type A - BubbIe Iattice - in situ version
BubbIeDeck Type B - BubbIeDeck fiIigree sIabs - semi precast version
BubbIeDeck Type C - BubbIeDeck eIements - precast version
Y
Y
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DetaiI 05

Solid (if needed)
DetaiI 06

Above coIumn
No shear reinforcement
Solid
Above coIumn
Shear reinforcement in one direction
Shear reinforcement Shear reinforcement
DetaiI 07

Shear reinforcement Shear reinforcement
Princip Detail 08

Example of
Intense Shear reinforcement above column
born in element units
Appendix G Examples

Calculation Examples

1. Test 8 x 8
2. Millennium Tower
3. Shear
4. Project Arup in Spain
5. Test 9 x 12
6. Parking
7. Steel
8. Moment Curves, India
9. Project Herstedlund in Denmark
10. Professor Kiss, Romania
11. Keops Project City Hall, Denmark
12. Deflection

Example 1 Test 8 x 8
Example 1

Calculations

Dead load g = 4.50 kN/m2
Live load q = 20.0 -
----------------------
p = 24.5 kN/m2

Calculations are made with p = 1 kN/m2
x is measured from support

Model 1 max negative moment

per m width m,x = p (L x)
2
/ 6
x = 0.0 m max m = 1 (4.2 0)
2
/ 6 = 2.94 kNm/m
see figure 2 eff. B = 8.20 m
full B = 11.4 -
with p = 24.5 kN/m2
we have eff. md = 2.94 * 24.5 * 11.4/8.2 = 100 kNm/m
Y10/125 m = 60 -
+ Y14/125 above col. see figure 2
area 2.4 x 2.4 m m = 120 * 2 * 2.4 / 8.2 = 70 -
ok, total m = 60 + 70 = 130 -
more than eff. md = 100 -

Max deflection
m is written at the form m,x = p L
2
(1 x/L)
2
/ 6
to be used in excel program for deflexion
moment- and deflexion are calculated in excel form
4 dead load
5 dead load plus imposed load
the calculation is executed with Y20 above columns regarding the deflections

Example 1
2

Model 2

cantilever L = 2,0 m
per m width m,x = p (L x)
2
/ 2
x = 0.0 m max m = 1 (2.0 0)
2
/ 2 = 2.00 kNm/m
with p = 24.5 kN/m2
we have eff. md = 2.0 * 24.5 = 50 kNm/m
Y10/125 m = 60 -
+ Y14/125 above col. see figure 2
2 x 2.4 m m = 120 * 2 * 2.4 / 8.0 = 70 -
ok, total m = 60 + 70 = 130 -
more than eff. md = 50 -

Model 3
Aas we here have only an example and it is obvious there will be no perceptible deviation
it is sufficient to regard only the simple part A (triangle) point forces at edge yielding is not
regarded

moment balance
simple moment m,0 * 6.4 = 24.5 * 6.4 * 4.7
2
/ 6 = 577 kNm/m
m,0 = 90 -
m = 24.5 * 2.0
2
/ 2 = 50 -
max m = 90 50 = 40 -
Y10/125 m = 60 -

Example 1
3
Model 4
It is directly seen:
The positive moment is obviously less than negative moment in model 1
The simple moment between columns is less than the real moment of the triangle figure
why regarding a 1.0 m strip between columns is sufficient
max m,0 = 24.5 * 5.0
2
/ 8 = 76 kNm/m
less than the moment in model 3

Model 5

simple moment m,0 = 24.5 * 5.1
2
/ 8 = 80 kNm/m
m1 = 24.5 * 2.0
2
/ 2 = 50 -
m2 = 24.5 * 1.0
2
/ 2 = 10 -
m = 80 (50 + 10) 0.5 = 50 -
Y10/125 m = 60 -

Example 1

Model 6
the full yield line moment is less the individual yield line moments

At columns

Column 250 mm
load area max A = 4.1 * 4.1 0.5 * 4.0 (2.4 + 1.6) = 24.8 m2
load max P = 24.8 * 24.5 / 1000 = 0.61 MN
shear max = 0.61 / (0.25 + 0.28) 0.28 = 1.30 MPa
more than
,d = 0.12 * * f,cd v = 2 / f,ck = 0.37
,d = 0.12 * 0.37 * 20 = 0.84
,d = 0.12 * 0.48 * 20 = 1,15 ?
reinforcement necessary

shear strength
x = 0.25 + 0.28 P,u = 0.08 * 0.77 * 20 * (0.25 + 0.28) 0.28 E-3
= 0.57 MN
0.08 * 4.22 = 0.34 = (gl)
4.22 * 0.18 = 0.76 = (ny)
0.76 * 0,08 = 0.06 = eff => 0.06 * 20 = 1.20 = > f,ct

facade and house end m = p a + p a
2
/2
corner m * 2a2 = 2 * 2 p a * a 2 /2 + 2 p a
2
* a 2 /3
m = p a + p a
2
/3
less than m,fac.

4
Test slab - 8000 x 8000 x 280 mm
1:100
2.0
2.0
5.1
5.1
1.5
1.5
5.0
5.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
4
.
2
4.5
4.5
3.5
3.5
9
.
4
8.1
8.1
8
.
0
8
.
0
figure 1 and 2
3.0 2.1
8
.
2
figure 1
figure 2
2.0 5.0
1.5
5.0
1.5
1.0
4.5
3.5
Test slab - 8000 x 8000 x 280 mm figure 3 and 4
1:100
.
8
2
3
.
0
6.4
0
8
,
4.7
figure 4
figure 3
m
m
4.0
7.0
6
.4
m*tan53gr
2.0
1.5
5.0
1.5
1.0
4.5
3.5
Test slab - 8000 x 8000 x 280 mm figure 5 and 6
figure 5
figure 6
1:100
3.2
4.1
3.9
2.4
4.3
m
m,0
m,0
m,0
3.4
Vietnam / test A1
encl 4 corner
Moment & deflexion - 4,2 m cantilever - short term - working load
Moment is given by m,x = - P * 0,7 * L * (1-x/L) - p*L*L * (1-x/L) (1-x/L) / 6
Curvature is estimated as m,x / EI,c if m,x <m,w
m,w / EI,c +1,3 ((m,x-m,w) / EI,w) if < m,x / EI,w and if m,x >m,w
m,0 = 0,0 kNm EI,w = 0,0 Span L = 4,2 m Steel b.s. xxx mm2 xxx
P = 0,0 kN/m EI,w = 17,0 MNm2 Height h = 280 mm Steel t.s. xxx0 mm2 xxx +
p = 4,5 kN/m2 EI,w = 17,0 MNm2 Column 250 mm Steel t.s. 000 mm2 ( 00)
m,w = 45,3 kNm EI,c = 41,0 MNm2 Concrete 30 MPa
section load mom. crack. mom. curvature increase inclination defl. increase deflection deflection correct
x / L (-) m,g m,w (-) m/EI dv =dL* m/EI v (=Q,k) du=v*dL u =u,x+du u.korr.
kNm/m kNm/m 1/m E-3 E-3 E-3 mm mm mm
1 0.00 18.4 45.3 0.45 0.05 -0.05 -0.01 0.0 0.0
2 0.05 16.6 45.3 0.40 0.09 -0.13 -0.03 0.0 0.0
3 0.10 14.9 45.3 0.36 0.08 -0.21 -0.04 0.0 0.0
4 0.15 13.3 45.3 0.32 0.07 -0.28 -0.06 -0.1 -0.1
5 0.20 11.8 45.3 0.29 0.06 -0.34 -0.07 -0.1 -0.1
6 0.25 10.3 45.3 0.25 0.05 -0.39 -0.08 -0.2 -0.2
7 0.30 9.0 45.3 0.22 0.05 -0.44 -0.09 -0.3 -0.3
8 0.35 7.8 45.3 0.19 0.04 -0.48 -0.10 -0.4 -0.4
9 0.40 6.6 45.3 0.16 0.03 -0.51 -0.11 -0.5 -0.5
10 0.45 5.6 45.3 0.14 0.03 -0.54 -0.11 -0.6 -0.6
11 0.50 4.6 45.3 0.11 0.02 -0.56 -0.12 -0.7 -0.7
12 0.55 3.7 45.3 0.09 0.02 -0.58 -0.12 -0.8 -0.8
13 0.60 2.9 45.3 0.07 0.02 -0.60 -0.13 -0.9 -0.9
14 0.65 2.3 45.3 0.05 0.01 -0.61 -0.13 -1.1 -1.1
15 0.70 1.7 45.3 0.04 0.01 -0.62 -0.13 -1.2 -1.2
16 0.75 1.1 45.3 0.03 0.01 -0.62 -0.13 -1.3 -1.3
17 0.80 0.7 45.3 0.02 0.00 -0.63 -0.13 -1.5 -1.5
18 0.85 0.4 45.3 0.01 0.00 -0.63 -0.13 -1.6 -1.6
19 0.90 0.2 45.3 0.00 0.00 -0.63 -0.13 -1.7 -1.7
20 0.95 0.0 45.3 0.00 0.00 -0.63 -0.13 -1.9 -1.9
21 1.00 0.0 45.3 0.00 0.00 -0.63 -0.13 -2.0 -2.0
sum
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
load mom. (-) m,g kNm/m
crack. mom. m,w kNm/m
-2.50
-2.00
-1.50
-1.00
-0.50
0.00
0.50
1.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
curvature (-) m/EI 1/m E-3
deflection u.korr. mm
Vietnam / test A1
encl 5 corner
Moment & deflexion - 4,2 m cantilever - short term - working load
Moment is given by m,x = - P * 0,7 * L * (1-x/L) - p*L*L * (1-x/L) (1-x/L) / 6
m,0 = 0,0 kNm EI,w = 0,0 Span L = 4,2 m Steel b.s. xxx mm2 xxx
P = 0,0 kN/m EI,w = 17,0 MNm2 Height h = 280 mm Steel t.s. xxx0 mm2 xxx +
p = 25,4 kN/m2 EI,w = 17,0 MNm2 Column 250 mm Steel t.s. 000 mm2 ( 00)
m,w = 45,3 kNm EI,c = 41,0 MNm2 Concrete 30 MPa
section load mom. crack. mom. curvature increase inclination defl. increase deflection deflection correct
x / L (-) m,g+q/2 m,w (-) m/EI dv =dL* m/EI v (=Q,k) du=v*dL u =u,x+du u.korr.
1 0.00 100.1 45.3 5.30 0.56 -0.56 -0.12 0.0 0.0
2 0.05 90.4 45.3 4.55 0.96 -1.51 -0.32 -0.1 -0.1
3 0.10 81.1 45.3 3.84 0.81 -2.32 -0.49 -0.4 -0.4
4 0.15 72.4 45.3 3.17 0.67 -2.99 -0.63 -0.9 -0.9
5 0.20 64.1 45.3 2.54 0.53 -3.52 -0.74 -1.5 -1.5
6 0.25 56.3 45.3 1.95 0.41 -3.93 -0.83 -2.3 -2.3
7 0.30 49.1 45.3 1.39 0.29 -4.22 -0.89 -3.1 -3.1
8 0.35 42.3 45.3 1.03 0.22 -4.44 -0.93 -4.0 -4.0
9 0.40 36.1 45.3 0.88 0.18 -4.62 -0.97 -4.9 -4.9
10 0.45 30.3 45.3 0.74 0.16 -4.78 -1.00 -5.9 -5.9
11 0.50 25.0 45.3 0.61 0.13 -4.91 -1.03 -6.9 -6.9
12 0.55 20.3 45.3 0.49 0.10 -5.01 -1.05 -7.9 -7.9
13 0.60 16.0 45.3 0.39 0.08 -5.09 -1.07 -9.0 -9.0
14 0.65 12.3 45.3 0.30 0.06 -5.15 -1.08 -10.1 -10.1
15 0.70 9.0 45.3 0.22 0.05 -5.20 -1.09 -11.1 -11.1
16 0.75 6.3 45.3 0.15 0.03 -5.23 -1.10 -12.2 -12.2
17 0.80 4.0 45.3 0.10 0.02 -5.25 -1.10 -13.3 -13.3
18 0.85 2.3 45.3 0.05 0.01 -5.26 -1.11 -14.4 -14.4
19 0.90 1.0 45.3 0.02 0.01 -5.27 -1.11 -15.5 -15.5
20 0.95 0.3 45.3 0.01 0.00 -5.27 -1.11 -16.6 -16.6
21 1.00 0.0 45.3 0.00 0.00 -5.27 -1.11 -17.8 -17.8
sum
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
load mom. (-) m,g+q/2 kNm/m
-20.00
-15.00
-10.00
-5.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Example 2 Millennium Tower

A C D E F H
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Example 4 Project Arup in Spain

1
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2
0
0
11800 14850
SPAN
14.3 (u=50%)
20.1 16.2
22.0
16.9 (u=60%)
0.35
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Note 1 10-5-2009

Spain Arup structural options

rough investigation of mutual proportions between deflexions between different columns
assumed same EI over all

model 2A length diagonal 1 diagonal 2 cross m2/m1 (L2/L1)
4

ca moment *) L
2
/ 16 L
2
/ 13 L
2
/ 10 L
2
/ 8

ca. deflection **) L
4
/ 160 L
4
/ 130 L
4
/ 100 L
4
/ 80

distance in m 16.2 20.1 14.3 11.8 17%

ratios m 430 1250 420 240 34%

in relation to cross 1.8 5.2 1.8 1.0

model 2C length diagonal 1 diagonal 2 cross

ca moment *) L
2
/ 16 L
2
/ 13 L
2
/ 10 L
2
/ 8

ca. deflection **) L
4
/ 160 L
4
/ 130 L
4
/ 100 L
4
/ 80

distance in m 16.2 22.0 16.9 14.8 35%

ratios m 430 1800 815 600 45%

in relation to cross 0.7 3.0 1.4 1.0

*) used likely moment ratios (only to adjust the pure L
4
ratios) but the conclusion is clear,
the capacity of the deck is improved more than 100%.

**) based on mL
2
/ 10
Example 5 Test 9 x 12

1
Example 5

TEST MODEL 340 mm BubbleDeck slab 9.0 x 12.0 m

Materials

Concrete f,ck = 35 MPa , f,cd = 35/1,5 = 23 MPa
Steel f,yk = 500-550 MPa , f,yd = 500/1,2 = 420 -

Load

BubbleDeck 340 mm g 5.4 kN/m2
uniform test load - up to q 10.0 -
--------------
ultimate load p 15.4 kN/m2

Rough calculation
Based on p as variable

Model A 9.0 x 12.0 m slab
supported on 4 columns
X direction = element direction

in Y-direction slab span L,y = 2.4 7.2 2.4 m

cantilever L = 2.5 m
m = p * 2.4
2
/ 2 = 2.9 p kNm/m

with p = 15.4 ultimate m = 15.4 * 2.9 = 45 kNm/m
covered by 2*3m Y12/150 m = 90 * 2 * 3.0 / 9.0 = 60 -
regular top mesh is ignored

inner bay L = 7.2 m
m,0 = p * 7.2
2
/ 8 = 6.5 p kNm/m
m = 2.9 p -
m = 6.5 2.9 = 3.6 p -

2
covered by Y12/150 m = 90 -

in X-direction slab span L,x = 1.8 5.4 1.8 m

cantilever L = 1.8 m
m = p * 1.8
2
/ 2 = 1.6 p kNm/m

with p = 15.4 ultimate m = 15.4 * 1.6 = 25 -
covered by 2*3m Y12/150 m = 90 * 2 * 3.0 / 12.0 = 45 -

inner bay L = 5.4 m
m,0 = p * 5.4
2
/ 8 = 3.6 p kNm/m
m = 1.6 p -
m = 3.6 1.6 = 2.0 p -

covered by Y10/150 m = 60 -

Shear
column D = 300 mm
load Q = 15.4 * 12.0 * 9.0 / 4 = 410 kN
massive = 0.41 / (0.3 + 0.34) * 0.34 = 0.60 MPa
hollow = 0.60 / 0.6 = 1.00 MPa
in distance 0.9m hollow = 0.41 / (0.3 + 0.6) 0.34 *0.6 = 0.70 MPa

5.4
2,4 2,4
7,2
1.8
1.8
5 elements
2.4 x 9.0 m
Y
1
0
/
1
5
0
Y12/150
1400 1400 1400 1400
lap splices bottom side Y14/150
PIan 1:100
Test modeI / Vietnam
Date 06.08.2008
Reinforcement bottom side
Y14/300 Y14/300
free choice type A or type B
D=1.5 m
D
=
1
.
5

m
no bubbles
D=300
Example 6 Parking

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9

Juni 2001

Parking Model A

390 mm BubbleDeck slab

J. BREUNING
Consulting Engineer
Rsevangen 8
DK-3520 Farum
Tlf. +45 42 95 59 59

Overview

Temporary calculation

Enclosure 1 Material consumption

2 Yield line models

3 Cross section calculation

4 Moment- og deflection by total load

5 Moment- and deflection by permanent load

6 Shear calculation

Drawing 1 Ground profile 1:100

2 Inner section / plan & elevation 1:200

3 Inner section / plan of elements & top reinforcing columns

4 Shear reinforcing above columns

5 Detail of element

6 Deck geometry 1:4

3

Inner section 16.0 x 16.0 m 340 mm BubbleDeck

CALCULATION BASIS

Materials (consumption : encl. 1)
Concrete f,ck = 35 MPa , f,cd = 35 /1.8 = 19 MPa
f,tk = 1.9 - f,td = 1.9/1.8 = 1.1 -
Steel f,yk = 550-560 MPa , f,yd = 56 /1.4 = 400 -

BD design moments
steel 10 12 14 16 20 25 35
mom. kNm/m 60 86 117 153 240 375 735
used directly in the calculations

Load
BubbleDeck 340 mm g,0 = 7.30 kN/m2
Other load g,1 = 0.70 -
----------------------
Permanent load g = 8.00 kN/m2
Variable load q = 4.00 -
---------------------
Total load p 1.0 g +1.0 q = 12.00 kN/m2
Design load
Danish. p,d = 1.0 g +1.3 q = 13.20 -
p,a = 1.0 g +0.5 q = 7.60 -

European p,d = 7.3 +4.7 * 1.5 = 14.40 kN/m2
here the design moments can be raised

4

Load on inner column

one deck Q,d = 14.4 * 16 * 16 = 3690 kN

column diameter, chosen D = 600 mm
compression column p,c = 1550 / 0.2
2
= 12340 kN/m2
radius slab yield cirkel R = 0.2 (12340 / 10.8)
1/3
= 2.1 m
Extension topside reinf. a = 2.1 +0.9 = 3.0 -

necessary moment
at column 400 m
s
+m
s
= 3690 / 2 (1 +5 * 0.3 / 16) = 537 kNm/m

choice of effective moment
bottom min. 214/175 m
s
= 240 kNm/m
top min. 8+20/175 m
s
38 +240 = 280 -
m
s
+m
s
240 +280 = 520 -

Shear stress at column
estimated column diameter D = 400 mm
max column load P,1 = 1.55 MN
shear stress column ,sol = 1.55 / (0,4 +2 * 0.34) 0.34 = 1.34 MPa
allowed without reinforcing t,35 = 0.133 * 35
0,5
= 0.79 -

concrete 35 MPa can easily be reinforced.
calculation is shown in encl. 7.
balls left out r =1.5 m t,holl = 1.55 / 2 1.5 * 0.34 * 0.6 = 0.81 MPa

Bearing capacity / Moment distribution

after axis L = 16.0 0.4 = 15.6 m
simple slab moment max m,0 = 14.4 *15.6
2
/ 8 = 440 kNm/m
support moment 8+ 20 (8m) m = 38 +240 *8 / 16 = 160 -
max. m,d = 440 - 160 = 280 -
bottom 12/150 m = 86 -
(girder 10/600 m = 60 * 0.15/ 0.60 = 15 -)

simple slab moment min m,0 = 185 *5.6 / 10.8 = 95 kNm/m
support moment max m = = 115 -
min. m,d = 95 - 115 = - 20 -
top 8/150 m = - 38 -
5

Deflection inner section

is estimated in the elastic stage with the load distributed in both directions (symmetry).

Short term deflection

is estimated for
span, between axis L = 12.0 0.3 = 11.7 m
diagonal L = 12.0 * 1.41 0.3 = 16.6 -

and the moment distribution (elastic)
average m m,0 < q * L
2
/ 12 = q * 12
and final deflection u 1.5 * u (average)

permanent load (g) , encl. 4 m,0 = 12 * 5.6 = 67 kNm/m
steel m = 115 -
more than 100% fixed eff. m 67 * 2 / 3 = 45 -

load (g +q/2) , encl. 5 m,0 = 12 * 7.6 = 91 kNm
steel m = = 115 -
more than 100% fixed eff. m = 91 * 2 / 3 = 60 -

total load (g +q) , encl. 6 m,0 = 12 * 9.6 = 115 kNm/m
steel m = 115 -

calculation is shown for
load g+q g +q/2

deflection with factor 1.5 u,d = 1.5 * 5.0 8 xx mm
deflection permanent load u,g = 1.5 * 2.4 4 xx -
------------------------
deflection variable load 4 x
mm
less than L/500 = 16600 / 500 = 33 mm
control
full elastic u (g+q),x = 9.6 * 11.7
4
/ 549 * 76.7 = 4 mm
u diag = 4 * 1.5 = 6 -
ok.

Steel consumption

Model B 450 mm deck - 16 x 16 m

Steel 500-550 MPa

steel bottom y 14/100 24.8 kg/m2
steel top y 10/200 6.3 - 31.1 kg/m2
---------------

girders per 600 y 8/10 1.9 / 0.6 = 3.2 -
---------------
elements 34.3 kg/m2

on site (estimated)

lap splices 15% of 31.1 = 4.7 kg/m2
top mesh columns y 16/150 25.4 * 8
2
/ 16 * 16 = 6.4 -
shear reinforcement = 1.0 -
--------------
total 46.4 kg/m2

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Juni 2002

Parking Model B.1


J. BREUNING
Consulting Engineer
Rsevangen 8
DK-3520 Farum
Tlf. +45 42 95 59 59

Overview

Temporary calculation

Enclosure 1 Material consumption

2 Yield line models

3 Cross section calculation

4 Moment- og deflection by total load

5 Moment- and deflection by permanent load

6 Shear calculation

Drawing 1 Ground profile 1:100

2 Inner section / plan & elevation 1:200

3 Inner section / plan of elements & top reinforcing columns

4 Shear reinforcing above columns

5 Detail of element

6 Deck geometry 1:4

3

Inner section 9.6 x 9.0 m 280 mm BubbleDeck

CALCULATION BASIS

Materials (consumption : encl. 1)
Concrete f,ck = 35 MPa , f,cd = 35 /1,8 = 19 MPa
f,tk = 1.9 - f,td = 1.9/1,8 = 1,1 -
Steel f,yk = 550-560 MPa , f,yd = 56 /1,4 = 400 -

BD design moments
steel 10 12 14 16 20 25 35
mom. kNm/m 60 86 117 153 240 375 735
used directly in the calculations

Load
BubbleDeck 280 mm g,0 = 4.50 kN/m2
Other load g,1 = 0.20 -
----------------------
Permanent load g = 4.70 kN/m2
Variable load q = 4.00 -
---------------------
Total load p 1.0 g +1.0 q = 8.70 kN/m2
Design load p,d = 1.0 g +1.3 q = 9.90 -
p,a = 1.0 g +0.5 q = 6.70 -

4

Load on inner column

One deck Q,d = 9.90 * 9.6 * 9.0 = 850 kN

column diameter, chosen D = 400 mm
compression column p,c = 850 / 0.2
2
= 6770 kN/m2
radius circle yield line R = 0.2 (6770 / 9.9)
1/3
= 1.8 m
Extension topside reinf. a = 1.8 +0.7 = 2.5 -

necessary moment
at column 400 m
s
+m
s
= 850 / 2 (1 +5 * 0.2 / 9.3) = 122 kNm/m

choice of effective moment
bottom min. 10/125 m
s
= 60 kNm/m
top min. 6+12/125 m
s
21 +86 = 107 -
m
s
+m
s
60 +107 = 167 -

Shear stress at column
estimated column diameter D = 400 mm
max column load P,1 = 0.85 MN
shear stress column ,sol = 0.85 / (0.4 +2 * 0.28) 0.28 = 1.00 MPa
allowed without reinforcing t,35 = 0.133 * 35
0,5
= 0.79 -

concrete 35 MPa can easily be reinforced.
calculation is shown in encl. 7.
balls left out r =1.0 m t,holl = 0.85 / 2 1.0 * 0.28 * 0.6 = 0.80 MPa

Bearing capacity / Moment distribution
after axis max L = 9.6 0.3 = 9.3 m

simple slab moment max m,0 = 9.9 * 9.3
2
/ 8 = 107 kNm/m
support moment 6+12 (5m) m = 21 +86 * 5 / 8.5 = 70 -
max. m,d = 107 - 70 = 37 -
bottom 10/125 m = 60 -
(girder 10/750 m = 60 * 0.125/ 0.75 = 10 -)

simple slab moment min m,0 = 107 * 4.7 / 9.9 = 50 kNm/m
support moment max m = = 70 -
min. m,d = 50 - 70 = - 20 -
top 6/125 m = - 21 -

5

Deflection inner section

is estimated in the elastic stage with the load distributed in both directions (symmetry).

Short term deflection

is estimated for
span, between axis L = 9.6 0.3 = 9.3 m
diagonal L = 12.0 * 1.41 0,3 = 16.6 -

and the moment distribution (elastic)
average m m,0 < q * L
2
/ 12 = q * 12
and final deflection u 1.5 * u (average)

permanent load (g) , encl. 4 m,0 = 12 * 4.7 = 56 kNm/m
steel m = 70 -
more than 100% fixed eff. m 56 * 2 / 3 = 37 -

load (g +q/2) , encl. 5 m,0 = 12 * 6.7 = 80 kNm
steel m = = 70 -

total load (g +q) , encl. 6 m,0 = 12 * 8.7 = 105 kNm/m
steel m = 70 -
equal to 100% fixed eff. m = 105 * 2 / 3 = 70 -

calculation is shown for
load g+q g +q/2

deflection total load u,p = 4.4 xx mm
deflection permanent load u,g = 2.5 xx -
------------------------
deflection variable load u,q 2 x
mm
less than L/500 = 9300 / 500 = 19 mm
diagonal u,q = 2 * 1.5 = 4 mm
ok.

Model B 280 mm deck - Steel consumption

Steel 500-550 MPa

steel bottom y 10/125 10.2 kg/m2
steel top y 6/125 3.6 - 13.8 kg/m2
---------------

girders per 750 y 8/10 1.9 / 0.75 = 2.5 -
---------------
elements 16.3 kg/m2

on site (estimated)

lap splices 15% of 20.8 = 3.1 kg/m2
top mesh columns y 12/125 14.6 * 5
2
/ 8.5 * 9.6 = 4.5 -
shear reinforcement = 1.0 -
--------------
total 24.9 kg/m2

Example 8 Moment Curves, India

BubbIeDeck InternationaI
Rsevangen 8
DK - 3520 Farum
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
280 mm BubbIeDeck
Plan
1:100
Test modeI
Slab supported along periphery by bearing walls
1 2 3
A
B
C
6000
6
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
6000 6000
3
7
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2
1
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80
40 (45)
40 (45)
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0
2 4 0 0
2 4 0 0
5 9 0 0 3 9 0 0 2 4 0 0
8
4
0
0
5
0
0
0
3
4
0
0
9 8 5 0
m
,
x
o
3
6
0
0
3 6 0 0
4
0
0
0
Example 9 Project Herstedlund in Denmark

September 2007

Herstedlund Flleshus

Dokumentation af breevne
390 mm BubbleDeck

BubbleDeck Danmark ApS
Rsevangen 8
DK-3520 Farum
Tlf. + 45 42 95 59 59
2

Indholdsfortegnelse side 2

390 mm dk

Beregningsforudstninger og antagelser 3
Lastgrundlag for beregning 4
Ndvendige undersgelser 5
Udhng 5
Selvbrende udhngende pladefelt 6
Indre fag / mellemfag 7
Revnevidder 7
Forskydning v. vgge 8
Sjler 9
Nedbjninger 11

Bilagene 3.... viser spndingstilstanden i de aktuelle dk ved designlast
4.... viser moment- og nedbjningsforlb for egenlast (hvis relevant)
5..... viser moment- og nedbjningsforlb for last g+q/2 (hvis relevant)
6..... viser moment- og nedbjningsforlb for last g+q (hvis relevant)
7..... viser forskydning samt armering omkring sjler

Arbejds skitser til sttte for beregninger og endfelige tegninger
1. undersgte overside momenter
2. undersgte underside momenter
3. anvendt last(areal) for sjler
4. forskydnings armering ved indvendig sjle G7
5. forskydnings armering ved facade sjle G2
6. vridnings armering ved skvt udhngende pladefelt

Skitserne m forventes korrigeret i endeligt projekt
3

BEREGNINGSFORUDSTNINGER

DS 410 , DS 411 1999
Sikkerhedsklasse normal
Kontrolklasse normal
med opgradering til BubbleDeck international standard
svarende til EC 2 for s vidt angr materiale- og styrke parametre
dette grundlag ligger over DS sikkerhed

Materialer , sikkerhedskoefficienter & regningsmssige vrdier

Beton f,ck = 35 MPa , f,cd = 35 /1,5 = 23 MPa
f,tk = 1,9 - f,td = 1,9 /1,5 = 1,3 -
Stl f,yk = 500- 550 MPa , f,yd = 500 /1,2 = 420 -
Last f,g = 1,2
f,q = 1,5

BD design momenter ved 2 stl per basismodul 350 mm (,s = 1,2 og ,c = 1,5)

stl mm 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 25
moment kN 20 40 60 90 120 160 240 360

afrundede vrdier, anvendes direkte i beregningerne afrundinger uden mrkbar indflydelse
anvendte stl 10, 14, 20 kan direkte ombyttes gennem halvering eller fordobling af antal

Bemrkninger

Bilagene 3... viser spndingstilstanden i dkket ved understtninger og i feltmidte ved design last.
Betonkonstanter ndres ikke ved lavere last (arbejdslast).
Der regnes med 100% fri nyttelast. Filigrandragere er ikke medtaget i beregningerne.
Under hensyn til dkkets strrelse udfres alle elementer med ens armering.
Der kan forekomme sm afvigelser i mlstning - men disse er uden betydning.
Der arbejdes meget groft og p den sikre side overalt ud fra modullinier.
4

Regningssmssige Laster

Dk over stue
BubbleDeck 390 mm g,0 = 25,0 * 0,39 * 0,65 = 6,3 kN/m2
extra pstbning 60 mm g,1 = 1,5 -
anden hvilende last g,1 = 1,0 -
-----------------------
permanent last g,k = 8,8 kN/m2
oplyst variabel last ( = 0,5) q,k = 5,0 -
-----------------------
karakteristisk last sum p,k = 1,0 g + 1,0 q = 13,8 kN/m2

design last p,d = 1,2 * 8,8 + 1,5 * 5,0 = 18,0 kNm/m2
arbejdslast 50%qk p,w = 1,0 * 8,8 + 0,5 * 5,0 = 11,3
eller p,w/p,d = 11,3 / 18,0 = 0,63

Faader oplyst g = 4,6 kN/m
p,d = 4,6 * 1,2 = 5,5 -

Trappe oplyst g = 2,7 kN/m
q = 8,7 -
design last p = 1,2 * 2,7 + 1,5 * 8,7 = 16,3 -

Lygtebom q = 1,0 kN/m
kan ignoreres
svel med hensyn til strrelse som med hensyn til placering

5

Ndvendige undersgelser

Under hensyn til fladestrrelse og planlsning anvendes samme dk overalt.
Det sknnes derfor tilstrkkeligt at undersge flgende i etageadskillelse 1

Kritiske/dimensionsgivende omrder er

1. 3,8 m udhng generelt - felt G-I
2. udhng hjrne 5,3 m - over sjle modul G-7, se 4. og nedbjning
3. selvbrende pladefelt HI-12 - vridning i frit indadgende hjrne
4. strste sjlekraft og moment - over sjle modul G-7
5. sjler, forskydning og moment i dk - ved facadesjle G-2
6. strste positive moment i mellemfag - modul 2-7
7. negativt moment i mellemfag - modul 2-7

1. Udhng se skitse 1
plademomenter generelt
spnd L = 3,8 m
dk i middel m = 18,0 * 3,8
2
/ 2 = 130 kNm/m
facade + 5,5 * 3,8 = 20 -
-----------------------
m,udh = 150 kNm/m
armering overside i een stribe 7,5 m (1 sjle)
4Y8/350 + 2Y20/350 (over 4,0m)
giver disponibelt m = 2 * 40 + 240 * 4,0 / 7,5 = 210 kNm/m

i afstand fra rand L = 3,8 2,0 = 1,8 m
m = 18,0 * 1,8
2
/ 2 + 5,5 * 1,8 = 40 kNm/m
4Y8/350 m = 80 -

2. Hjrne
moment m,skr = m,udh * 0,7 = 105 kNm/m
nedbjning u,skr = u,udh * 1,4 se nedbjning
6

3. Selvbrende plademodul ca. 1,7 x 1,7 m se skitse 1 og 6

trappe (sknnet bredde 1,2 m) p = 16,3 * 1,2 / 1,7 = 11,5 kN/m
svarende til 2 x facade p = 5,5 -
moment i snit linie 2
faade og trappe m = 5,5 (3 * 1,9
2
* 0,5 /1,7 + 1,9) = 28 kNm/m
dk + 18 * 1,9
2
* 0,5 = 15 -
total moment i linie 2 m = 28 + 15 = 43 -
fdt oversidearmering 2Y6/175 m = 2 * 20 = 40 -
der lgges ekstra Y10/175 m = 60 -

momentet betyder et vridende moment i pladedel 1-9, G-I om sjleundersttningslinie G
med punktundersttninger i G2 og G7.
bjende moment over feltbredde B = = 1,7 m
giver totalt vridningsmomentet V = 43 * 1,7 = 73 kNm
vridningen vil kunne spredes over vsentlig strre dkbredde men af simple og praktiske
hensyn regnes vridningen formelt optaget og armeret for i eet BD-modul, der kan lignes med
et prismatisk rr (der kan regnes bde kvadratisk og cirkulrt) og
med randareal bestemt ved A = 0,39
2
0,25 * 0,315 = 0,074 m2
og middeltykkelse hvis cirkel t = 0,074 / * 0,35 = 0,067 m
hvis kvadrat t = 0,074 / 4 * 0,35 = 0,053 -
hvilket giver forskydn.spnding ,b = 0,073 / 2 * 0,175
2
* 0,067 = 5,67 MPa
henholdsvis ,b = 0,073 / 2 * 0,35
2
* 0,053 = 5,62 -
ok. der regnes ,b = 5,65 -
mindre end
tilladeligt skr tryk i cellevgge ,d = ,t * f,cd = 0,7 (0,7 f,ck / 200) f,cd
= 0,7 (0,7 35 / 200) 23 = 8,55 Mpa
der indlgges et rrgitter af bjl Y14/175 med Y20 i hjrner
der ses bort fra netarmering i over- og underside
bjler A,w = 154 / 175 = 0,88 mm2/mm
lngdejern A,L = 1260 / 4 * 350 = 0,90 -
disp. V = E
-6
* 2 *350
2
(0,88*0,90)
0,5
* 420 = 92 kNm
strre end V,d = 73 -
7

4 Lngste mellemfag se skitse 2

L = 5 * 1670 450 - 250 = 7,7 m
max m,0 = 18,0 * 7,7
2
/ 8 = 130 kNm/m
overfrte negative momenter
egenlast udhng min m1 = 8,8 * 3,8
2
/ 2 + 4,6 * 3,8
= 63 + 17 = - 80 kNm/m
min m2 = 4,6 * 0,4 = 0 -
resulterende max m = 130 (80 + 0) 0,5 = 90 -
4Y10/350 underside m = 2 * 60 = 120 -
tilstrkkeligt samme armering i begge retninger

min m,0 = 8,8 * 7,7
2
/ 8 = 65 kNm/m
fra udhng max m1 = 18,0 * 3,8
2
/ 2 + 5,5 * 3,8
= 130 + 21 = 150 kNm/m
max m2 = 5,5 * 0,4 = 0 -
resulterende min m = 65 (150 + 0) 0,5 = - 10 -
4Y8/350 overside kan tage m = 2 * 40 = - 80 -
tilstrkkeligt samme i begge retninger

Revnevidder i h.t. DS 411 afsn. 6.3

milj - passivt (afdkket)
der undersges for max forekommende moment - i overside over sjler se sjler
momenter i underside i indvendige felter er nr 0.

aktivt betonareal A,cef = 1000 * 60 = 60 000 mm2/m
sum af stldiametre d,w = (4 * 8 + 2 * 20) / 0,35 = 206 mm/m
revneparameter a,w = 60 000 / 206 = 290
stlsp. g+0,5q (bilag 3s,d) ,swL = 240 * 11,3 / 18,0 = 150 MPa
max. revnevidde w = 5 * 10
5
,s (a,w)
0,5
= 5 E-5 * 150 * 290
0,5
= 0,13 mm
8

Forskydning vgge i trapperum

der forekommer ingen udprgede hjrner
lasten regnes jvnt fordelt max Q = 18,0 * 6,8 * 0,5 = 60 kN/m
hul = 0,06 / 0,39 * 0,8 * 0,6 = 0,32 MPa
(indre hjde i BD er 0,8 h og red.faktor BD er 0,6)
ok - een rkke kugler udelades (standard)
ved de 2 vgsjler indlgges i element et (standard) forskydningsgitter, jf. sjler
armering er gennemgende over vgge, ingen srskilt forankring

5 Sjler se skitse 3, 4 og 5

max sjle last i G7 S = 18,0 (7,7*0,6 + 3,8)(6,9*0,6 + 3,8)
+ 5,5 (2 * 3,8 + (6,9 + 7,7) 0,5) = 1280 kN

faade sjle G2 (uden knast) S = 18,0 (7,7*0,5 + 0,3)(6,9*0,6 + 3,8)
se selvbr. pladefelt (knast) + 18,0 * 1,9 * 1,9 + 3 * 1,9 * 5,5 = 690 kN

tillgsreaktioner fra vridning R = 73 / 7,7 = 10 kN
uden betydning

Moment omkring sjler se skitse 3

armering udfres ens over sjler
ndvendig (KWJ) m,s + ms = P / 2 (1 + 5 * c / L )
= 1280 / 2 (1 + 5 * 0,15 / 7,5)

= 185 kNm/m
langtids spndingstilstand er vist i excel bilag 3sd-L

u.s. min. 4Y10/350 m,s = 2 * 60 = 120 -
o.s. 4Y8/350 + 2Y20/350 ms = 2 * 40 + 240 = 320 -
disponibel min. m,s + ms = 120 + 320 = 440 -
tvrsnittet er normaltarmeret jf. excel bilag 3su-k

9

Forskydning omkring sjler

Sjle G2 se skitse 5

der regnes uden nedtrapning af last P = 690 kN

der armeres med forskydningsgitre af bjl Y14/175 se skitse 3 og 4
gitteret tager per snit/bjl (0,30 x 0,175m) Q = 154 * 2 * 0,42 = 130 kN

forskydningsperimeter mles midt brudkegle

frste snit r = 0,35m brudkegle 0,15 0,55m
giver forsk.perimeter u,350 = (0,15 + 0,20) + 2 * 0,3/2 = 1,40 m
og forskydningsareal A,350 = 1,40 * 0,39 = 0,55 m2
max massiv = 0,69 / 0,55 = 1,3 Mpa
mindre end = 0,25 * f,cd = 0,25 * 23 6,0 -
og mindre end = 0,5 * f,cds = 0,5 * 12 6,0 -

i afst. r = 0,75m brudkegle 0,55 0,95m
u,750 = 0,75 + 0,3 = 2,65 m
A,750 = 2,65 * 0,39 = 1,05 m2
massiv = 0,69 / 1,05 = 0,66 Mpa

i afst. r = 1,15m brudkegle 0,95 1,35m
u,1150 = 1,15 + 0,3 = 3,90 m
A,1150 = 3,90 * 0,39 = 1,50 m2
massiv = 0,69 / 1,50 = 0,46 Mpa
hul = 0,69 / 1,50 * 0,6 = 0,77 Mpa
hult tvrsnit ok
mindre end tilladeligt = 0,12 f,cd
= 0,12 * 0,34 * 23 = 0,94 MPa
udtrykket for er p den sikre side, idet det mormmssigt er knyttet til ydre periferi i brudkegle
og ikke som her anvendt middelsnit.
10

Sjle G7 se skitse 4
se ogs excel kontrol bilag 7

frste snit r,u = 0,35m brudkegle 0,15 0,55m
giver forsk.perimeter u,0,35 = 0,35 * 2 = 2,20 m
og forskydningsareal A0,35 = 2,20 * 0,39 = 0,85 m2
max massiv = 1,28 / 0,85 = 1,50 Mpa

mindre end = 0,25 * f,cd = 0,25 * 23 6,0 MPa
og mindre end = 0,5 * f,cds = 0,5 * 12 6,0 -

i afst. r,u = 0,75m brudkegle 0,55 0,95m
u,0,75 = 0,75 * 2 = 4,70 m
A,0,75 = 4,70 * 0,39 = 1,84 m2
massiv = 1,28 / 1,84 = 0,70 Mpa
udfres massivt

i afst. r,u = 1,15m brudkegle 0,95 1,35m
u,1,15 = 1,15 * 2 = 7,20 m
A,1,15 = 7,20 * 0,39 = 2,80 m2
massiv = 1,28 / 2,80 = 0,45 Mpa
hul = 0,45 / 0,6 = 0,75 Mpa
tillades hult
mindre end tilladeligt = 0,12 f,cd
= 0,12 * 0,34 * 23 = 0,94 Mpa

de beregnede felter og overgangene mellem dem er jvnt dkket

11

Nedbjninger
Der vurderes kun deformationer (vinkeldrejninger undersges ikke).
I bilagene 3 er angivet betondata, spndinger og tjninger i relevante lastsituationer.
I bilagene 4 vises nedbjning for egenlast/permant last (hvor det sknnes ndvendigt). Udgr
I bilagene 5 er angivet nedbjning for arbejdslast/sdvanlig last (g + 0,5 q)
Langtids nedbjning kan med tilstrkkelig njagtighed regnes 3,5 gange korttids nedbjningen.
Kun udhng/hjrner har egentlig interesse. Kun langtids vurdering er relevant.

Udhng 3,8 m se excel bilag 3ud-L og 5u-L
middelnedbjning beregnet for arbejdslast (w)
dk p,w = 18,0 * 0,63 = 11,3 kN/m
facade P,g = = 4,6 kN
udhng L = 3,8 m
bilag 5u_L u,w = 10 mm
urevnet tvrsnit u,g 10 * 8,8 / 11,3 = 8 -
bevgelig last u,q/2 = 10 8 = 2 -
korttids kan regnes u,w = 10 / 3,5 = 3 -
stbes med pilhjde f 7 -

Hjrner kan regnes u,wL = 1,4 * 10 14 mm
kontrol excel bilag 5u,hj-L

Indre felt excel bilag 3md-L og 5m-L

bilag 5m_L u,w = 5 mm
urevnet tvrsnit u,g 5 * 8,8 / 11,3 = 3 -
bevgelig last u,q/2 = 2 -
korttids u,w = 5 / 3,5 = 1 mm

Yderligere undersgelser er overfldige

19.09.2007
Jorgen Breuning
Herstedlund
Bilag 3sd_L

Tvrsnitsanalyse plade over sjler - designlast - langtid

Basis for calculation :
modulus of elasticity E,c = E,s / 5,6 (1 +13 / f,ck) = 35 700 / (1 +13 / f,ck)
uncracked section EI,c = E,c * 0,9 * b * h pot3 / 12
cracked section EI,w = 0,33 * E,c * y pot3 +A' * E,s (y - 0,125 h,e) pot2 +A * E,s (h,e - y) pot2
cracking moment m,w = (0,1 * f,ck) pot 0,5 * h pot2 / 3
neutral axis y = is found by iteration until (T- C) =0
Choice
m(g+q/2) MNm 0,170
f,ck MN/m2 35
f,yk MN/m2 550
E,s MN/m2 200000
E,c MN/m2 7407
A,s m2 E-6 2376 4Y8/350 2Y20/350
A',s m2 E-6 900 4Y10/350
h m 0,390
h,e m 0,350
Calculation
estimate y m 0,1280 0,1281 0,1282 0,1283 0,1284 0,1285 0,1286 0,1287 0,1288 0,1289
h,c=0,8y m 0,1024 0,1025 0,1026 0,1026 0,1027 0,1028 0,1029 0,1030 0,1030 0,1031
h,int m 0,2988 0,2988 0,2987 0,2987 0,2986 0,2986 0,2986 0,2985 0,2985 0,2984
C MN 0,569 0,569 0,569 0,569 0,569 0,569 0,569 0,569 0,570 0,570
stress,c MN/m2 5,19 5,19 5,18 5,18 5,18 5,18 5,17 5,17 5,17 5,16
strain,c 0,00070 0,00070 0,00070 0,00070 0,00070 0,00070 0,00070 0,00070 0,00070 0,00070
strain,s 0,00122 0,00121 0,00121 0,00121 0,00121 0,00120 0,00120 0,00120 0,00120 0,00120
stress,s MN/m2 243 243 242 242 241 241 240 240 240 239
T MN 0,578 0,577 0,575 0,574 0,573 0,572 0,571 0,570 0,569 0,568
T - C MN 0,0086 0,0075 0,0064 0,0053 0,0041 0,0030 0,0019 0,0008 -0,0003 -0,0015
EI,c MNm2 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0
EI,w MNm2 29,8 29,8 29,8 29,8 29,8 29,8 29,8 29,8 29,8 29,8
m,w kNm/m 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9
Herstedlund
Bilag 3su_k

Tvrsnitsanalyse plade over sjler - ultimativ last - kort tid

Choice
m(g+q/2) MNm 0,320
f,ck MN/m2 35
f,yk MN/m2 550
E,s MN/m2 200000
E,c MN/m2 26031
A,s m2 E-6 2376 4Y8/350 2Y20/350
A',s m2 E-6 900 4Y10/350
h m 0,390
h,e m 0,350
Calculation
estimate y m 0,0740 0,0741 0,0742 0,0743 0,0744 0,0745 0,0746 0,0747 0,0748 0,0749
h,c=0,8y m 0,0592 0,0593 0,0594 0,0594 0,0595 0,0596 0,0597 0,0598 0,0598 0,0599
h,int m 0,3204 0,3204 0,3203 0,3203 0,3202 0,3202 0,3202 0,3201 0,3201 0,3200
C MN 0,999 0,999 0,999 0,999 0,999 0,999 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
stress,c MN/m2 15,04 15,03 15,01 14,99 14,98 14,96 14,94 14,93 14,91 14,90
strain,c 0,00058 0,00058 0,00058 0,00058 0,00058 0,00057 0,00057 0,00057 0,00057 0,00057
strain,s 0,00216 0,00215 0,00214 0,00214 0,00213 0,00213 0,00212 0,00211 0,00211 0,00210
stress,s MN/m2 431 430 429 427 426 425 424 423 422 420
T MN 1,024 1,021 1,018 1,016 1,013 1,010 1,007 1,004 1,002 0,999
T - C MN 0,0254 0,0224 0,0194 0,0165 0,0135 0,0106 0,0076 0,0047 0,0018 -0,0011
EI,c MNm2 115,8 115,8 115,8 115,8 115,8 115,8 115,8 115,8 115,8 115,8
EI,w MNm2 39,8 39,8 39,8 39,8 39,8 39,8 39,8 39,8 39,8 39,7
m,w kNm/m 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9
Herstedlund
Bilag 3ud_L

Tvrsnitsanalyse plade i udhng - designlast - langtid

Choice
m(g+q/2) MNm 0,150
f,ck MN/m2 35
f,yk MN/m2 550
E,s MN/m2 200000
E,c MN/m2 7407
A,s m2 E-6 1534 4Y8/350 2Y20/350 x 4,0/7,5
A',s m2 E-6 900 4Y10/350
h m 0,390
h,e m 0,350
Calculation
estimate y m 0,1070 0,1071 0,1072 0,1073 0,1074 0,1075 0,1076 0,1077 0,1078 0,1079
h,c=0,8y m 0,0856 0,0857 0,0858 0,0858 0,0859 0,0860 0,0861 0,0862 0,0862 0,0863
h,int m 0,3072 0,3072 0,3071 0,3071 0,3070 0,3070 0,3070 0,3069 0,3069 0,3068
C MN 0,488 0,488 0,488 0,488 0,489 0,489 0,489 0,489 0,489 0,489
stress,c MN/m2 5,26 5,26 5,25 5,25 5,25 5,24 5,24 5,23 5,23 5,23
strain,c 0,00071 0,00071 0,00071 0,00071 0,00071 0,00071 0,00071 0,00071 0,00071 0,00071
strain,s 0,00161 0,00161 0,00161 0,00160 0,00160 0,00160 0,00159 0,00159 0,00159 0,00158
stress,s MN/m2 323 322 321 321 320 319 319 318 317 317
T MN 0,495 0,494 0,493 0,492 0,491 0,490 0,489 0,488 0,487 0,486
T - C MN 0,0066 0,0055 0,0045 0,0034 0,0023 0,0012 0,0001 -0,0009 -0,0020 -0,0031
EI,c MNm2 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0
EI,w MNm2 21,8 21,8 21,8 21,8 21,8 21,8 21,8 21,8 21,8 21,8
m,w kNm/m 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9
Herstedlund
Bilag 5u-L
Moment & nedbjning 3,8 m pladefelt - brugslast , langtid
Moment is given by m,x = - P*L (1-x/L) - 0,5 p*L*L (1-x/L) (1-x/L)
m,0 = 0,00 kN EI,w = 0 Span L = 3,8 m Steel b.s. xxx mm2 10
P = 4,6 kN/m EI,w = 21,8 MNm Height h = 390 mm Steel t.s. xxx mm2 8 +
p = 11,3 kN/m EI,w = 21,8 MNm Column 400 mm Steel t.s. xxx mm2 ( 00)
m,w = 95 kN/m EI,c = 33,0 MNm2 Concrete 35 MPa
section load mom. crack. mom. curvature increase inclination defl. increase deflection deflection
x / L m,g+q/2 m,w (-) m/EI dv =dL* m/EI v (=Q,k) du=v*dL u =u,x+du u.korr.
1 0,00 99,1 95,0 3,12 0,30 -0,30 -0,06 0,0 0,0
2 0,05 90,2 95,0 2,73 0,52 -0,82 -0,16 -0,1 -0,1
3 0,10 81,8 95,0 2,48 0,47 -1,29 -0,24 -0,2 -0,2
4 0,15 73,8 95,0 2,24 0,42 -1,71 -0,33 -0,5 -0,5
5 0,20 66,2 95,0 2,01 0,38 -2,09 -0,40 -0,8 -0,8
6 0,25 59,0 95,0 1,79 0,34 -2,43 -0,46 -1,2 -1,2
7 0,30 52,2 95,0 1,58 0,30 -2,73 -0,52 -1,6 -1,6
8 0,35 45,8 95,0 1,39 0,26 -3,00 -0,57 -2,2 -2,2
9 0,40 39,9 95,0 1,21 0,23 -3,23 -0,61 -2,7 -2,7
10 0,45 34,3 95,0 1,04 0,20 -3,42 -0,65 -3,3 -3,3
11 0,50 29,1 95,0 0,88 0,17 -3,59 -0,68 -4,0 -4,0
12 0,55 24,4 95,0 0,74 0,14 -3,73 -0,71 -4,7 -4,7
13 0,60 20,0 95,0 0,61 0,12 -3,85 -0,73 -5,4 -5,4
14 0,65 16,1 95,0 0,49 0,09 -3,94 -0,75 -6,1 -6,1
15 0,70 12,6 95,0 0,38 0,07 -4,01 -0,76 -6,9 -6,9
16 0,75 9,5 95,0 0,29 0,05 -4,07 -0,77 -7,6 -7,6
17 0,80 6,8 95,0 0,20 0,04 -4,11 -0,78 -8,4 -8,4
18 0,85 4,5 95,0 0,14 0,03 -4,13 -0,79 -9,2 -9,2
19 0,90 2,6 95,0 0,08 0,01 -4,15 -0,79 -10,0 -10,0
20 0,95 1,1 95,0 0,03 0,01 -4,15 -0,79 -10,8
21 1,00 0,0 95,0 0,00 0,00 -4,15 -0,79 -11,5
sum
-20,0
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
load mom. m,g+q/2 kNm/m
-12,00
-10,00
-8,00
-6,00
-4,00
-2,00
0,00
2,00
4,00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Herstedlund
Bilag 5u,hj-L
Moment & nedbjning 5,3 m hjrneudhng - brugslast , langtid
Moment is given by m,x = - P*L (1-x/L) - 0,5 p*L*L (1-x/L) (1-x/L)
m,0 = 0,00 kN EI,w = 0 Span L = 5,3 m Steel b.s. xxx mm2 10
P = 3,3 kN/m EI,w = 21,8 MNm Height h = 390 mm Steel t.s. xxx mm2 8 +
p = 1,9 kN/m EI,w = 21,8 MNm Column 400 mm Steel t.s. xxx mm2 ( 00)
m,w = 95 kN/m EI,c = 33,0 MNm2 Concrete 35 MPa
section load mom. crack. mom. curvature increase inclination defl. increase deflection deflection
x / L m,g+q/2 m,w (-) m/EI dv =dL* m/EI v (=Q,k) du=v*dL u =u,x+du u.korr.
1 0,00 70,9 95,0 2,15 0,28 -0,28 -0,08 0,0 0,0
2 0,05 64,8 95,0 1,96 0,52 -0,80 -0,21 -0,1 -0,1
3 0,10 59,0 95,0 1,79 0,47 -1,28 -0,34 -0,3 -0,3
4 0,15 53,4 95,0 1,62 0,43 -1,71 -0,45 -0,6 -0,6
5 0,20 48,1 95,0 1,46 0,39 -2,09 -0,55 -1,1 -1,1
6 0,25 43,1 95,0 1,31 0,35 -2,44 -0,65 -1,6 -1,6
7 0,30 38,4 95,0 1,16 0,31 -2,75 -0,73 -2,3 -2,3
8 0,35 33,9 95,0 1,03 0,27 -3,02 -0,80 -3,0 -3,0
9 0,40 29,7 95,0 0,90 0,24 -3,26 -0,86 -3,8 -3,8
10 0,45 25,8 95,0 0,78 0,21 -3,47 -0,92 -4,7 -4,7
11 0,50 22,1 95,0 0,67 0,18 -3,64 -0,97 -5,6 -5,6
12 0,55 18,7 95,0 0,57 0,15 -3,79 -1,01 -6,6 -6,6
13 0,60 15,5 95,0 0,47 0,12 -3,92 -1,04 -7,6 -7,6
14 0,65 12,7 95,0 0,38 0,10 -4,02 -1,07 -8,6 -8,6
15 0,70 10,1 95,0 0,30 0,08 -4,10 -1,09 -9,7 -9,7
16 0,75 7,7 95,0 0,23 0,06 -4,16 -1,10 -10,8 -10,8
17 0,80 5,6 95,0 0,17 0,05 -4,21 -1,12 -11,9 -11,9
18 0,85 3,8 95,0 0,12 0,03 -4,24 -1,12 -13,0 -13,0
19 0,90 2,3 95,0 0,07 0,02 -4,26 -1,13 -14,1 -14,1
20 0,95 1,0 95,0 0,03 0,01 -4,27 -1,13 -15,2
21 1,00 0,0 95,0 0,00 0,00 -4,27 -1,13 -16,4
sum
-20,0
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
load mom. m,g+q/2 kNm/m
-16,00
-14,00
-12,00
-10,00
-8,00
-6,00
-4,00
-2,00
0,00
2,00
4,00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Herstedlund
Bilag 3md_L

Tvrsnitsanalyse plademidte - designlast - langtid

Choice
m(g+q) MNm 0,090
f,ck MN/m2 35
f,yk MN/m2 550
E,s MN/m2 200000
E,c MN/m2 7407
A,s m2 E-6 900 4Y10/350
A',s m2 E-6 576 4Y8/350
h m 0,390
h,e m 0,350
Calculation
estimate y m 0,0860 0,0861 0,0862 0,0863 0,0864 0,0865 0,0866 0,0867 0,0868 0,0869
h,c=0,8y m 0,0688 0,0689 0,0690 0,0690 0,0691 0,0692 0,0693 0,0694 0,0694 0,0695
h,int m 0,3156 0,3156 0,3155 0,3155 0,3154 0,3154 0,3154 0,3153 0,3153 0,3152
C MN 0,285 0,285 0,285 0,285 0,285 0,285 0,285 0,285 0,285 0,285
stress,c MN/m2 3,88 3,88 3,88 3,87 3,87 3,87 3,86 3,86 3,86 3,85
strain,c m/m 0,00052 0,00052 0,00052 0,00052 0,00052 0,00052 0,00052 0,00052 0,00052 0,00052
strain,s m/m 0,00161 0,00161 0,00160 0,00160 0,00159 0,00159 0,00159 0,00158 0,00158 0,00157
stress,s MN/m2 322 321 320 320 319 318 317 316 316 315
T MN 0,290 0,289 0,288 0,288 0,287 0,286 0,285 0,285 0,284 0,283
T - C MN 0,0046 0,0039 0,0031 0,0023 0,0016 0,0008 0,0001 -0,0007 -0,0014 -0,0021
EI,c MNm2 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0 33,0
EI,w MNm2 14,3 14,3 14,3 14,3 14,3 14,3 14,3 14,3 14,3 14,3
m,w kNm/m 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9 94,9
Ramboll

Bilag 5m_L
Moment & nedbjning midte 7,7 m pladefelt - arbejdslast - lang tid
Moment is given by m,x = 4 m,o (x/L) (1 - (x/L)) - (x/L) (m,1 - m,2) +m,1
m,w / EI,c +1,3 ((m,x-m,w) / EI,w) if <m,x / EI,w and if m,x >m,w
m,0 = 85 kN EI,w = 14,3 MNm2 Span L = 7,7 m
m,1 = - 00 kN EI,w = 0 MNm2 Height h = 390 mm
m,2 = - 100 kN EI,w = 21,8 MNm2 Column = 300 mm
m,w = 95 kN EI,c = 33 MNm2 Concrete 35 MPa
section load mom. crack. mom. curvature curv. increase inclin. in (1) inclination defl. increase deflection deflection
x / L m (g+q/2) m,w m/EI dL* m/EI v(1)=Q(1),k v =Q,k du=v*dL u =u,x+du u.korr.
kNm/m kNm/m 1/m E-3 E-3 E-3 E-3 mm mm mm
1 0,00 -100,0 -95,0 -3,18 -0,61 -0,61 -0,61 -0,23 0,0 0,0
2 0,05 -78,9 -95,0 -2,39 -0,92 -0,87 0,31 0,12 -0,2 -0,2
3 0,10 -59,4 -95,0 -1,80 -0,69 -0,62 1,00 0,39 -0,1 -0,1
4 0,15 -41,7 -95,0 -1,26 -0,49 -0,41 1,49 0,57 0,3 0,3
5 0,20 -25,6 -95,0 -0,78 -0,30 -0,24 1,79 0,69 0,8 0,8
6 0,25 -11,3 -95,0 -0,34 -0,13 -0,10 1,92 0,74 1,5 1,5
7 0,30 1,4 95,0 0,04 0,02 0,01 1,90 0,73 2,3 2,3
8 0,35 12,4 95,0 0,37 0,14 0,09 1,76 0,68 3,0 3,0
9 0,40 21,6 95,0 0,65 0,25 0,15 1,51 0,58 3,7 3,7
10 0,45 29,2 95,0 0,88 0,34 0,19 1,17 0,45 4,3 4,3
11 0,50 35,0 95,0 1,06 0,41 0,20 0,76 0,29 4,7 4,7
12 0,55 39,2 95,0 1,19 0,46 0,21 0,30 0,12 5,0 5,0
13 0,60 41,6 95,0 1,26 0,49 0,19 -0,18 -0,07 5,1 5,1
14 0,65 42,4 95,0 1,28 0,49 0,17 -0,68 -0,26 5,0 5,0
15 0,70 41,4 95,0 1,25 0,48 0,14 -1,16 -0,45 4,8 4,8
16 0,75 38,8 95,0 1,17 0,45 0,11 -1,61 -0,62 4,3 4,3
17 0,80 34,4 95,0 1,04 0,40 0,08 -2,01 -0,78 3,7 3,7
18 0,85 28,4 95,0 0,86 0,33 0,05 -2,35 -0,90 2,9 2,9
19 0,90 20,6 95,0 0,62 0,24 0,02 -2,59 -1,00 2,0 2,0
20 0,95 11,1 95,0 0,34 0,13 0,01 -2,72 -1,05 1,0 1,0
21 1,00 0,0 95,0 0,00 0,00 0,00 -2,72 -1,05 0,0 0,0
sum 1,49 -1,22
-150,0
-100,0
-50,0
0,0
50,0
100,0
150,0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
load mom. m(g+q/2) kNm/m
-4,00
-2,00
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
curvature m/EI 1/m E-3
Herstedlund Bilag 7
Forskydning omkring sjle 300
Dat. 19.09.2007

Statik snitradius r (n) = r (n-1) +0,5 x h
kontrolsnitflade A,r = h x 2 x pi x r
forskydningskraft i kontrolflade Q,r = P - p x pi x r x r
forskydningsspnding t,r = Q,r / A,r
betontrkspnding f,ctk = (0,1 x f,ck) pot 0,5
0,12 f,cd gennemlokning uden stl t,b = 0,16 x f,ck pot 0,5
skr betontryk u. 45 gr (=2t), max f,cds = (0,7-(f,ck/200)) x f,cd
Statiske parametre
stl beton beton beton beton sjlelast dklast dkhjde sjleradius
f,y f,ck f,tk t,b f,cds P p h r (o)
MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa MN MN/m2 m m
550 35 1,87 0,95 12,25 1,280 0,018 0,39 0,15
snit ( 0 - ) 1 ( 1 - ) 2 ( 2 - ) 3 ( 3 - ) 4 ( 4 - ) 5 ( 5 - ) 6 ( 6 - ) 7 ( 7 - ) 8
r m 0,35 0,54 0,74 0,93 1,13 1,32 1,52 1,71
A m2 0,42 0,66 0,90 1,14 1,38 1,62 1,86 2,09
Q MN 1,27 1,26 1,25 1,23 1,21 1,18 1,15 1,11
t MPa 3,01 1,91 1,39 1,08 0,88 0,73 0,62 0,53
t,b MPa 0,95 0,95 0,95 0,95 0,95 0,95 0,95 0,95
Q,b mass 0,40 0,63 0,85 1,08 1,30 1,53 1,76 1,98
Q,b hul 0,24 0,38 0,51 0,65 0,78 0,92 1,05 1,19
Q,stl mass 0,87 0,64 0,40 0,15 -0,10
bjl K10 13,2 9,7 6,0 2,3 -1,4
bjl K12 9,2 6,7 4,2 1,6 -1,0
bjl K14 6,8 4,9 3,1 1,2 -0,7
Q,stl hul 1,03 0,89 0,74 0,58 0,43 0,26 0,10 -0,07
bjl K10 15,7 13,5 11,2 8,9 6,5 4,0 1,5 -1,1
bjl K12 10,9 9,3 7,8 6,2 4,5 2,8 1,0 -0,8
bjl K14 8,0 6,9 5,7 4,5 3,3 2,0 0,7 -0,6
massiv -------> valg --------->
bl tal =massivt dk , rde tal =hult dk
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1670 1670 1670 1670 1670 1670 1670 1670
1
6
7
0
1
6
7
0
1
6
7
0
1
6
7
0
1
6
7
0
1
6
7
0
1
6
7
0
1
6
7
0
Herstedlund Flleshus, Herstedvester
Tegning 121
Dato 15.01.08
Rev.
BubbIeDeck Danmark ApS
Rsevangen 8
DK - 3520 Farum
Ph/fax +45 44 95 59 59
1:100
Dk 1 - BD 395
Elementplan incl kugler
X X
Y
Red marking
for orientation of element
SteeI Iattice - stirrups Y14/175
2000 7500
7000
4000
4000
2500
p,g = 8,8 kN/m2
p,d =18,0 kN/m2
(1)
(2)
(2a)
undersgelse overfldig
indspnding vilkrlig m,i
(3)
Tidlig arbejdsskitse - ml ikke justeret (ikke ndvendigt) Skitse 1
1:100
Vurdering af udhng / oversidemomenter
Dkket udfres overalt med samme armering
moment (1) er farligere end (2), (2a), (3) og m,i
P,g = 4,6 kN/m
P,g = 4,6 kN/m
P,g = 4,6 x 2
P,g = 4,6
2000 7500
7000
4000
4000
2500
8,8 kN/m2
8,8 kN/m2
18,0 kN/m2
18,0 kN/m2
max neg mom
max pos mom
Tidlig arbejdsskitse - ml ikke justeret Skitse 2
1:100
Vurdering af momenter i indv. felter
(6)
(7)
(5)
indspnding
(6') , (7')
(6) er farligere end (6')
(7) er farligere end (7')
2000 7500
7000
4000
4000
2500
18,0 kN/m2
Tidlig arbejdsskitse - ml ikke justeret Skitse 3
1:100
Vurdering af last(areal) over sjler
(4) (5)
indspnding
P,g = 4,6 kN/m
(0,5 L) (0,6 L)
(
0
,
6

L
)
L
4,0 2,5
4,0
1:20
1800
1100
2600
Sjle G7
Skitse 4
gitre kan forskydes frit inden for halv modul (170 mm)
8 12 8 1820 kN
10 8 10
8
8 520 kN
1820
520
kN
kN
Forskydningsarmering
1/2 bjl
1/2 bjl
1/2 bjl
1:20
1800
1100
2600
Sjle G7
Skitse 4A
gitre kan forskydes frit inden for halv modul (170 mm)
8 12 8 1820 kN
10 8 10
8
8 520 kN
2860
1040
kN
kN
Forskydningsarmering
1/2 bjl
1/2 bjl
1/2 bjl
14 14
4 4
1:20
Sjle G2
Forskydningsarmering Skitse 5
r = 0,55 r = 0,95 r = 1,35
14 18 12
vridningsgitter (rdt) medregnes ikke til forskydning
910 kN 1160 kN 780 kN
1/2 bjl
100
150
30
Y20
Y20
Y20
Y14 bjl/175
Y8
Y10
315 x 275
Princip af vridningsgitter
1:5
sammenholdes
m. elementplan
Skitse 6
forskydningsarmering
ikke indtegnet
Example 10 Professor Kiss, Romania

May 2009

TEST

of


Test Model defined by

Total slab size 12 x multiple 6 m
Supported along edges on bearing walls
Supported internal in 6 m grid on columns

1

Remarks to Calculation

In the attempt to make the project both general and simple (easy understandable) are chosen
following practical procedures with weight on simplicity :

Only uniformly distributed load is regarded because full maximum uniform load will reveal
the wanted most critical picture of both the shear around columns and the sagging moment at
slab middle. Variation in imposed load will only influence temporary deflection.

Firstly, calculation is based on arbitrary (variable) load p to make a simple, flexible and fast
tool to calculating and controlling the sagging moment and the deflexion on site through the test.
Secondly, these expressions are made numerical replacing load p with wanted actual load.
This general setup also shows how simple calculations can be made by hand.

Calculations are executed with only two significant digits rounded up more have no relevancy
(neither regarding the theoretical calculations nor the practical exactness of execution on site).
Calculations are based on f,ck 35 MPa but using 25 MPa will not influence strength only flexure.

Further calculation is carried out as traditional 2-bay one-way calculation (elastic state),
X direction is chosen as element direction (length),
the slab is fully symmetrical around the column lines in both X- and Y-direction.
slab is regarded 100% fixed at internal column line (simple, well balanced choice),
slab is carried out without moment transfer to columns (charnier).

Stress, strain and stiffness are normally not calculated - but is here shown in encl. 3 at slab
middle for supposed design load.

Concerning Shear.
The old word Theory is one thing practice another should be remembered when dealing
with shear. Two matters should be taken in consideration.

One, as shear reinforcement only has relevancy in very small areas compared with other
reinforcement, there is no argument in favour of spending time on sophisticated calculations
when simple expressions can be used and furthermore safe using the lower limit of factors.
Simple formulas results in easy calculation and easy and safe control.

Two, as the execution on site of reinforced shear zones often is quite out in the blue or
without reasonable relation to the project design, the shear not only has to be calculated safe
but also be designed in a manner that it cannot be executed wrong.

Minor deviations between calculations and drawings are not corrected if regarded insignificant.

Text in Italic is meant as explanations/guidance.
3

NUMERICAL CALCULATION BASIS

Used safety factors (Euro-Code modified to BubbleDeck standard)
Loads Permanent load f,g = 1.2
Imposed load f,p = 1.5

Materials Concrete f,c = 1.5
Steel f,y = 1.2
this set of factors will cover all situations and combinations to a reasonable degree

Used materials and design values
Concrete f,ck = 35 MPa , f,cd = 35 /1,5 = 23 MPa
f,tk = 0.1 f,c = 1,9 - , f,td = 1,9 /1,5 = 1,3 -
Steel, min f,yk = 500 - , f,yd = 500 /1,2 = 420 -

Basic BD design moments m,y 0.6 d,y
2
(where d is the bar diameter)

steel (2 bars/ball) Y6 Y8 Y10 Y12 Y14 Y16 Y20 Y25
mom. kNm/m 20 40 60 90 120 150 240 360
are used directly in the calculations
the values are estimated on basis of the used factors and rounded up (no significant deviation)
note, Y10, Y14 and Y20 can be directly mutual substituted through the factor 2 (double or half)

Loads

BD slab, 280 mm g,0 4.5 kN/m2
other dead load g,1 1.0 -
---------------
g 5.5 -
usual imposed load (+ services) q 8.0 -
---------------
characteristic load p = 13.5 kN/m2

design load p,d = 1.2 * 5.5 + 1.5 * 8.0 = 18.6 -
rounded up p,d = 19.0 -
working load p,w = 1.0 * 5.5 + 0.5 * 8.0 = 9.5 -
rounded up p,w = 10.0 -
p,w / p,d = 10 / 19 0.50
4

PRACTICAL CALCULATION PROCEDURE

Main (design) forces on model based on random load (for quick load variations)
and calculated one-way after axes

Slab moments double bay (M,x) - and End bay

eff. span L,x = 6.0 2 * 0.1 = 5.8 m

simple sagging moment, m,0 = p * L
2
/ 8
= p * 5.8
2
/ 8 = 4.2 p
support moment, chosen
at column m1 = max md = m,0 = 4.2 p -
at wall m2 = 0
sagging moment in general m,d m,0 0.5 (m1 + m2)
actual 4.2 4.2 * 0.5 = 2.1 p -

not fully correct but Ok, simple and practical compare correct value encl.6 and annex 1
(under general circumstances also the hogging (negative) slab moment has to be controlled
but not necessary for the test).

Slab moments multiple bay (M,y) see sketch
eff. L = 6.0 2 * 0.1 = 5.8 m
m,0 = p * 5.8
2
/ 8 = 4.2 p
support moment at column
inner section
design max md = m,0 * 2 / 3 = 2.8 p -
sagging (design) moment m,d = 4.2 2.8 = 1.4 p -
outer section as X-direction

Shear compare loads with yield line figure encl.

is calculated for circular columns (the essential free inner columns)
(square columns are not recommendable but accepted - if used, calculation is on safe side)

column is calculated as D = 300 mm
load inner column Q,d p * 6 * 6 * 1.25

= 45 p
load outer column Q,d p(3+3*1,25) * 6 * 1.25 = 50 p
load wall column Q,d < p * 6 * 6 * 0.5

= 18 p
wall and corner columns are not calculated (executed, based on result from inner column)
5

NUMERICAL CALCULATION loads, see pg. 2

static depth of slab d = 250 mm
design load p,d = 19 kN/m2
working load p,w = 10 -

values quoted in round figures (compare with more exact yield line estimate, encl. B)

Moments (X) double bay (see encl. 3 and 6)

sagging moment m,d = 2.1 * p,d = 2.1 * 19 = 40 kNm/m
bottom mesh Y08/125 m = 40 -

would be allowed but in practice is recommended always to work with some margin and
experience tells that utilization of steel about 70-80% of max. will balance deflections.

better choice
bottom mesh Y10/125, m = 60 kNm/m
top mesh Y06/125

fixing moment (100%) md = 4.2 * p,d = 4.2 * 19 = 80 kNm/m
only mesh above column is regarded effective (see drawing 4)

Y14/125 x 4m, average m = 120 * 4 / 6 = 80 kNm/m
slab mesh Y6/125 above column is ignored

Moments (Y) multiple bay (see encl. 3 and 6x)

sagging moment m,d = 1.4 * p,d = 1.4 * 19 = 27 kNm/m
is covered by
bottom mesh Y08/125 m = 40 kNm/m
top mesh Y06/125

fixing mom. preconditioned md = 2.8 * p,d = 2.8 * 19 50 kNm/m

ok, less than disposable
steel Y14/125 x 4m m = 120 * 4 / 7.5 = 64 -
(could use Y12/125 m = 90 * 4 / 7,5 = 48 - )
6

Deflections from working load, see encl. 5

Double bay

Is generally calculated for working load (average long term load).
In this estimate for test is only regarded the short term situation.
In uncracked state the deflection for dead load can be estimated directly from the ratio p,g / p,w
In cracked state the dead load deflection is calculated individually and deflection for live load is
determined as the difference between deflection for working load and deflection for dead load.

working load m,0w = 0.5 * m,0d = 0.5 * 80 = 40 kNm/m
100% fixed => max m = m,0 = 40 -

moment and deflexion is calculated in excel program, encl.5
(but approximately figures can be found from usual known simple formulas)

encl 5 : average ,w = 4.0 mm
uncracked => dead load ,g = 4.0 * 5.5 / 10.0 = 2.2 mm

design load m,0d = 0.5 * m,0d = 0.5 * 80 = 40 kNm/m
100% fixed max m = m,0 = 40 -

moment and deflexion is calculated in excel program, encl.5
(but approximately figures is found from usual known simple formulas)

In encl. 6 is shown deflection for full design load.

Multiple bays - deflection could be ignored
but is shown to complete the example

7

Shear

calculation based on the diagonal stringer method
see Annex A

45
D
D
d d d d d
V,0
d/2
d
d
d
d
u,n = u,0 + n * 6 d
u,0 = 3 (D + 2d) circular column
u,0 = 4 (D + 2d) square column
u,n
regarded surface marked dark grey
u,0 u,n
V,d = ,d * u * d = 0,16 * u * d * f,ck v
V,cd = ,cd * u * d = 0,11 * u * d * f,ck v
d is the effective depth

Actual stringer values

angle concrete pressure = 45
o

angle reinforcement = 90
o

eff. stringer depth is borne d ( 0.9 h) = 0.25 m
(= static depth of BubbleDeck)

with concrete 35 MPa :

effectiveness factor v = 0.7 f,ck / 200
= 0.7 35 / 200 = 0.52
is calculated in general (safe) v = 0.5

max allowed max shear stress v,d = * v * f,cd
= * 0.5 * 23 = 5.70 MPa

allowed concrete stress ,d = (1+cot
2
)/(cot +cot

) v,d
actual ( = 45
0
, = 90
0
) = 2 * 5.70 = 11.4 MPa

concrete alone v,c = * f,td
actual = 0.5 * 1.30 = 0.65 MPa
8

Actual calculation

at inner column D = 300 mm
with load Q,d = 50 p
= 50 * 19.0 = 0.95 MN

shear stress estimated in ring sections
of width = effective slab thickness =
static depth BubbleDeck d = (0.9 * h) = 0.25 m

control perimeter u,0 = (D + 2d)
= (0.30 + 2 * 0.25) = 2.50 m
control surface A,0 = u,0 * d = 0.63 m2

v = 0.95 / 0.63 = 1.50 MPa
ok, less than v,d = 5.70 -
but need reinforcement, more than v,c = 0.65 -

absorbed by concrete V,c = v,c * A,0
= 0.65 * 0.63 = 0.40 MPa

shear to be taken by steel N,0 = (0.95 0.41) 1000 = 540 kN
6 closed links Y12 yield N = 6 * 2 * 113 * 0.400 = 550 kN

successive calc. at perimeter u,n = u,0 + n * 6 d
if necessary

control
at perimeter u,5 = u,0 + 5 * 6 d
= 2.50 + 5 * 6 * 0.25 = 10.0 m
shear surface A,5 = 10.0 * 0.25 = 2.50 m2

actual load V,5 = 0.95 19.0 * * 1.10
2
/1000
= 0.84 0.05 = 0.79 MN

if massive section v,5 = 0.79 / 1.64 = 0.48 MPa
ok
if hollow section v,5 = 0.48 / 0.6 = 0.80 MPa
absorbed by concrete V,c = 0.65 * 1.64 * 0.6 = 0.64 -

necessary steel N,5 = (0.84 0.64) 1000 = 200 kN
3 closed links Y12 N = 3 * 2 * 113 * 0.400 = 270 kN
9

Working (support) paper correct values according to preconditions

Moment calculation (for p=1) see yield figure encl

Outer slabs

1. chosen support moment m = m
gives moment balance per m

slab part A 2m = 3.4
2
/ 2 = 5.78
m = 2.89
slab part B m = 2.4
2
/ 2 = 2.88

the yield line figure is correct m = m 2.90
with p,d = 19 kN/m m,d = 19 * 2,9 = 55 kNm/m

this choice could have been made as the reinforcement Y10 would be sufficient

2. chosen support moment m = 2m
gives moment balance per m

2
/ 2 = 6.84
m = 2.28
slab part B m = 2.1
2
/ 2 = 2.20

the yield line figure is correct
slab part B will give smaller m than B
and design moment can be set m,d = 0.5 m 2.2

with p,d = 19 kN/m m,d = 19 * 2,2 = 42 kNm/m
m = 2 * 42 = 84 -
5% higher than the used simple method, but the deviation is acceptable.

X-direction continuous slabs, symmetry

2
/ 2 = 4.5
sagging moment m,d = 1.5
support moment m = 2m,d 3.0

with p,d = 19 kN/m m,d = 19 * 1.5 = 30 kNm/m
m = 2 * 30 = 60 -
Annex A
Simple procedure for calculation punching shear - see draft

the shear should be investigated for the situations
v,c < 0.5 f,td no reinforcement is required
0.5 f,td < v,c < 0.5 f,cd reinforcement required
v,c > 0.5 f,cd thicker slab or stronger concrete
in combination with v,bub = 0.6 v,solid

(1) estimate shear at column face in a slab of thickness h
as v = V / d * u
where d is effective slab depth 0.9 * h
and u is periphery in a distance d from column
(there are no grounds to investigate closer to column)

(2) estimate the necessary steel at column face section
as N = V V,c0
where V,c0 = 0.5 f,td * u,0 * d
and u,0 = (D + 2d)
use this steel amount out in slab as long as it is practical convenient, or

(3) the steel can be reduced successively according to reduced N,n = V V,n
where V,n = 0.5 f,td * u,n * d
and u,n u,0 + n * 6 d

If it is preferred to work on basis of full deck thickness can be used following rewriting

(1) v = 1.1 * V / h * u
where h is the full slab height
d 0.9 * h (static depth)

and by controlling sections with mutual distance h,
the corresponding steel can be estimated directly at any section as N = 1.1 * V

(2) estimate the necessary steel at column face section
as N = 1.1 * V V,c0
where V,c0 = 0.5 f,td * u,0 * h
and u,0 = (D + 2h)
use this steel amount as long as it is practical convenient, or

(3) the steel can be reduced successively according to N,n = 1.1 * V V,n
where V,n = 0.5 f,td * u,n * h
and u,n u,0 + n * 6 h
Because of its nature the present calculation is a mix of general procedure and the actual test.

Simple procedure design strength.

for uniform loads

1. estimate two loads
design loads p,d characteristic loads multiplied by respective code factors
recommended 1.2 on dead load and 1.5 on live load
working load p,w dead loads multiplied by 1.0 and live loads multiplied by 0.5

2. calculate design load on column (internal) as P,d = 1.25 * a * b * p,d
where a and b are the modules in the two directions

3. control moment for P,d and calculate necessary reinforcement above column
(not necessary if moment will be chosen more than sagging moment)

4. chose support moment, recommended m = m,0 with one fixed support
m = m,0 * 2/3 with two fixed supports

5. calculate the sagging moment as m,d = m,0 m (middle slab)

6. chose reinforcement mesh according to BubbleDeck standard moment sheet.

7. control sagging moment and top side mesh for combination full support moment and
minimum slab load

8. calculate shear according to annex A
reinforce with closed baskets built into the element canals in agreement with BubbleDeck
recommendations.

Specific calculation of crack bottom side during long term use under working (utility) load

The slab has uniform reinforcement in both main directions.
That means the cracking is also uniform distributed and can be regarded working over a larger
area independent of the individual bars.

Estimated by the formula w,cr = 2.5 * 10
5
,s a,w (EC adjusted by DK)
with
active concrete area A,cef = 1000 * 50 = 50 000 mm2/m
sum of steel diameters, 12/100 d,w = 10 * 12 = 120 mm/m
crack parameter a,w = A,c eff /
= 50 000 / 120 = 420
steel stress (see encl. 3mL) ,swL = 170 MPa
max. crack width w,cr = 5 * 10
5
,s a,w

= 2.5 E-5 * 170 * 420 = 0.10 mm

Compared with the steel strain ,s = 0.00086 mm/mm
distributed per bar (mesh) a = 100 mm
see encl. 3mL ,s = 0.00086 * 100 = 0.09 mm
we have a very good agreement

BD always recommends working on basis of the real behaviour rather than using empirical formulas.
Example 11 Keops Project City Hall, Denmark

2005.8005 A1
2500.8005 C
2500.8005 C
2500.8005
2500.8005
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2500.8005 C
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2500.8005 C
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2500.8005
2500.8005
2500.8005
2500.8005
2500.8005
2005.10210 A1
2500.10210 K
2500.10210 K
2500.10210 J
2500.10210 J
2500.10210 M
2500.9150
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2500.10210
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2500.10210 D
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2500.10210 L
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Appendix H Brochure UK Site Installation

CI/SfB
(23) Eq4
Part 2 September2008
The Original Voided Flat Slabs
with BubbleDeck
B u b b l e D e c k
S t r u c t u r e S o l u t i o n s
Site Erection &
Installation Manual
Type A - Filigree Elements
R
S i t e
Pre-Construction Planning
We believe the key to achieving a successful construction build is
meticulous preparation and planning, with good communication. Well in
advance of construction commencing on site BubbleDecks managerial
and technical team will closely work with you - advising on and defining
a detailed programme for the timing and phasing of drawing
preparation, drawing review, drawing sign-off approval, element
manufacture and element delivery to site to match your strategic
approach and reflect your overall construction programme.
Please take into account there is a lead in period from the date of
placing your BubbleDeck order typically 3 weeks for our design /
general arrangement drawing work plus 9 weeks for preparation,
producing production / installation drawings and manufacturing of the
elements (on larger projects drawing and manufacturing will be
undertaken in phases to match your construction programme) before
we can commence site deliveries. Between these periods you need to
allow sufficient time for submitting our design / general arrangement
drawings to your Approved Inspector and receiving Building control
approval, although in special circumstances and smaller projects we can
reduce these periods if our other commitments allow.
The pre-construction planning stages comprises:-
1. Issuing to us frozen For Construction Architects / Engineers general
arrangement plans, sections and relevant details in ,dwg file format
together with final loading information and firm order / deposit
payment.
2. Preparation by us of BubbleDeck full engineering design and general
arrangement plans, showing element layout, and submission to you
for review and technical approval.
3. Submission by you of our design / drawings to Approved Inspector.
Referral to us of any queries and us providing answers / further
information as may be required.
4. Confirmation from you Building Control approval receipt and issuing
to us sign-off approval of BubbleDeck design / general arrangement
drawings.
5. Develop together programme for production / installation drawings,
manufacturing and delivery to site
6. Preparation by us of a detailed programme for production /
installation drawings, manufacturing and delivery to site. Review by
you and issuing to us programme approval.
Erection and Installation Manual
Type A Filigree Elements
BubbleDeck is a structural voided flat slab system that reduces
dead weight of a floor slab by 33%, allowing longer spans
between column supports and a whole range of other design,
cost and construction benefits. The system eliminates secondary
supporting structure such as beams the completed floor slab
spans in two directions directly onto pre-cast / in-situ reinforced
concrete columns or structural walls.
BubbleDeck is usually manufactured as partly pre-cast filigree
elements, combining the benefits gained from off-site MMC
techniques of factory manufacture in controlled conditions,
ensuring quality control and consistency, with on-site completion
of the final concrete pour, resulting in a seamless completed floor
slab - without the issues associated with fully pre-cast methods
arising from dry joints resulting in noise transfer needing
additional work to seal gaps, and need for structural toppings
with additional construction layers. When the site topping
concrete has been cast a BubbleDeck structure is complete
providing integral overall building stability, fire resistance,
weatherproofing, and sound insulation.
Site erection and installation is simple and fast, well within the
capabilities of any competent concrete contractor or sub-
contractor. On previous projects over 800m
2
of BubbleDeck has
been erected and completed within 4 working days. The elements
are manufactured 3 metres wide (upon request prior to ordering
2.4 metres wide where site access is restricted) and the length is
varied, to suit project floor-plate configuration and transport
efficiency, up to a maximum of 10 metres long.
For more background information about the BubbleDeck system
please study our separate Product Introduction Brochure prior to
reading further.
Planning Pre-Cast Element Erection
Prior to us commencing preparation production / installation drawings (see Stage 7, left) you
must confirm to us your planned sequence of erecting the BubbleDeck elements on site during
construction. This sequence has to be incorporated on our drawing element numbering at an
early stage and passed to our factory in order to ensure a) the correct element edge profiles
are manufactured, and b) plan the sequence of manufacturing / transporting elements.
a) Element Edge Profiles: Longitudinal edges of elements require different detailing dependant
upon their position see drawing below showing slab edge cross-sections element as planned.
It is important the large splay shown on the right hand longitudinal edge is present at every
junction between two elements to provide adequate concrete cover, for fire resistance and
durability performance, to the loose reinforcement splice bars laid across the elements joints on
top of the pre-cast concrete layer.
BubbleDeck Drawing /
Manufacturing / Delivery
Programme
Project: Le Coie Hotel Jersey Status: Issue 04 - 4th June 2004
Subject: Programme for production, manufacture & delivery of BubbleDeck floors
Date: 4th June 2004
Floortype: BD 280
Quantity: 7.484 m
2
appr. 2004
quantily Week Commencing 3/5 10/5 17/5 24/5 31/5 7/6 14/6 21/6 28/6 5/7 12/7 19/7 26/7 2/8 9/8 16/8 23/8 30/8 6/9 13/9 20/9 27/9 4/10 11/10 18/10 25/10 1/11 8/11 15/11 22/11 29/11 6/12 13/12
m
2
/ Calendar Week No. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Stage Project Week No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
< Factory Closed >
1st floor 936
Blocks A-D 1
2
3
4
5 Last date reinf order/change prodn date> 4 weeks production < Production = 936 m2
6 < 7 loads @ approx 134 m2 per trailer
7 A - B C - D
2nd floor 1,044
Blocks A-D 1
2
3
4 < 9 hoisting beds returned to factory
5 Last date reinf order /change prodn date > 2 wk production 3 wk production < Production = 1,044 m2
7 A - B C - D
3rd floor 1,053
Blocks A-D 1
2
3
4 < 9 hoisting beds returned to factory
5 Last date reinf order /change prodn date > < Production 1,053 m2
7 A - D
4th floor 798
Blocks B-D 1
2
3
4 < 9 hoisting beds retu
5 Last date reinf order /change prodn date > 4 weeks production < Production 798 m2
6 < 6 loads @ approx 1
7 B - D
5th floor 594
Blocks C & D 1
2
3
4
5 Last date reinf order /change prodn date > 4 weeks production < Prod
6
7
6th floor 294
Block C 1
2
3
4
5 Last date reinf order /change prodn date > 4 weeks production
6
7 * NOTE: For transport effic
total #REF! AND delivered together in
KEY PERIOD PER FLOOR
1. BDCI - Provisional production drawings 2 Weeks
2. ACM / DTM check provisional production drawings 2 Weeks
3. BDCI - Final production drawings 1 Week
4. ACM / DTM - formal approval final production drawings 1 Week
5. BDCI - Factory production 4 weeks
6. BDCI - Delivery period 2 weeks
7. ACM - Erection
Main Contractors last date for FULL delivery
5 weeks production
7. Confirm to us your planned sequence of erecting the BubbleDeck
elements on site.
8. Confirm to us your requirements for any phasing, day joints, and
service riser holes above 250mm diameter you want pre-forming
in the factory.
9. Planning by you of fixed / mobile crane provision and location
providing adequate capacity to lift heaviest elements.
10. Advising us of your arrangements for site access and any access
restrictions / procedures.
11. Providing our advice on technical and practical construction
issues.
12. Selection by you of preferred propping system and arranging
propping beam layout to be issued to us for review and
comment.
13. Preparation by us of production / installation drawings (projects
above 2,000 m
2
in phases as programmed) and submission to
you for review and formal sign-off approval.
14. Preparation by us of Quality and Delivery Control forms showing
planned loading of elements onto our transport trailers,
submission to you for review and approval.
Direction of Site Erection
Detail of Element Longitudinal (Variable up to 10m long) Edges
Detail of Element Short (3m or 2.4m long) Edges
p a g e 2
R
b) Manufacturing and Transporting Sequence: We
will programme the order of manufacturing
elements and loading of the elements onto our
transport to reflect, as closely as practically
feasible, your planned erection sequence. However,
for transport efficiency and safety, some elements
have to be loaded on the transport trailers out of
sequence to their erection order (e.g. small
elements have to be stacked on top of larger
elements), in which case these elements can be
temporarily lifted off and stored elsewhere on site
while the transport trailer is unloaded. The order of
loading elements onto the transport trailers will be
shown on our Quality and Delivery Control form.
Formal drawing review & sign off
prior to manufacture
Once you have reviewed and we have received
your sign-off of our production / installation
drawings we can then implement manufacture of
materials and the elements and be ready to
commence site deliveries of prefabricated
BubbleDeck elements within advised
manufacturing lead-in period.
We appreciate progress of construction on site can
be affected by many external factors including
exceptionally adverse weather and other events
beyond your control. If you need to change the
programming of BubbleDeck deliveries and/or
manufacture in response to such events please
immediately inform us so we can then re-
programme to your requirements. Once
BubbleDeck trailers have left our factory we regret
we are unable to defer site delivery without
passing on additional transport and storage /
trailer hire costs. We have even advanced deliveries
to keep up with quicker than expected progress
constructing BubbleDeck slabs on site.
As part of our comprehensive service we will supply you with the following
construction information, advice, products and assistance:-
Planning Pre-Cast Element Erection
continued
Service / Product
Engineering Design of BubbleDeck floor slabs & drawings. Submitting
design to you for review and sign-off. Liaison with you about any checking
engineer / Approved Inspector queries and providing further information
as required.
Preparation of manufacturing and construction drawings comprising i)
Element layout plan, ii) Loose bottom reinforcement (site installation), iii)
Loose top reinforcement (site installation), iv) Bubble pattern v) Pre-cast
reinforcement (incorporated into elements at factory). Submitting
drawings to you & Consultants for review and sign-off.
Preparing programme for manufacture and supply of products to site,
agreeing with you and placing orders for materials and manufacturing.
Preparation of bar bending schedules of loose site reinforcement for
supply to site by others.
Providing site operatives with product induction seminar.
Providing our advice on technical and practical construction issues.
BubbleDeck Site Erection and Installation Manual.
BubbleDeck Health & Safety Policy Guidance.
Quality and Delivery Control Forms.
Manufacture of prefabricated BubbleDeck elements comprising top &
bottom mesh reinforcement / girders joining top / bottom mesh together /
additional bar reinforcement / plastic bubble void formers (Type A Filigree
elements with 70mm pre-cast concrete layer encasing bottom mesh
reinforcement).
Preparing loose site reinforcement bar bending schedules for supply to
site by others.
Monitoring and arranging delivery of prefabricated BubbleDeck
elements to site, on time, using between 8 metre to 13.6 metre long
flatbed trailers.
Loan of BubbleDeck lifting chainsets during site installation for lifting and
placing BubbleDeck elements.
Technical advice and guidance to yourselves and site operatives on site
installation & construction works.
Site inspections of BubbleDeck installation & loose reinforcement checking
prior to casting of in-situ concrete.
Following completion of works on site and account settlement entering
into suitable Collateral Warranty/s (subject to wording acceptable to our
Insurers) as may be required and provision of our Professional Indemnity
& Product Liability Insurance cover.
Project Stage
BubbleDeck Design
BubbleDeck Drawing
Production
Construction Planning
Product Advice
and Support
Manufacturing Product
Loose Reinforcement
Site Delivery
Site Support
Site Inspections
Insurance / Guarantees
BubbleDecks Construction Package
Our Services and Products
p a g e 3
Our design
service includes
full engineering
calculations and
site installation
drawings.
Combined Column / Wall & BubbleDeck Construction Method
While sequencing of site operations is your responsibility to decide we recommend the most efficient method, saving valuable site time
and overheads, is to plan construction of supporting r.c. columns and walls together with the BubbleDeck floor slab in one combined
erection operation as detailed in the following table:-
Activities
a) Fabricate & erect r.c. column & wall reinforcement.
b) Fabricate formwork shuttering with horizontal plywood top flange
200mm wide extending out from vertical shuttering & bracket supported
by vertical shuttering.
a) Erect Temporary Propping beams. (Refer to Stage 1 on page 5)
b) Erect formwork shuttering and (when suitable stable propping such as
SGB GASS system is used) brace upper formwork off temporary propping
frames.
Note: When column / wall formwork is to be braced off slab it will be
more convenient to erect this before erecting temporary propping)
Receive, lift and place BubbleDeck elements onto temporary propping
beams. (Refer to Stage 2 on page 6)
Install BubbleDeck loose reinforcement (Refer to Stage 3 on page 8)
Fabricate and erect perimeter & tolerance joint shuttering (Refer to Stage
4 on page 9)
Prepare columns, walls and BubbleDeck slab for concreting (Refer to Stage
5 on page 9)
Notify us of the date set for concreting (Refer to Stage 6 on page 10)
Pour concrete firstly into columns and walls, vibrate and compact. Then as
a continuous process pour concrete onto BubbleDeck slabs (Refer to Stage
7 on page 10)
Stage Operation
1 Column / wall reinforcement
& formwork
(Prior to BubbleDeck element delivery)
2 Temporary Propping
(Prior to BubbleDeck element delivery)
3 BubbleDeck Element Erection
4 Loose Reinforcement
5 Slab shuttering
6 Slab Preparation
7 BubbleDeck Site Inspection
8 Pouring Site Concrete
Concrete Column / Wall
Construction
Important: In accordance with good practice and British Standards DO
NOT overpour r.c. columns / walls in order to avoid reducing the slabs
effective depth at support locations. Only use enough concrete to
bring r.c. columns / walls up to the underside of the BubbleDeck flat
slab level. In the event r.c. columns / walls are concreted above this
level our Site Advisor/Inspector may require the concrete to be cut
down around the perimeter of r.c. columns / walls to ensure adequate
connection with the BubbleDeck slabs.
This combined erection method has the advantages of a) Condensing a two stage sequence (erecting & casting
columns / walls first and then BubbleDeck slabs second) into a one stage sequence; b) Providing s stable & firm
platform for casting columns / walls; c) Eliminating separate concrete deliveries for columns / walls and slabs;
and d) ensuring a good bond between column / wall and BubbleDeck slab site concrete.
p a g e 4
R
Back-Propping
When consecutive foor slabs within one block are
to be constructed above each other either: a) the
slab below the one being constructed must be
back-propped, or alternatively b) each completed
slab must be self-supporting within the maximum
allowed defection.
Option a) Prior to erecting propping for the next,
subsequent, slab above the completed slab
remove the propping from below the completed
slab and erect back-props at 2.4m intervals
(without parallel beams) at either mid-span or
third-span, dependant upon length of spans
involved.
Option b) Prior to erecting propping for the next,
subsequent, slab above loosen the props below
the completed slab, to allow the foor to reach its
maximum defection, and then tighten the props
again. This is to ensure additional loads from the
slab being erected above are taken on its own
props rather than adding to loads onto the foor
directly below, avoiding weight accumulation from
consecutive foors placing unnecessary strain on
props and other construction elements.
Typical cross-section of temporary propping system
Site Erection and Installation
Type A Filigree Elements
p a g e 5
Stage 1 Erect Temporary Propping
During erection each slab must be placed on suitable temporary
propping beams arranged in parallel rows mounted on props
sufcient to adequately support the weight of the pre-cast fligree
elements plus the loose reinforcement fxed on site, concrete
poured on site and all other site construction loads applied during
fnal pouring of the concrete topping and curing of the slab.
The maximum distance between propping beams must not be
greater than 1.8 metres or as advised
The maximum distance of the propping beams from slab edges
must be as follows:
- from an edge where a slab is supported on brick or
concrete walls 800mm (minimum 50 mm support)
- from an edge next to construction tolerance joints
200mm
Propping beams must be at right angles to the direction of the
reinforcement girders pre-cast in the element. Normally the girder
reinforcement is placed parallel to the length of each slab but this
must always be checked against the manufacturing and installation
drawings. The propping beams, and individual props below, must
form a stable platform prior to placing fligree elements onto them
and maintained stable during casting of the site concrete.
Important: Removal of the temporary propping is NOT
allowed before each slab is cured sufcient to support its
own weight and temporary construction loads.
Typical arrangement of
props and propping beams
Loaded trailers
arriving on site
Following your inspection the delivery driver will require you to sign the Quality and
Delivery Control Form to confirm you have received the elements, which will be retained
by him / her for our records. After removing all the filigree elements from the flatbed
trailer the wooden transport packing beams / blocks must be replaced back onto the
trailer before it leaves site, for return to our factory and re-use. Any transport materials
that are not returned to our transport operator will be contra-charged by us to your
account.
Offloading Filigree Elements: It is your responsibility to provide attendance and
adequate mechanical equipment (fixed or mobile crane with typical 6 Tonne lifting
capacity) for offloading elements from the trailers upon their arrival at site. For optimum
working efficiency we recommend you plan site operations to allow the filigree
elements to be lifted off the trailers and moved straight into their final position
on the temporary propping.
However, for transport efficiency and safety some elements are loaded onto the trailer
out of sequence to their erection order, in which case or in the event of site
circumstances preventing final placing the filigree elements can be temporarily stored
elsewhere on site. The elements must be transversely supported on timber packers laid
between the bubble rows (sat on the top reinforcement mesh) at maximum 1.8 metres
centres resting on flat, level, ground and protected from soiling by mud, dirt, or other
materials. Elements can be stacked on top of each other to a maximum 7 layers high.
While we will organise and plan deliveries in accordance with your programme
as earlier agreed with us (refer to Pre-construction Planning on page 1) we are
unable to accept any responsibility for any delays with deliveries or construction
progress arising from events outside our control such as unexpected access
restrictions or force majeure.
Lifting and Placing Filigree Elements: The filigree elements must ONLY be lifted by
the lattice beam girder reinforcement. Lifting hooks must ALWAYS be attached under the
upper angles of the girder reinforcement diagonal web bars. Lifting hooks must NEVER
be attached to the upper reinforcement mesh as this would be unsafe.
p a g e 6
R
Stage 2
Delivery, Lifting
and Placing Elements
Site Delivery: We deliver the elements on flatbed
trailers typically between 12m to 13.6m long, excluding
drivers cab. The filigree elements will be stacked on top
of each other up to a maximum 2.5 metres overall
height. For example, with BD280 slabs there will be
maximum 7 layers of slabs, with a transport height of
250mm each plus wooden packers typically 50mm deep
separating each element, making an overall height of 2.1
metres above the trailers bed. Each individual load will
be planned so the weight of a load will be a maximum
29 Tonnes and you must provide suitably hard and level
access for our delivery transport to reach the offloading
position you have determined.
Important:
Upon arrival of the delivery trailers on site it is
your responsibility to carefully inspect the filigree
elements for quality and to ascertain any damage
that has been incurred during transport. Any
damage to the filigree elements, or other
unacceptable characteristics, must be reported by
you to us by entering the details on our Quality
and Delivery Control Form and faxing this back to
our Head Office within 2 hours of trailer arriving
on site. Once the elements have been lifted off the
trailer we may be unable to determine when any
damage occurred and in this event we cannot
accept responsibility.
For quick installation of the bottom splice reinforcement we recommend
when the first element is in final position the bottom splice bars are
temporarily slid fully in between the bubble rows on top of the pre-cast
concrete layer before the adjacent element is placed. At a later stage
please remember to slide the bottom splice bars back across the element
joint between the bubble rows in the adjacent element, so the bars are
finally positioned half in one element and half in the adjacent element
prior to concreting.
Lifting
hooks under
girder
diagonal
web bars
Lifting
element
into
position
Aligning bubbles between elements
Typical lifting
chain
configuration
It is your responsibility to organise and provide suitable lifting
equipment. All lifting equipment must be tested and certified
capable of lifting a minimum of 6 Tonnes, appropriate for the
purpose as described below, and must meet all legal health and
safety requirements.
Each individual element requires the use of EIGHT lifting hooks, in 2
parallel rows of 4 hooks each attached around the lattice girders
positioned approx. 1/5 of the total element length in from each end.
The upper part of the hoisting system (4 suited chains) must be at least
6 metres minimum in length. Chain branches to the eight lifting hooks
must be equal lengths. When in use, care should be taken that lifting
forces are equal at each lifting hook point and the element remains
horizontal during lifting. Before lifting attach suitable ropes at two
opposite corners of the element for guiding element into position on
the propping beams.
Stage 2 - Delivery, Lifting and Placing Elements
continued
p a g e 7
Positioning of Filigree Elements on Propping: It is important the
elements are lifted into position in the planned erection system, and care
is taken with correct positioning of the elements. Each element must be
positioned the correct way round (often obvious from position of column
cut outs and building shape, but please refer to element installation
drawings) so the top chamfer along the longitudinal edge is butted up to
the adjacent elements vertical longitudinal edge. Adjacent elements must
NOT have their top chamfers facing together.
Important: During final positioning of the elements ensure
the bubble pattern between adjacent elements are aligned as
shown on the installation drawings, so the spaces between bubble
rows on adjacent elements align to facilitate inserting splice
reinforcement across the joint between elements.
Stage 3
Fixing Loose Site Reinforcement.
We provide site installation drawings for loose site reinforcement (supplied by others)
fixed at the bottom of the slab (directly on top of the pre-cast concrete filigree
permanent formwork without spacers or on top of site shuttering on spacers) and
reinforcement fixed at the top of the slab (directly onto top mesh reinforcement),
together with accompanying bar bending schedules. These must be studied and closely
followed at all times, if you have any question please call our Site Advisor/Inspector or
Head Office for assistance. The sequence for fixing loose reinforcement is at your
discretion, however we recommend the following procedure is adopted:-
Cut-Outs, Recesses and Service Holes: During the manufacturing
process polystyrene void formers are fixed in these locations to create
areas without any concrete bottom biscuit. During erection of the
elements these are quickly broken out with a suitable chisel and mallet.
Sliding bottom splice bar central over joints
Lattice beam girder
Do not cut top bar
Do not cut diagonal bars
Installation / Fixing Procedure
Inserted loose between every bubble directly on top of the pre-
cast concrete biscuit permanent formwork. If they have been
inserted into one element during lifting elements into position,
as we recommend, then simply slide the bars across the joint
between adjacent elements to sit with equal lengths both sides
of the joint between elements.
Inserted loose between bubbles in positions shown on drawings
across holes, openings and returns in slabs where applicable
Where applicable assemble bars into cages and fix between
and / or around columns (as shown on drawings)
Slide hairpins in between bubble rows and slide in top / middle
/ bottom edge bars around slabs perimeter, tying to hairpins as
shown on drawings
Insert bottom bars across columns directly on top of the pre-
cast concrete bottom formwork. Fix bars over top mesh
reinforcement (between the bubbles) across and around column
heads as shown on drawings, tying in place to mesh.
Note: where shear studs or shear rails have been pre-cast into
element at factory there may not be any bars to be fixed on site.
Element joint splice reinforcement comprising either individual
short bars or purpose made mesh sheets (supplied by others)
are placed with the bars between bubble rows and tied in place
equally across the joint between adjacent elements. In certain
areas, for engineering reasons, additional top bar reinforcement
will be required (supplied by others) which must be laid
between bubble rows (not across top of bubbles) directly onto
and tied to top mesh reinforcement, as shown on the drawings.
The first layer of top additional bar reinforcement must be laid
across top of lower bars of top mesh reinforcement to avoid
unnecessarily reducing top concrete cover.
As building configurations vary it is not possible to describe all
possible non-typical loose reinforcement configurations (such as
cages for steps between main slab and cantilever slab) requiring
site fixing. This non-typical reinforcement will be shown and
detailed on the site installation drawings.
Typical
Reinforcement
Type
1. Bottom Joint
Splice Bars
2. Bottom Shear
Bars
3. Beam Strips
within Slab
Depth
4. Perimeter
Hairpins / Bars
5. Column Shear
Reinforcement
6. Top Joint /
Top bar
Reinforcement
Other Loose
Reinforcement
p a g e 8
R
Site Adjustment of Filigree Elements: The filigree elements are
designed and manufactured to suit the buildings configuration and
column / wall layout. They arrive on site with cut-outs / recesses /
steps for column or wall positions (including a 50-100mm
construction tolerance margin between r.c. columns / walls and the
pre-cast concrete layer) and larger service holes already formed,
therefore they should not require any site adjustment. However it
has been known for columns to be erected out of position on site
and in this unusual event it is possible to carefully alter the filigree
element with a disc cutter to maintain the margin between r.c.
columns / walls and the elements pre-cast concrete biscuit.
Important: The upper and diagonal bars in the lattice
beam girder reinforcement must NOT be cut on site as they
have an important structural function both during lifting and
once in place.
Important: Top joint and additional bar reinforcement first
layer must be laid between bubble rows (not across top of
bubbles) straight onto top of lower bars of top mesh
reinforcement to avoid excessive layers of steel and
difficulty with achieving required concrete cover.
Stage 4
Constructing Shuttering
Once the perimeter loose reinforcement has been
installed work on erecting perimeter and
construction joint shuttering can commence.
Temporary works are your responsibility to
determine, but our recommendations are:-
Stage 5
Preparation for
Concreting
The pre-cast concrete permanent formwork edges are
manufactured to a high accuracy and care taken to get
a tight joint during laying the elements can render joint
filling unnecessary. When joints between slab elements
have not been closely butted they must be filled to
prevent grout seepage. Should this be required joint
filling can be undertaken with either mortar grout or a
small bead of silicone sealant inserted at the bottom of
the splay joint between elements. This is most easily
undertaken prior to installing the loose splice
reinforcement.
expanding foam must NOT be used for joint
filling as the uncontrollable thickness can
adversely reduce concrete cover to splice
reinforcement impairing durability and fire
resistance of the finished slab.
Prior to pouring topping concrete remove element
labels, unused tying wire, unused reinforcement, loose
concrete and all other debris or foreign matter. Then
immediately before placing in-situ concrete power-wash
top of the pre-cast concrete permanent formwork to
clean off residual dirt and moisten the pre-cast concrete
surface.
maintain the pre-cast concrete biscuit top
surface, particularly during hot weather, in a damp
(not wet) condition to ensure a good bond
between the pre-cast concrete permanent
formwork concrete and the in-situ concrete.
Shuttering Erection Procedure
Cut sheet of 18mm ply into strips to width of finished slab
depth. Fix 75x50mm battens along back edge at top and
bottom. Where BD element is tight to edge of finished slab
simply plug and screw through bottom batten & ply shuttering
straight into centre of pre-cast concrete permanent formwork
edge. Fix top of ply shuttering by wire tying back to top mesh
reinforcement from screws fixed into top batten.
When an in-situ concrete edge strip has been planned to make
up the overall floor-plate width then construct perimeter
shuttering with timber gallows brackets & plywood perimeter /
soffite shuttering in traditional manner, except bracket bottom
batten can be plugged and screwed to underside of pre-cast
concrete permanent formwork.
Cut sheet of 18mm ply into strips 150mm wide, plug and screw
50x50 battens to face of r.c. columns / walls (top 18mm below
slab soffite), slide ply into position. Plug and screw external
edge of ply shuttering into underside of pre-cast concrete
permanent formwork.
* Note: When our combined column / wall and
BubbleDeck construction method is adopted (see page 6)
the pre-assembled column / wall formwork top flange
eliminates any need for this operation.
Cut sheet of 18mm ply into strips 180mm wide and prop up to
underside of pre-cast concrete permanent formwork.
Location
Perimeter Shuttering
Construction Tolerance
margin around r.c.
columns / walls *
Construction tolerance
joints between groups
of elements
Note: We can manufacture and supply pre-cast into
edge of elements a pre-foabricated BubbleDeck Quick
Edge steel permanent formwork, eliminating the need
for constructing perimeter shuttering on site enquire
for further details at time of placing order.
p a g e 9
Important:
Important:
Stage 6
BubbleDeck Site
Inspection
Once you are able to predict when all
loose reinforcement will be fxed
please contact our Site
Advisor/Inspector to notify the date
you intend to pour concrete and
arrange our site inspection. He will
then arrange for our technical
representative to visit site and
undertake a full inspection of the
BubbleDeck element and loose
reinforcement installation. Following
inspection our technical
representative will issue you with an
inspection record listing any work
that needs to be undertaken prior to
site concreting, or confrming the
installation is ready for concreting
and the work is to our approval.
While we always seek to provide
a quick and efcient service we
do need at least 2 working days
notice of any site concrete pour to
be able to ensure our inspection
team are available to attend site.
It is essential we are able to
inspect prior to site concreting in
order to be able to cover your
project with our Professional
Indemnity and Product Liability
Insurance cover.
Stage 8 Removing Temporary Propping
During construction planning we will confrm to you the minimum period for removal of propping before back-propping.
This is usually between 3 to 5 days from pouring of the site concrete as long as the early concrete test results have
confrmed the site concrete has reached at least 60% of its fnal design strength, but can vary dependant upon our foor
slab design, strength of site concrete, and ambient temperatures.
Once you have received the 3-5 day concrete test results please forward them to our Head Ofce, our technical team will
then confrm to you it is acceptable to remove temporary propping. If you are then proceeding to construct another foor
immediately above the one just completed please refer to the section about Back Propping on Page 5 of this Manual.
Subsequent Site Operations
Lightweight Fixings
There is a minimum of 20mm concrete below the centre of each bubble, but just a short distance away from the bubble centre the
concrete depth quickly increases to 70mm plus up the side of each bubble. Therefore fxings for attaching light and medium weig ht
articles can be made using normal methods (plug & screw / expanding anchors, etc.) to provide adequate fxings for wiring
conduits, small cable trays, small ventilation ducts and the like.
Heavy Weight Fixings
Where stronger fxings are required to resist higher pull out (downward) forces from heavy loads to be suspended from the sof te
we recommend our Bubble layout drawings are inspected to determine where fxings will occur directly below or close to the edge
of a bubble. Where fxing locations and lengths are likely to project into a bubble void we recommend Hilti HIT HY20 Injection
Resin Anchor with HIT sieve, item no. 00068613, are used. Hilti also produce a range of other fxing systems designed for fxin g
through into voids.
Holes through slabs
Holes can easily be diamond core drilled through the completed BubbleDeck slab. Due to the two way spanning attributes of
BubbleDeck slabs there are few limitations on the positioning of holes, except near columns where loads are transferred from th e
slab into the columns and shear forces are highest.
Service risers larger than 250mm square should be designed into the slab for forming in the factory & boxed out on site prior t o
pouring insitu concrete. Pipe holes up to around 250mm diameter are best diamond core drilled after casting of slabs to ensure
optimum vertical alignment. There is great fexibility where these can be placed because the slab will span around such holes. The
only limitations are to avoid cutting of too much support when holes are formed near supporting columns / walls, or a series o f
holes in a row in certain situations, but these can be allowed for during design stage.
Prior to forming holes in completed slabs larger than 250mm diameter, within 500mm of a supporting column / wall,
or multiple holes in close proximity please refer to our Technical Department for advice before undertaking such works.
When pouring concrete
evenly distribute across
the area and avoid placing
in heaps. Due to the
limited space between the
bubbles a thin vibrating
poker MUST be used to compact the concrete,
remove any entrained air and to ensure a good fow around the bubbles. Avoid separation occurring due to the vibrating
of shuttering, reinforcement and/or bubbles that can result in segregation of the concrete mix. Once the concrete has
been poured a steel beam or power foat is then used to level the top and fnish to an even and level surface.
Pouring, Vibrating
& Floating Site
Concrete
Overall Slab Depth
(inc. pre-cast fligree)
230 mm
280 mm
340 mm
390 mm
450 mm
550 mm
650 mm
Concrete pour Volume
m
3
/ m
2
plan area
0.112
0.147
0.192
0.224
0.271
0.360
0.420
Max aggregate
size
10mm
10mm
15mm
15mm
15mm
15mm
15mm
BubbleDeck
Slab Type
BD230- A
BD280 -A
BD340 -A
BD390 -A
BD450- A
BD550- A
BD650- A
Stage 7 Pouring Topping Concrete
When ordering concrete please take into account the volume taken up by the
bubble void formers mean the concrete volume is NOT arrived at by taking the pour area x
depth from top of shuttering to pre-cast concrete permanent formwork. The concrete volume to
order can be estimated, dependant upon BubbleDeck slab depth type, from the following table:-
p a g e 1 0
R
Important:
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Appendices

i s a s i mpl e s ol ut i on t ha t e l i mi na t e s non- wor k i ng

same thickness same capacity

2.3 Materials EC2 BS 8110

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