Stnd, Cnide

Water Security for Every Sector"

Study Guide - 1 -
InrroduerIon
elcome to the \ater and Sewerage Authority`s 1st
National Secondary Schools
Quiz Competition. \ater is essential to all lie on earth. \
In the ollowing pages you will discoer more about water, its
properties, how it moes, how to keep it sae and how \ASA
treats it and gets it to your home.
In the Know with l2O`
Study Guide - 2 -
TabIe ot Conrenra
Caregory x
Chapter J 3-4
\ho is \ASA
Chapter 2 S-7
\here does our water come rom
Caregory z
Chapter 3 9-JJ
\hat is \atershed Management.
Caregory
Chapter 4 J3-J6
\ater Pollution
Caregory
Chapter S J7-J9
low do our consumers receie a
potable water supply
Caregory
Chapter 6 20-22
\ater Conseration
Chapter 7 23-2S
\ater Reuse
IAQ's 29
Chapter 8 26-28
\ASA`s 2011 Dry Season Plan
Retereneea
WASA's Website
LMA's Website
US Geological Survey's Water Science for Schools
www.wasa.go.tt
www.ema.co.tt
www. ga.water.usgs.go,edu,watercyclesummary.html
water.epa.go,learn,kids,drinkingwater,index.cm
www.canari.org,pubcat26.asp
LPA United States Lnvironmental Protection Agency
Caribbean Natural Resources Institute
Ior further information, please contact:
Corporate Communications Department Public Lducation Centre
1elephone and lax: 662-2810 1elephone: 662-9694,645-0535
1elephone: 645-5900 ext. 2081 1elephone: 645-9500 ext. 2330
lax: 662- 8184 lax: 645- 393
Caregory x
whu is w4S42
Chater 1
1he \ater and Sewerage Authority ,\ASA,
was established by an Act o Parliament or
Act 16 in 1965 to manage the water and
sewerage sector o 1rinidad and 1obago. It
on September 1st 1965. e
:

A element o this Act is the transmission o a
sae, reliable and eicient water supply to
satisy the demands o domestic, commercial
and industrial customers and consumers o
the nation.
came into eect 1h
Act brought together seeral agencies
1he Central \ater Distribution
Authority
1he Port o Spain City Council
1he San lernando Borough Council
1he Arima Borough Council
1he County Councils
1he \ater Diision o the Ministry o
Public Utilities
1he Sanitation Diision o the Ministry
o Public Utilities
1he Goernment o 1rinidad and 1obago
recognized the need or the deelopment and
control o the nation's water resources. An
arrangement was made with a Canadian irm
to train persons in the collection and analysis
o basic hydrological and hydro
meteorological data between the period July
1966 and late 190. 1he persons who were
trained ormed the irst sta o the \ater
Resources Surey, which later became known
1he water and Sewerage
4uthurity
1he water Resuurces 4gency
Study Guide - 4 -
as the \ater Resources Agency and was
attached to the \ater and Sewerage
Authority in March 196. 1he Agency`s data
collection system comprises a monitoring
network o gauges which measures and
reports rainall, streamlow, groundwater,
eaporation and water quality at strategically
located sites throughout 1rinidad and
1obago.
1he data and inormation collected is used
to deelop trends in the quality and quantity
o the surace and groundwater resources
required or social and economic
deelopment, and the protection o
enironmental quality. \ithin recent times,
with the new ocus o water resources
management utilizing the integrated
approach the agency has collaborated with all
stakeholders to allow decision making or the
sustainability o the water resource.
Some key stakeholders are:
Lnironmental Management Authority
,LMA,
Ministry o \orks and 1ransport
Drainage Diision
Ministry o lood Production, Land
and Marine Resources
Ministry o Public Utilities
Oice o Disaster Preparedness and
Management ,ODPM,
Meteorological Serices o 1rinidad
and 1obago ,ML1,
Caregory x
where dues uur water
cume frum2
Chater 2
where is uur w41LR2
ll liing things
need water to
Asurie.
Biologically humans hae
approximately 65 water
in our bodies. 1he
scientiic expression or
water is l O. 1his is
2
because water is made up o hydrogen
molecules and oxygen molecule. It is
written this way because one oxygen
molecule holds on to two hydrogen
molecules.

\e are all surrounded by water. In act the
earth is made up o 20 land and 80
water. loweer, this does not mean that
there is an abundance o water or us to
use. 1he remaining 80 water is separated
into sea water and resh water. \ater coer
most o the earth but only 3 is reshwater
and only 1 is accessible. Sea water
constitutes 9, resh water constitutes the
other 3 howeer, 2 is trapped as ice
called glaciers in the North and South Pole.
1his leaes 1 or 0.00 resh water or
us to drink. 1hereore the amount o water
on the earth isn`t changing. As the
population increases so does the demand or
water.
1he sources o resh water are wells, springs,
lakes, riers, streams and reseroirs. 1his
water when passed through the dierent
treatment processes is now potable water or
water that is sae or us to drink. 1he
rigorous water treatment process gets rid o
bacteria, dirt, chemicals and other harmul
micro organisms.


Study Guide - 6 -
what is the water Cycle2
1he water cycle does not hae a deinite
starting point, howeer since most o the
earth`s water lies in the oceans let us begin
there. 1he sun, which pilots the water cycle,
heats the water in the oceans. Some o it
eaporates as a apour or gas into the air.
Ice and snow can moe directly to water
apour. 1he air currents rise taking the water
apour up into the atmosphere, along with
water rom eapotranspiration. 1his is water
that is transpired rom plants and eaporated
rom the soil. As the apour rises the cooler
temperatures in the atmoshpere causes the
apour to condense into clouds.
Air currents constantly moe clouds around
the world. 1he cloud particles collide, grow,
and all out o the sky as rain or
precipitation. Some o the rain can all as
snow and accumulate as ice caps and
glaciers, which can store water rozen as ice
or thousands o years. Most times rain alls
into the oceans or onto land, where it lows
oer the ground as surace runo. A
Study Guide - 7 -
segment o this runo
enters riers and
streams moing the
water towards the
oceans. Sometimes, the
surace water runo,
can accumulate and be
stored as reshwater in
lakes.
Not all surace water
runo lows into
riers. A measurable
sum soaks into the
ground as iniltration.
1he water penetrates
deep into the ground
and replenishes aquiers ,saturated subsurace rock,. 1hese aquiers store ast amounts
o reshwater or long periods o time. 1his water can also stay close to the surace o
the land and can ind openings in the lands surace to emerge as reshwater springs.
Oer time all this water keeps moing and moing and eentually re-enters the ocean,
where the cycle begins again.
1he water Cycle Cun't
Surace water is water that is ound in riers, lakes or a streams. Surace water is usually
exposed to many arious contaminants, such as animal wastes, pesticides, insecticides,
industrial wastes, algae and many other organic materials. Ground water is water that is
trapped beneath the ground. Rain that soaks into the ground and riers that disappear
beneath the earth, recharge the supply o underground water. Because o the many
sources o recharge, ground water may contain any or all o the contaminants ound in
surace water as well as the dissoled minerals it picks up during its long stay underground.
ater is generally classiied into two groups:
Surace \ater
Ground \ater. \
Caregory z
what is watershed
Hanagement2
Chater 3
Study Guide - 10 -
watershed Hanagement
watershed or a catchment basin is a basin-like land orm
deined by high points and ridgelines that descend into
Alower eleations and stream alleys. It is a natural system
that links the land, water and liing organisms ,including people,
that lie within its boundaries. A watershed carries water "shed"
rom the land ater rain alls. 1he water is channeled into soils,
groundwater, lakes and streams, making its way to larger riers
and eentually the sea.
Since water is a uniersal solent, it is aected by all that it
comes in contact with: the land it traerses and the soils through
which it traels. 1he important thing about watersheds is: what
we do on the land aects water quality and quantity or all
communities liing downstream. lealthy watersheds proide
ood and shelter or wildlie as well.
\atershed management is the process o creating and
implementing plans, programs and projects to sustain and
enhance watershed unctions that aect the plant, animal and
human communities within a watershed boundary. Some o the
eatures o a watershed that agencies seek to manage include
water supply, water quality, drainage, storm water runo, water
rights and the oerall planning and utilization o the watersheds.
In 1rinidad and 1obago, watershed management is a coordinated eort amongst a number
o agencies such as:
including the \ater Resources Agency and the \ater and Sewerage Authority.
Lnironmental Management Authority ,LMA,
Ministry o \orks and 1ransport
Drainage Diision
Ministry o lood Production, Land and Marine Resources
Ministry o Public Utilities
Ministry o Planning, Lconomic & Social Restructuring & Gender Aairs.
Ministry o lousing and the Lnironment
Oice o Disaster Preparedness and Management ,ODPM,
Meteorological Serices o 1rinidad and 1obago ,ML1,
Study Guide - 11 -
1hey implement programmes and monitor changes to the watershed to ensure the
conseration o all natural resources in that area. One such area is the Caroni Basin in
1rinidad which seres approximately 30 o the country`s potable supply. In order to
eectiely manage this supply they hae diided the country into ourteen ,14, lydrometric
Regions. In 1rinidad there are nine ,9, hydrometric regions and ie ,5, in 1obago that are
urther broken up into watersheds o which there are 55 in 1rinidad. 1he 14 hydrometric
regions are:
Trinidad Area (sq. km) Tobago Area (sq. km)
North Coast 368 North Coast 49
North Oropouche 606 Last Coast 49
Naria 161 \indward 114
Ortoire 49 Courland 39
Southern Range 526 Lowland 46
Cedros Peninsula 420
South Oropouche 438
Central \est Coast 518
Caroni 1010
loweer without proper watershed management there can be many problems such as:
Soil Lrosion and Ilooding: are caused by the widespread clearing o orested lands in the
watersheds by squatters who slash and burn or agriculture, quarrying and unplanned
housing deelopment.
Land Tenure: A large portion ,more than 50, o the land in 1rinidad and 1obago is
priately-owned. 1here is no law requiring owners to exercise the correct use o their lands.
Deterioration in Water Quality: 1he quality o the water ound in the water courses has
dropped signiicantly oer the years. 1his is contributed to the oeruse o ertilizers and
pesticide, discharge o industrial eluents directly into water courses, dumping o garbage,
mining either directly in or adjacent to riers, rier bank erosion and the intensie cultiation
o lands adjacent to riers and silt deposition.
Iires: is the most harmul agent o any watershed. 1hey are set primarily by the slash-and-
burn armers who clear orested lands annually to grow their crops. Accidental ires can be
caused by hunters, hikers etc.
Some o the beneits o proper watershed management are:
Reduction in downstream looding by retaining water and releasing it during drier periods.
Recharge groundwater supplies thereby reducing water shortages during dry periods.
Protection o rier banks and coastlines rom erosion.
Caregory
what is water Pullutiun2
Chater 4
Study Guide - 14-
w41LR PBLLL1lBN
what is water Pullutiun2
\ater pollution is the introduction o physical and,or chemical components into the
natural water systems which results in undesirable or deleterious modiications o that
natural enironment. A modiication may actually or potentially aect human lie, liing
conditions, cultural assets, or the lie cycle o the indigenous plants and animal
communities that inhabits or rely on a gien system. 1here are two ways that we impact on
water systems:
1. Physically
2. Chemically
Physically, is when oreign objects are introduced
into the water system such as:
a. Solids - Rubbish such as old appliances and
old cans
Garbage such as rotted egetables
and cardboard
Sewage
b. Liquids - Industrial eluents such as paints
and oil
Domestic waste such as washing
\ater
Run o rom agricultural land
c. Gases - Dissolution o gases rom the atmosphere such as Sulphur Dioxide ,So2,
or carbon monoxide ,CO, rom ehicles.
Chemicals deried rom the physical materials that we put into the rier leach into the
water and cause chemical pollution. 1hese chemicals are identiied as eight ,8, standard
categories o water pollutants. 1hey are
a. Oxygen demanding waste
b. Inectious agents
c. Plant nutrients
d. Organic chemicals
e. Inorganic elements
. Sediment
g. Radioactie materials
h. leat
-
-
-
-
Study Guide - 15 -
Oxygen demanding waste are the materials that are oxidized by bacteria to Carbon
Dioxide ,CO2, and Oxygen ,l2O, or example, rotted egetables, meat and sewage. 1he
eect o this waste is reduced oxygen leels in water, which causes a bad odor, and an
increase in acidity o the water, which makes the water unusable.
Infectious agents are the micro-organisms which can adersely aect the health o
humans, lie-stock and the organisms that lie in riers and swamps. 1hey include bacteria
such as cholera, gastroenteritis and worms such as tapeworms. 1hese agents get into the
water rom rotted egetables, meat and sewage and result in illnesses.
Plant nutrients include Nitrogen ,N,, Phosphorous ,P, and
Potassium ,K, associated with plants and are a result o the use o
agricultural ertilizers, soil erosion and sewage. 1he results o this
type o pollutant are reduced oxygen leels in riers and swamps and
excessie plant growth which causes eutrophication. Lutrophication
occurs when high nitrate leels encourage aquatic plants to grow,
thereby blocking out the light and using up the oxygen in the water.
1his usually leads to death o aquatic organisms namely insects and
ish.
An organic chemical is any compound with one or more C atoms in its molecular
structure. 1hey include natural chemicals such as tannins, humic acids, detrital material.
1hey can, howeer include manmade sources such as industrial e.g. petrochemicals,
agricultural e.g. pesticides and domestic e.g. egetable and car oils. 1hey cause seere health
issues in humans and animals e.g. when birds get coered with oil rom an oil spill, the oil
coats their eathers and causes them to stick together. leathers proide a waterproo
protection or birds, but when the eathers are coered in oil they lose this ability and their
skin becomes exposed and at risk to the elements. Birds who attempt to clean their eathers
also oten ingest the oil and become ill or een die rom poisoning.
Inorganic elements are or example, metals that are produced
rom wastewater and can result in seere health eects. 1hey are
most commonly heay metals which are the larger elements o the
periodic table. leay metals can be ery poisonous or example,
lead which was ound in Demarara Road, Arima. 1his metal caused
metal poisoning in the residents o this area, especially little
children. One o the eect o lead poisoning in children is learning
disabilities and increased iolent behaiour.
Sediment is the soil particles carried by water in riers. 1his is the result o deorestation
which is the remoal o orests, which results in soil erosion. It is also caused by land
clearing or agricultural uses. Sediment in riers clogs the gills o ishes and makes it
diicult or them to surie.
Radioactive materials are the elements that release dangerous
radiation. 1hey are used or x-rays in laboratories. 1hey cause
cancer.
Heat or thermal pollution is the release o industrial eluents with
higher temperatures than that o the natural enironment. It
reduces the leel o oxygen in the water which threatens the
organisms that lie in it. Organisms also lie within a small
temperature range. \hen their enironmental temperature goes
aboe or close to their maximum tolerance temperature, they can
die. lor examples, hot water is a type o pollutant released rom
some o the plants in the Point Lisas area.
Study Guide - 16 -
Caregory
Buw du uur cunsumers
receive a utable water
suly2
Chater 5
water Pruductiun & Bistributiun
Buw Bues w4S4 du lt2
he \ater and Sewerage Authority
uses arious techniques to produce
1potable water or distribution to the
citizens o 1rinidad and 1obago.
or untreated water inorganic
and ,
, need to be treated
to produce water that is potable or sae or
human consumption. Untreated water
and
. lence \ASA`s
are
.
Raw
water contains
organic matter sand, grit, silt and other
suspended solids , which
can
damage pumps, block ilters clog
pipelines water treatment
plants designed to remoe organic and
inorganic matter rom the raw water
ia the raw water
intake. 1hese intakes consist o screens,
which remoes debris beore the water
enters the plants pumps. lrom the intake
the water is then pumped to the headworks
or partial lume.
At the partial flume chemicals are added
to the raw water. At this initial stage or
coagulation to occur a chemical coagulant
,Alum or Aluminum Sulphate,, liquid
polymer
,lydrated
Lime, and
chlorine are
added to the
water. 1he
design
ensures the
rapid mixing
and uniorm
distribution
\ater
is taken rom the rier or stream and
pumped into the plant
o the chemicals throughout the raw water.
1he alum reacts with the water's alkalinity to
produce microloc that traps and absorbs
impurities. 1he liquid polymer aids in
coagulation by enlarging the loc particles.


.
a
consistent
mixing o the
water ensures
contact and ormation o heaier loc. Ater
the water leaes the locculation chamber , it
enters the sedimentation or settling
basins. Sedimentation is the remoal o
solids rom water by graity settling. A
settling time o 1-2 hours is suicient or the
heaier loc or sludge to settle.
Iiltration is the
inal and
complete remoal
o any inely
diided
suspended
matter. 1he
iltration systems
are a graity ilter
rom
the
lpartial
lume the
water goes to
the
flocculation
chamber In
this chamber
Study Guide - 18 -
An injector at the Partial Ilume
The Ilocculation Chamber
The Iilter Beds
system. 1he ilter media consists o six eet o sand, grael
and sometimes actiated carbon. 1he water leaing the
ilter lows to the clearwell where it is disinected and
stored. Chlorine is added to the water to destroy any
bacteria or iruses present in the water. liltered chlorinated
water lows through the clearwell beneath the ilters to the
pumps, where the water is sent ia the transmission
pipelines leaing the treatment plant.
Study Guide - 19 -
The storage tank or the clearwell
A Water Treatment Process Diagram
Caregory
Nuw that we have treated
it huw du we cunserve it2
Chater 6
water Cunservatiun .... lts' a artnershi!
ater conseration reers to reducing the usage o water and recycling o waste
water or dierent purposes such as cleaning, manuacturing, and agricultural
irrigation. It can be urther deines as, A signiicant reduction in water loss, use \
or waste as well as the preseration o water quality.` A reduction in water usage is usually
accomplished by the implementation o water conseration practices or water eiciency
measures. \ater conseration measures are actions, behaiourial change, deices, technology
or improed designs to reduce the amount o water used on a daily basis. lence, water
eiciency is a tool o water conseration, which results in an eicient use o water thus
reducing the demand or a supply.
\ater conseration is ery important in 1rinidad and 1obago because approximately 35
o the water supplied by \ASA is unaccounted or which is water that is lost due to leaks or
during the treatment process.
As such the goals o water conseration are:
Sustainability: 1o ensure the aailability o a resh water supply or
uture generations. 1he constant withdrawal o resh
water rom an ecosystem should not exceed its natural
natural replacement rate.
Lnergy conseration: 1he treatment, pumping and deliery o water to
consumers utilize a signiicant amount o energy.
labitat conseration: Minimizing human water use helps to presere resh
water habitats or local wildlie,
reducing the need to build new dams and other water
\ater related inrastructure.
are ways
consere water at home, work, school or while you play.
and migrating as well as
On aerage a amily in 1rinidad and 1obago uses 160 gallons o water per person per day
doing ordinary actiities such as
llushing the toilet uses 5 - gallons
Doing one single load o laundry uses 40 gallons
1aking a 10 minute shower uses 25 - 50 gallons
Brushing teeth uses 4 gallons
\ashing hands uses 2 gallons
\atering the lawn uses 5 - 10 gallons ,per minute,
Since the aerage persons consumes 160 gallons o water a day, here some in which
you can
Study Guide - 21 -
Study Guide - 22 -
Caregory
Cunservatiun: Buw can we
reuse it2
Chater 7
water Reuse - Brey water
water Cunservatiun .... lts' a artnershi!
\ater is so multiaceted that een though you use it
once it can be reused again. Greywater is water that is
generated rom actiities such as washing
clothes, cleaning egetables,
brushing your teeth, or taking a shower can
be recycled or uses such as landscape irrigation and
lushing toilets. Greywater gets its name rom its cloudy
appearance and rom its status as being between resh
potable water ,known as "white water", and sewage
water ,"black water",. Any water rom any contaminating sources such as toilets is
considered black water or
Since there is only 1 resh water aailable or us to use recycling our water can be
beneicial. It means that we are using less potable water or things like watering our grass.
1his reduces the strain on the \ater 1reatment Plant, saes energy ,because less water has to
be pumped to your home, and means that more resh water is aailable in your community
or drinking and cooking.
How To Recycle Your Graywater
Graywater can be recycled at your home. It can range rom the basic ,putting buckets in
your shower or kitchen sink, to the expensie ,custom collection systems that diert the
water to an outdoor holding bin or iltration and reuse,.
J. Air conditioning: i you use a window-mounted air conditioning unit, you know that
condensation builds up and water drips eery day the system is running. Placing a bucket
underneath the unit is a great way to reuse this water. 1his water can be used or washing
dishes, clothes, hands or watering plants.
2. In the shower: buckets can also be used in the shower, when you`e got the tap on
waiting or the water to warm up, a bucket can collect this cold water, which can then be
used to wash hands or wares or clothes.
3. In the laundry: recycle your laundry water easily by hooking your washing machine`s
drainage hose to a large drum in your backyard. \ou can also allow the water to low onto
your lawns or into an irrigation drain or your plants.
hands,
washing dishes, washing
. 1his water
sewage to indicate it contains human waste.
Study Guide - 24 -
4. In the kitchen: \ou ca ill your sink with water and use this to wash your dshes instead
o letting the taps low. \ou can then ill a bucket with water and use it to water your plants.
loweer all graywater water is not sae. I you are using graywater it should not hae any o
these materials in it: cleaning materials that contain boro, thinners or solents, bath salts,
bleach, drain openers ,like Drano,, artiicial water soteners, swimming pool water, rinse
water rom greasy or oily things and neer wash cloth diapers and then use that water or
graywater, this poses a health hazard.
Storage and Disinfection
Now that you hae collected the greywater you hae to store it and disinect it or use. A
settling tank with a ilter can be used as the solids and large particles will settle to the bottom
while grease, oils and small particles will loat, the remaining liquid will be reused. In
addition tothis you can also use metal,
polyethylene, iberglass, wooden tanks, plastic
garbage cans, 55-gallon drums or portable
swimming pools. Depending on the type o
water you are recycling simple ilters can be
used e.g.
or a
.
1here are two,2, basic chemicals used to
disinect greywater. 1hey are chlorine and
iodine. Chlorine is more commonly used because it is aailable ,as household liquid bleach,
relatiely inexpensie, can be stored and will eaporate r m the water ater disinection. 1he
organic material in greywater may combine with chlorine and reduce the amount aailable
or disinection.
lor this reason, the ilter or
settling tank should be beore the disinection point.
n
,
A drain ilter is an easy and
inexpensie way to ilter lint and hair out o
bath or laundry water simple cloth bag
tied oer the end o a hose or pipe
o
Iodine is less aected by organic material, persists longer, and may be more
eectie. Iodine is also ast-acting and requires no more than two minutes to kill most
pathogens. 1here are seeral deices aailable that can dispense appropriate amounts o
iodine or chlorine ,in solid or liquid orm, to the greywater.
Study Guide - 25 -
A storage system
Caregory
w4S4's Bry Seasun Plan
2011: what is it2
Chater 8
Study Guide - 27 -
w4S4's BRY SL4SBN PL4N
Buw Bues it wurk2
rinidad and 1obago experiences two seasons annually - dry and wet. 1he dry
season extends rom January to May and the wet season rom June to December.
11he annual challenge or the Authority is to utilize the aailable water resource
during these periods to distribute to the nation. \ASA`s daily treatment capacity is
currently one thousand megalitres ,1,000 MLd, or two hundred and twenty million gallons
per day ,220 mgd,. O this, approximately 60 is produced rom surace water sources,
28 rom groundwater sources and 12 rom desalination.
1hese reseroirs are directly aected by weather patterns - in the dry season less water is
aailable directly rom surace water while in the wet season, raw water quality deteriorates
resulting in the treatment acilities being oerloaded.
1he 2010 dry season was particularly harsh with a
drought being declared on lebruary 12, 2010. Systems
were adjusted to delier aailable water to customers
while minimizing impact o the shortall. Gien the
magnitude o the shortall, schedules o supply were
decreased in some areas rom ie days per week to
once per week. As such, a dry season plan ocuses on
initiaties to ensure the deliery o water to all sectors o the nation while reinorcing the
message - Water Conservation It's a Partnership.
Gien the shortcomings in the deliery o during the annual dry season, a number o
projects hae been identiied or implementation to improe the reliability o serice.
1hese works orm part o a >1.34 billion programme and proides or basic inrastructure
required or proper unction o the water deliery system.

1he objecties o a dry season plan is to proide potable water to customers while keeping
schedules o supply thus maintaining a proper supply thus permitting the unctioning o
the economy and society. Speciically, to proide all customers with a pipeborne water
supply at least twice weekly or 24 hours in each instance. 1o this end, the ollowing
outputs hae been identiied or the plan.
1. Maximizing o potable water aailability,
2. Reduction o demand or potable water,
3. Deliery o serice to customers.
Caroni Arena Reservoir in the Dry Season.
Study Guide - 28 -
P I a n t J a n ( m g d ) F e b ( m g d ) M a r ( m g d ) Ap r ( m g d ) M a y ( m g d )
C a r o n i 6 7 6 7 6 2 6 2 6 2
N a v e t 1 8 1 7 . 5 1 7 . 5 1 6 1 6
H o llis 6 . 5 6 5 . 5 5 . 5 5 . 5
N o r t h O r o p o u c h e 2 0 1 7 . 5 1 4 1 2 . 5 1 2 . 5
H ills b o r o u g h 1 . 2 1 . 1 1 1 1 . 1
T O T AL 1 1 2 . 7 1 0 9 . 1 1 0 0 9 7 9 7 . 1
P r o j e c t i o n o f P r o d u c t i o n a t M a j o r S o u r c e s
T a b I e 1
n attaining these outputs the authority`s water supply rom our surace water sources
at Caroni, Naet, lollis, lillsborough and North Oropouche hae been managed to
maximize the water production. As such 1able 1 shows a projected production o I
water rom these treatment plants during the Dry Season 2011.
Some additional measures being undertaken are as ollows:
1. 1he construction and installation o 5 additional water treatment plants.
2. 1he rehabilitation and drilling o 16 new wells.
3. Continue the collaboration with the Ministry o \orks with regard to road
restoration to ensure works are carried out in a timely and eicient manner.
4. Continue the eectie repairing o leaks along the transmission system. On
aerage \ASA repairs approximately 2,500 to 6,000 leaks per month.
5. 1he rehabilitation,replacement o the Naet 1runk Main to ensure a more
reliable supply to consumers in the constituency o 1abaquite.
6. Increase in the water supply production at Desalcott and redistribution o
supplies.
. Installation o new distribution pipelines in the 1abaquite constituency.
8. New SMS ,texting, and e-mail acilities to the call centre to lodge a customer
complaint.
9. Press releases o serice interruptions, distribution in serice etc. will be
sent to all media houses ,teleision stations, newspaper agencies and radio
stations,.
Frequently 4sked questiuns
Question:
Why can't we drink sea water?
Question:
How much water does the Caroni Water Treatment Plant produce in a day?
Question:
Why does the taste of water differ from one area to the next?
Question:
What is the reason for my tap water looking cloudly then clear?

Question:
How should I treat water for storage?

Answer:
Up to 0 million gallons o water per day.
Answer:
1he taste o water is inluenced by the mineral content. Groundwater carries a higher
content than surace water. I you lie in an area sered by wells ,groundwater,
your water may dier rom areas sered by surace water plants ,riers and

Answer:
1he cloudly water is caused by tiny air bubbles in the water. Ater a while the bubbles rise
the top and disappear.
Answer:
\ater to be stored should be boiled beore drinking. \ou may also use chlorine tablets or
ordinary household bleach. 1 gallon o water requires 10 drops o bleach, 5 gallons o water
requires ' 1easpoon or 2.5 mls, 45 gallons water requires 3 teaspoons o bleach and a 400
gallon tank o water requires ' cup o Although bottled water is a good source o
drinking water it does not store well. bottlers commonly disinect bottled water with
ultraiolet light and add ozone. 1his microbes to grow oer time. It is recommended
that bottled water
Answer:
lumans are mostly made up o water. Inside our bodies are millions o tiny balloon like cells.
. I those cells were put into salty ocean water, the water inside the cells would pass right
through the cell walls into the ocean water. 1his is called osmosis. 1he cells would then shrink
and die.
mineral
the taste o
reseroirs,.
to
o
bleach.
\ater
causes
be replaced eery six months. 1ap water contains chlorine which kills
microbes when stored properly.
Study Guide - 29 -
North RegionaI Office (Kew Place)
Phillip Street
Port-of-Spain
Tel: 625-7812 / 8568 / 8584
South RegionaI Office
Mon Chagrin Street
San Fernando
Tel: 657-6625
Tobago RegionaI Office
All Fields Trace
Lowlands
Tel: 639-8092
Head Office
Farm Road, Valsayn
St. Joseph
Tel: 662-2302 - 7,
Fax: 662-8184
N0TE T0 STUDENTS
AND
TEACHERS
Produced by the Corporate Communications Department 20JJ
This study guide has been
designed especially for
children ages J3 and over.
The main objective is
to highlight the
importance of water and
ways in which it can be
used wisely. We hope
that this guide will be
used to foster awareness
of the need to conserve
water.