Automated Garment identification and defect

detection model based on Texture Features and

PNN
Anand H.Kulkarni
Associcate Prof., Deptt.of Information Sci.&Engg,
Gogte Institute of Technology,Belgaum, India.
Sheetal B.Patil
Dept.of computer Sci.&Engg,
Gogte Institute of Technology,Belgaum, India.
Abstract-This paper describes an automated garment identification and defect detection model based on texture feature,
Gray Level Co-occurrence Metrics(GLCM) and Probabilistic Neural Network(PNN) .The proposed model give an
accurate fabric and defect classification results. The texture features are used to detect garment defects and these defects
are classified by using PNN classifier. With small set of training samples i.e 10 for each, the accuracy of garment defect
detection and classification results obtained by PNN is better than BP neural network. Also the Training time and
classification time used by PNN is less than BP neural network. The Total success rate of fabric identification is 96.6%
and success rate of fabric defect detection is 91.1%
Keywords-Fabric Defect Detection, Classification, GLCM, PNN.
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays the textile industry is very concerned with quality. It is desirable to produce the highest quality goods in
the shortest periodof time possible. Fabric, being a widely used material in daily life, is manufactured with textile
fi bers. Textile fi bers can be made of natural element such as cotton or wool; or a composite of different elements
such as wool and nylon or polyester. Fabric defect detection or inspection is a process identifying and locating
defects. A fabric defect is a result of the manufacturing process. In particular defects result from machine faults,
yarn problems, poor finishing, excessive stretching etc[1]. Due to these defects the price of the fabric is reduced by
45% -65% . In general, inspection of these defects can bedone in the various stages of production life cycle. Early
detection of these defects is helpful to reduce the fabric wastage. Currently, much of the fabric inspection is done
manually andonly 70% of the fabric defects are being detected by most highly trained fabric inspectors. There is a
grooving realization and need for automated fabric inspection systemsin the textile industry[2].
Many new studies and techniques are introduced for automatic fabric inspection, like fabric inspection usinglocal
linear transforms, edge detection, cross-correlation, morphological operations, bi-level thresholding and using neural
networks. [3] Proposed the texture analysis technique with artificial neural networks. This research specifically
focuses on applying texture analysis methods on the images of three types of fabrics. The classification of fabric
defects is done by using ANN classifier. Haralick [4] describe the some easily computable textural features for
image classification. The automated defect detection in uniform textured materials is proposed by selecting the
Gabor filter parameters [5].Another method to detect the texturedefects was based on the sub-banddecomposition
of gray level images through wavelet filters and extraction of the co-occurrence features from the sub-bandimages
6].
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Little research has been carried out to detect and classify knitted garment stitching. The quality of the fabric
stitching is one of the key factors to determine the quality of garment. A new knitted garment defect detection and
classification model based on 2D Gabor wavelet transform and Elman neural network is proposed in [7].By using
automated fabric inspection model we can reduce the cost and time waste caused by defects. And also it not suffers
from limitations of humanlike exhaustion.
Our proposed project is concerned with the implementation of new automated fabric identification and inspection
model based on texture feature, GLCM and probabilistic neural network. For this study we considered three types of
fabrics namelyknitted, yarn and woven.
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describe system design, Section 3 presents brief description about
feature extraction methods. Section 4 gives brief introduction about probabilistic neural network. Section 4 describe
the experimental results and evaluates the performance of the proposed system. Finally the conclusion from this
work issummarized in Section5.
II SYSTEM DESIGN
For system implementation mainly three types of fabrics are usedi.e Knitted, yarn and woven. Each of these fabrics
hasdifferent textures, woven fabrics generally consist of two separated systems of yarns that are interweavedand lic
at right angles to each other. Knitted fabrics are formed by one or more continuous woolen threads that are
interloped in a fashion of loops within loops, Shown in fig(1). The Yarn fabrics is a textile structure produced by
bonding or interlocking of fabrics, or both [3].
Fig1(a) Knitted fabric (b) Yarn fabric
The system design is divided into two phases, Training Phase and Testing Phase. During the Training Phase,
machine is trained by giving different fabric images (defective/non defective). The structure of proposed system is
shown Fig.2
Fig.2Block diagram
Fabric images of size multiples of 40s are input for the system. The divide and conquer method is used to divide
the image into 40/40 ROI. Then the texture features are extracted from each ROI, stored into database and used to
Fabric
image
Divide
image into
40*40 ROI
Feature Extraction:
GLCM and texture
feature
Database
Test Train
Fabric Type and
Defect Classification
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train the PNN. During second phase, thetexture features of image to be tested arecompared with trained PNN and
classification is done accordingly.
III. FEATURE EXTRACTION
For featureextraction we selected GLCM and some textural properties, because it can bring us accurate results of
fabric defect images when we use it to deal with fabric texture. Texture is a important characteristics used in
identifying defect or region of interest in an image. Textural features contain information about the spatial
distribution of tonal variations within a band. Following are the methods used for Feature extraction.
3.1 GLCM: At the first stage, a set of Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrices (GLCM) is created. GLCM
represents the distance and angular spatial relationship over an image sub region of specific size. The
GLCM is created from gray-scale images. It calculates how often a pixel with gray-level (grayscale
intensity or Tone) value i occurs either horizontally(0
0
), Vertically(90
0
), or diagonally(-45
0
,-135
0
) to
adjacent pixelswith the value j ,which is shown in fig.

Fig 3: GLCM for different direction
3.2 Texture Feature:
After creating the GLCMs, you can derive several statistics from them using the different formulas. These statistics
provide information about the texture of an image. The equations used for feature extraction aregiven below.
Angular Second Moment: Angular second moment is a measure of the homogeneity of an image. Hence it is
a suitable measure for detection of disorders in textures.
Entropy: Entropy gives a measure complexity of the image or Entropy is a statistical measure of randomness
that can be used to characterize the texture of the input image.
Contrast: Contrast feature is a measure of the image contrast or the amount of local variations present in an
image.
Inverse Difference Moment: It refers to the normalized entry of the co-occurrence matrices.
Correlation A statistic representing how closely two variables co-vary; Correlation is positive or direct
when two variables move in the same direction and negative or inverse when they move in opposite
directions.
International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJLTET)
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Fig.4. showsthe use of texture featuresto detect the defect in the fabric sample.

(a) (b)
Fig. 4(a) Fabric sample image with defect (b) binary imageobtained by using GLCM and texture feature
IV. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PNN
In this work, the fabric defect classification did using a supervised probabilistic neural network classifier.
Probabilistic Neural Nets use statistical methods to select the equations within the structure. PNN is used to classify
patterns based on learning from examples. Probabilistic neural nets base the algorithm on The Bayes Strategy for
Pattern Classification. Different rules determine pattern statistics from the training samples. A Probabilistic Neural
Network consists of one input layer, and two hidden layers. When an input is presented, the first layer computes
distances from the input vector to the training input vectors and produces a vector whose elements indicate how
close the input is to a training input. The second layer sums these contributions for each class of inputs to produce as
its net output a vector of probabilities. Finally, a completetransfer function on the output of the second layer picks
the maximum of these probabilities, and produces a 1 for that class and a 0 for the other classes. The advantage of
PNN is that they are very flexible and new information can be added immediately with almost no retraining.
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V. EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS
The performance of the new fabric identification and defect detection model is evaluated by using 150 different
types of fabric images. For this evaluation we mainly considered 50 knitted, 50 yarn and 50 woven types of fabric
images. Totally there are 30defect free and 120 different types of defective images in the knowledgebase. Mainly
we considered four types of defect images i.e hole, dropped stitch, press off and scratch and all images have size
multiples of 40. Each fabric has a different texture, to identify fabric texture we considered 11 texture properties
given above. Four types of defects samples are shown in fig 4.

Fig.4 Four classes of defect fabric samples:The original fabric images(a,b,c,d top left to right) and corresponding binary imges (e,f,g,h bottom
left to right) after frature extraction
In each fabric typethere are 35defective /non defective trained samples and 15tested samples. so the total number
of trained samples are 105and the number of tested samples are45. The PNN classifirer is used to classify testing
samples, theobtained result of fabric classification is shown in table1.
Table1. Fabric classification Results
Fabric Type
Number of
Samples
Classification results Accuracy
(%)
Knitted fabric 10 Ten o/p are identified as
knitted
100%
Yarn fabric 10 Ten o/p are identified as
yarn
100%
Woven fabric 10 Nine o/p are identified as
woven
90%
The total fabric identification success rate was 99%. The defect classification results obtained by using PNN
classifier , is shown intable2.The threshold value selected for binary image is 12 ,the value larger ones is denoted
as 1 and smaller ones as 0.
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Table2. fabric defect classification results.
Fabric Defect Type Number of fabric
Samples
Classification results Accuracy (%)
Fabric without defect 10 10 o/p are classified as fabric
without defect
100%
Hole defect 10 10 fabric o/p are clssified as hole
defect
100%
Dropped stitchdefect 10 10 fabric o/p are classified as
Dropped stitch defect
100%
Press-off defect 10 8 fabric o/p are classified as
Press-off defect
80%
scratch defect
5 3 fabric o/p are classified as
scratch defect
60%
The total defect detection success rate was 91%. As the number of samples increases the defect classification
accuracy will increase. Apart from the proposed neural network, the BPNN is another common type of neural
network which is widely used for fabric and defect identification. The comparing experiments results between BP
and PNN is shown in table3.
Table3. Comparing classificationresults between BP and PNN network
Number of Features Average error (%) Overall NN Efficiency(%)
6(BP) 0.036 98.70
6(PNN) 0.034 99.66
VI. CONCLUSION
In this study, a new fabric identification and defect detection model based on texture feature andPNN classifier was
presented. Firstly the image is divided into 40/40 ROI, then GLCM is created and texture features are extracted from
each ROI. The extracted properties are input to PNN classifier for further matching process. Four types of fabric
defectswereclassified by considering regular fabrics samples. Using proposed model we achievedtotal success rate
of fabric identification is 96.6%and success rate of fabric defect detection is 91.1%. The experiment results show
that the proposed method developed in this study will take less training time compared with BPNN . and it is
effective and suitable for online garment inspection.
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VII. REFERENCES
[1] HenryY.T. Ngan, Automated fabric defect detection A review, image and vision computing 29(2011)442-458
[2] Dorrity,J .L., Vachtsevanos,G. an jasper,W.Real-time Fabric Defect Detection &Control in Weaving Process, National Textile Center
Annual Report, 1994, 193-202.
[3] F.H.She,L.X.Kong,W.S.Zhung,Texture Analysis of Textile Fabrics Using Wavelet Transform and Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Features,
International Congress , Dec 6-8,2005.
[4] Robert M. Haralick, K. Shanmugam, AND its Hak Dinstein, Textural Features for Image Classification , IEEE Transaction on systems,
man, and cybernetics, SMc(-3, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 1973.
[5] Liangzhong Fan,Gangyi J iang, Optimized Gabor Filter Parameters for Uniform Texture Flaw Detection ,IEEE 2010.
[6] Amet, A. L., Ertuzun, A., & Ercil, A. Texture defect detection using subband domain Co- ocurrence matrices. In IEEE southwest
symposiumon image analysis and interpretation(1998) (pp.205210).
[7] Y.H.Zhang#, C.W.M. Yuen, W.K. Wong*, C.W.Kan*, An Intelligent Knitted Garment Defect Detection and Classification Model based
on Gabor filter and Modified Elman Neural Network, 2010 IEEE.
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