Special file types Redirection Operating on sorted files

link Make a hard link via the link syscall tee Redirect output to multiple files sort Sort text files
unlink Remove files via the unlink syscall Numeric operations uniq Uniquify files
ln Make links between files Show factors of numbers comm Compare two sorted files line by line
Linux Commands Overview readlink Print the referent of a symbolic link
factor
seq Print sequences of numbers ptx Produce a permuted index of file con-
mkdir Make directories tents
Programming Languages hacks mkfifo Make FIFOs (named pipes) tsort Topological sort
mknod Make block or character special files
November 25, 2006 Disk 5 Text managing 6 System
df Report file system disk space usage
du Estimate file space usage
Printing text Users
stat Report file or file system status
echo Print a line of text id Print user identity
sync Synchronize memory and disk
printf Format and print data logname Print current login name
fdformat Low-level formats a floppy disk
yes Print a string until interrupted Print effective user ID
1 Documentation fdisk Partition table manipulator
Output of entire files
whoami
groups Print group names a user is in
fsck Check and repair a Linux file system
less Display output one screen at a time users Print login names of users currently
Documentation mount Attach a file system to the file tree
cat Concatenate and write files logged in
man On-line reference manuals
tac Concatenate and write files in reverse who Print who is currently logged in
info Read Info documents
3 Network nl Number lines and write files useradd Create a new user or update default
ol Write files in octal or other formats new user information
Network Output of parts of files usermod Modify a user account
2 File system hostname Print or set system name head Output the first part of files System
hostid Print numeric host identifier tail Output the last part of files date Print or set system date and time
ifconfig Configure a network interface split Split a file into fixed-size pieces uname Print system information
Directory listing iwconfig Configure a wireless network interface
ls List directory contents csplit Split a file into context-determined free Display amount of free and used
route Show and manipulate the IP routing pieces memory in the system
dir Briefly ls
table grep Print lines matching a pattern
vdir Verbosely ls
arp Manipulate the system ARP cache
Process control
dircolors Color setup for ls, etc Summarizing files kill Sending a signal to processes
ping Sends echo requests to the host
Basic file operations wc Print newline, word, and byte counts ps Information of the active processes
traceroute Traces path to a network host
cp Copy files sum Print checksum and block counts top Real-time view of system and tasks
nslookup Query DNS interactively
dd Convert and copy a file cksum Print CRC checksum and byte counts
netstat Print network connections, routing ta-
Copy files and set attributes md5sum Print or check MD5 digests
install
mv Move (rename) files
bles, interface statistics, masquerade
sha1sum Print or check SHA-1 digests 7 Commands
connections, and multicast member-
rm Remove files or directories ships Operating on characters Tools
rmdir Remove empty directories tcpdump Dump traffic on a network (sniffer) tr Translate, squeeze, and/or delete source Read and execute commands in the
shred Remove files more securely characters current shell context
find Search for files in a directory hierarchy expand Convert tabs to spaces which Locate a command
locate Index and quickly search for all files 4 Shell unexpand Convert spaces to tabs whereis Locate the binary, source, and manual
File name manipulation Operating on fields within a line page files for a command
basename Strip directory and suffix from a file
Context cut Print selected parts of lines xargs Build and execute command lines
alias Create an alias
name paste Merge lines of files from standard input
unalias Remove an alias
dirname Strip non-directory suffix from a file join Join lines on a common field Modified command invocation
pwd Print working directory
name Operating on file contents chroot Modify the root directory
stty Print or change terminal characteris-
pathchk Check file name portability sed Basic text transformations on an in- env Modify environment variables
tics
File comparing printenv Print environment variables put stream nice Modify niceness
cmp Compare two files byte by byte tty Print file name of terminal on stan- awk Pattern scanning and text processing nohup Immunize to hangups
diff Compare files line by line dard input language su Modify user and group ID
patch Apply a diff file to an original clear Clear the terminal screen Operating on formatting time Run programs and summarize system
Changing file attributes history Command History fmt Reformat paragraph text resource usage
chgrp Change file groups enable Enable and disable builtin shell com- pr Paginate or columnate files for print- watch Execute a program periodically, show-
chmod Change access permissions mands ing ing output fullscreen
chown Change file owners and groups Conditions fold Wrap input lines to fit in specified Delaying
touch Change file timestamps false Do nothing, unsuccessfully width sleep Delay for a specified time
true Do nothing, successfully
test Check file types and compare values
expr Evaluate expressions