Chap. HI.

BllICKLAYING AND TILING,

565
1900c. The mortar or cement should be such as will quickly set, to prevent the super-
incumbent weight pressing tlie joints closer, and therel)y causing settlements, wliicli even
with the greatest care, often take place untrjiially. As o'ten as it is conjectured, from the
nature of the soil, or from the fjundalion being partly new and partly old, that the work
will not come to its bearing e(|ually, it is better to carry up the suspected parts separately,
and to leave at tlieir ends what are called tiothings, by whicli junctions may be made when
the weaker parts liave come to their regular sound bearing.
1900rf. i he thickness of walls has furnished the suiijeet of previous pages : we shall
therefore only add, that too much eare cannot be bestowed on strengthening all angles as
mucli as possible, and well connecting the return of one wall into another; that piers
or pilasters are exceedingly useful in strengthening walls, inasmuch as they act by increas-
ing the base wliereon the whole stands; and, lastly, that in carrying up walls to any con-
siderable height, it is usual to diminisli their tliickness by sets
off
as they rise. la
bouses, above the gionnd- floor, the sets off are usually made on tlie inside, having the out-
side in one face
;
but, if it be possible, it is better to set off equally from both faces, because
of tlie better balance afibrded.
1900e. Joints in brickwork are finished on the face in several ways. The most common
are the ' struck joint,' wliich is merely finishing the joint by drawing the point of the trowel
along it
:
or 'jointed,' as done by a tool called a yoj/i/er (par. 1890, art.
8), so as to leave
a line impressed on tlij mortar : or 'flusti joint,' in which case the joint is drawn at top
and botto n with the trowel when the brick is laid, and afterwards when the mortar is par-
tially set, the middle of the joint is flushed flat with the 'jointer ;'
this is sometimes called
a
'
high joint.'
1901. A bricklayer, with the assistance of one labourer, can, if he be so inclined, lay in
one day about lOJO bricks in common walling; but the trades unions now prevent him
from laying more than about one-third that number. Occasionally, for a higher remune-
ration some non-union man may be found to lay near the former number, and then he
woold comjjlete a rod of brickwork in four days and a half, its area being 272;|^feet snjjer-
ficial of the thickness of one brick and a half. When, however, there are many apertures or
other interruptions to liis work, be will be proportionably longer over it. The weight
of a rod of brickwoik is about 13 tons. Generally it may be taken as consisting of from
4.300 to 4500 stock bricks, allowing for waste according to the quality of the bricks.
27 bushels of chalk lime, and 3 single loads of drift sar.d, or 18 bushels of stone lime and
S.t single loads of sand. In cement, of 36 bushels, and the same quantity of sharp sand.
A lod of brickwork laid dry contains 5370 bricks. A cubic yard contains 384 bricks,
and requires about
6^
cubic feet of sand and 'J\ of lime. A ton of bricks contains about
.373 on an average. 330 well burnt bricks weigh generally about 20 cwt., so that a cubic
foot weighs about 125 lbs.
1902. Brkk-nogging is a method of constructing a wall or partition with a row of posts
or quarters 3 feet apart, whoso intervals a'e filled un wiih occasional plates of wood with
brickwork between. It is rarely more than the width of a brick in thickness, and the
bricks and timbers on the f ces are flush. It should never be used where tliickness can be
oi)tained for a nine-inch wall. A halfbrick nogged partition will lequire about 500 bricks;
a whole brick-nogged partition about 1030 bricks; and with brick on edge about 3-10.
1902a. A half-biuk partition built in mortar is now adopted in many of the model
lodging houses, sometimes with an occasional hoop ircn bond. 'J'hese are built four, five,
and six stories in heigiit, the joists of the floors steadying them as they are carried up. Of
course tlie apartments in such places a.e small in all their dimensions, being about 12 feet
long, 9 feet wide, and from 9 to 9 feet 6 inciies in height. A half-brick wall of greater
dimensions may be built in cement, and when the floor joists are laid upon it, it becomes
very steadv, strong, and little likely to be injured by a fire. Thin slabs of stone have been
used as partitions in small bouses near a quarry. Tiles in cement with wood plugs in-
serted for ths dressings, make a sound partition, and when plastered direct upon the tiles,
it takes up much less room than a one-brick wall.
190-'/^. INIany varieties oiliolhnv bricks are made for a similar purpose. The
"
patent bonded
hollow bricks or rebated tiles
"
(/ft/. 61 7a.) of Hertslet and
Co., were employed in 1816-7, by Henry Roberts in the
model lodging house in George Street, St. Giles's ; as also in
the so-called Prince Albert's model houses, erected in Hyde
Park in 1851, and removed to Kennington Park. A is a
bond stone ; B concrete, C floor boards, and D a tie rod.
When used for ])artitions, or for roof and floor arches, these
hollow bricks are fireproof, deaden sound more effectually,
and are considerai)ly ligher, than solid brickwork. Such
bricks as a lining to stone or flint walls, supersede the neces-
sity for battening. They are also well adapted for cottage ,
-
_,__ .
floors. Hulluw bricks can be made by any good tile machine,
' ~
"
iCtliiSJBSilJ
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