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!ecture010Anatom" and Human Skeleton

H,MA2 S3*!*TO2
&irst let us understand 'ore about t$e $u'an s(eleton as it )or's t$e )ra'e*or( o) $u'an bod+
about *$ic$ all or,ans and s+ste's )unction and per)or'.
T$e $u'an s(eleton is 'ade o) bones! so'e o) t$e' -oined to,et$er! supported and
supple'ented b+ a structure o) li,a'ents! tendons! 'uscles! and cartila,e.
T$e s(eleton c$an,es co'position o.er a li)espan. /arl+ in ,estation! a )etus $as no $ard
s(eleton 012 bones )or' ,raduall+ durin, nine 'ont$s in t$e *o'b. W$en a bab+ is born it $as
'ore bones t$an it *ill as an adult. 3n a.era,e! an adult $u'an $as 20 bones in t$eir s(eleton
4t$e nu'ber can .ar+ sli,$tl+ )ro' indi.idual to indi.idual5! but a bab+ is born *it$
appro6i'atel+ 270. T$e di))erence co'es )ro' a nu'ber o) s'all bones t$at )use to,et$er
durin, ,ro*t$. T$ese include t$e bones in t$e s(ull and t$e spine. T$e sacru' 4t$e bone at t$e
base o) t$e spine5 consists o) si6 bones! *$ic$ are separated at birt$ but )use to,et$er into a
solid structure in later +ears.


Fi4 Human Skeleton
T$ere are bones 4t$ree on eac$ side5 in t$e 'iddle ear t$at articulate onl+ *it$ t$e'sel.es!
and one bone! t$e $+oid bone! *$ic$ does not touc$ an+ ot$er bones in t$e bod+.
T$e lon,est bone in t$e bod+ is t$e )e'ur and t$e s'allest is t$e stapes bone in t$e 'iddle ear.

Function
T$e s(eleton )unctions not onl+ as t$e support )or t$e bod+ but also in $e'atopoiesis! t$e
'anu)acture o) blood cells t$at ta(es place in bone 'arro* 4*$ic$ is *$+ bone 'arro* cancer is
.er+ o)ten a ter'inal disease5. 8t is also necessar+ )or protection o) .ital or,ans and is needed b+
t$e 'uscles )or 'o.e'ent. 9ot onl+ does t$e s(eleton ser.e to $elp 'anu)acture blood cells! but
it also ser.es as a 'ineral stora,e deposit in *$ic$ nutrients can be stored and retrie.ed.
Orani5ation
3ne *a+ to ,roup t$e bones o) t$e $u'an s(eleton is to di.ide t$e' into t*o ,roups! na'el+
t$e a6ial s(eleton and t$e appendicular s(eleton. T$e a6ial s(eleton consists o) bones in t$e
'idline and includes all t$e bones o) t$e $ead and nec(! t$e .ertebrae! ribs and sternu'. T$e
appendicular s(eleton consists o) t$e cla.icles! scapulae! bones o) t$e upper li'b! bones o) t$e
pel.is and bones o) t$e lo*er li'b.
-ender differences
T$ere are 'an+ di))erences bet*een t$e 'ale and )e'ale $u'an s(eletons. Men tend to $a.e
sli,$tl+ t$ic(er and lon,er li'bs and di,it bones *$ile *o'en tend to $a.e lar,er pel.ic bones in
relation to bod+ si:e. Wo'en also tend to $a.e narro*er rib ca,es! s'aller teet$! less an,ular
'andibles! and less pronounced cranial )eatures suc$ as t$e bro* rid,es and occipital
protuberance 4t$e s'all bu'p in t$e craniu';s posterior5. Most stri(in, is t$e di))erence in
$ip bones o*in, to di))erences related to t$e process o) reproduction! and .er+ li(el+ also to t$e
biolo,ical process o) se6ual selection. T$ere are also a nu'ber o) s'aller di))erences bet*een
$u'an 'ale and )e'ale s(eletons.
Diseases
T$e s(eleton can be a))ected b+ 'an+ diseases t$at co'pro'ise p$+sical 'obilit+ and stren,t$.
S(eletal diseases ran,e )ro' 'inor to e6tre'el+ debilitatin,. <one cancer and bone tu'ors are
e6tre'el+ serious and are so'eti'es treated b+ radical sur,er+ suc$ as a'putation o) t$e
a))ected li'b. Various )or's o) art$ritis attac( t$e s(eleton resultin, in se.ere pain and debilit+.
3steoporosis can increase t$e li(eli$ood o) )ractures and bro(en bones! especiall+ a'on, post=
'enopausal *o'en and t$e elderl+. Scoliosis is anot$er! *$en t$e spine cur.es )ro' side to
side.

Here is a list of all human bones:
" t+pical adult $u'an s(eleton consists o) t$e )ollo*in, 20 bones. 49u'bers in bold re)er to t$e
dia,ra' at ri,$t.5

Fi4 Human Skeleton Diaram
6n t+e skull 78894
Cranial bones:
1. &rontal bone
2. #arietal bone 425
3. Te'poral bone 425
4. 3ccipital bone
Sp$enoid bone
/t$'oid bone
Facial bones:
5. >+,o'atic bone 425
. Superior and in)erior 'a6illa
9. 9asal bone 425
7. Mandible
#alatine bone 425
Lacri'al bone 425
Vo'er bone
in)erior nasal conc$ae 425
In the middle ear (6):
Malleus 425
8ncus 425
Stapes 425
In the throat (1):
?+oid bone
In the shoulder girdle (4):
25. Cla.icle or collarbone 425
29. Scapula or s$oulder blade 425
In the thorax (25):
10. Sternu'
2@. Ribs 42 6 125
In the vertebral column (24):
@. Cer.ical .ertebrae 475 incl. "tlas A a6is
14. Lu'bar .ertebrae 455
T$oracic .ertebrae 4125
In the arms (6):
11. ?u'erus 425
2. Cond+les o) $u'erus
12. Blna 425
13. Radius 425
27. ?ead o) radius
In the hands (54):
:rist 7carpal9 bones4
Scap$oid bone 425
Lunate bone 425
TriCuetru' bone 425
#isi)or' bone 425
Trape:iu' 4bone5 425
Trape:oid bone 425
Capitate bone 425
?a'ate bone 425
Palm or metacarpal bones:
Metacarpal bones 45 DE 25
Finger bones or phalanges:
#ro6i'al p$alan,es 45 DE 25
8nter'ediate p$alan,es 44 DE 25
Fistal p$alan,es 45 DE 25
8n t$e pel.is 445%
15. 3ssa co6a 4$ip bones or inno'inate bones5 425
1. Sacru'
Cocc+6
In the legs (8):
17. &e'ur 425
22. Greater troc$anter o) )e'ur
23. Cond+les o) )e'ur
19. #atella 425
20. Tibia 425
21. &ibula 425
In the feet (52):
Ankle 7tarsal9 bones4
Calcaneus 4$eel bone5 425
Talus 425
9a.icular bone 425
Medial cunei)or' bone 425
8nter'ediate cunei)or' bone 425
Lateral cunei)or' bone 425
Cuboidal bone 425
Instep bones:
Metatarsal <one 45 DE 25
Toe bones:
#ro6i'al p$alan,es 45 DE 25
8nter'ediate p$alan,es 44 DE 25
Fistal p$alan,es 45 DE 25

T+e infant skeleton +as t+e followin bones in addition to t+ose above4
1. Sacral .ertebrae 44 or 55! *$ic$ )use in adults to )or' t$e sacru'.
2. Cocc+,eal .ertebrae 43 to 55! *$ic$ )use in adults to )or' t$e cocc+6.
3. 8liu'! isc$iu' and pubis! *$ic$ )use in adults to )or' t$e pel.ic ,irdle
The bones of the human skeleton are structurally and in many
taxonomies organized as those of the:
S(ull
Middle ear
T$roat
S$oulder ,irdle
Ribca,e
Vertebra
"r's
?ands
#el.is
Le,s
&eet



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