LESSON PLAN

Immune System





Sonya Sandra D.S

4113141080

Bilingual Biology Education 2011



FACULTY OF MATHEMATIC AND NATURAL SCIENCE
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2014

Lesson Plan

Subject : Biology
Class / Semester : XI (eleven) / Semester I
Meetings : 25
th
meetings
Allocation Time : 2x45 minutes

Competency Standard :
1. Appreciate and practice the teachings of their religion
2. Appreciate and practice honest behavior, discipline, responsibility, caring (mutual assistance,
cooperation, tolerance, peace), polite, responsive and pro-active and displayed as part of the
solution to various problems in interacting effectively with the social and natural environment
and in placing itself as a reflection of the nation in the association world
3. Understand, implement, and analyze factual knowledge, conceptual, procedural, and
metacognitive based on his curiosity about science, technology, arts, culture, and humanities
with knowledge of humanity, national, state, and civilization-related causes of phenomena and
events, as well as apply the knowledge procedural in specific fields of study according to their
talents and interests to solve problems
4. Processing, reasoning, and presenting in the realm of the concrete and abstract domains
associated with the development of the independently learned in school, acting effectively and
creatively, and be able to use the method according to the rules of science


3.14
Describe the body's defense mechanism against foreign substances such as antigens and germs

4.18 Presenting the results of a discussion of a case related to the immune system
(immunization, allergies, inflammation, healing, and recurrence of disease) based on the human
immune mechanism


Indicators

1. Matching the pathogens and germs with the disease
2. Listing the organs that included in human immunes system
3. Knowing the structures and function of human immune system
4. Identifying human immune system naturally
5. Differentiating respons of specifical human immune system and non specifical human
immune system.
6. Listing the disorder/abnormality of human immune system
7. Clarifying the mechanism of inflammatory response


Objectives

1. Students are able to matching the pathogens and germs with the disease after presentation
2. Students are able to list the organs that included in human immunes system after
presentation
3. Students know the structures and function of human immune system after discussion
4. Students are able to identify human immune system naturally after presentation
5. Students are able to differentiate the respons of specifical human immune system and non
specifical human immune system.
6. Students are able to list the disorder/abnormality of human immune system









Learning Materials

- Human immunne system : specific defense and non specific defense
- Vaccine
- Antibiotic
- Human immune system disorder/ abnormality



The diversity of microorganisms that are human pathogens. (a) Human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), the cause of AIDS. (b) Influenza virus. (c) Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium that
colonizes human skin, is the common cause of pimples and boils, and can also cause food
poisoning. (d) Streptococcus pyogenes, the bacterium that is the principal cause of tonsillitis and
scarlet fever and can also cause ear infections. (e) Salmonella enteritidis, the bacterium that
commonly causes food poisoning. (f) Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes
tuberculosis.











PATHOGENS
Lists of virus, bacteria, fungi and parasites:





LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Red Bone Marrow
Red bone marrow is a highly vascular tissue found in the spaces between trabeculae of
spongy bone. It is mostly found in the ends of long bones and in the flat bones of the body. Red
bone marrow is a hematopoietic tissue containing many stem cells that produce blood cells. All
of the leukocytes, or white blood cells, of the immune system are produced by red bone marrow.
Leukocytes can be further broken down into 2 groups based upon the type of stem cells that
produces them: myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells.
Myeloid stem cells produce monocytes and the granular leukocyteseosinophils,
basophils, and neutrophils. Lymphoid stem cells produce T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes.
- T lymphocytes.
T lymphocytes, also commonly known as T cells, are cells involved in fighting specific
pathogens in the body. T cells may act as helpers of other immune cells or attack pathogens
directly. After an infection, memory T cells persist in the body to provide a faster reaction to
subsequent infection by pathogens expressing the same antigen.
- B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes, also commonly known as B cells, are also cells involved in fighting specific
pathogens in the body. Once B cells have been activated by contact with a pathogen, they
form plasma cells that produce antibodies. Antibodies then neutralize the pathogens until
other immune cells can destroy them. After an infection, memory B cells persist in the body
to quickly produce antibodies to subsequent infection by pathogens expressing the same
antigen.
- Natural killer cells.
Natural killer cells, also known as NK cells, are lymphocytes that are able to respond to a
wide range of pathogens and cancerous cells. NK cells travel within the blood and are found
in the lymph nodes, spleen, and red bone marrow where they fight most types of infection.

Lymph Capillaries
As blood passes through the tissues of the body, it enters thin-walled capillaries to facilitate
diffusion of nutrients, gases, and wastes. Blood plasma also diffuses through the thin capillary
walls and penetrates into the spaces between the cells of the tissues. Some of this plasma diffuses
back into the blood of the capillaries, but a considerable portion becomes embedded in the
tissues as interstitial fluid. To prevent the accumulation of excess fluids, small dead-end vessels
called lymphatic capillaries extend into the tissues to absorb fluids and return them to circulation.


Lymph
The interstitial fluid picked up by lymphatic capillaries is known as lymph. Lymph very
closely resembles the plasma found in the veins: it is a mixture of about 90% water and 10%
solutes such as proteins, cellular waste products, dissolved gases, and hormones. Lymph may
also contain bacterial cells that are picked up from diseased tissues and the white blood cells that
fight these pathogens. In late-stage cancer patients, lymph often contains cancerous cells that
have metastasized from tumors and may form new tumors within the lymphatic system. A
special type of lymph, known as chyle, is produced in the digestive system as lymph absorbs
triglycerides from the intestinal villi. Due to the presence of triglycerides, chyle has a milky
white coloration to it.
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphatic capillaries merge together into larger lymphatic vessels to carry lymph through
the body. The structure of lymphatic vessels closely resembles that of veins: they both have thin
walls and many check valves due to their shared function of carrying fluids under low pressure.
Lymph is transported through lymphatic vessels by the skeletal muscle pumpcontractions of
skeletal muscles constrict the vessels to push the fluid forward. Check valves prevent the fluid
from flowing back toward the lymphatic capillaries.
Lymph Nodes
Lymph nodes are small, kidney-shaped organs of the lymphatic system. There are several
hundred lymph nodes found mostly throughout the thorax and abdomen of the body with the
highest concentrations in the axillary (armpit) and inguinal (groin) regions. The outside of each
lymph node is made of a dense fibrous connective tissue capsule. Inside the capsule, the lymph
node is filled with reticular tissue containing many lymphocytes and macrophages. The lymph
nodes function as filters of lymph that enters from several afferent lymph vessels. The reticular
fibers of the lymph node act as a net to catch any debris or cells that are present in the lymph.
Macrophages and lymphocytes attack and kill any microbes caught in the reticular fibers.
Efferent lymph vessels then carry the filtered lymph out of the lymph node and towards the
lymphatic ducts.
Lymphatic Nodules
Outside of the system of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, there are masses of non-
encapsulated lymphatic tissue known as lymphatic nodules. The lymphatic nodules are
associated with the mucous membranes of the body, where they work to protect the body from
pathogens entering the body through open body cavities.
o Tonsils.
There are 5 tonsils in the body2 lingual, 2 palatine, and 1 pharyngeal. The lingual tonsils
are located at the posterior root of the tongue near the pharynx. The palatine tonsils are in
the posterior region of the mouth near the pharynx. The pharyngeal pharynx, also known as
the adenoid, is found in the nasopharynx at the posterior end of the nasal cavity. The tonsils
contain many T and B cells to protect the body from inhaled or ingested substances. The
tonsils often become inflamed in response to an infection.
o Peyers patches.
Peyers patches are small masses of lymphatic tissue found in the ileum of the small
intestine. Peyers patches contain T and B cells that monitor the contents of the intestinal
lumen for pathogens. Once the antigens of a pathogen are detected, the T and B cells spread
and prepare the body to fight a possible
- Spleen.
The spleen is a flattened, oval-shaped organ located in the upper left quadrant of the
abdomen lateral to the stomach. The spleen is made up of a dense fibrous connective tissue
capsule filled with regions known as red and white pulp. Red pulp, which makes up most of
the spleens mass, is so named because it contains many sinuses that filter the blood. Red
pulp contains reticular tissues whose fibers filter worn out or damaged red blood cells from
the blood. Macrophages in the red pulp digest and recycle the hemoglobin of the captured
red blood cells. The red pulp also stores many platelets to be released in response to blood
loss. White pulp is found within the red pulp surrounding the arterioles of the spleen. It is
made of lymphatic tissue and contains many T cells, B cells, and macrophages to fight off
infections.
- Thymus.
The thymus is a small, triangular organ found just posterior to the sternum and anterior to
the heart. The thymus is mostly made of glandular epithelium and hematopoietic connective
tissues. The thymus produces and trains T cells during fetal development and childhood. T
cells formed in the thymus and red bone marrow mature, develop, and reproduce in the
thymus throughout childhood. The vast majority of T cells do not survive their training in
the thymus and are destroyed by macrophages. The surviving T cells spread throughout the
body to the other lymphatic tissues to fight infections. By the time a person reaches puberty,
the immune system is mature and the role of the thymus is diminished. After puberty, the
inactive thymus is slowly replaced by adipose tissue.






LEUKOCYTE
Leukocyte is another name for white blood cells. Leukocyte function is defend the body
against disease by eating (phagocytosis) of the disease. That is why leukocytes also called
phagocytes. Leukocytess shape is variable and cell nuclei round or concave. Movements such as
Amoeba and can penetrate the walls of the capillaries.
Based on the presence / absence of granules in the plasma, leukocytes divided
becomes:
1. Granular leukocytes (granulocytes)
a. Neutrophils
The plasma is neutral, numerous cell nuclei with a variety of forms. Neutrophils are
granular leukocytes that act as the first responders to the site of an infection. Neutrophils use
chemotaxis to detect chemicals produced by infectious agents and quickly move to the site of
infection. Once there, neutrophils ingest the pathogens via phagocytosis and release chemicals to
trap and kill the pathogens.

b. Eosinophils
Eosinophils are granular leukocytes that reduce allergic inflammation and help the body
fight off parasites. Eosinophils number will increase if the body is exposed to infection. The
plasma is acidic. That is why eosinophils will be dark red when spilled eosin.

c. Basophils
Basophils are also phagocytes. Basophils are granular leukocytes that trigger
inflammation by releasing the chemicals heparin (anti-clotting chemicals) and histamine.
Basophils are active in producing inflammation during allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
The plasma is alkaline. That is why plasma is blue if spilled alkaline solution. The white blood
cells will amount to much if exposed to infection.

2. No granular leukocytes (agranulosit)
a. lymphocytes
Lymphocytes do not able to move and core one. The size is big and there none is small.
Lymphocyte function to form antibodies.

b. monocytes
Monocytes can move like Amoeba and the core has a round / elliptical. Monocytes are
produced in lymph tissue and are phagocytes. Monocytes are agranular leukocytes that can form
2 types of cells: macrophages and dendritic cells.

- Macrophages.
Monocytes respond slowly to infection and once present at the site of infection, develop
into macrophages. Macrophages are phagocytes able to consume pathogens, destroyed
cells, and debris by phagocytosis. As such, they have a role in both preventing infection
as well as cleaning up the aftermath of an infection.

- Dendritic cells.
Monocytes also develop into dendritic cells in healthy tissues of the skin and mucous
membranes. Dendritic cells are responsible for the detection of pathogenic antigens
which are used to activate T cells and B cells.

Leukocytes that play an important role on the immune system there are 2 kinds, namely
phagocytes and lymphocytes. Phagocytic cells will be destroy the foreign object by means of
swallowing (phagocytosis). Phagocytes consists of two kinds of cells, namely:
1. Neutrophils, contained in the blood.
2. Macrophages, can leave the blood circulation to enter into the tissues or body cavities.
Lymph cells has 3 roles:

1. Recognize antigens.
2. Destroy antigens
3. Remember.
Lymphocytes consist of:
1. T lymphocytes ( thymus activated cells ) (T cells), which moves to the thymus glands (lymph
glands at the base of the neck). They develop the ability to differentiate into cells that can
respond to specific antigens. Agranular, mononuclear lymphocytes with a high nuclear to
cytoplasm ration.-Originate from stem cells in the bone marrow and pass through the thymus for
differentiation. Responsible for cellular immunity. They contain antigen binding molecules.
Millions of T cells capable of recognizing a specific antigen.
Types of T cells
a) Cytotoxic T cells-killer T cells. recognize cells with foreign antigens on their surface
and destroy these cells.
b) Helper T cells- assist other cells.
c) Suppressor T-cells- inhibit immune response.
2. B lymphocytes (B cells).
Both are produced by the bone marrow and circulate throughout the body via the blood
vessels, produce antibodies adapted to that antigen enters the body. Often the virus enters the
body through the blood vessels but not through the skin and mucous membranes to avoid
leukocytes. However, the body's cells do not remain silent. The cells of the body will produce
interferon is a protein substance that can produce barrier formation of new viruses (replication).
Antibodies on the surface of B cells serve as receptors. Compitent B cells, B cells with
matching receptors bind with a particular antigen. A macrophage with an antigen encounters a
helper T cell. Macrophage secretes interleukin. Interlukin 1 activates helper T cells. Activated
hekper T cells detect B cells that have bound to antigen on the macrophage and bind to the same
antigen. Helper T cells secrete lympkines which activate Competant B cells . Activated B cells
increase in size, divide by mitosis. Some mature into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
Plasma cells do not leave lymph nodes, only the antibodies that they secrete do. Some acivated
B cells become memory cells that continue to produce small amounts of antibody. This becomes
a part of the bodies arsenal of chemical weapons. If antigen enters the body again the anibodies
destroy it. Antibodies contain a highly specific protein called immunoglobulin that binds to
antigen.


TYPES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
The body employs many different types of immunity to protect itself from infection from
a seemingly endless supply of pathogens. These defenses may be external and prevent pathogens
from entering the body. Conversely, internal defenses fight pathogens that have already entered
the body. Among the internal defenses, some are specific to only one pathogen or may be innate
and defend against many pathogens. Some of these specific defenses can be acquired to
preemptively prevent an infection before a pathogen enters the body.
1. Innate Immunity
The immune system of the body can be divided into two, namely as follows.
Innate immunity is the potential contained within the body of its own. This immunity existed
since human beings are born. Innate immunity include:
- Surface Protection
If there is a germ enters the body, there are external defense system on the skin that will deter
and kill germs so that germs cant get into the body. If germs can still qualify and penetrate the
skin, it will be snared by the mucus produced by the mucous membrane part. The protection
afforded by the skin and mucous membranes, among others, as follows:
a) The skin constantly peeling and producing oil periodic acid in nature that can kill germs.
Intact skin is the outermost defense for preventing the entry of seedling diseases in the body. In
normal human skin always there Stophyloccis pyogenes bacteria. During peeling skin by cuts or
abrasions then bacteria will not cause disease.
b) tear gland produces lisozyme can destroy seeds that stick to the eye disease.
c) The acidity of the vagina and urine will inhibit the growth of certain germs.
d) The stomach produces gastric acid (HCl) to kill the germs that enter the food.
e) peristaltic movement in the intestines inducing seedling diseases that are in the immediate gut
out with feces.
f) Motion Vibrating propagation, production of mucus in the respiratory and cough reflex to
prevent the entry of seedling diseases of dust into the lungs.




- Internal defenses
With the defenses of the skin and mucous membranes that germs will die and not be able
to get into the body. However, if in this case the bacteria can still pass through the skin and
mucous membranes, the body has a defense, namely the immunity of the body known as
nonspecific defense. The defense made by white blood cells (leukocytes), which will turn off all
the types of microbes that enter the body. Leukocyte phagocytic properties, namely eating germs
that enter the body. Whose role is leukocyte PMN cells (nuclear plymorpho), monocytes,
macrophages, and lymphocytes.
o Fever.
In response to an infection, the body may start a fever by raising its internal temperature out
of its normal homeostatic range. Fevers help to speed up the bodys response system to an
infection while at the same time slowing the reproduction of the pathogen.
o Inflammation.
The body may also start an inflammation in a region of the body to stop the spread of the
infection. Inflammations are the result of a localized vasodilation that allows extra blood to
flow into the infected region. The extra blood flow speeds the arrival of leukocytes to fight
the infection. The enlarged blood vessel allows fluid and cells to leak out of the blood vessel
to cause swelling and the movement of leukocytes into the tissue to fight the infection.



2. Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive immunity is also called specific immunity because immunity is able to
recognize and remember specific pathogens. This is done by the defense and antitoxin antibodies
that can withstand attack germs, both micro-cell and toxins produced by these germs. The
workings of this antibodies substances is highly specific, such as antibodies to resist
Mycobacterium tuberculosis can not resist the attack of Bacillus anthracis. Tetanus antitoxin can
also be used to prevent an attack of diphtheria. Specific defenses in everyday life is called
immune (immunity).
Based on origin, immunity (immunity) is divided into two, namely as follows.
A. Active Immunity
Active immunity is a type of immunity that can be made by the body itself as the body's
response to an antigen (foreign body) that enter the body. This type of immunity will last a long
time, it can even last a lifetime. This type of immunity some are deliberately made in order for
the body to make antibodies to fight and produce a new immune. For example, by incorporating
antigens (foreign bodies) in the form of a vaccine into the body. The vaccine is in the form of
germs or viruses that have been attenuated.

B. Passive Immunity
Passive immunity differ from active immunity. In passive immunity, the body of a person
directly receiving ready-made antibodies that do not need to create your own. This antibody was
obtained by injecting an antigen into the body of the corresponding animal. Animals were
selanjutny will make antibodies in response to these antigens. Antibodies that have been formed
in the animal body then taken and put into the body of someone in need.
Another example of passive immunity is breast-feeding (breast milk) in children.
Breastfeeding is in addition aim to provide the best food for children as well as to provide
immunity to the baby. Based on the research it is known that breast milk contains antibodies that
new breastfeeding is good for baby so that the baby has immunity to a particular disease. Passive
immunity is temporary, so that within a certain period of these antibodies will disappear from the
body.


ABNORMALITIES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Humans can only live with the immune system. If the immune system is not working
normally or impaired, a person will be able to survive when in a sterile environment free from
germs or disease or immune system administered by injection of bone marrow cells from a
healthy donor. Abnormalities that occur in the immune system, among others, as follows.

a. Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity is a disease that causes the body to develop antibodies to the antigen
alone. Sorts of autoimmunity are artitis rheumatism, pernicious anemia and adison disease.
b. AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome)
AIDS is a disease caused by the HIV virus (Human Immunodefisiency virus). The
disease is a disease most feared by the public, because it has not found a cure. HIV attacks the
human immune system. If a person has been infected with HIV, then the power will drop
dramatically kebalnya, within a certain period it will lose durability. If it is so then the body
easily infected by other germs.
The incubation period is the period of entry of the virus until the virus multiplies, about
0-6 months. Breeding period is the period of virus infection until symptoms is 2-5 years. The
symptoms that accompany the disease AIDS, among others, decreased body weight, often with
the flu for a long time, decreased immunity and ultimately disappear altogether, people in a very
weak condition. AIDS can be transmitted. This virus spread through an intermediary may use
syringes, blood transfusion, and sexual intercourse.










Learning Activity

Pra-condition
Life Skill /
Character
Time
Allocation
Pra-Condition
Student answer the greeting which conveyed by the teacher
when entering the class.

The prefect of the class lead the class to pray

Students response politely when teacher check the students
attendance



Religious




2 minutes


Opening Activity

Students listening carefully when teacher give them
instruction about the learning material function
(motivation)

Students answering the question of the teacher when the
teacher showed a picture and asked questions based on
image which is shown by teacher and observed by the
students. (apperception)

Students write down the topics and read learning objectives
which showed by teacher in front of the class (orientation)





Curiosity
Motivation


4 minutes





7 minutes
Core Activity
Students divide into groups by teacher, each of group consist
of 5 persons and the students sit based on group.


Tolerance
Understanding



5 minutes


Students got worksheet which is distributed by teacher and
answer the questions individually based on what they got from
the teacher presentation.
Students answer the teacher questions which is given in the
middle of presentation and got score for their group.
(Exploration)

Students collecting their individual worksheet and took
another worksheet for group.
Students answer the questions in worksheet together.
Students collect their worksheet and the first group that collect
it got score.
Students together with the teacher checking the worksheet.
(Elaboration)

Noting the strengthening of the teacher which is
reinforcement to the results of the discussion (reinforcement
in the form of key concepts, examples can be seen in the
strengthening of essential material).
(Confirmation)

Dicipline






Curiosity
Competitive





Communicative
Achievement
Honesty
Appreciation

35 minutes







12 minutes






10 minutes
Closing Activity
2 students asked to make a conclusion

Students asked to make a reflection paper

Students assigned to find articles on the internet and make a
critical analysis of the article.
Students listen carefully when teacher distributed work
instructions for 'Critical Analysis of Articles'
Students listen carefully when the teacher tells the matter and


Honesty

Responsibility




3 minutes

5 minutes

5 minutes




the activity for next meeting and also the students
homework which us said by the teacher before out of the
class
Curiosity


Dicipline




2 minutes

Learning Media and Sources
Sources : - Textbook :
Pujiyanto, Sri. 2008. Menjelajah Dunia, Biologi 2 untuk kelas XI SMA dan MA.
Solo, Platinum
Yamsuri, Istamar, et al. , 2007. Biology for class XI semester of high school 1.
Jakarta: penerbit Erlangga
- Internet
- Magazine, Article, or Medical Journal.
Media : Pictures, LCD, Teachers presentation, Laptop
http://www.livescience.com/26579-immune-system.html
http://blue.utb.edu/rlnash/Spring2004/Notes/1307%20notes/Immune%20System.htm

VI. Assessment of Learning Outcomes
a. Assessment Technique :
Evaluation
Assessment worksheet KD 3.14
Assessment of learners' learning KD 3.14
Assessment of character attitude
Assessment of social skills

b. Form of Instruments:
Test the performance of the product
- PG
- A brief description

Appendix 1

1. Write down the pathogen name, the type of pathogen & the route of infection:
a. AIDS
b. Diarrhea
c. Cholera
d. Thypus
e. Tuberculosis
f. Pneumonia
g. Malaria

2. Write down the organs which has role in lymphatic system

, , ,
3. Write down the 3 role of lymphocyte.




4. Write down the types of immune system

5. Mention the types of immunity and the example



6. Mention the disorder which could be happened in immune system
. & .





RUBRIC for Worksheet 3.14

No Answer Score
1 a. Human Deficiency Virus, Virus, Sexual transmission &
infected Blood
b. Rotavirus, Virus, Oral
c. Vibrio cholerae, Bacteria, oral
d. Rickettsia prowazeki, Bacteria, Bite of infected tick
e. Myobacterium tuberculosis, Bacteria, Oral / respiratory
f. Streptococcus peumoniae, Bacteria, Oral / respiratory
Pneumocystis carinii, Fungi, Opportunistic pathogen,
resident lung flora
g. Plasmodium talciparum, Protozoan Parasite, Bite of an
infected mosquito
7
2 Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Bone Marrow, Thymus, Tonsil 4
3 Recognize antigens, Destroy Antigens, Remember 3
4 Innate & Adaptive 2
5 Active. Example: Vaccine
Passive. Mothers placenta & milk
4
The Total of The Score 20













Value =



Value =
MATCHING TEST



A. Disease when immune system
goes awry and turns against some
of the bodys own molecules.
B. Substance that cause
dilatation in inflammation
C.Function of inflammatory
response
D.Disease when immune response
is defective or absent.
E.Organ which produce
leukocyte
F.Disease caused of bacteria
G.Disease caused of viruses
Immunodeficiency
Bone Marrow
AIDS
Thymus
Histamine
Disinfect and clean
injured tissues
Autoimmune system
Cholera
Malaria
Neutrophyl
H.The Place where T-Cell
mature
Tonsil
Clotting blood

Spleen
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
12
13
14
10
Rubric for Matching Test
Number Answer Score
A 7 1
B 5 1
C 6 1
D 1 1
E 2 1
F 9 1
G 3 1
H 4 1
Total of Score 8





Value =



Value =
Appendix 3
A. Multiple Choice

1. Below which is not a form of non-specific defenses are:
a. tears
b. gastric
c. mucus
d. normal microflora
e. antibody

2. Vaccines are germs already. . . .
a. attenuated
b. be modified
c. strengthened
d. destroyed
e. discarded

3. Macrophages are the biggest phagocytic cells. Macrophages originate from
a. monocytes
b. lymphocyte
c. neutrophils
d. asidofil
e. basophils

4. In the skin there is a structure that is very strong and hard that contribute to restrain bacterial
pathogens, namely
a. keratin
b. chitin
c. dentin
d. wax layer
e. cuticle
5. The following tract in the body that are not covered by the mucous layer and does not have
direct contact with the external environment is
a. respiratory track
b. digestive track
c. excretion track
d. reproduction track
e. blood circulatory track

6. In the stomach there is a non-specific defenses in the form of hydrochloric acid that can cause
a. microbial protein coagulation
b. destruction of microbial protein
c. destruction of the microbial cell wall
d. lysis of microbial
e. inhibition of microbial growth

7. A chemical compound produced by the body cells which is infected by viruses that were sent
to the surrounding cells so that a wider spread of the virus can be prevented is called
a. complement
b. interferon
c. interleukin
d. antibody
e. histamine

8. Type of white blood cell that serves to boost immunity against disease germs are:
a. eosinophils
b. basophils
c. neutrophils
d. monocytes
e. lymphocytes


9. The following is the result of long-term immunity is
a. fetus in the womb obtain antibodies from the mother
b. inflammatory response
c. serum obtained from people immune to rabies
d. obtaining the chickenpox vaccine
e. babies acquire antibodies from mothers milk

10. Person acquired immunity after smallpox disease is called:
a. natural immunity
b. adaptive immunity
c. natural active immunity
d. passive immunity
e. Natural passive immunity

Answer the questions below with a short and right!
1. The mechanism of swallowing foreign objects, especially microbes by white blood cells
called?
2. Antibodies are formed by the cells ...
3. The skin is the body's non-specific defense which effective because it has ...
4. .. is a response to the entry of pathogens into the body which is marked by the onset of
redness, swelling, and pain in the infected part.
5. Two indicators that the body is fighting an infection is an increase in ... and ...

Answer the questions below with a short and right explanation!
1. Give simple description of all kinds of leukocytes!
2. What is an antigen? Why antigen is important for the immune system!
3. If one part of the body injured, sometimes accompanied by swelling reddish. Explain how this
event!
4. Why should vaccine administration be repeated again after some time?
5.Why is a vaccine for HIV is difficult to develop?

Rubric Answer for the Worksheet 3.14
A. Multiple Choice
Number Answer Score
1 E 1
2 A 1
3 A 1
4 A 1
5 E 1
6 B 1
7 B 1
8 E 1
9 D 1
10 C 1
Total of Score 10

B. Essay
No Answer Score
1 Phagocytosis 2
2 B Lymphocyte 2
3 Keratin 2
4 Inflammation 2
5 B Lymphocyte & T Lymphocyte 2

1


4
2 Objects / foreign substances which enter into the
body. Antigens stimulate the body's defense specific
work
3
3 The cells in the wounded part secrete histamine.
Histamine causes dilation of blood vessels and
5
improves blood flow in the injured part so that the
temperature rise as well as reddish.
4 Due to the decrease of the amount of antibodies in
the body so that the body's immunity also declined.
3
5 Because HIV infects T cells so its unable to provide
an immune response, HIV also able to change parts
of the protein becomes invisible to the immune
system.
5
The Total of The Score 30




Value =



Value =
Appendix 3
Assessment of Students Learning KD 3.14
Making 'Critical Analysis of Articles'

No. Assessed Elements Max score Learners score
1 Titles according to the topic or theme that
has been determined
10
2 Source contains the address of the web
site / sites as well as the name of the
article author
10
3 Purpose in accordance with the specified
topic or theme
10
4 Finding unique facts contained in the
article, contains events related to the topic
20
5 The question is made is a question whose
answer is not contained in the article (in
the form of reasoning that is the question)
20
6 Summary contains important concepts
related to the topic
20
7 Reflection provides good advice and
criticism of the author of the article and
the readers
10
Total 100


Appendix 4

Character Attitude Assessment Sheet

Subject : Biology
Subject Matter : Immune System
Class/semester : XI IPA

Character
Shows the character behavior, include: conscientious, honest, responsible, working
together, open, and respect the friends opinion.


Nu
Students
Name
Conscientious Honest Responsibility Cooperative Open
Respect
friends
opinion
Total
score

0 1 2 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 0 1



















Appendix 5

Attitude Character Assessment Rubric
Subject : Biology
Subject Matter : Immune System
Class/semester : XI IPA

Character
Shows the character behavior, include: conscientious, honest, responsibility, working
together, open, and respect the friends opinion.

No Indicator Score

0 1 2
1. Scrupulous
Not scrupulous in
seeking answers
Less in the seeking
answers
Scrupulous in
seeking answers
2. Honest
Not honest in
inputting data to
table
Honest in doing
data input
X
3. Responsibility
Has no
responsibility in
completing tasks
as directed in
LKS
Less responsibility
in completing tasks
as directed in LKS
Responsible in
completing tasks as
directed in LKS
4. Cooperative Not cooperative Less cooperative Cooperative
5. Open
Not open in giving
question, opinion
or asking when
not understand
Open in giving
opinion or asking
when not
understand
X
6. Respecting opinion
Not respect to
friends opinion
in group/class
discussion
Respecting friends
opinion in
group/class
discussion
X







Appendix 6


Sheet Assessment of social skills

Subject : Biology
Subject Matter : Immune System
Class/semester : XI IPA

Social skills
Inquire, contribute ideas or opinions, skilled in communicating

Nu
Students /
groups
name
Inquiry
Contribute
ideas/opinions
Communication
Total
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1

2

3






Appendix 7
Social Skill Rubric Assessment
Subject : Biology
Subject Matter : Immune System
Class/semester : XI IPA

score Inquiry
Contribute
ideas/opinions
Skilled in
Communication
1
The student not
active
Student not able to
communicate his/her
opinion
Student not respect
in handle someones
opinion
2
The students active
but has no correct
base
Student able to
convey opinion
without any basis
Students are able to
respond but there is
no basis
3
Students active in
ask questions but
with less suitable
issues
Students active in
expressing an
opinion, the
argument is less
precise
Students are able to
respond to other
friends who argue
4
Students active in
asking questions
appropriate to the
problem being
studied
Students active in
expressing an
opinion with right
base argument
Students are able to
respond to other
friends who argue,
and does not
dropped mutual
friend


Information::
Assessment way Score
Less 1
Goof enough 2
Good 3
Very Good 4


Maksimal Score : 20

Scores obtained
Score = ------------------------------------- X 100%
Maximal score
Known by
The Headmaster of the Senior High School Biology Teacher


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N.I.P.