RESULTS AND DISCUSSION a. Positive Limiter The diode was converted to its simplified model. According to this model, a forward bias silicon diode will only allow 0.7 V voltage drop across it.
Positive Limiter (Forward Bias at t where V input is 10V)
When a diode experiences reverse bias, it acts as an open circuit Computation: -10 (I 1 I 2 )(10k)=0 -10k (I 2 I 1 ) I 2 (1k + 100k)=0 -10k I 1 + 10kI 2 =10 V out Maximum Value V out Minimum Value Experimental (V) Computed (V) Experimental (V) Computed (V) Positive Limiter 1.0 0.7 -8.6 -9.9 Negative Limiter 9.4 9.9 -0.6 -0.7 Combination Limiter 1.0 0.7 -0.6 -0.7 Biased Limiter (1V) 1.6 1.7 -0.6 -0.7 Biased Limiter (1.5) 2.3 2.2 -0.6 -0.7 Biased Limiter (2V) 2.6 2.7 -0.6 -0.7 Biased Limiter (2.5V) 3.4 3.2 -0.6 -0.7 Biased Limiter (3V) 4.0 3.7 -0.6 -0.7 10k I 1 111kI 2 =0 I 2 = -9.9 x 10 -5
A V out = 100k (I 2 ) = -9.9 V b. Negative Limiter
Inverting the terminals of the diode but keeping everything else the same resulted to a negative limiter. The measured values were inverted as well. The positive input voltage from the source resulted to a reverse bias across the diode while when the voltage source changed to negative input, a forward bias is experienced by the diode. Thus V out Max is expected to be 9.9 V while V out Min is expected to be -0.7 V. Calculation is relatively the same with the positive limiter.
c. Combination Limiter Positive Maximum Input
Negative Minimum Input
The redrawn circuit indicates that when a positive input voltage is delivered by the source, the left diode experiences reverse bias while the diode on the right experiences forward bias resulting to V out =0.7 V. When the input changed to negative, the left diode closed while the right diode opened. The V out is equal to -0.7V as indicated in the redrawn simplified model. V DL is equal to 0.7 V while V DR is equal to -0.7 as they are connected in parallel to the other diode. d. Biased Limiter
This circuit is quite the same with the Combination Limiter only that this circuit contains a DC source. When the source is delivering positive input voltage, in addition to voltage drop across the left diode, a V DC is added resulting to higher V out. (V out = 0.7 + V DC )
When the source is delivering negative input, we can see from the simplified model above that V out =-0.7 and by nodal analysis, V DL = -0.7-V DC .
Graph Legend: Source Voltage V out
a. Positive Limiter
When the diode is in forward bias, the diode clips or maintains the voltage across it. When it is in reverse bias, an open circuit is observed. With the orientation of the diode, it clips the positive voltage input.
b. Negative Limiter
When the diode is in forward bias, the diode clips or maintains the voltage across it. When it is in reverse bias, an open circuit is observed. With the orientation of the diode, it clips the negative voltage input. c. Combination Limiter
Now that there are two diodes connected in parallel with opposing terminals connected, while the other is in forward bias, the other is in reverse bias, thus, V out is clipped in both positive and negative input voltage. d. Biased Limiter (1.0 V)
The biased diode limiter increases the limit of V out from the initial limit (caused by the diode) by V DC (in this case 1.0 V)
e. Biased Limiter (1.5 V)
The biased diode limiter increases the limit of V out from the initial limit (caused by the diode) by V DC (in this case 1.5 V)
f. Biased Limiter (2.0 V)
The biased diode limiter increases the limit of V out from the initial limit (caused by the diode) by V DC (in this case 2.0 V)
g. Biased Limiter (2.5 V)
The biased diode limiter increases the limit of V out from the initial limit (caused by the diode) by V DC (in this case 2.5 V)
h. Biased Limiter (3.0 V)
The biased diode limiter increases the limit of V out from the initial limit (caused by the diode) by V DC (in this case 3.0 V)