SURGE ARRESTOR:

A protective device for limiting surge voltages by

discharging or bypassing surge current, and it also
prevents the flow of follow current while remaining
capable of repeating these functions.



CAPACTIOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER:
Both coupling capacitors and coupling capacitor voltage
Transformers are single-phase devices that utilize one or more
capacitor units, usually mounted on a base, to Couple a
communication signal to a high voltage Power line. Coupling
capacitors (CCs) are used in conjunction with Line Traps and line
tuners for power line carrier (PLC) communication over high-
voltage power lines.
A CC with an electromagnetic unit is called a Coupling Capacitor
Voltage Transformer (CCVT). CCVTs can be used to supply
voltage for metering and protection applications similar to a
voltage transformer.

LINE TRAP:
Line trap also is known as Wave trap. Trapping the high frequency
communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and
diverting them to the telecom/teleprotection panel in the substation
control room (through coupling capacitor and LMU)
The Line trap offers high impedance to the high frequency
communication signals thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to the
substation busbars. If there were not to be there, then signal loss is
more and communication will be ineffective/probably impossible



Disconnecting Switch:
Isolators are provided for isolation from live parts for the purpose of
maintenance. Isolators are located at either side of the circuit breaker.
Isolators are operated under no load. Isolator does not have any rating
for current breaking or current making. Isolators are interlocked with
circuit breakers
Types of Isolators are
1. Central rotating, horizontal swing
2. Centre-Break
3. Vertical swing
4. Pantograph type

Circuit Breaker:
Circuit Breaker is used for Switching during normal and abnormal
operating conditions. It is used to interrupt the short circuit currents. It is
used to interrupt short circuit currents. Circuit Breaker operations
include.
1. Closing
2. Opening
3. Auto reclosing
Circuit Breaker is located near every switching point and also located at
the both ends of every protection zone.

Current Transformer:
Current transformers are used for Stepping down current for
measurement, protection and control. Current transformers are of
two types
1. Protective CT
2. Measuring CT
Current transformers can be included in two general categories:
metering service and relay service. As a rule, current transformers
designed for metering service should not be used for relay applications or system protection.
Likewise, current transformers designed for relay service should not be used for high accuracy
metering applications.

Voltage Transformer:
Voltage transformers are used to step down the voltage for
measurement, protection and control. Voltage transformers are of two
types.
1. Electromagnetic type
2. Capacitive VT located on the feeder side of the Circuit Breaker.



Power Transformers:
Power Transformers are used to step up or step down a.c.
voltages and to transfer electrical power from one voltage level to
another. Tap changers are used for voltage control.



Auto Transformer:
Auto transformer is kind of electrical transformer where
primary and secondary shares same common single
winding. In Substation where transfer ratio is less the 2 it is
preferable to use autotransformer because it is less
expensive then the two winding transformer.


Bus Bar:
Various incoming and outgoing circuits are connected to busbars. Busbars receive power from
incoming circuits and deliver power to outgoing circuits.

One and Half breaker Busbar scheme:
Two circuits are connected between the three circuit breakers.
Hence one and half breaker name was coined for this type of
arrangement. Under normal operating conditions all the
breakers are closed and both the busbars are energized.
Advantages:
1. Most flexible operation possible
2. High reliability
3. Bus failure will not remove any circuit from service
Disadvantages:
1. High cost
2. Relaying is somewhat complicated since the middle breaker must responsible for both the
circuits on either direction and should operate
Double bus & single breaker Scheme:
Normally in double main busbar scheme each circuit is connected to
both the buses. In double main busbar arrangement one or two
breakers can be provided for each circuit. Double main busbar and
double breaker scheme provides high reliability in the case of fault
or outage of one of the breaker.
Advantages:
1. Any circuit can be taken out of circuit for maintenance
2. Flexibility in connecting the feeder circuit to either of the busbars
Disadvantages:
1. Most expensive
2. Loose circuits connected to busbar when fault occurs on the busbar