The Faraday's law of induction (or the law of electromagnetic

induction) states that the induced electromotive force ( ) t e

in a loop is
directly proportional to the time rate of change of magnetic flux ( ) t |
through the loop according to the relation:

( )
( )
dt
t d
t e
|
= (1)
where:
( ) t e is the induced electromotive force, in v
| is the magnetic flux across the circuit, in Webbers ( ) s v wb =
This equation is valid only for electrically short antennas with respect to
the wavelength of interest, which is true for the VLF frequencies.
Let's define:
- ( ) ( ) u t B t B = the vector of the magnetic induction, u unit vector
- n S S = the normal vector to the frame surface, n unit vector
- u cos = n u where u is the angle ( ) n u between the magnetic field
line and the frame normal.


The magnetic flux is a measure of quantity of magnetism through the
antenna submitted to a given magnetic induction:

( ) ( )

= S t B t |
(2)


For a sinusoidal magnetic field, uniform over the surface S, the amplitude
( ) t B projected on n is:
( ) ( )

= n u t B n t B
(3)

( ) ( ) u cos cos
0
wt B n t B =

(4)

Where:
-
0
B is the strength of the magnetic induction, in tesla
( )
2 2
/ / m s V m Wb T
- w is the angular frequency of the inductive magnetic field, in
1
rads
Equation (2) gets then:
( ) S n B t =

|
(5)

( ) ( ) S wt B t = u | cos cos
0
(6)

For a loop with N turns, each of them of area A, we have NA S = , so
( ) ( ) u | cos cos
0
wt NAB t =
(7)

and (1) is then:
( ) ( ) u cos sin
0
wt w NAB t e =
(8)

Since f w t 2 = , the RMS value of the electromotive force at the output of the
antenna is:
u t cos 2
rms rms
NAfB V =
(9)

Expression of the induced voltage as a function of the magnetic field
The inductive magnetic field across the loop depends on the magnetic
component of the electro-magnetic wave (called H or magnetic field
strength) and on the magnetic permeability of the loop core.
The inductive magnetic field B relates to the magnetic field strength H by:
H B
r

0
=
(10)

Where:
- B is the RMS value of the magnetic induction, in tesla
2
/ m s V T
-
0
is the permeability of vacuum, constant of HM
7
10 4


-
r
is the relative permeability, dimensionless quantity
r
is specific
to the medium.
- H is the RMS value of the magnetic field strength, in m A/
For an air-core loop, we have
r
= 1
The antenna will then output a RMS voltage
rms
V from a given RMS magnetic field
strength
rms
H value according to:
u t cos 2
0 rms r rms
NAfH V =
(11)

3.2.2 Soundcard Oscilloscope
This software can be used for the display and analysis of sound
waves. The data can be recorded in two ways , either directly from the
sound card (with a microphone or LINE input), or from a source such as a
CD or Media player. The input to the oscilloscope is defined by the
Windows sound mixer. The software obtains its input data for the sound
card via the Windows interface. Also the software does not communicate
directly with the sound card. Thus any sound card problems should be
troubleshot at the operating system level itself.









Figure3.4: Soundcard Oscilloscope Interface