03'97 Aug

EEUG News
European EMTP-ATP Users Group e.V.

AUGUST 1997
NUMBER 3
VOLUME 3
C O N T E N T S
Editorial
3 Instructions for Authors
EEUG Association
6 Preliminary program of the EEUG Meeting97, Barcelona, November 9-11, 1997
7 Highlights of ATP Workshop, Osnabrueck, September 29, 1997
Program Information
10 Whats New in ATP development? - W. Scott Meyer
12 ATP related Internet resources - Lszl Prikler
18 Short Introduction to NODA line model - Mustafa Kizilcay
Technical Note
24 What are features of CABLE PARAMETERS different from
CABLE CONSTANTS? - Akihiro Ametani
Discussion Corner
27 CABLE CONSTANTS is not suitable model for naked, buried conductors
33 Nonconventional use of the synchronous machine model
People and Profiles
36 Author of ATPDRAW - Hans-Kristian Hoidalen
Technical Papers
38 Monte Carlo lightning backflash model for EHV lines - Gabor Furst
47 Corona modeling for attenuation and distortion of lightning surges in overhead
transmission lines - R. Ciudad, D. Alvira, F. Soto
2 EEUG News August 1997
EEUG News
published by European EMTP-ATP Users Group e.V. (EEUG),
registered Association.
Editorial Board
Members of the Executive Board of the EEUG.
Editors
Dr. Mustafa Kizilcay, Dr. Juan A. Martinez-Velasco, Lszl Prikler
Editorial and administrative assistant
Canan G. Kizilcay
Editors by E-mail
Mustafa Kizilcay m.kizilcay@fh-osnabrueck.de
kizilcay@aol.com
Juan A. Martinez-Velasco martinez@ee.upc.es
Lszl Prikler priki@vmt.bme.hu
Mailing address
Subscription: Paper submission:
EEUG e.V.
c/o Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kizilcay Mr. Lszl Prikler
Fachhochschule Osnabrck Technical University of Budapest
FB Elektrotechnik Dept. of Electric Power Systems
Albrechtstr. 30 Egry J. u. 18.
D-49076 Osnabrck, Germany H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
Phone +49 541 969-3065 Phone +36 1 463 3015
Fax +49 541 969-3070 Fax +36 1 463 3013
EEUG News is published quarterly by the European EMTP-ATP Users Group
e.V., registered association in Offenbach am Main, Germany. All rights reserved.
Copyright 1997 by the European EMTP-ATP Users Group e.V.
SUBSCRIPTIONS: EEUG members: included in annual membership dues;
Nonmembers: DEM 120, single copy DEM 35 (for Europe).
Editorial
EEUG News August 1997 3
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Instructions for Authors
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1 Technical contributions
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Editorial
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[1] Karni, S.: Network Theory: Analysis and Synthesis, Boston, Allyn and
Bacon, Inc., 1966.
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[2] Clerici, A.; Marzio, L.: Coordinated Use of TNA and Digital Computer for
Switching-Surge Studies: Transient Equivalent of a Complex Network, IEEE
Trans. on Power Appar. and Systems, PAS-89 (1970), no. 8, pp.1717-1726
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3 General remarks
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Editorial
Technical papers should be submitted primarily in printed form ready to be photocopied. Please
mail two copies of your contribution to the Editor and one copy to the Chairman, who act as the
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Co-editors of EEUG News
Lszl Prikler Prof. Dr.-Ing. M. Kizilcay
Technical University of Budapest Fachhochschule Osnabrck
Dept. of Electric Power Systems FB Elektrotechnik
Egry J. u. 18. Albrechtstr. 30
H-1111 Budapest, Hungary D-49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
Phone +36 1 463 3015 Phone +49 541 969-3065
Fax +36 1 463 3013 Fax +49 541 969-3070/-2936
Email: priki@vmt.bme.hu Email: kizilcay@aol.com
EEUG Association
Preliminary program of the EEUG Meeting 97
Barcelona/Spain, November 9-11, 1996
T
he annual European EMTP-ATP Users Group Meeting in 1997 will be held at the Universitat
Politechnica de Catalunya.. The following papers will be presented in six session: ATP
development and usage - Modelling - Overvoltages - FACTS and Rotating Machines -
Validation tests - Protection/Miscellaneous.
* Current status of ATP development - Tsu-Huei Lui, W. Scott Meyer (USA)
* The Latin American EMTP/ATP Users Group activities - M.P. Pereira (Brazil)
* Services provided by EEUG to European ATP users via Internet - L. Prikler (Hungary)
* Digital computation of electromagnetic transients in power systems. Current status - J.A.
Martinez-Velasco (Spain)
* Complete transformer model for very fast transient studies - M.H. Abdel-Rahman
(Kuwait), G.M.Abdel-Salam, E.A. Badran (Egypt)
* Identification of rational function approximations for frequency domain responses by
vector fitting - B. Gustavsen, T. Henriksen (Norway)
* A low-voltage varistor module for use within ATP-EMTP simulations - A. Larsson
(Sweden)
* ATP load model of an antenna for satellite telecommunication - F. Muzi (Italy)
* Determining overvoltage protection of an hydro power plant - I. Uglesic (Croatia)
* Overvoltages due to switching off an unloaded transformer with vacuum circuit breaker -
M. Popov, A. Causevski (Macedonia)
* A simplified methodology for evaluating surge protection of distribution using metal oxide
arresters - J.A. Martinez-Velasco (Spain)
* Lightning performance and switching overvoltages studies of an uprated transmission line -
L. Prikler, G. Ban, G. Banfai (Hungary)
* Teaching Power Electronics and FACTS using a data module approach - A.C. Siqueira de
Lima (Brazil), J.A. Martinez-Velasco (Spain)
* Modelling the TCSC using ATP Models - A.R.M. Tenorio (Brazil), N. Jenkins (United
Kingdom), L. Prikler (Hungary)
* Modelling and simulation of rotating machines using the ATP - J.A. Martinez-Velasco
(Spain)
* Simulation of induction motor behaviour during voltage disturbances using an aggregated
model - J.J. Blanes Peiro (Spain)
* Comparison of field measurements with transient simulations of an arc furnace - R.
Bianchi Lastra, J. Barbero, A. Rifaldi (Argentina)
* Comparison between the elements type 91 and 94 in the simulation of an electric arc from
actual test data - W. Gimenez, O.P. Hevia (Argentina)
* Energization of a 380 kV subnetwork - Comparison of EMTP simulations with
measurements - S.Groninger, M. Kizilcay, M. Losing (Germany)
* Calling MATLAB from within ATP-MODELS - H. Wehrend (Germany)
* Simulation of a series-compensation line for evaluation of relaying - algorithms - M. M.
Saha (Sweden), E. Rosolowski, J. Izykowski, B. Kasztenny (Poland)
* Developing feeder protection software within ATP-MODELS - H. Wehrend (Germany)
* Grounding system design using EMTP - N.D. Hatziargyriou, M.I. Lorentzou (Greece)
EEUG Association
Highlights of ATP Workshop
Osnabrueck, September 29, 1997
EEUG Association
EEUG Association
Program Information
Whats New in ATP development?
W.Scott Meyer
Canadian/American EMTP User Group, USA E-mail: atp@agora.rdrop.com
The former DEBUG.LIS has been renamed. For those who follow recommended standard
practice of KTRPL4 < 0, the diagnostic file will have new file type .DBG and name parallel
to the input data file, when IPRSUP is zero. Negative values of IPRSUP are also
recognized: -1 means diagnostic output should be minimal, -2 results in minimal diagnostic
file named DEBUG.LIS, -3 will result in normal diagnostic as value zero does, only to disk
file DEBUG.LIS (Can/Am EMTP News, April 1997, p. 2)
FOURIER ON of batch-mode plotting now is supported by a bar chart. The feature is
installation-dependent in that a new vector-graphic module VECBAR is used, as called by
module FSERIE which computes the Fourier coefficients and outputs the harmonic table as
character information. The new vector plot looks similar to the old SPY plot of harmonic
content although the user has less control. (Can/Am EMTP News, April 1997, p. 3)
Disk file DEBUG.LIS produced by TPPLOT was changed back to DUMTPP.LIS as existed
prior to that trial coupling of TPPLOT with ATP in the fall of 1994. Simultaneous execution
of two or more Salford programs is the reason for the change.
(Can/Am EMTP News, April 1997, p. 3)
TPPDIR is a new DOS symbol that does for TPPLOT what ATPDIR does for ATP. If
TPPDIR is not defined, ATPDIR will be used as it has been in the past. So, for the user who
was happy with the old scheme of a single symbol for the two programs, nothing will change.
But if ATP and TPPLOT are placed in different directories the single symbol ATPDIR will
work for one, but not the other. So, to accommodate two separate directories, the second symbol
was added. (Can/Am EMTP News, April 1997, p. 3)
An IEEE COMTRADE file can be used as input to the EXPORT command of TPPLOT to
be converted into one of the several formatted alternatives that are offered as outputs. Within the
TPPLOT archive, COMTIN illustrates the conversion of COMTRADE.DAT and *.CFG into
a FORMATTED PL4 file. (Can/Am EMTP News, April 1997, p. 3)
A new Type-10 electric-network source has been provided to represent analytical functions.
That is, the user simply supplies his algebra such as 303 * COS ( OMEGA * T - ALPHA)
anywhere in columns 11- 60 as illustrated in DCNEW-19. However, imperfect operation of the
Powell pocket calculator has temporarily limited usefulness. (Can/Am EMTP News, April 1997, p. 11)
Program Information
$PARAMETER is a new $-card that precedes an arbitrary number of definitions of symbols that
are defined by analytical functions. For any data card, any character string can be replaced by
the numeric evaluation of an expression. An illustration can be found in DCNEW-19. Again,
reliance upon the Powell calculator has temporarily limited usefulness.
(Can/Am EMTP News, April 1997, p. 11)
A new phase-domain synchronous machine model is now available in ATP-EMTP. It was
donated by Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO) and Toden Software Inc. The new type-58 S.M.
model improves numerical stability of EMTP simulation, which is demonstrated in the
benchmark data case DCN20.DAT. Data cards for the type-58 S.M. are fully compatible with
data cards for the type-59 S.M. (Can/Am EMTP News, April 1997, p. 12)
LIMCRD value of STARTUP ending in 999 (e.g., 6999) has special meaning. This is a special
switch that overrides the predefined limit of DATA BASE MODULE punch card output.
(Can/Am EMTP News, July 1997, p. 1)
COMPTACS is a new DOS parameter that allows the user of compiled TACS to choose
between MAKE and USE outside the data file. If COMPILED TACS MAKE or COMPILED
TACS USE is part of the data, the content of COMPTACS is immaterial. But in the absence
of a request in data, COMPTACS is used. There are 3 alternatives: 1)MAKE 2) USE; 3)
anything else (nominally blank). (Can/Am EMTP News, July 1997, p. 2)
RMS is a new MATH command of TPPLOT that produces the RMS (root mean square) value
of a signal. The use is subject to an important restriction: the time instants of the input signal
must be uniformly spaced. The RMS meter has only one mandatory parameter: the floating
point time interval used for averaging. (Can/Am EMTP News, July 1997, p. 2)
Variable-dimensioning of the CABLE PARAMETERS code was completed on July 9
th
.
(Can/Am EMTP News, July 1997, p. 8)
[R][L] and Z0Z1Z2 are the names of new Type-91 models that use compensation to represent
series R-L branches. The limitation that both [R] and [L] must be symmetric in conventional
Type-51,52,.. branches can be avoided. Type-91 branches are used to carry data, and MODEL
Z0Z1Z2 or MODEL [R][L] are to be keyed in the BUS3/BUS4 data fields of columns 15-24.
(Can/Am EMTP News, July 1997, p.12)
An extension to FREQUENCY SCAN has been implemented. Angles of Type-14 sinusoidal
sources no longer must remain fixed as frequency is varied. Now, they, too, can be varied
proportionally. The new fundamental frequency FREQFS on the FREQUENCY SCAN
request card will provide this if it is given a positive value. The effect can be seen in new
standard test case DCNEW-21. (Can/Am EMTP News, July 1997, p.16)
Program Information
ATP related Internet resources
Lszl Prikler Department of Electric Power Systems
Technical University of Budapest, Hungary Egry J. u. 18.H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
Phone/Fax: +36 1 463 3015/-3013
E-mail: priki@vmt.bme.hu

T
his article primarily describes the ATP related Internet tools for those are not yet familiar with
or not frequently use them. Since the available resources show an impressive growth, it is the
hope of the author, that even the experienced users will find this report profitable. Further aim of
this writing is to update and extend the content of the similar articles published years ago in this
periodical [1, 2].
1 Short Internet history
The Internet had its beginnings in the 1960s when researchers began to experiment with linking
computers over telephone lines. Today, the Internet consists of the connections linking computers
throughout the world. Introducing hypertext markup language (HTML) and wide-spread use of
graphical Web browsers were the next milestone in the Internet development in the beginning of
1990s. Now if one picks up a newspaper or turn on the TV news there is something new about the
Internet and World-Wide Web. The Internet can be used for a variety of purposes. A few of the
more popular functions are:
electronic mail
Telnet
FTP
World-Wide Web (WWW)
For further general information the reader is asked to read special literature about the Internet [3].
There are some reports addressed especially to power engineers [4, 5, 6], too.
2 Electronic mail
Electronic mail is the most well-known feature of the Internet. By this way anyone, who has an
account on a computer connected to the Internet can send messages to other users. For ATP users
this provides an easy, efficient and very fast way of communication with other users all over the
world, including program developers, regional user group representatives or the author of the
present article.
3 The ATP-EMTP Listserver
The listserver is an E-mail remailer program, which rebroadcast incoming messages to all members
have subscribed to the list. The ATP-EMTP listserver was being set up in September, 1991, by
Prof. Bruce Mork at the North Dakota State University, USA. Six years later the list has more than
Program Information
500 subscriber. Table 1 gives an overview of subscribers categorized by country.
Table 1
Country # Country # Country # Country #
Argentina 3 Denmark 1 Japan 31 South Africa 26
Australia 24 El Salvador 1 Korea 9 Spain 20
Austria 1 Yugoslavia 1 Macedonia 1 Sweden 6
Belgium 5 Finland 1 Mexico 9 Switzerland 7
Brazil 28 France 5 Netherlands 1 Taiwan 11
Bulgaria 1 Germany 14 New Zealand 3 Thailand 2
Canada 19 Great Britain 23 Norway 9 Turkey 1
China 1 Greece 4 Peru 2 USA
*
179
Colombia 4 Hongkong 2 Poland 7 Uruguay 1
Costa Rica 1 Hungary 1 Saudi-Arabia 1 Venezuela 6
Croatia 2 Indonesia 4 Singapore 1
Cyprus 1 Israel 1 Slovakia 1
Czech Rep. 7 Italy 13 Slovenia 1
* Including non-identifiable subscribers from domains like @compuserve.com or @aol.com
The list is actually maintained by its members, who add themselves, delete themselves and correct
their own listing parameters (name, affiliation, country). Anyone who got an ATP licence has right
to subscribe to the ATP-EMTP Listserver, too. For subscription one has to send a single line email
to the following address:
listserv@listserv.nodak.edu
The subject of the message can be left blank. The body of the text is shown next:
SUB ATP-EMTP Your Full Name, Institution, Country
Name, affiliation and country fields are limited to 39 characters total. Some minutes later the list
server program sends a confirmation letter to the address decoded from the From: filed of the first
message. It means that subscription is allowed and accepted only if one subscribes from his own
account. After subscription, any messages are sent to the address:
ATP-EMTP@listserv.nodak.edu
will be forwarded to all the others who has subscribed to this service. The listserver was being set
up to support information exchange between ATP users, to provide a facility to help each other, and
to have better access to program developers. The list is unmoderated, but a set of common sense
rules have to be applied. Dr. Morks collection of ATP-EMTP Listserver netiquette that all of us
have to follow in communication is shown next:
The aim of the listserver is to exchange quality information without the clutter of jokes, insults,
self-aggrandizement, etc.
People must identify themselves when they subscribe. With only known professionals having a
common interest in using ATP, the "signal to noise ratio" can be kept much higher than internet
newgroups
Program Information
The intent is to limit discussions to licensed ATP users, so we can discuss and share information
without violating the terms of the license agreement.
Subscribers can add and remove themselves from the list, so it is self-maintaining. However, the
list "owner" (me) can step in and remove any subscriber who behaves in a non-professional or
unethical manner.
Begin all messages with a short and to-the-point overview. None of us wants to spend any more
time reading our e-mail than we have to. Those who aren't interested in the topic can quickly
delete it and move on.
Do NOT send out any verbage from personal e-mail you've received from others, unless they
have specifically given their approval for it to be distributed to all subscribers of the ATP
listserver.
Do NOT send out company advertisements, news of for-profit commercial endeavors, or other
solicitations. These are not related to ATP usage and development, and they reduce the signal
to noise ratio.
If you want to write a long discussion on some topic, send it to the list owner, who will put it on
the ftp server and announce its existence.
Avoid sending out huge data cases to all subscribers. First send a short message asking for help.
Send the related data case only to those who offer help. Do not forget to report the solution later
to the ATP community.
It is fine to voice opinions, but avoid insulting others in the process.
Be professional in your actions, not just your words.
Don't "cry wolf" too often. Getting into the habit of asking the other subscribers for help before
looking in the Rule Book, asking often for help but never helping others in return, etc., should
be avoided.
The traffic of the ATP-EMTP mailing list is automatically archived by the LISTSERV program
on monthly basis. Past mailings are logged into separate disk files, LOGyymm, where "yy" and
"mm" are the year and month, respectively. These files are available via the GET command of the
listserver. If one sends a message to the listserver at address: listserv@listserv.nodak.edu
containing a single line in the body, e.g.:
GET ATP-EMTP LOG 9703
after a while the listserver responds with a message and the requested file (mails delivered during
March, 1997) will be send to the requesters e-mail account.
The most important other listserver commands are:
SIGNOFF ATP-EMTP - Cancels subscription
REView ATP-EMTP - Returns e-mail addresses of all subscribers
SET ATP-EMTP options - Update your subscription options
INDex ATP-EMTP - Send the list of available archive files
Program Information
4 FTP
FTP is the method by which users can download or upload files from machines connected to the
Internet. Anonymous FTP (or aFTP) permits a user to log-on to a remote computer and access files
others have stored in a public directory. If the files are not publicly available a password is required
to have access to files owned by someone else.
4.1 Anonymous ATP-FTP server
By using this service licensed users can download ATP related files from a remote computer to their
personal computer or workstation. The ATP-related materials (except for source code and the
programs themselves) are available over the Internet via anonymous ftp. This consists of past
newsletters, latest revisions of Rule Book pages, utility programs, sample data cases, upcoming
conference/seminar information, etc.
The address of the master aFTP site at the Michigan Technological University is :
ftp.ee.mtu.edu/pub/atp (IP: 141.219.23.120)
There are some mirror FTP sites of interest, for Europeans the most important is that operating at
the University of Hannover in Germany:
ftp.rrzn.uni-hannover.de/pub/mirror/atp (IP: 130.75.2.2)
New files are copied from the master site each Saturday. To access the files one has to login as
"anonymous" and to give his personal e-mail address as the password. ATP materials are archived
in .ZIP files and kept in several subdirectories as shown below:
/canam -- Past issues of the Can/Am newsletter, in Word Perfect
format,
/course -- Announcements for past and future ATP courses and
seminars
/util -- Utility programs useful to the ATP user. This includes
gui/atpdraw -- Graphical preprocessor interface to ATP
/gui/atpgen -- Graphical preprocessor interface to ATP
/gui/show -- MS Windows postprocessor
/dcase -- Sample data case files, to demonstrate ATP capabilities
/license/canam -- ATP licensing form for CanAm users
/license/eeug -- ATP licensing form for European users
/models/tutor -- MODELS primer by Gabor Furst and manual by L. Dube
/models/appl -- Sample MODELS-intensive ATP applications.
/ruleb -- Newest updated rule book chapters
/ruleb/lecruleb -- LEC rulebook chapters, in original Lotus Manuscript format
/ruleb/wpnofigs -- LEC rulebook chapters, in WordPerfect 5.2, no figures.
/ruleb/wpwifigs -- LEC rulebook chapters, in WordPerfect 5.2, with figures
/ruleb/updated -- Updated rulebook chapters
Program Information
4.1 Password protected FTP server
The European EMTP-ATP Users Group Association provides this service primarily for its
members. The latest ATP and TPBIG files (GIVE1 and GIVE2 disks) and DBOS install kit are
stored on a publicly un-available directory on a Unix host of the Department of Electric Power
Systems at the Technical University of Budapest. Any potential user of this service is requested to
identify himself by sending his EEUG membership number and/or any relevant information on the
second page of the ATP License Form via e-mail to the operator of this service at address:
priki@vmt.bme.hu. Until the world-wide ATP license data base is completed, the requesters are
also asked to send the xerox or scanned copy of the second page of the License agreement via e-
mail or fax : + 36 1 463 3013.
5 World-Wide Web
The World-Wide Web is an unorganized collection of hypermedia documents that may contain
links to databases, papers, images, sound files, video clips and other resources. The key to the
Webs popularity is its easy of use via a graphical browser that uses Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP) as its language.
5.1 ATP Web servers in the Globe
Fig. 1 shows the geographical location of the available ATP related Web servers at present.

USA/Cananda
(English)
Brasil
(Portugal & English)
Argentina
(Spanish)
Japan
(Japanese & English)
Europe
(English)
Fig. 1 - Location of ATP related Webservers
These Web servers were established primarily for supporting the ATP users in the region. However,
originating from the nature of the Web, this services are not limited to the regional users. E.g the
European server introduces that the site has been established for the users of the royalty-free ATP
version of the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP), without any geographical
constraints.
The Web servers shown in the map can be reached by the following URLs:
Program Information
Europe: - http://www.vmt.bme.hu/eeug/
USA/Canada: - http://www.ee.mtu.edu/atp
Brasil: - http://www.furnas.gov.br/atp
Argentina: - http://iitree.ing.unlp.edu.ar/estudios/caue/caue.html
Japan: - http://www02.so-net.or.jp/~m_kan/index-e.htm

5.2 ATP WWWBOARD
The ATP bulletin board is a new initiatives originating from and operated in Japan. The
advantage of the bulletin board over the e-mail listserver is told that tracking and searching the mail
history is more comfortable. This service is primarily intended to serve the Japanese and East-Asian
ATP users, but not limited to them. In order to access these secure WWW pages, a username and
password is required, however. Operators policy is that they inform only the users group
representatives about the password, who is authorized to share it with other users in the region. The
password is updated regularly, in order to make this service secure. Operators other policy that
they never respond for inquiries from individual users, instead they relay it to the regional user
group. The ATP WWWBOARD is locatable at address: http://www.arienter.com/atpwww/. Two
software distribution servers are also in operation in Japan at the following URL:
http://beam.kisarazu.ac.jp:8080/~kasiwagi/atp/
http://pels.pwr.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp/~atp/restricted/
6 References
[1] Mork, B.A.: New user-supported ATP news and help service via e-mail, Can/Am EMTP
News, Vol 91-4, October, 1991
[2] Wehrend. H.: Demonstration of ATP Related Internet Services, EEUG News, Vol. 1, No. 1-
2, 1995
[3] Krol, E.: The whole Internet catalog and users guide, OReilly & Associates, Inc., 1996
[4] Hirsh, P.M.: Exercise the power of the World Wide Web, IEEE Computer Applications in
Power, Volume 8, No.3, July 1995
[5] Ramesh, V.C.: Browse the power engineering virtual Library, IEEE Computer Applications
in Power, Volume 8, No.4, October 1995
[6] King, R.L.: Learning how to use the Internet and Web resources, IEEE Computer
Applications in Power, Volume 10, No.2, April 1997
Program Information
Short Introduction to NODA line model
Mustafa Kizilcay
Program Information
Program Information
Program Information
Program Information
Program Information
Technical Note
What are features of CABLE PARAMETERS
different fromCABLE CONSTANTS?
Akihiro Ametani
Technical Note
Technical Note
Discussion Corner
Discussion Corner is going to give a forum for short discussions call for help, suggestions and
answers of general interest. The most interesting discussion on the ATP-EMTP listserver will
also be reported here. We, the editors hope that those ATP users who can not follow the
discussion on the listserver will find this rubric useful.
Discussion topic:
CABLE CONSTANTS is not suitable model
for naked buried conductors
M
r. Carlos T. Mata Research Assistant at the Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Florida initiated an interesting discussion about cable modeling on
the Listserver. The discussion has started with his message on 11
th
of September, 1997.
I tried to get the conductance and capacitance matrix for a two buried cable system. The system is
very simple, it is a counterpoise buried at 0.4 meters from the surface and a cable buried at 0.6
meters (from the surface as well).
The results for different parameters are quite amazing. Using a ground resistivity of 4000 @m, and
no insulator for the counterpoise I obtained: Self conductance = 0.0 (mho/m), Self capacitance =
1.7858031E-7 (farad/m)
Trying to understand what was going on, I increased the earth resistivity to 4.0e+10 @m just to see
what effect that would have. Well, the results were the same as obtained before. Now the only thing
I can conclude from here is that the program calculates the capacitance assuming perfect ground
outside the insulator layer. It doesn't matter what the ground resistivity is. So even when the soil is
a very pour conductor this parameter is the same as if it was a perfect conductor.
Does the cable constants program work with bare conductors?

Before midnight on the same day Robert Meredith of New York Power Authority replied. This
message has some general concerns related to cable modeling, so it is worth to quote in full:
You are attempting to deal with a counterpoise, presumably in continuous contact with the earth.
This is an invalid condition for all calculation routines that use Carson's equations or a variation on
them to determine an earth return impedance. A recent IEEE paper, pointed out that Carson's
equations were derived for a conductor above the earth's surface and are NOT valid for a conductor
in continuous contact with the earth's surface (or below it). To me it intuitively has to do with the lack
of a calculable propagation velocity in the absence of a capacitance to the (ground) return path. The
actual reason may have to do with images or another aspect of Carson's derivation.
Although I don't believe Cable Constants uses Carson's equations, it is certainly constrained to
calculating a capacitance between the counterpoise and the surrounding earth in order to determine
a propagation velocity, and consequently an impedance of the earth return path. High frequency
effects will be most affected. If you are looking at lightning or switching transients, you need realistic
capacitances.
Discussion Corner
Your conclusion that earth outside any assumed insulation layer is assumed to be a perfect conductor
is correct. Your variation of a miniscule thickness "insulating" layer will result in enormous
variation of the calculated capacitance. However, the result is unreasonable in any practical
situation, since the insulating layer is an artifice introduced in a failed attempt to bypass the
limitations of Carson's equations. You will eventually want to ground the ends and possibly
intermediate points in an attempt to return to something closer to reality. Forget it, if you are dealing
with high frequencies. Between the grounded points the propagation velocity and the high frequency
impedance of the counterpoise-earth return path will be heavily influenced by the capacitance value
you have artificially determined. i.e. high frequency effects will likely be wrong.
There is no escape from the fact that capacitance within the surrounding earth must be realistically
calculated to determine the high frequency impact of a counterpoise. Cable Constants is not designed
for that task. You might try finite elements. I hesitate to even think what effect dielectric breakdown
of the "earth-as-insulator" model might add to a transients calculation involving a counterpoise. We
certainly know that lightning can hit buried cables, clearly representing dielectric breakdown of the
earth. The tests/experiments were done in Florida, weren't they?
You should also be aware that Cable Constants and all other "Line Constants" calculations ignore
"end effects", which severely affects low frequency modeling accuracy. The calculations all assume
that the impedance from the point of earth contact to the depths at which low frequency currents flow
are negligible. For example a cable a 100 feet long could well be "calculated" to have earth return
currents flowing several miles below the cable. How they get to those depths is not a concern of the
"calculation". However the ability to reach great depths is solely responsible for the fact that
calculated earth return resistance does not depend upon earth resistivity. In high resistivity earth the
currents are just assumed to flow more deeply through semi-infinite cross sectional areas, if
necessary, to hold the earth resistance constant for any given frequency.
If you are conducting low frequency modeling, you might consider that under the conditions of the
Cable Constants calculation your counterpoise is assumed to be in parallel with semi-infinite earth
cross sections and may carry only a small part of the earth return current. In any event the
counterpoise will provide a resistively limited return path, while the deep earth provides an
inductively limited return path. Counterpoise and earth return currents could be greatly out of phase
and in an overall inductive circuit the counterpoise current could be irrelevant (in the context used
by Cable Constants).
In short you will have different calculation errors at both high and low frequencies due to the
counterpoise. There is no realistic method of determining the high frequency effects in EMTP. Low
frequency effects might be approximated by ignoring either the earth or the counterpoise, depending
on whether (unknown) grounding resistances are to be guessed as high or low. The counterpoise and
possibly the cable may be modeled as above the ground surface for conditions where capacitance to
ground is not critical. You could put a grounded ficticious high resistance sheath on any cable to
replicate the capacitive effect of surrounding earth, if the cable does not already have a grounded
sheath.
Just a few thoughts on your very non-trivial, non-simple configuration....
Two days later Gabor Furst from G.B. Furst Consultants Inc, Canada confirmed that the solution
technique of CABLE CONSTANTS is not applicable to directly buried wires. His message also gives
some more guidance to the counterpoise modeling:
Discussion Corner
The problem with a counterpoise is that its characteristic impedance is not constant but varies with
time from the initial value of the traditional surge impedance to the final dc grounding L C /
resistance reached in about six times of the travel time of the counterpoise. An overall insight into
the performance of a counterpoise can be gleaned from Bewley's still invaluable 1933 text "Traveling
Waves on Transmission Systems" chapters 8 and 10.
An in depth analysis of the counterpoise using field theory can be found in the text "Earth
Conduction Effects in Transmission Systems" by E.D. Sunde (1949). This text with its advanced
mathematics is not for the faint hearted, but useful graphs and formulae for counterpoise
characteristics are given for practical engineering applications.
Professor Martinez Lozano, Simon Bolivar University, Venezuela was the next contributor on 13
th
of September, 1997:
I simulated the transients behavior of grounding electrodes in the ATP, using equivalent circuits,
calculating the effect of resistivity, soil ionization and other phenomenon. The paper recommended
for it: - Analytical Modeling of grounding electrodes (Transient Behavior) - R. Velazquez and D.
Mukhedkar. IEEE Transactions PAS-103, No. 6, June 1984.
The closure of the story originates from Prof. Akihiro Ametani of Doshisha University in Kyoto,
Japan, the author of the CABLE CONSTANT subroutine in ATP. He sent the following discussion
on FAX which was forwarded to the Listserver by Dr. Scott Meyer on September 30
th
:
Carlos T. Matas problem of a naked (not isolated) buried conductor has reminded me of the case
of a propagation velocity greater than the light velocity in the year of 1976 just after the first version
of CABLE CONSTANTS was completed by myself. It was exactly the same problem as Carlos. A
user calculated propagation constants of a naked underground (buried) cable, and got the
propagation velocity greater than the light velocity.
1. Applicable Limit of CABLE CONSTANTS - Isolated Conductor

CABLE CONSTANTS can not be applied, in theory, to a naked underground cable, i.e., to a not-
isolated buried conductor. For an overhead line is always isolated by air from the earth, such a
problem never arises. CABLE CONSTANTS has adopted Pollaczeks impedance formula for an
underground cable, and Carsons formula for an overhead cable/line as same as LINE CONSTANTS.
J. R. Carson: Wave propagation in overhead wire with ground return, Bell Syst. Tech. J.,
Vol. 13, pp. 532-579, 1926.
F. Pollaczek: Uber das Feld einer unendlich langen wechsel stromdurchflossenen
Einfachleitung, E.N.T., Band 3, Heft 9 pp. 339-360, 1926
Both formulas were derived from the assumption of an isolated, infinitely long and infinitely small
conductor, see Chap. 4 and 5 of the EMTP Theory Book, B.P.A., Aug. 1986. Therefore the CABLE
CONSTANTS (CC hereafter) should not be applied to naked buried conductor. The LINE
CONSTANTS (LC) has no option to deal with a buried conductor.
A KILL code was originally introduced to avoid problems such as Carlos case, and it was stated
that CC could not handle a naked buried conductor, i.e., the case of r
i+1
(outer radius of the i-th
Discussion Corner
conductor) = r
i+2
(outer radius of the conductor outer insulator). However, there exists, in a physical
reality, a thin layer of a copper or aluminum oxide on the conductor surface if it is directly buried.
This thin layer behaves like an insulator up to a certain limit of a conductor current and voltage, for
example until dielectric breakdown. Because of the fact, in the case of r
i+1
= r
i+2
, CC automatically
modifies r
i+2
to be greater than r
i+1
, i.e., r
i+2
= r
i+1
+ (epsilon, a small value) to avoid a
numerical instability due to the term of log ( r
i+2
/ r
i+1
). This is explained as Degenerate
Configurations and Special Cases in the ATP Rule Book.
.....
2. Models of Naked Buried Conductor
Thanks to Bob Meredith for his valuable comments to Carlos problem. It is very true that dielectric
breakdown occurs between a conductor and the earth when a lightning current flows into a naked
buried conductor such as a counterpoise and a grounding rod (not necessarily lightning hits the
buried conductor and scarcely hits because the conductor is underground).
My research group has carried out a number of experiments of an impulse (lightning)
voltage/current characteristic of buried conductor (Ref. 1). The experimental results clearly indicated
a current-dependent nonlinear characteristic of the buried conductor impedance. Also, we have
found that current distribution along the conductor is nonlinear due to radial current penetration to
the earth. As same as Bobs question to Carlos, such the tests/experiments were done in Florida,
werent they?
2.1 Sundes formula
To simulate such a phenomenon, one approach is to adopt Sundes resistance and surge impedance
of a naked buried conductor as Gabor Furst suggested.
E.D. Sunde: Earth Conduction Effects in Transmission Systems, Dover Pub. Co.,
New York, 1949, pp 75-89 and 263-266
At the first stage of CC development, considering the case mentioned in the front of this note, I
thought to include a naked buried conductor option adopting Sundes formula. But I gave up the idea
because of the following reasons: (1) Sundes formula is for the resistance and the surge impedance,
but not for the impedance and admittance. (2) the resistance and surge impedance formulas have not
been verified by experimental results.
For the EMTP has been widely used all over the world, implementation of a formula and/or a model
as a subroutine (fixed long-term) of the EMTP needs the condition that the formula and the model
have experimentally well verified and/or theoretically proved, and also the limitation (assumption,
applicability) is clear.
2.2 My Approach
Presently, I am representing a naked buried conductor as a cascade connection of N isolated
conductors:
each line length x = x / N, x: total length,
sending end of the i-th line connected to the earth through resistance R
i
R
i
evaluated from an experimental result or Sundes resistance formula
parameters of each isolated line evaluated from CC
Discussion Corner
m
4
0 m
4
0
f(x) dx
1
dx
2
m
x
1
0 m
x
2
0
f(x) dx
1
dx
2
.
Z
Carson
'
m
x
1
0 m
4
0
f(x)dx
1
dx
2
> Z
finite
'
m
x
1
0 m
x
2
0
f(x) dx
1
dx
2
Simulation results using the model by the ATP agrees rather well with experimental results as far
as a current into the conductor is small, i.e., in the region of no dielectric breakdown.
3. End Effect mentioned by Bob Meredith
It is true that the impedance and admittance of a short overhead line are significantly different from
those given by Carsons formula because it assumes an infinitely long and infinitely small conductor.
I have derived impedance and admittance formulas of a finite length conductor, and investigated the
effect of the finite length.
A. Ametani & A. Ishihara: Investigation of impedance and line parameters of a finite-
length multiconductor system, Trans. IEE Japan, Vol. 113-B, No. 8, pp. 905-913, 1993
(in Japanese)

A comparison with measured results (R. Velazquez et. el. : Earth-return mutual coupling effects in
grounding grids, IEEE Trans., PAS-102, No. 6, p. 1850-, 1983 mentioned by Prof. Martiez Lozano)
clearly show that Carsons impedance of an infinitely long conductor is greater than the finite-length
conductor impedance which agrees well with the measured results. ..... The shorter the line length,
the greater the error of Carsons impedance as expected. The higher the frequency, the lower the
error as Bob pointed out. The characteristic is theoretically explained. Carsons impedance formula
is given in the form of
while a formula of a finite-length conductor is
It is clear that Carsons formula can not be applied to a finite-length conductor, because Carsons
impedance is given for per-unit length, i.e., Z
carson
[ohm/m], which has already been doubly-integrated
from 0 to infinity. When the impedance of conductor 1 with length x
1
is considered; Carsons formula
assumes the conductor 2 being infinitely long, while the finite conductor impedance takes into
account the length x
2
, i.e.,
Finally, I acknowledge to Carlos T. Mata, Bob Meredith, Gabor Furst and Prof. Martinez Lozano
for the critical and valuable comments related to the CABLE CONSTANTS. Also, thanks to Mr.
Masahiro Kan for sending me the copy of their E-mail discussions by Fax, because I have not open
an E-mail for myself. I do not want to receive a hundred pages of ATP outputs by E-mail asking
whats wrong, that was my experience ten years ago. If a user of the ATP CABLE CONSTANTS has
a question to me, could you please send the question by Fax to the number: +81 - 774 - 65 - 6801.
Discussion Corner
References:
[1] S. Sekioka, T. Hara, A. Ametani: Development of a Nonlinear Model of a Concrete Pole
Grounding Resistance, IPST95-International Conference on Power Systems Transients, Lisbon,
pp. 463-467, 1995.
Discussion Corner
Discussion topic:
Non-conventional use of SM model
T
he next discussion topics is a continuation of the main subject (machine modeling) of the
previous issue of EEUG News. Mr. Bruno Ceresoli, ENEL S.p.A. Electric Research Center, Italy
raised a question related to inadvertent synchronous machine energization on 18
th
of April, 1997,
which resulted first in a discussion and then a collaboration with the machine expert Gabor Furst,
G.B. Furst Consultants Inc., Canada. The results of this cooperation are reported here:
Mr. Ceresoli asked:
we are currently simulating the inadvertent energization on a 370 MVA synchronous generator (by
closing the busbars breaker with the machine at very low (about zero) speed and voltage). Use of SM
59 ATP model shows low currents flowing through the armature windings (i.e. less than 0.1 the rated
current), which seems to be not correct. Has anyone some experience or ideas on the matter (both
ATP simulation and "field experience")?
Gabor Furst has had (unfortunate) field experiences as he shared this with Listserver subscribers in
his mail on 18
th
of April:
I had one unfortunate experience with this type of incident many years ago in Australia, when a
150 MW hydro generator was inadvertently energized at rest. The result was that the amortisseur
winding in the rotor disappeared in a puff of smoke.
.I was working recently on U.M. simulation of induction motors and I also happened to do some
studies for a big pulp and paper company in New Brunswick on across the line and reactor starting
of 30 000 hp synchronous motors. I had done some EMTP simulation of starting currents and starting
torques which were in a very good agreement with the information supplied by ABB. I would be very
surprised if your initial results were correct.
If you send me the machine parameters, the short circuit level of the system at machine terminals, and
the speed at which the breaker was closed, and a brief description of what happened, I would be
interested to do a simulation for you. It might be useful if you could also send me the d and q axis
equivalent diagram of the machine, which would save me the effort of converting d and q axis
reactances and time constant into the parameters of the equivalent diagram, which I would use for
the simulation for U.M. rather than the SM59 model.
The results of the cooperation between experts in Italy and Canada was being summarized in two
emails submitted on May 16 and June 5, 1997. Because the second significantly modifies some
conclusions of the first, here an edited version of this two electronic messages are published:
Discussion Corner
Inadvertent energization of synchronous machines
Bruno Ceresoli Via A. Volta, 1
Ettore De Berardinis 20093 Cologno Monzese (MILANO)
ENEL S.p.A. Electric Research Center, Italy E-mail: ceresoli@cre.enel.it
de@cre.enel.it
Gabor B. Furst Vancouver B.C. Canada
Consulting Engineer, G.B. Furst Inc., Canada GFURST@istar..ca
T
he following report summarize some results obtained in the attempt to model an inadvertent
energization of a Synchronous Generator when still (or at very low velocity) without application
of the field voltage. They aim to be, above all, a possible starting point for further discussion that will
be welcome, especially from machine experts. We hope in any case this can be useful for other users.
1 Physical response of a synchronous machine to inadvertent energization
All people involved and references confirm that for any sudden application of voltage to the stator,
regardless whether the rotor is spinning or is at standstill, the voltage applied will see transiently the
subtransient reactance or something close to it. So, a simple manual calculation can be done in order
to have a first approximation results of the stator currents. This behavior is physically due to the
presence of the damper windings (or bars) that are in fact short-circuited on the rotor, with a behavior
similar to the starting of an asynchronous motor. Note that this is true also for the field winding that
is short- circuited as well, when no excitation is present. In conclusion, in the case of an inadvertent
energization large currents are generated in the field and damper windings (or bars), well beyond to
what these windings were designed for. This can cause damage if protections do not trip in time.
2 Experiences using Universal Machine (UM) model
If properly used, the U.M. model shows good results, with "high" stator currents regardless the initial
speed of the machine. Inadvertent energization can be obtained at any speed with a virtually zero
voltage (e.g. 1 V) in the UM data; the results of the energization do not substantially depend on the
initial speed. Note that the U.M. simulation is correct in the context of the basic modeling, which
refers all coil inductances and mutual inductances to the stator, and uses a star equivalent for the
simulation. The currents in the stator coils will be "REAL" currents, while the currents in the rotor
circuits are currents referred to the stator side. In other words, the model refers all the currents to the
stator coils. The conversion factor can be easily found only for the field winding from the machine
specification (by means of the no load field current on the air gap line). On the other hand, the
calculation of the damper currents is not simple, and can only be done from special data obtained
from the manufacturer.
As regards the machine parameters, it is worth noting that the UM model response is obtained using
the resistances and inductances calculated at rated speed (50 Hz for us). As the UM model results
Discussion Corner
seem to be correct also at very low speed, this suggest that these 50 Hz values are substantially
adequate in the 0-50 Hz range.
3 Initial experiences with the SM-59 model
The SM-59 model, used with the PARAMETER FITTING option, seemed not to be suitable to
simulate energization of a synchronous machine at standstill or even at a low frequency. The stator
and corresponding field currents obtained from the model were low at low frequency, and grew up
with the frequency. The reason of this behavior was not clear for the authors initially. While the 50
Hz PARAMETER FITTING results are reasonable, using the same conversion at different
frequencies. e.g. 1 Hz, different values ware obtained:
- stator resistances with the SAME values (good!);
- rotor resistances with value 50 times GREATER than at 50 Hz;
- the SAME values (in Ohm!) for all the reactances (that means,
rotor self inductances 50 times GREATER than at 50 Hz, it seems...)
4 Further investigation of the machine models (SM-58, SM-59, UM)
Authors have continued to investigate the problem using all the available SM-58, SM-59 and UM
models. The initial conclusion reached was that all the SM59 like data inputs produce incorrect
results, whereas the standard UM type #1 model, with coil inductance inputs, gives the right answer,
which, as far as the stator inrush current is concerned, can easily be checked by a simple manual
calculation.
After performing a variety of tests, authors concluded that the problem could be a data error rather
than a bug in the SM59 or the new SM58 model. And this assumption was correct: the SM59
simulation used the per unit L version of input. In calculating the per unit L's, it was assumed that the
model converts from per unit L's to inductances using the frequency 50 Hz, specified or implied in
the data file as the power frequency, and not the initial rotor speed (frequency) which was specified
as 1.0 Hz. However it should be noted that the per unit inductances have to be referred to an
inductance base which is a function of : L
base
=Z
base
/ with Z
base
=V
2
/S. So, dividing the per unit
inductances by

initial
/
50Hz
= 1/50, the correct results were obtained also with the SM59 or SM58 model.
5 Conclusion
The simulation yields the correct stator currents for both the SM59 and UM models, and the correct
field current using the SM58/59 model. Using the standard UM type #1 model, the field current has
to be scaled manually or via TACS/MODELS, based on a subsidiary run or a SM59 no load run.
Neither of the two models give the true currents in the damper windings as these windings are
modeled by equivalent coils, the characteristics of which, such as number of turns etc. are not known
and indeed may not even exist as in the case of the equivalent coil for the rotor steel of a round rotor
unit.
People and Profiles
Author of AtpDRAW
The rubric People and Profiles aims for introduction of ATP users to readers. In this issue the
author of the AtpDraw program and his Institution are introduced.
H
ANS -KRISTIAN HOIDALEN was born in a small place called
Drangedal located in the Telemark county (cradle of skiing) in the
southern part of Norway in 1967. He received a M.Sc. degree in electrical
engineering from the Norwegian Institute of Technology, Norway, in 1990.
For 1 1/2 year he further work at this institute as a scientific assistant and
during this period development of ATPDraw started. In 1992 he began
working at the Norwegian Electric Power Research Institute (EFI), mainly in
the field of electric transients, power lines and covered conductors.
Development of ATPDraw continued during this period, financed by
Bonneville Power Administration. From 1994 he has been on a leave from
EFI to work on a PhD on the subject of lightning-induced voltages with focus on problems in the low-
voltage system. Personal interests are music (singing and guitar playing), skiing, orienteering and
bridge (not basketball).
ATPDraw is a graphical preprocessor to the ATP-EMTP on the MS Windows platform. In the
program the user can build up an electric circuit, using the mouse, by selecting predefined components
from an extensive palette. Based on the graphical drawing of the circuit, ATPDraw generates the ATP
file in the appropriate format based on "what you see is what you get". All kinds of standard circuit
editing facilities (copy/paste, grouping, rotate, export/import) are supported. Circuit node naming is
administrated by ATPDraw and the user only needs to give name to "key" nodes. More than 65
standard components and 25 TACS objects are available, and in addition the user can create new
objects based on MODELS or Data Base Modularization. ATPDraw has a standard Windows layout,
supports multiple documents and offers a large Windows help file system. which explains the most
basic rules. Other facilities in ATPDraw are: a built-in editor for ATP-file editing, support of
Windows clipboard for bitmap/metafile, output of MetaFiles/Bitmaps files or PostScript files not
limited to circuit window size, a new module for using Line/Cable Constant punch files directly in
ATPDraw, a tool-bar below the main menu containing the most used selections together with the last
9 selected components, an extensive UnDo/ReDo handling with up to 100 steps, etc.
Along with ATPDraw comes a program called ATP_LCC which supports Line/Cable Constants in
the ATP-EMTP. In this program the material and geometric data are specified in dialog windows and
the cross section is display in the main window. The program ATP_LCC generates correct ATP-files
which processed by ATP produce punch files which in most cases are readable by ATPDraw.
The ATPdraw program is royalty free and can be downloaded free of charge from the ftp server
ftp.ee.mtu.edu (user: anonymous, password: your e-mail address). The property of the program
belongs to Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) which has financed the program development
and the Norwegian electric Power Research Institute (EFI).
Some fact about Mr. Hoidalens empoyer: EFI was established in 1951 and has developed into
an independent research company and centre of expertise in energy supply and electric power
technology. EFI is internationally recognized as a neutral test and certification body for electro-
People and Profiles
technical equipment. EFI is an important partner for the electric manufacturing industry in developing
Norway's energy supply and it has close cooperation with the Norwegian University of Science and
Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim in the field of applied and theoretical technological developments.
EFI have developed numerous models for studies of electric power systems, and devoted considerable
laboratory work to research and development of materials and components. EFI's staff is active in
international standardization bodies and international cooperation which are relevant to energy supply
and the industry as a whole. EFI is now organized in 4 research divisions and their main activity areas
are listed below:
Power Generation and Market
Strategic energy studies
Hydrology
Expansion planning and operation planning of hydro thermal systems
Market modelling, Contract evaluations
Demand forecasting
Data communication
New reneable energy sources, Decentralised generation
Power Transmission Systems
Transmission system planning
Security assessment
System dynamic studies, System protection
Power flow control using FACTS devices
Control and operation of AC/DC systems
Power transmission lines
Electrical and mechanical design of components and plants
Insulation coordination, including voltage transients
Lightning detection and location
Power Distribution and Apparatus
Distribution system planning
Distribution automation and protection
Power system quality, Power electronics
Faults statistics
EMC/EMI
Field calculations
Energy control in buildings and industrial processes
Electrical installations for ships, offshore and industry
Lighting technique
Maintenance and refurbishment planning
Materials Technology
Cable technology, Insulation materials and systems
Condition monitoring and diagnostic methods
Electrical fire technology
Components development support
Testing of electrical components
Operate EFI's heavy laboratories
For more information about EFI visit their home page at address: HTTP://www.efi.sintef.no
Technical Papers
Monte Carlo Lightning Backflash Model for EHV Lines
A MODELS Application Example
Gabor B. Furst #203-1745 Martin Drive
Consulting Engineer Surrey (Vancouver) B.C.
Vancouver B.C. Canada V4A9T5
gfurst@istar.ca
Abstract: The tripout rate of ehv double circuit transmission lines due to lightning caused
backflashes cannot be calculated accurately by the traditional simplified methods. This paper
presents a method using EMTP simulation of the physical system combined with Monte
Carlo simulation of the significant random variables affecting backflash, using MODELS.
New features of ATPs MODELS which were added recently, facilitating the Monte Carlo
simulation of multiple independent probability distributions, and a self terminating Monte
Carlo process are discussed. Corona was not built into the backflash model, its effect was
only simulated by separate runs with line models incorporating the increased coupling
between phase and shield wires. The central focus of the paper is to present an application
example of new MODELS features. The backflash problem is used as a vehicle for this, a
comprehensive coverage of the backflash problem is beyond the scope of this paper.
1 Introduction
The lightning backflash caused tripout rate of hv and ehv transmission lines with towers of
moderate highest of about 35 m or less, can be analyzed using the conventional simplified
approach which lends itself to manual calculations. A typical example of this method is
shown in [1]. The concept is illustrated in Figure 1. The lightning surge striking the tower
top sees the parallel connection of the surge impedance of the shield wires and the tower
grounding resistance. The tower surge impedance or inductance is usually neglected. The
surge discharges through this equivalent surge impedance and raises the tower top potential to
E
tp.
A percentage of this potential which also propagates down the shield wires, is coupled
to the equivalent phase wire, which is represented by the phase wire having the greatest
average distance from the shield wires. This coupled potential is E
cp
.

The power frequency
potential used is the 50% probability value of the potentials on the three phases, which is 87%
of the maximum phase to ground potential. This component is E
ph
.. The voltage stress across
the gap between the phase wire and the tower can be written as
E
s
= E
tp
- E
c
- E
ph
(1)
The magnitude of the voltage stress is a function of the lightning surge current. The
amplitude of the surge for which the voltage stress exceeds the strength of the tower gap and
causes a backflash, is the critical surge current I
s
. The probability of the surge current
exceeding this value can be determined from typical lightning surge probability distribution
Technical Papers
curves. The number of backflashes per year per 100 km line, called the backflash tripout rate,
can be determined from:
Tripout = P(I
s
) . N
line
( 2)
where N
line
is the expected number of lightning strikes to the line per 100 km per year.
Zs h
Rg
Ec p + Ep h
Es
I s
E t p
Figure 1 Equivalent for Simplified Study
2 ATP - Semi-Probabilistic Approach
An improved method using ATP/MODELS was described by D. Alvira in [2]. Figure 2 is a
simplified illustration of the concept.
Transmission lines on both sides of the tower hit by lightning is modeled by one of the
EMTP line models, usually by either the JMARTI or the constant parameter distributed line
model. In [2], the JMARTI setup is used to model one span on both sides of the tower with a
long line connected to these spans. The lightning surge is represented by a 13 type 2/50s
current source.
Istroke
Rg
Istroke
%Prob.
ln( Istr / imean )
%
Prob.
1 2 3
Px
JMARTI
or
Distr. par.
Ztower
Ea,b,c =
f(angle)
2us surge
Vflo
Figure 2 ATP - Systematic Model
The tower is represented by a surge impedance terminated in a tower footing resistance. The
three phase potentials are produced by the steady state EMTP solution.
Technical Papers
An excellent discussion on the representation of towers and lines for lightning studies can be
found in [3].
The electric strength of the insulator string or the gap from the phase wires to the tower is
represented by flashover switches set to the 50% impulse flashover voltage of the insulator
string.
A systematic ATP run is used for the step wise increase of the amplitude of the lightning
surge current until one of the flashover switches operate, which is monitored in MODELS.
The magnitude of the surge current at which the first switch operation occurs is the critical
surge current from which the probability of backflash can be determined as in the simplified
method. The surge current obtained is the value for the phase potential distribution obtained
from the steady state solution. As systematic or Monte Carlo simulation does not restart from
steady state, separate sets of systematic runs have to be carried out to simulate the effect of
different phase rotation. this was done in [2] by step wise increase of the power frequency
reference angle from zero to 360 deg. If the phase rotation is increased in n equal increments ,
then the probability of backflash is
p I k p k
b s s
k
n
=
=
( ) ( )
1
(3)
where p
b
is the total probability of backflash over the 0 - 360 deg. range of power frequency
reference angles; I
s
(k) is the critical flashover current for the k
th
reference angle .
To find the critical surge current from ATP/MODELS run, the lightning surge source was
connected to the tower top via a systematic switch, stepped by small time intervals. The
value of sequence number of energization, KNT, was calculated in MODELS from the
closing instant of the switch, passed to MODELS. The surge current was then generated as a
function of the switch closing time, with the magnitude increased in steps until backflash
occurred in one phase. This was monitored in MODELS by passing the position of the
flashover switches.
This method assumes constant phase to tower flashover voltages in the three phases, and a
fixed surge front time for which a typical value of 2 micro seconds was used. In addition, it
uses a 13 type source, which is not ideal for lightning surge simulation.
In terms of ATP runs, the evaluation of equation (3) requires a number of passes
(energizations) equal to the product of the number of steps used in increasing the stroke
current in a pre-determined range times the number of steps used for scanning the range of
angle reference for the phase potentials. Assuming 20 for both , the number of passes is 400.
In addition each step for changing the phase angle requires a separate systematic run, hence
the full evaluation of (3) has to be done outside ATP.
3 Double Circuit HV/EHV Lines
The methods described above give reasonably good results for HV and EHV lines with tower
heights not exceeding approximately 35 meter, which would be the case with most single
circuit tower lines with horizontal configuration. For double circuit lines, and with the tower
height exceeding this value, field experience indicated that the simplified method may give
Technical Papers
overly optimistic or conservative results, depending on the simplifying assumptions made. If
compared with the ATP systematic method described above, the following additional factors
may be considered:
(a) The probabilistic distribution of the front time of the lightning surge current and the
shape of the rising part.
(b) The variation in the tower gap 50% flashover voltage in the three (or more) phases,
together with the dispersion of the flashover voltage around the 50% value.
(c) The different crossarm heights carrying the individual phases.
(d) The variation in the tower footing resistance.
(e) The effect of corona on increased coupling between shield and phase wires.
Including the variables considered in the systematic approach, the random variables and their
probability distribution considered, for the purpose of the example discussed in this paper,
are:
Lightning surge current log-normal distribution
Lightning surge rate of rise log-normal distribution
Phase potentials (reference angle) uniform distribution
Tower gap (insulator flashover) normal distribution
Tower footing resistance uniform distribution
The phase potentials are related to only one random variable , the phase rotation angle, while
the tower gap flashover voltages are considered to be independent in the three phases. This
gives a total seven independent probability distributions. To handle this problem with a
systematic approach, also referred to as method of enumeration, and if only five discrete steps
were considered for each variable, the total number of passes to be run would be 5
7
= 78125
passes. Apart from the excessive computer time, the effort in evaluation the results outside
ATP would be substantial, and/or a separate computer program would have to be used to do
it. It seems to be logical, therefore, to explore the benefits of a Monte Carlo type simulation.
EMTP is designed to perform normal (Gaussian) or uniform distribution of closing or
opening of circuit breaker poles either in a SYSTEMATIC manner or by random simulation
using STATISTICS with the Monte Carlo technique. The ATP Rule Book warns the user
against the potentially enormous number of energizations with the SYSTEMATIC option
depending on the step times used for breaker closing or opening.. The breaker opening or
closing logic is controlled internally by ATP, the user enters only the appropriate values for
stepping with SYSTEMATIC or with STATISTICS. For backflash simulation such
EMTP internal logic does not exist, and the user has to perform the random choice of the
magnitudes of probabilistic variables from TACS or MODELS. This involves, as a starting
point, the monitoring of the value KNT, the sequence number of the current energization
(pass). To eliminate the cumbersome way of calculating KNT as discussed in Section II, the
writer approached Dr. Meyer about the possibility of passing EMTP constants and variables
to TACS or MODELS, for use or even modification by the user. Changes were
implemented in both TACS and MODELS (by L.Dub), which gave MODELS a very
powerful additional capability to manipulate ATP variables from inside MODELS.
Technical Papers
To demonstrate the new features and the use of Monte Carlo simulation in MODELS an
example data case was created for the backflash analysis discussed above. The main
features of this example data case, which will be available on the Fargo Server , are described
below.
4 A Sample Data Case for Backflash Analysis using MODELS
(a) Network and Tower Representation
The line used in the example was a double circuit steel tower construction for 345 kV,
barrel configuration with two overhead shield wires, but only one side of the tower
strung, similar to the arrangement used in the systematic approach described above.
Two 200 m half spans were represented on both sides of the tower assumed to be stricken
by lightning, with a three km section on the source side and ten km on the other side.
The circuit arrangement is shown in Figure 3. The line sections were modeled as
untransposed distributed parameter lines (K.C.Lee model) at 500 kHz. In an actual
engineering study the user may want to use the JMARTI setup but in the writers opinion
even a lossless line would give satisfactory results.
Figure 3 Circuit Arrangement in Data Case
The tower was modeled as a single phase distributed parameter line of four sections,
corresponding to the sections between crossarms and from the bottom crossarm to the
tower footing.
No steady state energization is used. A randomly selected angle for phase A is used to
calculate the instantaneous potentials of the three phases, which is then applied to the
phase wires at the source end in the time loop. As the line is longer than the simulation
time of 6s, there are no reflections from the line ends, which makes this approach a valid
equivalent to changing the phase angle in the phasor solution.
(b) Lightning Surge
For modeling the lightning surge current a simplified version of the Type 15 Bernd Stein
source was used generated in MODELS. The three variable parameters of the surge are
amplitude, front rate of rise and tail time to 50% amplitude. The tail time was fixed to 50
s, and the mean value of rate of rise was calculated as a function of the surge amplitude
[4]. Both the amplitude was assumed to have a log-normal distribution with a mean of
25kA, both the amplitude and a rate of rise were assumed to have a of 0.7. A typical
lightning surge current shape is shown in Figure 4.
Technical Papers
Figure 4 100 kA , 2/50 s surge
(d) Tower Gap Flashover
A uniform 50% impulse flashover voltage was assumed for the three phases equal to 1500
kVp, typical of 345 kV lines in North America. The probability distribution was assumed
to have a of 3%, with the three phases being probabilistically independent.
5 Monte Carlo Simulation Techniques in Models
Recent improvements to MODELS made it possible to run Monte Carlo simulation from
MODELS in a very efficient way. Two functions were added to MODELS which enabled
performing Monte Carlo simulations from MODELS for simultaneous simulation of several
independent random processes with different user defined probability distributions, and to
monitor the progress of the simulation. These two functions are: atp and deposit
The function atp is used to pass the value of an EMTP constant or variable to MODELS,
whereas the function deposit enables the user to modify an EMTP constant or variable and
pass it back to EMTP. This means that if an EMTP array is set aside for temporary storage,
variables can be passed from a trial (energization) KNT(i) to the next simulation trial
KNT(i+1). In the past, this could be done in an EMTP Monte Carlo simulation by a much
more laborious and slower way of using SPY. Highlights of the method are given below,
details can be found in the liberally annotated example data file BACKFL.DAT which will be
available from Prof. Morks site.
(a) Random Number Generation
The example data has six variables with independent probability distributions. It is
possible to use the consecutive throws of the same dice to generate the random numbers
for selecting the value of the variables in each trial. In the example, two random number
generators were used. One was the internal random number generator of MODELS, the
other was a user defined random number generator which was used to select the value of
the amplitude of the lightning surge current. This generator is seeded in the INIT group
by the user in the first pass. The x
i
value is stored in a selected EMTP array using the
deposit statement. For getting x
i+1
the atp function is used to recall x
i
and the user defined
random number generator calculates x
i+1
. The usefulness of having more than one
random number generator in the Monte Carlo simulation is beyond the scope of this
paper.
Technical Papers
(b) Keeping Track of Values and Events
With the atp and deposit statements it is possible to keep track of array values and events
(e.g. breaker operations) from the previous trials, which has not been possible with the
batch mode EMTP Monte Carlo simulation. In the backflash example at hand, the
variables to store and monitor, are points on the cumulative probability distribution curve
of a selected variable, and the number of backflashes which occurred.
(c) Termination of the Simulation
In principle, the simulation is terminated when the probability distribution of the resulting
event of interest becomes stable, i.e. it does no longer change with repeated trials,
meaning that the process converged. In the case of the backflash simulation this means
that the calculated value of the line tripout rate no longer changes with increasing number
of the trials. This simple concept could be difficult to implement when dealing with
events of a very low probability. The in depth theoretical treatment of this problem,
discussed in texts on the accuracy of Monte Carlo simulations, is beyond the scope of this
paper.
The backflash and hence the tripout rate is an event which depends of a usually very low
probability of the combination of high lightning surge current and the front time of the
surge. This probability for EHV lines is in the order of one percent. This means that the
monitored tripout rate, within an accuracy band, could appear to have converged and no
change occurs for a relatively large number of consecutive trials, before true convergence
was obtained. The approach tested was the monitoring of the convergence of the tripout
rate and the convergence of the obtained cumulative distribution of the lightning surge
amplitude. The convergence of the lightning surge amplitude was determined from the
monitoring of three points on the cumulative distribution curve in the 75 kA t 125 kA
range, using an accuracy defined for each of the three points. Convergence was deemed
to be obtained when both the tripout rate and the lightning surge distribution converged.
This approach was tested for large number of trials beyond the point of convergence, and
was found acceptable from the point of view of engineering accuracy, bearing in mind
the accuracy of the data for this type of analysis. When convergence is reached MODELS
sets NERG to KNT(i) +1, and the simulation is terminated. It should be noted, however,
that the method used only establishes a general concept of an automatic termination of the
Monte Carlo simulation. For other type of studies, and with the event or its probability
distribution having different sensitivities to the random variables, the method of testing
convergence would change.
(d) Optimization of Number of Trials and Individual Run Times
The total time required for the Monte Carlo simulation depends on the number of trials
(energizations) required to achieve convergence, and the run time TMAX used for a
single simulation.
The number of trials can be reduced if the range of simulation of the cumulative
distribution functions is restricted based on a knowledge by experience or by preliminary
calculations. An example using the surge amplitude log-normal distribution illustrates
Technical Papers
this. There is a minimum value of lightning surge current below which backflash will not
occur regardless of the steepness of the surge front. Assuming that this value for a given
line voltage class is 75 kA, only the >75 kA range of the distribution curve needs to be
simulated. For the log-normal distribution of lightning currents, the probability of a surge
amplitude being greater than 75 kA is 5.8%. This reduces the required number of trials to
approximately 5.8% compared to the simulation of the whole range. Because of the
random nature of the simulation this is not the exact reduction but it is a reasonable
estimate.
Another possibility to reduce the overall simulation time is to abort individual runs, once
it is recognized that the combination of values of random variables cannot cause a
backflash. This happens if the combination of surge amplitude and the steepness of the
surge front is such that from prior knowledge, backflash would not occur. If such a
condition is detected the deposit function is used to change the value of tmax to t+deltat.
The two methods described reduced the total simulation time for the backfl.dat example
by a factor of four.
6 Screen Display During Running
Once the simulation started, the user has lost control, as MODELS cannot be run in the SPY
mode. It is useful, however, particularly during the testing stage of the model, to observe on
the screen the progress of the simulation and some of the interim results of an individual run.
This information can be useful for debugging and/or improving and changing input data, and
provide some information for insulation coordination. The display is flashed on the screen
during each pass, generated by MODELS write statements, and is available in the .LIS file
for examination. In addition, by observing the display, the user may terminate the run for
data modifications. The screen display for monitoring random variables and backflash is
shown below.
KNT = 158
SURGE CURRENT 153 KA
SURGE FRONT 1.6 US
PHASE POTENTIALS PH. A, B, C
321, 56, 264 KV
TOWER GAP FLASHOVER PH. A, B, C
1578, 1670, 1524 KV
BACKFLASH IN PHASE C
TIME TO FLASHOVER 2.5 US
BACKFLASH COUNT = 5
TRIPOUT RATE 0.95/100 KM / YEAR
In the above listing the front time of the surge is calculated from the random steepness
assuming that the rate of rise is constant between zero and maximum amplitude. Phase
potentials are calculated from the random phase A reference angle. Tower gap flashover
voltages are calculated from the random variation around the 50% flashover value. Should
backflash occur, the timing of the backflash and the phase in which it occurred is recorded.
The number of backflashes are accumulated and the tripout rate is calculated from the entered
data of isokeraunic level and tower dimensions. Further details are given in the
BACKFL.DAT data file.
In the BACKFLASH example, after the first 100 passes and then following blocks of 20
passes, the convergence of Monte Carlo simulation is checked. In the BACKFLASH
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example, this is done by checking the error between three points on the surge current
cumulative probability curve obtained by the simulation, against the theoretical values. If all
three errors are less than the specified errors, the run is terminated. This is run, or and the
error can be checked for more than one random variable if desired.
KNT = 121
CHECK PROGRESS NOW
TARGET CUMULATIVE PROBABILITIES
75, 100, 125 KA 5.8 2.4 1.1 %
CURRENT VALUES : 4.5 1.2 0.8 %
SURGE CURRENT 56 KA
SURGE FRONT 1.8 US
PHASE POTENTIALS PH. A, B, C 336 , 225, 111 KV
TWR GAP FLASHOVER PH. A, B, C 1618, 1673, 1603 KV
BACKFLASH COUNT = 3
TRIPOUT RATE 0.74 / 100 KM / YEAR
7 Conclusions
The paper shows an engineering example of utilizing some of the new features of the
MODELS language which were added recently. While the data demonstration data file
BACKFL.DAT is an example only rather than an engineering template for performing
lightning backflash studies, it is nevertheless a useful starting point for those who wish
develop Monte Carlo simulations for backflash studies, or other type of simulations such as
switching surge studies using random modeling of tower gap flashover voltages and lightning
arrester simulations. Further work is required to include a suitable corona model.
8 Acknowledgment
Acknowledgment is due to Ing. David Alvira of the Red Espana, Madrid. whose email
describing the SYSTEMATIC approach gave the incentive to the development presented, and
to Laurent Dube for his assistance in the implementation of the new MODELS features in the
data file.
9 References
[1] Transmission Line Reference Book 345 kV and above, EPRI, 1975
[2] David Alvira: Backflash Simulation for a 400 kV Double Circuit Line using
ATP/MODELS. ATP-EMTP List-server Email , January 1996.
[3] T. Yamada et al. : Experimental evaluation of UHV Tower Model for Lightning Surge
Analysis, IEEE Transmission and Power Delivery, Vol.10, No. 1, January 1995.
[4] R.B. Anderson, A.J. Erikson : Lightning Parameters for Engineering Application,
Technical Brochure, CIGRE, Electra, No.69, 1982.
[5] J.G. Anderson, Monte Carlo Computer Calculation of Transmission Line Lightning
Performance, Power Apparatus and Systems, Part III,Vol. 80, 1961.
[6] M.A. Sargent, Monte Carlo Simulation the Lightning Performance of Overhead
Shielding Networks of high Voltage Substations, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-91, 1972.
[7] IEEE Working Group Report: Estimating Lightning Performance of Transmission
Lines II - Updates and Analytical Models , IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.8,
No.3, July 1993.
Technical Papers
Corona Modelling for Attenuation and Distortion of
Lightning Surges in Transmission Lines
Juan L. Ciudad, David Alvira, Fernando Soto Power System Studies Department
Red Elctrica de Espaa, S.A. , Spain P/ Conde de los Gaitanes, 177
La Moraleja, 28109 Madrid (Spain)
dalvira@ree.es
Abstract: Red Elctrica de Espaa, S.A. (REE) is interested in travelling wave attenuation
caused by corona, specially in lightning surges. Knowing how the overvoltage, produced by a
lightning strike, attenuates until it reaches the near substation, allows to evaluate the critical
lightning distance. In this paper it is shown a corona model for the Electromagnetic Transient
Program (EMTP/ATP) developed by REE, suitable for lightning surges. This model is based
on linearized charge-voltage cycles and on the division of the transmission line into sections.
After building the model, some validations are done.
Keywords: Corona, Lightning Surges, Attenuation, Distortion, EMTP.
1 Introduction
Two of the most important effects of corona in overhead transmission lines are the power loss
increase and the attenuation of travelling waves. This paper presents a model that can
simulate the attenuation of the amplitude and wave front of lightning type surges travelling in
a High Voltage transmission line.
Entering surges due to lightning is a cause of failures in substations. For this reason it is very
important to estimate the amount of dangerous surges that can enter a substation through the
different transmission lines. Several factors are important in this kind of studies (conductors,
grounding, shield wires, corona, surge arresters, ...).
There are several types of corona models in the bibliography, many of them are single-phase
ones. On the other hand when using EMTP/ATP some size limits must be taken into account.
As the transmission line is divided into sections (pieces of some metres long), if a long travel
distance is studied size limits (number of knots) may be exceeded using a three-phase corona
model.
In this paper a simple and easy to use single-phase model is presented, that simulates the
attenuation and distortion of lightning surges amplitude and wave front, due to corona. There
are more sophisticated models involving corona dynamics [5], [6], [7], and employing
complicated algorithms that are useful when a very precise wave form is needed.
Technical Papers
2 Corona Model Description
The corona effect is produced by the air ionization around the conductor caused by the
voltage gradient raise in the conductor . This causes a charge increase in the conductor
surface and allows the air surrounding the conductor to become a conductor path.
The charge increase in the conductor surface is widely studied. Many charge-voltage cycles
measures are available, involving several surges types and conductor bundles [1], [4].
These measured cycles must be linearized in order to program them, figure 1 shows how this
process is done. Three different slopes are considered for the charge increasing part of the
cycle, one before the corona inception voltage and two for the ionization phase. Only one
zone is set for the corona decay. As it is easily followed, each slope means a capacitance
value for the transmission line.
Q
D
0
o
V V
1
V
C
o
1
C
C
2
C
Ccor1
Ccor2
A
B
Fig. 1 - Charge-Voltage cycle linearized. C
0
= geometric capacitance of the conductor; V
0
=
corona threshold; C
cor1
, C
cor2
= linearized capacitances; C
1
, C
2
= incremental capacitances.
2.1 Before corona inception:
The corona becomes present when the overvoltage in the conductor exceeds the corona
inception voltage. As in zone OA in figure 1, the conductor voltage is under the corona
threshold (V
0
), the corona phenomenon is not considered and only the geometric capacitance
of the line is important. This means that no additional capacitance value is used in that case.
2.2 Ionization phase:
When the voltage exceeds the corona threshold (V
0
), the corona effect must be included. Two
different zones are considered in the ionization phase. The division is made by a voltage
value (V
1
), which depends on the cycle selected for each simulation. The first zone is for
voltages below this fixed value (here we use C
cor1
) and the second one for higher voltages
(C
cor2
). This means that two different slopes for the linearized cycle are considered and so two
capacitance values are used, one for each zone.
2.3 Corona decay:
The slope of the cycle in the decay phase, corresponds to a capacitance value which is more
or less equal or slightly higher than the geometric one, so is acceptable to consider only the
Technical Papers
geometric capacitance for this zone. This simplification obtains great improvement in speed
and coding without significant error.
2.4 Parameter determining:
All the parameters values (C
cor1
, C
cor2
, V
0
, V
1
), are calculated using measured cycles. These
cycles are obtained for different conductor bundles and overvoltages (front time and
amplitude) [1]. This allows us to simulate every particular case precisely, even without using
any dynamic model.
3 Simulation Method
Simulations are made using the Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP/ATP). The line is
divided into several pieces in which the corona model is included. The lightning overvoltage
is simulated using a MODELS controlled source (type 60) in one side of the line. The source
equation is refereed in section 4 of this paper.
Different equations govern the charge increase in each cycle zone. In zone OA (figure 1) the
voltage is under V
0
, so the equation is:
q u C =
0
(1)
If voltage enters zone AB (V
0
<

u < V
1
), it should be used:
q u C u V C C
cor
= +
0 0 1 0
( ) ( ) (2)
And in zone BC (u > V
1
):
q u C u V C C u V C C
cor cor cor
= + +
0 0 1 0 1 2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (3)
For the corona decay the same equation of zone OA is used.
All these are included in EMTP/ATP simulations as can be seen in figure 2. The transmission
line is divided into pieces and the circuit in figure 2 is added in each piece. Of course if any
line model is used, the reactance and geometric capacitance of the line are not necessary and
can be suppressed.
L
Cgom
D
U
1
1
+
-
Ccor1-Cgom
1
D
U
2
2
Ccor2-Ccor1
2
R
+
-
c
c
Fig. 2 - Transient corona model circuit.
Technical Papers
Diodes D
1
and D
2
are voltage controlled. In zone OA of the cycle both of them are off, but
with voltages over the corona threshold, in zone AB, D
1
is turned on and in zone BC both are
active.
4 Validations
The model has been compared with the wave presented by Gary in [1]. In figure 3 and 4 the
measured oscilograms of 995 kV and 850 kV positive polarity overvoltages are presented.
The source used in the simulation corresponded to the equation:
u t U e e sin t
ch
t t
( ) ( . . ( . ))
. .
= +

0 988 1064 12 3 70
0 123 4 1
(4)
Where Uch is 995 kV or 850 kV respectively.
The parameters used in the simulations are those of a Spanish 220 kV line, very similar to the
one used by Gary [1] (25.38 mm conductor diameter, 7.5 m between phases, ...).
Figure 5 and 6 shows the results obtained in the simulations with EMTP/ATP. Numeric
oscillation have been found during the energization of the capacitors that build up the corona
model. The effort has been dedicated to match amplitude and front of wave, instead of
eliminating completely the oscillations.
As can be seen in the results amplitude differences between simulation and measured
oscilograms are from 3.5% to 6%. The wave front is simulated with less than 1 s error.

Fig. 3

Fig. 4
Technical Papers
.8100 .6300 .4500 .2700 .0900
MICROSECONDS x 10** 1
Umax=+995 kV
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
.8000
.6000
.4000
.2000
0.0
Voltage (V) x 10**6
Fig. 5 1) 1 km distance, 2) 3 km distance, 3) 7 km distance.
.9000 .7000 .5000 .3000 .1000
MICROSECONDS x 10** 1
Umax=+850 kV
1
1
2
2
3
3
.7500
.5625
.3750
.1875
0.0
Voltage (V) x 10**6
Fig. 6 1) 1 km distance, 2) 3 km distance, 3) 7 km distance.
Technical Papers
5 Conclusions
A single-phase corona model suitable for the lightning surges studies using EMTP/ATP has
been developed. With this model the amplitude and front of wave of a surge after a few
kilometres, can be calculated.
This model can be easily used to define an influence zone on the substation, when the BIL
(Basic Insulation Level) in the substation has a value lower than the surges that can be found
in the line (due to a high BIL in the line). The strokes that hit the line in the influence zone
are the ones that can reach the substation. Knowing the length of this zone, it can be
calculated the number of surges that reach the substation.
6 References.
[1] Gary C., Cristescu D., Dragan G.: Attenuation and Distortion of Travelling Waves
Caused by Transient Corona, CIGRE Report, Study Committee 33: Overvoltages
and Insulation Co-ordination, 1989.
[2] Correia de Barros M.T., Dub L., Almeida M.E.: Including a Transmission Line
with Corona in ATP Using MODELS, EMTP European users Group Meeting,
Denmark, April 1994.
[3] Carneiro Jr S., Mart J.R.: Evaluation of Corona and Line Models in
Electromagnetic Transient Simulations, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,
Vol. 6, No. 1, January 1991.
[4] Maruvada P.S., Menemenlis H., Malewski R.: Corona Characteristics of
Conductor Bundles under Impulse Voltages, IEEE Trans. Vol.PAS - 96,
pp. 102-115. Jan./Feb. 1977.
[5] Huang W.G., Semlyen A.: Computation of Electro-Magnetic Transients on
Three-Phase Transmission Lines with Corona and Frequency Dependent
Parameters, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. PWRD-2, No. 3, July 1987.
[6] Kudyan H.M., Shih C.H.: A Nonlinear Circuit Model for Transmission Lines in
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