Chapter 13

First law of thermodynamics- there is quantitative correspondence between different kinds of energy.
Active site of an enzyme- region of an enzyme that physically interacts with the substrate.
Exergonic- reactants have more chemical energy than the products.
Endergonic- reactants have less chemical energy than the products.
Substrate level phosphorylation and coupled reactions- where ATP is synthesize.
Average net and gross ATP production from EMP pathway- 2 net, 4 gross ATP per glucose molecule.
EMP pathway, TCA pathway, ED pathway- examples of glycolytic pathways.
Terminal electron by chemolithotrophs- oxygen, nitrate, sulfate
How are sugars modified?- they are enzymatically modified and then enter at various points in the
glycolytic pathway.
B- oxidation pathway- oxidation of highly reduced fatty acids.
Polysaccharides are too large to fit into the cell.
End Products of the light reaction that are used for the Calvin Cycle- ATP and NADPH
Antenna molecules and rxn center proteins- component of photosystems.
Cyanobacteria and bacteria found in association with crop plant root systems- can convert dinitrogen
into a form useful for biosynthesis.
Dissimilative nitrogen reduction- end product is not incorporated into bio mass.
Assmilative nitrogen reduction- end product is incorporated into biomass.
Heterocysts- where nitrogen fixation takes place in cyanobacteria.
Precursor molecules for biosynthesis- EMP, TCA, Pentose phosphate pathway.
Cellur demands for nucleotides- RNA and DNA synthesis, ATP and GTP(energy currency), peptidoglycan
synthesis.
Phospholipids- fatty acids linked to a glycerol backbone.
Catabolic rxns- dissemble molecules to generate energy.
Anabolic rxns- synthesize new molecules. Cells must use enzymes that couple endergonic rxns with
exergonic rxns.
A molecule that is oxidized donates electrons.
Oxygen has a large positive redox potential
Proton motive force- created by transporting protons across membranes to establish a concentration
gradient.
Anaerobic respiration likely evolved before aerobic respiration.
All photoysynthetic organics use some form of chlorphyll.
Nitrogen fixation- N2 to NH3
Assimilate sulfate reduction is common among microbes but dissmilate reduction is rare.
Nucleotides, both purines and pyrimidines are synthesized from precursor molecles drawn from the
EMP pathway, the TCA cycle and or the pentose phosphate pathway.
Electron transport chain- located in the cell membrane of bacteria.
Electrons enter the ETC when NADH transfers from there.
ATP synthase- use the energy of the proton motive force to change ADP to ATP.
Role of Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle- both pathways make ATP using substrate level phosophorylation
and construct reduced NADH for use in ETC and ATP production.