Lecture 5 EEA - SAP, Chennai

School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai
SOLAR PASSIVE DESIGN

METHODS
AD9022 ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE

PASSIVE SHADING
DESIGN


The most important characteristic of solar position is its seasonal
variation.

During summer the sun rises much earlier and sets much later and is in
completely different positions than in winter.

The aim of good shading design is to utilise these characteristic to
maximum advantage -typically to exclude as much solar radiation as
possible in summer whilst letting as much through as possible during
winter.



The hourly path of the Sun through the sky in summer and Winter.




The requirement for solar protection and/or solar gain will be determined
by the climate you are designing the building for.

In very cold or very warm climates, shading decisions are really
quite easy -you either want solar penetration or you don't.

In moderate mid-latitude climates however, there will be times
when solar radiation is of significant benefit as a heat source and
times when it could be a problematic due to glare and overheating.



Design Steps shading devises.

As a preliminary step to design a horizontal shading device the
following basic steps can be followed:

1.Determine cut-off date: (the date before which the window is to
be completely shaded)

2.Determine Start and End Times: (the times of day between
which full shading is required.)


3.Look up Sun Position: (Use solar tables or a sun-path diagram to
obtain the azimuth and altitude of the sun at each time on the cut-
off date.)

4.Calculate the Shadow Angles:(calculate the HSA and VSA at
each time).

5. Calculate Required Depth and Width:(using the Shadow Angle
methods, calculate the depth and width of the required shade on
each side of the window.)



Reduction in yearly
beam radiation
incident on windows
due to shading.



Of all elements in the building envelope, windows and other glazed areas
are most vulnerable to heat gain or losses.

Proper location ,sizing and detailing of windows and shading form an
important part of the Bio-climatic design.

The important components of a window that govern these are glazing
systems and shading devices.



Heat gain through window is determined by the overall heat loss co-
efficient U- value (W/ m2 K).

Shading devices for windows thus moderate heat gains into the building.
In a low-rise residential building in Ahmedabad (hot and dry climate),
shading a window by 0.76 m horizontal deep chajja, can reduce the
maximum temperature by 4.6 deg C (47.7 to 43.1 deg C).

Moreover in the same climate this shading device can reduce the number
of uncomfortable hours in a year by 14%.



Shading devices are of various types:

1. Moveable opaque (roller blind curtains, etc.) can be effective in
reducing solar gains but eliminate view and impede air movement.



2. Louvres (adjustable or fixed) affect the view and air movement to
some degree.



3. Fixed overhangs



Relative Advantages and disadvantages of these shading devices:

Movable blinds or Curtains:

Block the transmission of solar radiation through glazed windows
especially on the east and west walls.

In the hot and dry climate the ambient air is hotter than the room air,
they help to reduce convective heat gain.

In warm, humid climates, where the airflow is desirable they impede
ventilation.

For air-conditioned buildings, where the flow of outside air is to be
blocked, they can reduce cooling load.



Overhangs and Louvres:

Block that part of the sky through which sunlight passes.

Overhangs on south-oriented windows provide effective shading from
the high altitude sun.

An extended roof shades the entire north or south wall from the noon
sun.

East and West openings need much bigger overhangs, which may not be
possible and can be achieved by porticos or verandahs on these sides or
specially designed louvres to suit the building requirements.


INSULATION



Heat always flows from a hotter to a colder state, and it cannot be created or
destroyed.

In our homes we merely change the state of energy, or degrade it, when we burn
wood or heat a kettle.

Heat is a form of energy that is measured in the same units as any other type of
energy, in Joules



Thermal insulation:

Insulation is of great value when a building requires mechanical heating or
cooling insulation helps reduce space conditioning loads.

Location of insulation and its optimum thickness are important.



In hot climates, insulation is placed on the outer face (facing exterior) of the wall
so that thermal mass of the wall is weakly coupled with the external source and
strongly coupled with the interior.



Use of 40 mm thick expanded polystyrene insulation on walls and vermiculite
concrete insulation on the roof has brought down space conditioning loads of
the retreat building by about 15%.




There are three different ways in which a wall can be insulated:

Resistive insulation.

This is what most of us think of as insulation. These are the bulk insulation
products, which include mineral wools, strawboard, wood-wool slabs, glass
Fibre products, kapok, wool and cellulose fibre. They also include
expanded and extruded polystyrene, polyurethane, urea formaldehyde,
vemiculite and perlite.

Used in Colder climates to maintain heat within the building.


Reflective insulation.

This requires a highly reflective material, aluminium foil, to face a cavity across
which high levels of radiant heat are being transmitted. The foil reflects the radiant
energy back across the cavity, rather than absorbing it. This type of insulation will
not work if the face of the foil is touching the opposite wall.


Capacitive insulation.

This is often described as thermal mass and is found in buildings in the form of
heavy walls, while resistive and reflective insulation work instantaneously,
capacitive insulations affect the timing of the heat flows.


WALLS

Walls are a major part of the building envelope and receive large amounts of solar
radiation.

The heat storage capacity and heat conduction property of the walls are key to
meeting desired thermal comfort conditions.

The wall insulation methods can be based on the heating and cooling needs.

Appropriate thermal insulation and air cavities in walls can reduce heat
transmission into building, which is the primary aim in a hot region.



AIR CAVITIES IN WALLS

Cavities in walls or an attic space in the roof ceiling combination reduce the solar
heat gain factor, thereby reducing space-conditioned loads.

The performance improves, if the void is ventilated.

Heat is transmitted through the air-cavity by convection and radiation.

A cavity represents , a resistance which is not proportional to its thickness.

For a thickness of > 20 mm the resistance to heat flow remains constant.



AIR CAVITIES IN WALLS

Ventilated air does not reduce radiative heat transfer from roof to ceiling.

The radiative component of heat transfer may be reduced by using low emissivity
or high reflective coating like aluminium foil on either surface facing the cavity.

ROOF COOLING
TECHNIQUES



The roof receives significant solar radiation and plays an important role in heat
gain/ losses, day lighting and ventilation.

Depending on the climatic needs, proper roof treatment is essential.

In a hot region, the roof should have enough insulating properties to minimize
heat gains



Roof cooling techniques can help exploit ambient heat sinks selectively, so as to
contribute further, or more directly, to the cooling of buildings.

DESIGN GUIDELINES:

1.Green Roof.
2.Radiativecooling.
3.Reflective roofs.



Roof cooling techniques can help exploit ambient heat sinks selectively, so as to
contribute further, or more directly, to the cooling of buildings.

1.Green Roof.



Green Roof.



2. Radiative Cooling .



3. Reflective Cooling



Other methods of roof Cooling:

Broken China mosaic can be used as top most layer in the roof for reflection of
incident radiation.




A cover of deciduous plants or creepers can be provided . Evaporation from the
leaf surfaces will keep the spaces below cool.




The entire roof surface can be covered with inverted earthen pots. It is also an
insulating cover of still air over the roof.




A removal cover is an effective roof-shading device. This can be mounted close
to the roof in the day and can be rolled up to permit radiative cooling in the night.
The upper surface of the canvas should be painted white to minimize the
radiation absorbed by the canvas and consequent conductive heat gain through it.




Effective roof insulation can be provided by using vermiculite concrete. Eg.
RETREAT building at Gual Pahari, which has reduced roof conduction by 60%



The roofs can be given effective insulation also by having vents and skylights.


Any Questions?


Lecture 5 EEA - SAP, Chennai

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School of Architecture and Planning, Anna University Campus, Chennai

SOLAR PASSIVE DESIGN

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