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National Conference on Power Distribution (NCPD), DSD-CPRI, Bangalore-February 6

th
& 7
th
2014
1
ELECTRICITY BILLING: INTRODUCTION OF HARMONIC
FACTOR SURCHARGE
CH. CHAKRAPANI
1
, CH. LALITHYA
2
, K.SRINIVAS
3

1,3
APTRANSCO, Hyderabad.
2
G. Narayanamma Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad.
E-mail:
1
chpanimdi@yahoo.co.in,
2
chlalithya@gmail.com,
3
natisrini2@gmail.com.

Abstract: The Non-Linear loads are
increasing in the power system day by
day, which are lowering power quality
by production of harmonics resulting
to reduction of efficiency of electricity
use and increase of numerous
problems in the system. It is therefore
a concern for utility companies to
ensure that the potential harmonic
effects on power equipment and
system operation does not jeopardize
its quality and security of supply. It is
often necessary to assess harmonic
distortion level at consumer and
generator level.
Hence, the sources of harmonic
distortions, types of harmonics, its
effects on the power system
equipment, related regulations, Tariff
orders, approach for recording
harmonic energy, groups of
consumers, THD levels of various
types of consumers, equipments &
feeders, necessity of recording Total
Harmonic Distortion (THD) by Energy
meters, approach for measurement of
Harmonic content, proposals on action
to be taken by stake holders of the
system and billing of electricity by
proposing Harmonic Factor
Surcharge, various options for
adoption of harmonic content for
billing are discussed.

I. Introduction:
The electrical networks are proliferated
with non-linear loads and due to rapid
advancement in electronic,
communication / information and energy
storage techniques, the growth in usage
of electronic equipment and power
electronics devices by customers is
expected to continue in the future. To
minimize the pollution the electric
vehicles with batteries are going to be
increased and the rapid increase in non-
conventional energy sources power
plants such as solar & wind plants where
AC to DC and vice-versa takes place.
These Non-Linear loads produce
harmonic currents, which will create
negative effect on the Power system
network. Harmonics do no useful work;
they degrade the level of power quality
and efficiency of a commercial building or
an industrial facility. The Harmonic
distortion effect on the power system is
similar to the effect of low power factor
(PF). Moreover, higher harmonic
distortion leads to more harm to the
power system than low PF. After
identifying the low power factor impact on
system, surcharges were proposed to
increase the power factor by the
consumers and ultimately KVAH billing is
finalized insisting the consumer to
improve PF to unity.
The significance of Power Factor (PF) in
Electricity Billing is almost nullified with
introduction of KVAH billing for the
consumers. The consumers are forced to
maintain nearly Unity Power Factor (UPF)
to reduce reactive power flow in the
system.
II. Sources of Harmonics:
The Non-Linear loads such as electric arc
furnaces, induction furnaces, electrolysis
National Conference on Power Distribution (NCPD), DSD-CPRI, Bangalore-February 6
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2014
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plants, saturated reactors, transformers
under no-load & light loads, static VAR
compensators, inverters, DC converters,
switch-mode power supplies, Variable
speed AC or DC motor drives, Electronic
lighting ballasts, gas discharge lighting,
electronic office and home appliances,
microwave ovens, etc produce high
harmonics and leads to distortion of wave
forms. Due to improvement of life style,
need and advancement in electronics
technology, the power electronic devices
usage is expected to increase further in
almost all types of sectors for consumer
friendly operation, improvement of
efficiency, better quality and energy
conservation.

III. Types of Harmonics:
Harmonics are grouped into three
categories: odd triplens (multiples of
three), other odd harmonics, and even
harmonics, with different severity levels
and effects on equipment for each
category. Odd harmonics are much more
common than even harmonics.

IV. Effects of Harmonics:
Most of the power systems can
accommodate a certain level of harmonic
currents but will experience problems
when harmonics become a significant
component of the overall load. As these
higher frequency harmonic currents flow
through the power system, they can
cause communication errors, overheating
of electrical distribution equipment,
cables, transformers, & standby
generators, hardware damage,
equipment malfunctions due to excessive
voltage distortion, Increase of internal
energy losses in connected equipment,
component failure, life span shortened,
false tripping of branch circuit breakers,
metering errors, improper calibration of
overload devices and meters, fires in
wiring and distribution systems, low
power factor resulting to penalties on
monthly utility bills, reduced electrical
system capacity, over voltages due to
possible resonance conditions,
malfunction of computer networks and
timing errors - multiple zero crossings,
etc.

V. Regulations on THD:
The Central Electricity Authority vide its
(Technical Standards for connectivity to
the Grid) Regulations, 2007 has clearly
specified limits. THDs for voltage at
connection point should not exceed 5%
with no individual harmonic higher than
3% and the THD for current drawn from
the Transmission system at the
connection point should not exceed 8%. It
also mentioned the limits prescribed shall
be implemented in a phased manner so
as to achieve complete compliance not
later than five years from the date of its
publication of these regulations in the
official gazette. The gazette is published
on March 9
th
2007. The CEA has
proposed to make the THD limits effective
from 01.01.2011 and the limit on
individual harmonic distortion for voltage
effective from 01.01.2012 vide its draft
Amendment Regulations, 2010. It also
proposed for measurement of harmonic
content before commissioning and once
in a year later for distributed generation
resources vide CEA (Technical Standards
for Connectivity of the Distributed
Generation Resources) Regulation, 2010.
The THDs limits are specified in IEEE
519:1992 standard.
The State Electricity Regulators have also
set the limits for Harmonic Distortion
(%THD) in line with CEA guidelines
(APERC guidelines are mentioned in
Annexure-I).

VI. Tariff orders on THD penalties:
Tamilnadu ERC in its order No. 1 of 2012
dated 30-03-2012 (Effective from 01-04-
2012) has levied 15% penalty of
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respective tariff for HT-I & HT-III category
consumers, if they failed to install
Harmonic Suppressors for bringing THD
to specified limits within three months
from the date of receipt of notice from
TANGEDCO. The Maharashtra State
Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd. has
submitted a Petition before the State
Regulatory Commission on 11/03/2011,
for amendments to the SOP Regulations
related to Harmonics limits and to levy
penalties for rise in harmonic contents
above IEEE standard limits. The ERC has
registered as case No. 34 of 2011 and
issued notice to the authorised consumer
representatives on 31.03.2011.
In the tariff order of 2005-06 for the
Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board,
the HP ER Commission (HPERC) had
introduced harmonic injecting charges.
Appellate Tribunal for Electricity (APTEL)
in an appeal against the tariff order for
2005-06, being appeal No. 175 of 2005,
set aside the harmonic injecting charges
which were in the nature of penalty and
CEA allowed five years after the
regulation was framed, but CEA (Grid
Connectivity) Regulations of 2004 were
not effective when the harmonic injection
penalty was imposed.

VII. Need of THD Recording:
The state regulators have not
concentrated on the harmonic distortions
in the system due to non-availability of
actual data from the consumers/ Utilities
for regulating the same. The regulators
will consider the issue of deciding
surcharges / penalties on higher
Harmonic injections than the stipulated, to
enforce the consumers to install harmonic
filters, if %THD & Harmonic content of
Voltage & Current Measurement facility is
available in the meters. Same way
consumers will come forward to install
Harmonic filters once they know their
loads %THD. Since Power Factor
surcharge is vanished on introduction of
KVAH billing, in place Harmonic Factor
surcharge can be introduced. Harmonic
Factor (HF) can be defined as the ratio of
the root sum square (rss) value of all the
harmonics to the root mean square (rms)
value of the fundamental.
Moreover, while purchasing and
evaluating performance of equipment,
analyzing equipment failures and
malfunctions, Harmonic Distortions are
not being considered due to lack of data
even though ill effects of Harmonic
Distortions are well known.
Measurement of %THD and recording of
harmonic content by Energy meters with
accuracy limits, test procedures are to be
decided by the Standardizing agencies
such BIS, CBIP, BEE, etc.

VIII. Types of consumer loads:
The generators and consumer loads both
produce high harmonics in the power
system. Practically pure sinusoidal wave
electromotive force cannot be generated
due to technical reasons. Consumer
loads produce harmonics by drawing from
and injects it into the system harmonic
currents which propagate through the
system creats harmonic voltage drops,
thus affecting others, so controlling of
consumer load harmonics is based on
harmonic distortion current.
Consumers can be divided into three
groups. First Group consumers are
affected parties i.e., which do not
generate harmonics, whose loads are
almost have linear voltage-current
characteristics generally electric heaters,
lighting load, domestic load. These
consumers receive fundamental energy
and harmonic energy if voltage THD is at
considerable level. These consumers
suffer from decrease in energy indices of
AC motors, lower accuracy of
measurements of an effective value of
current, malfunction of computer
networks, overvoltage due to possible
resonance conditions at high harmonic
frequencies, etc in addition to the
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additional payment to harmonic energy
recorded.
Second group consumers are benefited
parties i.e., they receive quality power
without high harmonics, but generate
harmonics, with loads which normally
have non-linear voltage-current
characteristics such as electronic power
converters, rectifiers for electrolysis and
for dc motors, electric transport, electric
arc furnaces, welding, etc. In this case,
the consumer loads injects harmonic
currents into the network, which degrades
the power system quality resulting to
generation of voltage harmonics feeding
to nearby consumers. When the energy
meter records actual energy, in most of
the time the distribution licensee suffers
loss as the recording of net energy i.e.,
difference between fundamental
frequency energy and harmonic energy
as the harmonic current is in reverse
direction to fundamental current normally.
Third group of consumers are
combination of above two groups who
receives degraded power with voltage
harmonics and they generate harmonics
to supply network whose loads are
normally non-linear voltage-current
characteristics. In this case the net
harmonic current direction depends upon
the level of supply voltage harmonics,
generation of harmonics by the load and
phase shifts.
The circuit diagrams and vector diagrams
showing flow of fundamental and
harmonic currents and voltages of the
above three groups of consumers with
single phase are shown below fig 1 to 6.
Group-1 Consumers
Fig. 1

Fig. 2
Group-2 Consumers

Fig. 3

Fig. 4
Group-3 Consumers

Fig. 5

Fig. 6
IX. Approach for Harmonic Energy
measurement
The conventional electrical energy meter
records the total energy which is
integration of power with respect to time.
The total energy recorded by
conventional meter is

Where

National Conference on Power Distribution (NCPD), DSD-CPRI, Bangalore-February 6
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i, v are meter load current and voltage,
(complex values).
i
1
, v
1
are fundamental harmonic current
and voltage,
k is harmonic order,



Assuming that the voltage drop in the
meter current circuit is zero and the
average value of the product of
momentary values for sinusoids of
different frequencies for the period is
equal to zero, then

= W
1
+ W
HN
+ W
HL

Where
W, W1 are total energy and fundamental
energy of the load respectively,
W
HN
Harmonic Energy received by
consumer from Supply Network,
W
HL
Harmonic Energy transmitted by
consumer load to Supply Network,
However, the sign of Harmonic power
depends on the Harmonic content, Power
Factor of load, phase angles between
voltage and current.
Current Total Harmonic Distortion =
x 100

Voltage Total Harmonic Distortion =
x 100

Where i
1
and v
1
are fundamental current
and voltage respectively,
I
k
and v
k
are k order harmonic current and
voltage respectively,
X. Field Study on Harmonic
measurement:
A. Harmonics Generation by Various
Apparatus:
The harmonic contents of various
apparatus are measured with Portable
Meter Test System in Hyderabad and
results are given in Table 1. While
measuring, it is observed that the voltage
harmonics are within the limits, but more
current THD generation by many
apparatus such as Variable Frequency
Drives (VFD), Electronic Ballasts, etc.
The current harmonics generation by
aged repaired transformers are more than
the double of new transformers.
Table 1
Harmonic generation by Apparatus
Sl
No
Description
of
Apparatus
Avg
Phase
Voltage
(V)
Avg
Curr
ent
(A)
Total
Power
(W)
PF
Voltage Distortion
(%)
Current distortion (%)
V
1
V
2
V
3
I
1
I
2
I
3

1
VFD Water
Pump Sets
248 13.8 9500 0.924 1.13 1.17 1.12 40.95 41.34 40.03
2
6 No.s 150
W HPSV
Lamps
251 1.26 870 0.917 1.69 1.71 1.47 31.84 33.33 60.16
3
New 63 KVA
DTr
251 1.08 154 0.189 1.98 2.30 2.43 16.83 18.25 15.57
4
Repaired DT
250KVA
241 7.08 683 0.133 2.49 2.80 2.89 30.66 35.82 28.90
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B. Harmonics Generation by loads
at Various Consumers:
The instantaneous harmonic Voltages
and Current THDs measured by HT
Trivector meters / ERS kit at various
types of consumers Point of Common
Coupling is given in table 2.




Fig: 7: Current Harmonics generated
by HPSV Fittings



Fig: 8: Current Harmonics generated
by VFD Water Pump sets

Fig: 9 Current Harmonics generation
by a Steel Furnace & Re-rolling Mill

Table 2
Harmonic generation by Consumers

Sl
No
Type of
Consumer
Load
Avg
Phase
Voltag
e (KV)
Avg
Curre
nt (A)
Total
Powe
r
(KVA)
PF
Voltage
Distortion (%)
Current distortion (%)
V
1
V
2
V
3
I
1
I
2
I
3

1
Polyster
Industry
with very
light Load
138 1.17 280
0.91
(Lead)
0.82 1.05 0.98 22.66 38.75 27.50
2
Steel Re-
rolling Mill
11.02 37.34 713 1.00 2.48 2.28 1.83 38.07 51.30 34.35
3
Steel
Furnace &
Re-rolling
Mill
34.5 24.77 1480
0.91
(Lead)
1.59 1.14 1.42 31.83 32.20 37.47
4
Cement
Factory
130 59.86 13493 0.99 1.21 1.37 0.95 2.37 2.56 2.12
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C. Harmonic Distortions observed
on Various Feeders:
The Voltage and Current THDs phase
wise are measured by HT Trivector
meters at various Substation domestic
and composite industrial feeders
during peak load period in APCPDCL
Hyderabad and found that the current
harmonics %THD are varying from 5%
to 17% for domestic feeders and 10%
to 20% for industrial feeders with
voltage harmonic %THD between 1%
to 8%.
XI. Proposed Methodology for
Harmonic Factor measurement for
billing
On measurement of harmonic energy
of various loads, it is revealed that the
percentage of harmonic energy is less
than 0.4% of fundamental energy,
though consumer load is generating
harmonic distortion into the network in
the range of 30% to 52% (Details
mentioned in Annexure-2). Moreover,
the sign (direction) of harmonic energy
will change depending on the power
factor, phase angles and harmonic
content. So deciding harmonic factor
based on energy is not considerable.
Hence, Harmonic Factors for Voltage
and Current values are to be
considered for billing purpose. There
are many approaches to assess the
harmonic factors for billing. The
harmonic factor may be considered as
ratio of average value of harmonic
contents and fundamental content like
present PF or average value of %THD
or maximum value of %THD like MD.
Few approaches are discussed below.
A. Approach-I: Ratio of Average
value of harmonic content to
Average value of Fundamental
content like PF measurement.
In this case, integration with time value
of both harmonic and fundamental
currents and voltages are to be
recorded like KWh & KVARh. The HFs
calculation is as follows.
Current Harmonic Factor

Voltage Harmonic Factor

Where,
Recorded I
h
H = Final I
h
H reading
Initial I
h
H reading = for the
billing period.
I
h
= Harmonic Current =
H, k = Duration in Hours and Harmonic
order respectively
Recorded I
f
H = Final I
f
H reading
Initial I
f
H reading = for the
billing period.
I
f
, V
f
= Fundamental current and
voltage respectively,
Recorded V
h
H = Final V
h
H reading
Initial V
h
H reading = for the
billing period.
V
h
= Harmonic Voltage =
Recorded V
f
H = Final V
f
H reading
Initial V
f
H reading = for the
billing period.
The features of recording of average
%V
THD
& %I
THD
as instantaneous
parameters like PF and I
h
H, I
f
H, V
h
H &
V
f
H as integrated data readings like
KWh are to be added to the present
meters.
B. Approach-II: Average value of
%THD.
In this case, integration with time value
of average %V
THD
& %I
THD
and
POWER-ON Hours (POH) are to be
recorded. The HFs calculation is as
follows.
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Where,
Recorded %I
THD
H = Final %I
THD
H
reading Initial %I
THD
H reading =
for the billing period.
Recorded POH = Final POH reading
Initial POH reading
Recorded %V
THD
H = Final %V
THD
H
reading Initial %V
THD
H reading =
for the billing period.
The features of recording of average
%V
THD
& %I
THD
as instantaneous
parameters like PF and %I
THD
H,
%V
THD
H and Power-ON Hours as
integrated data readings like KWh are
to be added to the present meters.
C. Approach-III: Maximum value of
%THD like MD in KVA
measurement.
In this case, the Harmonic Factor can
be considered as maximum value of
integration with time value of average
%V
THD
& %I
THD
for a time block period
are to be recorded like MD in KVA.
The maximum integrated values of
%V
THD
& %I
THD
are to be automatically
reset to zero when MD (KVA) reset is
done. The features of recording of
average %V
THD
& %I
THD
as
instantaneous parameters like PF and
average value of %I
THD
, & %V
THD
for
specified block period as integrated
data readings like Maximum Demand
in KVA are to be added to the present
meters.
The %V
THD
and %I
THD
can be recorded
in the load survey of meters as time
integrated values of instantaneous
parameters.
Depending upon the manufacturing
constraints and utility requirements,
convenient and appropriate approach
may be decided by the regulators and
standardising agencies in co-
ordination with other stake holders.
XII. Proposed methodology of
Harmonic Factor Surcharge:
The Harmonic limits for various
consumer loads and power sources
are specified in the IEEE Standard
519: 1992, for which CEA and many
State Regulators have been accepted.
If the load draws harmonic current, the
highest level of voltage distortion will
be present at the load terminals, less
voltage distortion at the transformer
secondary terminals and less distortion
at the generator and its associated
source impedance. The magnitude of
voltage distortion will depend on the
magnitude of harmonic currents
flowing from source to load and the
circuit impedances that this current
flows through between the source and
load. The harmonic voltage distortion
is a function of harmonic current times
the inductive reactance of the load
impedance at the respective harmonic
frequency.
The Harmonic Factor Surcharge may
be levied as a lump sum percentage or
proportionate basis percentage of
Distortion on electricity bill amount if
the recorded CHF exceeds the
specified value for consumers and if
the recorded VHD/ harmonic Current
injections exceeds the specified value
for generating stations.
XIII. Harmonics recording facilities
in present Meters:
As per the Central Electricity Authority
(Installation and Operation of Meters)
Regulations, 2006: Part II Standards
for interface meters Clause No. 1 (i)
the harmonics shall be filtered out
while measuring Wh, Var and VArh,
and only fundamental frequency
quantities shall be measured/
computed.
Few HT Trivector meters are having
features of measuring instantaneous
National Conference on Power Distribution (NCPD), DSD-CPRI, Bangalore-February 6
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voltage THD, Current THD and
individual current harmonics. Few
LTCT operated Trivector meters are
provided software programme to
display total energy (fundamental plus
harmonic energy) as 100.35% of
fundamental energy duly considering
harmonic energy as 0.35% of
fundamental. Many energy meters are
not having hardware filters for
harmonic content separation for
measurement. It is surprising that the
results on different make ERS kits with
different make meters are different for
the same type of non-linear load which
transmitting harmonics into network.
This clearly indicates that the
measurement of harmonics procedure
/ system is different in different make
meters and ERS kits, even though
CEA ordered for measurement of
fundamental energy only, which
require stringent procedure and
accuracy limits for measurement of
harmonics also.
XIV. Suggestions:
Separate measurement of
fundamental and harmonic contents
i.e., voltage & current by tariff meters
in economic way will need further
efforts and research by the
manufacturers. There is a need of
much more stringent regulations from
the regulators and resolving of legal
issues for measurement of harmonic
contents, finalization of limits for
Harmonic Factors (HF) and to levy
Harmonic Factor Surcharge (HFS).
The standardising agencies shall
review permitted limits of THD of
various apparatus / gadgets and
equipments to meet the regulation
limits duly considering manufacturing
constraints. They shall also finalise the
testing procedures and accuracy limits
for harmonic content and THDs in our
contest.
The Generators shall make
arrangements to control harmonics by
installing harmonic filters and to make
compensation for the affected parties.
The Distribution Licensees may not
generate much harmonics, but while
purchasing equipments THD limits of
equipment should be considered.
The implementation of this concept of
billing and improvement of power
quality is possible with active
participation of all stake holders of
power system such as regulators,
standardising agencies, testing labs,
manufacturers, distribution licensees,
generators, transmission utilities and
consumers, etc.
Further, harmonics generation by
various electrical apparatus on a
sample basis is to be measured, scope
for its reduction is to be identified and
evaluated. The tangible and intangible
damages to the network / system /
other consumer equipment are to be
studied further and mitigation steps are
to be analysed in a proactive manner.
XV. Conclusion:
The measurement of harmonic
contents, formulation of regulations
and resolving legal issues pertaining to
payment for these contents should
encourage both power supply
companies and consumers to take
engineering and organisational
measures to decrease harmonic
levels, which leads to improvement of
efficiency of electricity use and power
quality. Many unknown and
unexpected losses, equipment failures,
mal-operations, and other negative
effects caused in the power system by
harmonics will be minimized by
creating awareness among the
consumers and proposing Harmonic
Factor surcharge. This process will
also leads to energy conservation
under present power shortage
scenario.
Proposing of the Harmonic Factor
Surcharge proportional to the current
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THD for consumers & voltage THD/
Harmonic Current injection for
generating stations like earlier Power
Factor surcharge is justifiable.
References
[1] K.V. Suslov, N.N. Solonina, A.S.
Smirnov Separate measurement of
fundamental and high harmonic
energy at consumer inlet a real way
to improve supply network voltage
waveform Irkutsk State Technical
University, Irkutsk, Russia.
[2] Central Electricity Authority
(Installation and Operation of Meters)
Regulations, 2006.
[3] Andhra Pradesh Electricity
Regulatory Commission: Andhra
Pradesh Code of Technical Interface.
[4] IEEE Recommended Practices and
Requirements for Harmonic Control in
Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Std
519 1992.
[5] A. Cataliotti, D. Di Cara, A. E.
Emanuel, S. Nuccio Influence of
Current Transformers on the
Measurement of Harmonic Active
Power 16th IMEKO TC4 Symposium,
Florence, Italy, Sept. 22-24, 2008.
[6] Leon M. Tolbert, Harold D. Hollis
and Peyton S. Hale Survey of
Harmonics Measurements in Electrical
Distribution Systems IEEE IAS Annual
Meeting, Oct. 6-10, 1996, San Diego,
CA, pp. 2333-2339.
[7] N.R Jayasinghe, J.R Lucas,
K.B.I.M. Perera Power System
Harmonic Effects on Distribution
Transformers and New Design
Considerations for K Factor
Transformers IEE Sri Lanka Annual
Sessions September 2003.
[8] V. Gosbell, D. Mannix, D. Robinson
& S. Perera Harmonic Survey of an
MV Distribution System University of
Wollongong.
[9] IEEE Interharmonic Task Force,
Cigr 36.05/CIRED 2 CC02 Voltage
Quality Working Group
Interharmonics in Power Systems
Jan. 12, 1997.
[10] TNERC Determination of Tariff
for Generation and Distribution Order
No. 1 of 2012 dated 30-03-2012
(Effective from 01-04-2012), Page:
319.
Acknowledgement
The support received from
management of APCPDCL and
APTransco is gratefully acknowledged.
About Authors:
Mr. Ch. Chakrapani, is
received his Masters degree in
Technology in the year 1993 from
JNTU, Hyderabad, PGDCS in the year
1996 from University of Hyderabad,
PGDBM in the year 2006 from
Management Development Institute
Gurgaon and a member of IE(I). He is
working as Divisional Engineer in
Andhra Pradesh Central Power
Distribution Company Ltd and having
more than 25 years of experience in
Electricity Distribution and
Transmission systems.

Mr. K. Srinivas is received
his BE (Electrical) in the year 1985
from Osmania University, Hyderabad.
He is working as Divisional Engineer in
APCPDCL and having more than 24
years of experience in Electricity
Distribution, Transmission and
Generation systems.
Miss Ch. Lalithya, is a
B.Tech 3
rd
year Student
from GNITS, Hyderabad.

National Conference on Power Distribution (NCPD), DSD-CPRI, Bangalore-February 6
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11
Annexure I
Maximum Limits of Voltage and Current Harmonic Distortion. (As per APERC).
Harmonic
Order
Voltage Distortion Current Distortion
HT EHT
P > 10 kW or
V< 33 kV
P>50 kW or
V>33 kV
(odd, non-triplen)
5 6.0 2.0 12 6
7 5.0 2.0 8.5 5.1
11 3.5 1.5 4.3 2.2
13 3.0 1.5 3 2.2
17 2.0 1.0 2.7 1.8
19 1.5 1.0 1.9 1.7
23 1.5 1.0 1.6 1.1
25 15 0.7 1.6 1.1
>25 0.2+1.3x25/n 0 .1+0.6x25/n 0.8+0.8*25/n 0.4
Triplen
3 5.0 2.0 16.6 7.5
9 1.5 1.0 2.2 2.2
15 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.8
21 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4
> 21 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4
Even
2 2.0 2.0 10.0 10
4 1.0 2.0 2.5 3.8
6 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5
8 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.5
10 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.5
12 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5
>12 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5
Total THD 8% 3% 20.0 % 12 %
Annexure 2
Fundamental and Harmonic Powers Recorded by ERS Kit for a Steel Rerolling
Mill
Parameter Unit
R Ph
Values
Y Ph
values
B Ph
Values
Total
Fundamental Quantities
Voltage V 6354 6384 6364 6367
Current A 37.00 40.84 34.18 37.34
Active Power KW 234.40 260.70 217.55 712.65
Reactive Power KVAR (-)18.86 2.73 1.83 (-)14.30
Apparent Power KVA 235.16 260.72 217.55 713.43
Harmonic Quantities from 2
nd
to 40
th
Harmonics
Active Power KW 0.0549 (-)0.1136 (-)0.0669 (-)0.1256
Reactive Power KVAR (-)0.1167 (-)0.4952 (-)0.3239 (-)0.9358
Apparent Power KVA 0.206 0.5835 0.3857 1.1752

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