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and this is due to hard nature of polyamide with exfoliation of polymer chains in between
two plates of nanoclay, which makes the surface of composite very hard due to which the
90
88
86
Hardness(Shore D)
84
82
80
78
76
74
0 1 2 3 4 5
W t% o f fille r
Ph.D Thesis, Mr. Shriram S. Sonawane, UDCT, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Page 127
Results and Discussion
very less i.e. 3804 MPa and 3600 MPa respectively (fig 4.57). Likewise, tensile
spacing of nanoclay, which has already been discussed in this text. Moreover,
during processing, which provides more strength with maximum elongation and
Ph.D Thesis, Mr. Shriram S. Sonawane, UDCT, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Page 128
Results and Discussion
Ph.D Thesis, Mr. Shriram S. Sonawane, UDCT, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Page 129
Results and Discussion
24
23
22
Elongation @ Break
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
0 2 4 6
W t% o f f ille r
4.6.3 Flammability
formation of char layer, which is having the ability to sustain the flame for longer
time.
Ph.D Thesis, Mr. Shriram S. Sonawane, UDCT, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Page 130
Results and Discussion
0.45
uniform and ordered exfoliation of polymer chains in between the two intergallary
VST 240 0C, while 4 wt % loading of OMMT in polyamide composites shows 370
0
C, where as, VST of pristine polyamide recorded as 230 0C.
Ph.D Thesis, Mr. Shriram S. Sonawane, UDCT, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Page 131
Results and Discussion
400
M= CSa………………… (1)
Where M is the torque, S is the rpm, and C and a are constants. The above
equation resembles the power law behavior [20-22] which is given as:
τ = K(γ)n…………………(2)
index [23-38]. Based on the above two equations it can be interpreted that the
shear stress, while rotor speed(rpm) is as indirect indication of shear rate. Thus,
the viscosity that is given as the ratio of shear stress to shear rate in case of the
Brabender Plasticorder and obtained from the ratio of torque to rotor speed
(rpm) and is estimated as power law index (n). Fig 4.61 shows the effect of
Ph.D Thesis, Mr. Shriram S. Sonawane, UDCT, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Page 132
Results and Discussion
shear rate, 2) the viscosity is influenced with the blend composition. The viscosity
decrease with increased shear rate indicates that the chains are easily deformed
and their frictional resistance is not optimum. It is observed that at any shear
rate, the higher the filler content, lower the viscosity. The decrease in viscosity is
due to the increase in percentage of OMMT clay in polyamide 66. However, the
The melt flow behavior of the samples can be described by power law index.
Fig.4.62 illustrates the relationship between shear stress and shear rate of the
observed that shear stress decreases with increase in shear rates which
strengthen the fact that the rate of increasing shear stress is affected by OMMT
percentage addition. The data show that the behavior of the melts is highly non-
Newtonian, according to the slope of the straight lines used to estimate the value
of the non-Newtonian flow index (n). This is observed due to lubrication effect of
OMMT, which is expected to improve the flow properties of the polyamide. Hence
blends since n<1, showing that the apparent viscosity decreases as shear rate
Ph.D Thesis, Mr. Shriram S. Sonawane, UDCT, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Page 133
Results and Discussion
2
1.8
1.6
Viscosity [NM/rpm]
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Wt % of Filler
1.62
y = 0.5364x + 0.6021
1.6
R2 = 0.9715
1.58
log shear stress
1.56
1.54
1.52
1.5
1.48
1.46
1.44
1.42
1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
log shear rate
Fig 4.62 Log shear stress vs Log shear rate of polyamide nanocomposites
Ph.D Thesis, Mr. Shriram S. Sonawane, UDCT, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Page 134
Results and Discussion
80
70
60
50
Torque[NM] 40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
W t % o f fille r
Ph.D Thesis, Mr. Shriram S. Sonawane, UDCT, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Page 135
Results and Discussion
Ph.D Thesis, Mr. Shriram S. Sonawane, UDCT, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Page 136