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Results and Discussion

4.6 OMMT: PA Composites

4.6.1 Physical properties of OMMT: PA composites

4.6.1.1 Hardness of OMMT: PA composites

There is continuous increment in hardness with increase in amount of loading of nanoclay

in comparison to virgin polyamide (fig 4.55). The increment in hardness is more

appreciable at 4 wt % of loading in polyamide. 1 wt % loading of nanoclay in polyamide

shows hardness 78, while at 4 wt % loading hardness is observed to be 90. This

improvement in hardness is found to be more effective compared to virgin polyamide 73

and this is due to hard nature of polyamide with exfoliation of polymer chains in between

two plates of nanoclay, which makes the surface of composite very hard due to which the

indentation of the indenter is quite difficult.

90
88
86
Hardness(Shore D)

84
82
80
78
76
74
0 1 2 3 4 5
W t% o f fille r

Fig-4.55: Hardness of polyamide Nanocomposite

Ph.D Thesis, Mr. Shriram S. Sonawane, UDCT, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Page 127
Results and Discussion

4.6.2 Mechanical properties of OMMT: PA composites

4.6.2.1 Mechanical properties

Figs 4.56 to 4.58 show the effect of OMMT on mechanical properties of

polyamide nanocomposites. It is observed that tensile strength increases with

increase in OMMT loading (fig 4.56). 1 wt % loading of OMMT in polyamide

shows tensile strength as 109 MPa, while at 4 wt % loading of OMMT, tensile

strength is observed to be 135 MPa, the tensile strength of virgin polyamide is

observed as 95 MPa. The increment in Young’s modulus is found to be more

appreciable at 4 wt % of loading, and it is recorded to be 4004 MPa, whereas

Young’s modulus of 1 wt % loading of OMMT and virgin polyamide is found to be

very less i.e. 3804 MPa and 3600 MPa respectively (fig 4.57). Likewise, tensile

strength, Young’s modulus and elongation at break increase with increase in

amount of clay. Elongation at break at 1 and 4 wt % loading of OMMT is

recorded as 18 and 23 % respectively as shown in fig 4.58. This improvement in

mechanical properties (tensile strength, Young’s modulus and elongation at

break) is due to ordered exfoliation of polymer chains in between the intergallary

spacing of nanoclay, which has already been discussed in this text. Moreover,

the increment in elongation at break is due to reduction in viscosity of polymer

during processing, which provides more strength with maximum elongation and

strength. The uniform dispersion of nanoclay along with polymer chains is

evidenced from SEM images (fig 4.64 to 4.65)

Ph.D Thesis, Mr. Shriram S. Sonawane, UDCT, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Page 128
Results and Discussion

Fig-4.56: - Tensile strength of polyamide nanocomposites

Fig 4.57 Young’s Modulus of polyamide nanocomposites

Ph.D Thesis, Mr. Shriram S. Sonawane, UDCT, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Page 129
Results and Discussion

24
23
22

Elongation @ Break
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
0 2 4 6
W t% o f f ille r

Fig 4.58 Elongation at break of polyamide nanocomposites

4.6.3 Flammability

The flammability of polyamide nanocomposites decreases with increase in clay

content (fig 4.59). At 4 wt % loadings of nanoclay, the decrement in flammability

is found to be more appreciable. 1 wt % loading of nanoclay, shows flammability

rate as 0.373 mm/sec, while 4 wt % loading of nanoclay in polyamide shows

flammability 0.326 mm/sec. This improvement in flammability was due to

formation of char layer, which is having the ability to sustain the flame for longer

time.

Ph.D Thesis, Mr. Shriram S. Sonawane, UDCT, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Page 130
Results and Discussion

0.45

Rate of Burning [mm/sec]


0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Wt % Filler

Fig 4.59 Rate of Burning of polyamide nanocomposites

4.6.4 Vicat softening temperature (VST)

The effect of clay content on vicat softening temperature of polyamide

nanocomposites is shown in fig 4.60. The VST of polyamide nanocomposites

increase with increase in clay content. Obviously polyamide nanocomposites are

thermally stable, but incorporation of nanoclay doesn’t remarkably improve the

thermal stability of polyamide nanocomposites. This increase in VST is due to

uniform and ordered exfoliation of polymer chains in between the two intergallary

spacing of nanoclay. 1 wt % loading of OMMT in polyamide composites results

VST 240 0C, while 4 wt % loading of OMMT in polyamide composites shows 370
0
C, where as, VST of pristine polyamide recorded as 230 0C.

Ph.D Thesis, Mr. Shriram S. Sonawane, UDCT, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Page 131
Results and Discussion

400

Vicat Softning Temperature


350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 2 4 6
Wt % of Filler

Fig 4.60 Vicat softening temperature of polyamide nanocomposites

4.6.5 Rheological properties

The relationship stated from the Brabender Plasticorder is:

M= CSa………………… (1)

Where M is the torque, S is the rpm, and C and a are constants. The above

equation resembles the power law behavior [20-22] which is given as:

τ = K(γ)n…………………(2)

Where τ is shear stress; K, constant; γ, shear rate and n, non-Newtonian flow

index [23-38]. Based on the above two equations it can be interpreted that the

torque recorded on the Brabender Plasticorder is an indirect indication of the

shear stress, while rotor speed(rpm) is as indirect indication of shear rate. Thus,

the viscosity that is given as the ratio of shear stress to shear rate in case of the

Brabender Plasticorder and obtained from the ratio of torque to rotor speed

(rpm) and is estimated as power law index (n). Fig 4.61 shows the effect of

OMMT loadings on the apparent viscosity at constant shear rate of polyamide

66-OMMT nanocomposites, It is observed that two factors control the viscosity of

Ph.D Thesis, Mr. Shriram S. Sonawane, UDCT, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Page 132
Results and Discussion

the polyamide 66-OMMT composites. 1) The viscosity decreases with increase in

shear rate, 2) the viscosity is influenced with the blend composition. The viscosity

decrease with increased shear rate indicates that the chains are easily deformed

and their frictional resistance is not optimum. It is observed that at any shear

rate, the higher the filler content, lower the viscosity. The decrease in viscosity is

due to the increase in percentage of OMMT clay in polyamide 66. However, the

effective decrease in the viscosity with increase in OMMT concentration might be

due to lubrication of OMMT during processing of polyamide.

The melt flow behavior of the samples can be described by power law index.

Fig.4.62 illustrates the relationship between shear stress and shear rate of the

polyamide/OMMT at various OMMT concentrations as log-log graphs. It is

observed that shear stress decreases with increase in shear rates which

strengthen the fact that the rate of increasing shear stress is affected by OMMT

percentage addition. The data show that the behavior of the melts is highly non-

Newtonian, according to the slope of the straight lines used to estimate the value

of the non-Newtonian flow index (n). This is observed due to lubrication effect of

OMMT, which is expected to improve the flow properties of the polyamide. Hence

melts display a less non-Newtonian behavior with increased OMMT contents.

The values of N indicate the Pseudo plastic nature of the polyamide/OMMT

blends since n<1, showing that the apparent viscosity decreases as shear rate

increases. The Torque Vs Wt % of Filler is shown in Fig 4.63.

Ph.D Thesis, Mr. Shriram S. Sonawane, UDCT, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Page 133
Results and Discussion

2
1.8
1.6

Viscosity [NM/rpm]
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Wt % of Filler

Fig 4.61 Viscosity vs shear rate of polyamide nanocomposites

1.62
y = 0.5364x + 0.6021
1.6
R2 = 0.9715
1.58
log shear stress

1.56
1.54
1.52
1.5
1.48
1.46
1.44
1.42
1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
log shear rate

Fig 4.62 Log shear stress vs Log shear rate of polyamide nanocomposites

Ph.D Thesis, Mr. Shriram S. Sonawane, UDCT, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Page 134
Results and Discussion

80
70
60
50
Torque[NM] 40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
W t % o f fille r

Fig 4.63 Torque of polyamide Nanocomposites

Fig 4.64 SEM of 1 wt % of OMMT in polyamide nanocomposite

Ph.D Thesis, Mr. Shriram S. Sonawane, UDCT, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Page 135
Results and Discussion

Fig 4.65 SEM of 4 wt % of OMMT in polyamide nanocomposites

Ph.D Thesis, Mr. Shriram S. Sonawane, UDCT, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon Page 136

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