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Hom e > TechnicalKnow ledge > FAQ s > M aterialFAQ s > FAQ :w hatareTM CP(Therm o-m echanicallyControlledProcessed)steels?
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W hatareTM CP(Therm o-M echanicallyControlledProcessed)
steels?
FrequentlyAskedQ uestions
Them echanicalpropertiesintroducedtothesteelthroughthisprocessingroutearevirtuallyequivalenttothose
obtainedbyheattreatingconventionallyrolledorforgedsteel.TM CPinvolvescontrolledhotw orkingand
m icroalloyedsteelcom positions.
W henTM CPischosenastheprocessroute,theroughsteelsection(i.e.theslab)isheatedtoatem perature
regularlyusedforhotw orkingoperations(about1200C).Theinitialhotw orking('roughing')iscarriedoutina
norm alfashion,butthefinalhotw orkreductionor'finishingpass'iscarriedoutatalow ertem peraturethanw ould
beusedforolderprocesses.Plasticdeform ationatthislow ertem peratureprom otesfinegrainsizesandretards
precipitation.Thefinalhotw orkingm aycontinuedow ntotem peraturesbelow theAr3criticaltem perature
(transform ationfrom austenitetoferrite).Thisrequiresheavyrollingequipm entcapableofdeform ingthesteelat
low hotw orkingtem peratures.Theoptim um precipitatesizeanddispersionisobtainedw henthefinishrolling
tem peratureisaround775C
Thecoolingw hichfollow sbringsthesteeltothetransform ationtem peraturerange,andtheaustenitetoferrite
transform ationresultsinfineferritegrainsandfinedispersedprecipitates.Forsom eTM CPsteels,thislaststageof
cooling,duringw hichtransform ationiscom pleted,isacceleratedbyw atercooling,togiveafinergrainsize.
Acceleratedcoolingcansom etim esresultinbainiteform ationasw ellas,orinsteadof,ferriteform ation.
Therearenum erousm ethodsofTM CP,som eofw hichareillustratedagainstconventionalprocessesinFig.1.The
TM CProutesbroadlyfallintothreem aincategories:
Fig.1.Com parisonofconventionalandTM CProutes,from (1).'Zig-zag'partofline
indicatesrolling
1. Controlledrolleddow nfrom thenorm alisingtem perature,yetfullyaustenitic(abovetheAr3tem perature)
follow edbyarapidcoolofapproxim ately10C/sec.Theaim ofthisprocessistorefinethegrainsizeby
controlledrollingandtoincreasethestrengthbysuppressingtheform ationofferriteandpearliteinfavourof
astrongtoughbainite.
2. ControlledrolledbothabovetheAr3andbelow thattem perature,intheausteniteferritem ixedregion.In
additiontoaustenitegrainrefinem ent,therecrystallisedgrainsareflattenedandnucleationoffineferriteis
encouragedbythedeform ation.Atatem peratureabovetheAr1,thecontrolledrollingisinterrupted,and
follow edbyrapidcoolingtoroom tem peratureoraninterm ediatetem perature.
3. Controlledrollingisperform edaspartofaprelim inaryprocessing,follow edbycoolingandreheatingtojust
abovetheAr3tem peratureandthenrapidcoolingtow ellbelow theAr1tem perature.Thepurposeofthis
techniqueistodevelopthefinestequiaxedaustenitegrainsizebeforethecontrolledcoolingbegins.
Byappropriatechoiceofdeform ationtem peratureandstrainrate,thestrengthofasteelcanbeincreased.
ThestrengthofaTM CPsteelishigherthanfornorm alisedsteelofthesam ecom position.ThusaTM CPsteel
hasaleanercom position(low eralloycontent)thanaconventionalnorm alisedsteelofthesam estrength.
Theleancom positionofTM CPsteelscanbebeneficialw ithrespecttow eldability.ThisisdetailedfurtherinAreTM CP
(Therm o-M echanicallyControlledProcessing)steelsreadilyw eldable?
References
1.Yajim aetal.,'ExtensiveApplicationofTM CP-m anufacturedHighTensileSteelPlatestoShipHullsandO ffshore
Structures'M itsubishiHeavyIndustriesTechnicalReview Vol24No.1,February1987
2.NishiokaK:'M arketrequirem entsoftherm om echanicallyprocessedsteelforthe21stcentury'.SteelW orld2000
5(1)61-67
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Sayfa 1/ 10 FAQ: what are TMCP (Thermo-mechanically Controlled Processed) steels?
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biodegradableadhesives?
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superconductingceram ics?
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ceram icadhesives?
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youm akew ithsol-gel?
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tohighyieldsteel?
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betw eenhardnessscales?
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andhow doesitdevelop?
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dam age,andhow isit
detected?
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how canitbeprevented?
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engineeringceram icsare
there?
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adhesivesm icrow ave
transparent?
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adhesivestobond
ceram ics?
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w eldabilityofam aterial?
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creepstrengthofanalloy?
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(solidificationcracking)?
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FAQ :Isiteasytow eld
titanium andtitanium
alloys?
FAQ :W hatism eantby
w ettingandhow canitbe
used?
FAQ :W hatisthebest
approachforcleaning
ceram ics?
FAQ :W hatPNum beris
steeltoBS(orENorDIN)
xxx?
FAQ :W hatarew orm holes
andhow cantheybe
prevented?
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cracking,andhow isit
detected?
FAQ :How ism icrow ave
energyabsorbedintoan
adhesive?
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transparentadhesives
im portant?
FAQ :How areglass,
ceram icsandglass-
ceram icsdefined?
FAQ :How doIselecta
consum ableforw elding
castiron?
FAQ :W hatism eantby
post-heatingandhow isit
applied?
FAQ :CanInorm alisea
w eldedC-M ncom ponentor
structure?
FAQ :W hatisasol(inthe
contextofsol-gel
technology)?
FAQ :W hatisanoxide
dispersionstrengthened
(O DS)alloy?
FAQ :W hatisgalvanic
corrosionandhow canitbe
avoided?
FAQ :W hatism eantbythe
w aterperm eabilityofa
polym er?
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perm issiblelim itofCuin
Pb-Snsolders?
FAQ :W hattypesofm etal
pow derareusedw ithHVO F
spraying?
FAQ :AreHVO Fcoatingsan
alternativetohardchrom e
plating?
FAQ :Arequenchedand
tem pered(Q &T)steels
readilyw eldable?
FAQ :CanASM EIX'P'
Num bersbeappliedtonon-
ASM Em aterial?
FAQ :W hyistheCa:Sratio
specifiedinsteel
specifications?
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specifiedinsteel
specifications?
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FAQ :W hatarethe
im plicationsofw eldingover
existingw elds?
FAQ :W hatisthedifference
betw eenheatinputandarc
energy?
FAQ :W hattypesofcarbide
pow derareusedw ithHVO F
spraying?
FAQ :Areferriticstainless
steelssusceptibletohot
cracking?
FAQ :How doyouw eldgrey
castironusingaM M A
(SM AW )process?
FAQ :How doyouw eld
m alleablecastironbyM M A
(SM AW )w elding?
FAQ :How reliableare
ElectricallyConductive
Adhesives(ECAs)?
FAQ :W hataretheresidual
stressesinadissim ilar
m etalw eld?
FAQ :How doyouw eld
austeniticcastironbyM M A
(SM AW )w elding?
FAQ :W hatistem per
em brittlem ent,andhow
canitbecontrolled?
FAQ :Doestitanium need
gasshieldingw henitis
frictionw elded?
FAQ :How areoxide
dispersionstrengthened
(O DS)alloysproduced?
FAQ :W hatstress-strain
behaviourcanIexpect
adhesivestohave?
FAQ :How canw eld
porositybedetectedand
how canitberem edied?
FAQ :How doim puritiesin
anadhesiveaffect
m icrow aveattenuation?
FAQ :W hatarethedifferent
typesofcastironw hichcan
bew elded?
W hatishightem perature
hydrogenattack
(HTHA)/hothydrogen
attack?
FAQ :How doyou
determ inethetypeofcast
ironyouaredealingw ith?
FAQ :w hatareTM CP
(Therm o-m echanically
ControlledProcessed)
steels?
FAQ :W hyarem y300
seriesausteniticstainless
steelw eldsm agnetic?
FAQ :W hatcausesporosity
intitanium w eldsandhow
canitbeavoided?
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m aterialscanbeRF(Radio
Frequency)w elded?
FAQ :W hichtherm oplastics
canbejoinedbyhotbaror
im pulsew elding?
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FAQ :Isitpossibleto
predicttheservicelifeofa
plasticcom ponent?
FAQ :W hatsortof
adhesivesareusedfor
m edical/surgical
applications?
FAQ :Canfrictionw elding
beusedtojoinnickeland
cobaltsuperalloys?
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m eanw hicharestam ped
ontherm oplasticpipes?
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usedtoovercom egold
scavengingonasubstrate?
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foralteringthesurface
energyofam aterial?
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inform ationregarding
porosityinalum inium
w elds?
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plasticshaveaplaceinthe
m edical/healthcaresector?
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characterisethew ear
resistanceoftherm alspray
coatings?
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ceram icsarenotalw ays
hard,brittleandinsulating?
FAQ :W hatprecautions
shouldItakew henw elding
alum inium anditsalloys?
FAQ :How doyouw eld
spheroidalornodularcast
ironbyM M A(SM AW )
w elding?
FAQ :Shouldsteelplatebe
coldstraightenedifitis
accidentallydam aged?
FAQ :W hatfactorsaffect
thechoiceofadhesivefora
specificapplication?
FAQ :W hatism eantby
postw eldheattreatm ent/
stressreliefheat
treatm ent?
FAQ :W hendoIneedto
usem etalcoatingsas
opposedtopolym ersand
paints?
FAQ :How doIm easurethe
diffusiblehydrogenlevelin
m yferriticsteelw eld?
FAQ :W hatisthe
relationshipbetw eenflux
m oisturecontentandw eld
hydrogen?
FAQ :W hatisthe'surface
energy'ofam aterial,and
how canitbedeterm ined?
FAQ :Isittruethat
adhesiveshavem orethan
onefunctionin
m icroelectronics?
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valuesofsurfaceenergyfor
m aterialsandadhesives?
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avoidedw henw eldingis
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usedtorestoretoolsand
dies?
FAQ :How ,usingsim ple
m anualtests,canIidentify
anunknow nplastic
m aterial?
FAQ :W hatisheat-tintand
how doIavoiditduring
w eldingofstainlesssteels?
FAQ :AreTM CP(Therm o-
M echanicallyContolled
Processing)steelsreadily
w eldable?
FAQ :Canpicklingof
stainlesssteelw eldsbe
replacedbyothercleaning
m ethods?
FAQ :W hatarethecom m on
propertiesofoxide
dispersionstrengthened
(O DS)alloys?
FAQ :W hatarethem ain
industrialapplicationareas
forsol-gelderived
m aterials?
FAQ :How canI
characterisethedensity
andporosityofthetherm al
spraycoatings?
FAQ :Inultrasonicw elding,
w hichfactorsaffectthe
w eldabilityof
therm oplastics?
FAQ :W hatcausescrater
pipesandw hatw illprevent
theirform ationduring
w elding?
FAQ :Canaw eldedrepair
toapressurevesselbe
carriedoutw ithout
subsequentPW HT?
FAQ :Doincreasedpreheat
andheatinputalw ays
reducetheriskofhydrogen
cracking?
FAQ :W hatarelow alloy
steels,andw hat
precautionsshouldItake
w henw eldingthem ?
FAQ :W hatarethe
problem sw ithlasercutting
ofalum inium andhow doI
overcom ethem ?
FAQ :W hatisliquidm etal
em brittlem entandw hatare
com m onem brittlingm etal
couples?
FAQ :W hatarethe
functionsofthefibresand
m atrixinglassreinforced
plastics(GRP)?
FAQ :W hatcanbedoneto
helpachieveagoodcolour
m atchw henw elding
alum inium alloys?
FAQ :How canIdeterm ine
theatm osphericcorrosion
perform anceoftherm al
spraycoatings?
FAQ :How canIm inim ise
theriskofsolidification
crackinginSubm ergedArc
(SAW )w elds?
FAQ :W hatarethe
equivalentEuropeanand
Sayfa 6/ 10 FAQ: what are TMCP (Thermo-mechanically Controlled Processed) steels?
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Am ericanStandardsfor
com m onstainlesssteels?
FAQ :W hatm ethodsof
portablehardnesstesting
areavailableandw hichis
m ostreliable?
FAQ :W hatareElectrically
ConductiveAdhesives,how
dotheyw orkandw here
aretheyused?
FAQ :W hatchecksshould
becarriedouttoassessfire
dam ageinapost-fire
investigation?
FAQ :W hatarethecauses
ofandsolutionstothe
preferentialw eldcorrosion
inC-M nsteels?
FAQ :W hatm aterialsissues
m ustbeconsideredw hen
repairinghotsectiongas
turbineblades?
FAQ :W hatprecautionsdoI
needtotaketoavoid
hydrogencrackingw hen
w eldingC-M nsteels?
FAQ :W hatiscurrent
industrystandardpractice
forw elding
superm artensiticstainless
steels?
FAQ :W hatisthe
significanceofnickelon
sulphidestresscrackingin
duplexstainlesssteels?
FAQ :W hatprecautions
shouldItaketoavoid
crackingw henw elding
creep(heat)-resistant
steels?
FAQ :How doIrem ove
heat-tintform edduring
w eldingorim properheat
treatm entofstainless
steels?
FAQ :W hatarethefactors
involvedinthechoiceof
consum ablesforM M A
(SM AW )w eldingofcast
iron?
FAQ :W hatarethe
m icrostructuralconstituents
Austenite,M artensite,
Bainite,Pearliteand
Ferrite?
FAQ :W hatarethe
distinguishing
characteristicsofsteels
m adeusingdifferent
deoxidationpractices?
FAQ :Areduplexand
superduplexstainlesssteels
fit-for-purposeunder
conditionsofcathodic
protection?
FAQ :Arethereany
particularpointstoobserve
w henclinchingm aterialsof
dissim ilartypeor
thickness?
FAQ :W hatarethe
equivalentEuropeanand
Am ericanStandardsfor
com m onstainlesssteel
fillerm aterials?
FAQ :W hatistheoriginof
em brittlem entinaustenitic
stainlesssteelw elds
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exposedtohigh
tem peratures?
FAQ :W hatisthe
relationshipbetw een
hardness,m icrostructure
andtoughnessinsteelheat
affectedzones?
FAQ :How m ightthe
operatingtem perature
lim itsofaustenite-ferrite
gradesofstainlesssteelbe
increased?
FAQ :Ifam etaloralloyhas
ahightherm alconductivity,
doesthism akeitm ore
difficulttofrictionw eld?
FAQ :Ispostw eldheat
treatm entnorm ally
requiredw henw elding
chrom ium -nickelaustenitic
stainlesssteels?
FAQ :W hydoesm ysteel
specificationsaythatthe
alum inium contentm ust
exceedtw icethenitrogen
content?
FAQ :CanIw eldduplexor
superduplexstainlesssteel
tocarbonsteeland,ifso,
w hatconsum ableshouldI
use?
FAQ :W hatisthedifference
betw eenthevariouscarbon
equivalentform ulaeusedin
relationtohydrogen
cracking?
FAQ :W hatistheeffectof
m oistureorhydrogenin
shieldinggasonhydrogen
contentofgasm etalarc
w eldm etal?
FAQ :W hatarethecauses
ofandsolutionsto
preferentialw eldcorrosion
inelectricresistance
w eldedsteelpipe?
FAQ :W hatisa
superm artensiticstainless
steelandw hyisitan
attractivealternativeto
duplexstainlesssteel?
FAQ :W hyarethere
differenttypesof
m anganesesulphide(M nS)
inclusions,andhow canI
distinguishbetw eenthem ?
FAQ :Ihavetow eldanon-
ferrousm etal.W hatdoes
non-ferrousm ean,and
w hatthingsdoIneedtobe
carefulabout?
FAQ :How doyouw eldEn5
(subsequentlyknow nas
080M 30and1.1178C30E),
a0.3% carbonsteel,under
highrestraint?
FAQ :Forhow longandat
w hattem peratureshouldI
heatlow hydrogenm anual
m etalarcelectrodesw hen
bakingisrequired?
FAQ :M yCharpy
specificationisinJ,butm y
certificateshow sJ/cm ?;
how doIcom parethe
resultsw iththe
specification?
FAQ :W hatiscontrolled
depositionrepair('cold'
repair,w ithouta
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subsequentpost-w eldheat
treatm ent),andhow isit
carried
FAQ :W hatistheprocedure
forw eldingEn16
(subsequentlyknow nas
605M 36),a0.4% C,0.25%
M olow alloysteel,under
highrestra
FAQ :W hatistheprocedure
forw eldingEn17
(subsequentlyknow nas
608M 38),a0.38% C,0.5%
M olow alloysteel,under
highrestr
FAQ :W hatistheprocedure
forw eldingEn8
(subsequentlyknow nas
080M 40and1.1186C40E),
a0.4% carbonsteel,under
highrestr
FAQ :M yduplexor
superduplexstainlesssteel
W PQ hasfailedASTM G48
testing
FAQ :W hatistheprocedure
forw eldingEn9
FAQ :Forduplexstainless
steelpipingusedinsour
serviceenvironm ents,are
thereStandardsw hich
providehardnesslim itsdire
FAQ :W hatarethe
requirem entsofASM E
SectionIXforretesting
and/orretrainingofw elders
(andw eldingoperators)
w hofaila
FAQ :W hydotheproofand
tensilestrengthofNi-based
w eldm etal(usedfor
w elding9% Nisteels)differ
inw eldsdepositedind
FAQ :Istherearestriction
ontheheatinputthatcan
beusedforthew eldingof
TM CP(Therm o-
m echanicallyControlled
Processed
FAQ :W hatistheprocedure
forw eldingEn19?
FAQ :W hatistheprocedure
forw eldingEn24
(subsequentlyknow nas
817M 40and1.6582
34CrNiM o6),a0.4% C,
1.25% Cr,0.3% M olow
FAQ :W hatistheeffecton
C-M nandlow alloysteelsof
m ultipletem peringor
stress-relievingheat
treatm entcyclescarried
out
FAQ :How canIachievethe
specifiedm inim um strength
andtoughness
requirem entsforthicker
sectionsizesandhigher
strengthg
FAQ :I'vegottom eetNACE
Rockw ellChardnesslim its
forduplexstainlesssteel
w eldsbuthardnessw as
m easuredusingtheVicke
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