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con%entional current
E
electron flow
"I. lternatin* current
.he electric circuits we ha%e (een stud"ing use electrochemical cells ((atteries) which
in%ol%e direct current (FC) In FC electric !ower& the electrons flow down the wire
0lectrons are forced into one end of a wire& which causes an electron to !o! out the
other end Although the indi%idual electrons mo%e relati%el" slowl" down the wire& the
o%erall effect of !ushing one electron in and another electron emerging is almost
instantaneous An analog" would (e a set of (all (earings in a tu(e7 /hen a (all
(earing is !ushed into the tu(e& another one immediatel" !o!s out the other end
3owe%er& there are considera(l" more circuits that o!erate with alternating current
(AC) 2or AC& the electrons %i(rate (ac+ and forth across one location AC !ower is
like a mechanical wa%e G the energ" !asses through the medium %ia %i(rations in the
medium#s !articles AC current is transmitted through the oscillations of the electrons in
a conductor
"II. +an(,in ssi*nment
1 Calculate the amount of current through an electric toaster if it ta+es =55 C of
charge to toast two slices of (read in 15 min (15 A)
2 A light (ul( with a current of 585 A is left (urning for 25 min 3ow much electric
charge !asses through the filament of the (ul(< (=6 ' 15
2
C)
4 A gold-leaf electrosco!e with 125 ' 15
15
e'cess electrons is grounded and
discharges com!letel" in 555 s Calculate the a%erage current through the
grounding wire (45 ' 15
-=
A)
4 A small electric motor draws a current of 545 A 3ow long will it ta+e for 85 C of
charge to !ass through it< (25s)
5 3ow man" electrons !ass through a light (ul( in each second if the (ul( has a
current of 555 A through it< (41 ' 15
18
)
6 A !orta(le radio is connected to a =5 V (atter" and draws a current of 25 mA
/hat is the resistance of the radio< (46 ' 15
2
)
7 An electric clothes dr"er is connected to a 245 V source of electric !otential If it
has a resistance of =2 & calculate the current it draws (25 A)
8 A large tu(e in a tele%ision set has a resistance of 55 ' 15
4
and draws a current
of 165 mA /hat is the !otential difference across the tu(e< (85 ' 15
4
V)
= An electric toaster has a resistance of 12 /hat current will it draw from a 125 V
su!!l"< (15 A)
15 /hat !otential difference is re*uired to !roduce a current of 85 A in a load ha%ing
12 - 5
a resistance of 64 < (51 ' 15
2
V)
11 $sing a diagram of a circuit& e'!lain con%entional current and electron flow /hat
is the difference (etween Dcon%entional currentD and Delectron flow D<
12 - 6
cti-ity . #hm$s Law
Pro/lem0
2ind the resistance of a resistor using ?hmHs law
1aterials0
low-%oltage FC !ower su!!l"
two different resistors (145 & 225 )
FC ammeter
FC %oltmeter
%arious connecting wires
Proce(ure0
1 0ach wooden (loc+ is la(eled with the %alue of the resistor .his will (e "our
theoretical %alue for resistance
2 )et u! the series circuit shown in the diagram using one of the resistors Fo not
turn the !ower on until the circuit has (een chec+ed (" "our teacher
4 .urn the !ower dial so that the %oltmeter reads 25 V 1easure the current on the
ammeter (note the unit for current) Aecord the measurements in a suita(le data
ta(le .urn the !ower su!!l" +no( to increase the %oltage (" 15 V 1easure and
record the !otential difference and the current Ae!eat this !rocedure until "ou
ha%e fi%e !otential difference:current readings
4 Ae!eat ste! 4 for the second resistor
5 Ilot a gra!h such that the slo!e will e*ual the resistance of the resistor Ilot (oth
gra!hs on the same sheet of gra!h !a!er using a different colour for each one
Calculate the resistance of each resistor )how all calculations
6 Calculate the !ercentage of error (etween the gra!hical %alue and the gi%en
%alue
7 /hen loo+ing at the gra!h& how can "ou tell which resistor has the highest
resistance< 0'!lain
12 - 7
V
A
$se the 15 V scale
$se the 55 mA scale