Mtr. Axel Abraham Valdes Vargas GSM OSS DESIGN AIR INTERFACE GSM The HLR is a centralized network database that stores and manages all mobile subscriptions belonging to a specific operator. It acts as a permanent store for a persons subscription information until that subscription is canceled. The information stored includes:
Subscriber identity Subscriber supplementary services Subscriber location information Subscriber authentication information Visitor Location Register (VLR) Home Location Register (HLR) When a subscriber roams into a new MSC service area, the VLR connected to that MSC requests information about the subscriber from the subscribers HLR. The HLR sends a copy of the information to the VLR and updates its own location information. When the subscriber makes a call, the VLR will already have the information required for call set-up. The VLR database contains information about all the mobile subscribers currently located in an MSC service area. Thus, there is one VLR for each MSC in a network. The VLR temporarily stores subscription information so that the MSC can service all the subscribers currently visiting that MSC service area. The VLR can be regarded as a distributed HLR as it holds a copy of the HLR information stored about the subscriber. AUthentication Center (AUC) The main function of the AUC is to authenticate the subscribers attempting to use a network. In this way, it is used to protect network operators against fraud. The AUC is a database connected to the HLR which provides it with the authentication parameters and ciphering keys used to ensure network security. Equipment Identity Register (EIR) The EIR is a database containing mobile equipment identity information which helps to block calls from stolen, unauthorized, or defective MSs. It should be noted that due to subscriber-equipment separation in GSM, the barring of MS equipment does not result in automatic barring of a subscriber. The Base Station System (BSS) is responsable for all the radiorelated functions in the system 1. BSC (low capacity) 2. TRC the rate used over the air interface and that used by MSC/VLRs are different - 33.8 Kbps and 64 Kbps respectively 3. RBS (ericsson 2000 series) 4. BSC/TRC can be handled 15 remotes BSCs (high capacity) RADIO Mode Term Description Registration This is the process in which an MS informs a network that it is attached. Roaming When an MS moves around a network in idle mode, it is referred to as roaming. International Roaming When an MS moves into a network which is not its home network, it is referred to as international roaming. MSs can only roam into networks with which the home network has a roaming agreement. Location Updating An MS roaming around the network must inform the network when it enters a new LA. This is called location updating. Paging This is the process whereby a network attempts to contact a particular MS. This is achieved by broadcasting a paging message containing the identity of that MS. Active Handover This is the process in which control of a call is passed from one cell to another while the MS moves between cells. Idle Transmission Problems Path loss shadowing multipath fading Rayleight fading time dispersion time alignment Solution Problems Interleaving antenna diversity space diversity polarization diversity adaptative equalization frequency hopping timing advance use 63 bittimes (35 Km), with extended range (70 Km) or (121 Km) using 2 TS Rate (Kbps) Full rate 13 Half rate 6.5 Enhanced full rate (EFR) 13 Logical Channel Control Channel
Traffic Channel BCCH FCCH, SCH, BCCH CCCH PCH, AGCH, RACH DCCH SDCCH, SACCH, FACCH Full rate and EFR Half Rate CHANNELS Burst types Normal Frequency correction Synchronization Access Dummy 26 TDMA frame multiframe: used to carry TCH, SACCH and FACCH
51 TDMA frame multiframe: used to carry BCCH, CCCH, SDCCH and SACCH Signal strength
Signal quality
Time alignment
Locating
FEATURES Load sharing Assignment to another cell HCS Intra cell handover OL/UL Call disconnect DESIGN Cell Planning Process 1. Traffic & Coverage analysis 2. Nominal Cell Plan 3. Surveys 4. System design 5. Implementation 6. System tuning Ericsson recommend between 25 y 33 mE when planning GSM networks GoS = 2% 4. System design 1. selecting the sites for the radio equipment 2. selecting the radio equipment 3. configuring the radio equipment Omni directional = Coverage Sector cell = Capacity PROCESS Adjacent frequencies C/A are the frequencies with a landslide of 200 KHz of the Carrier and preferably also must be avoided in the same Cell and in their neighbors, so that they cause to problems of Interference and Quality in the call. Ericsson recommends that relation C/A in GSM is of -9 dB Maximum radius of a GSM cell = 35 Km Whit 2 TMA = 70 Km (large coverage and low capacity) C/I is greater than 9 dB (ericsson recommend 12 dB)
C/A is greater than -9 dB (ericsson recommend that higher that 3 dBm) F2 = F1 + 200KHz
Plan 7/21 recommend for networks whit higher interference
4/12 4 sectors site and 12 group frequency CONCEPTS Frequency hopping = help to reduce the interference for adjacent frequency
Overlaid and Underlaid subcell. Each overlaid subcell servers a smaller area than the corresponding underlaid subcell and the frequency reuse distance for the overlaid subcells can therefore be made shorter Base Band hoppping Synthesizer hopping The Hierarchycal Cell Structure (HCS) characteristic divides the Cellular Network in up to 8 layers, the highest layer is used for Cells with great cover, the layers of down for small cells and the micros are used to provide capacity in areas with traffic concentration. The different layers from cells can work by designation of priority with the low layer but with the highest priority. HW Combining and distribution unit (CDU) The CDU is the interface between the TRUs an the 2-way antenna system. The task of the CDU is to combine signals to be transmitted from various transceivers and to distribute received signals to the receivers. CONCEPTS Frequency hopping Frequency hopping OSS OSS Tools Cellular Network Administrator CNA
Performance Measurement Recordings PMR MTR CTR CER Radio frequency Optimization RNO MRR NCS/NOX FAS/FOX
CNA works under three concepts:
1. VALID AREA
It represents the present cellular network that is to say, provides information of the parameters of the cells that its in the network. Only there is a VALID AREA that corresponds to each cellular Network and is used to recover information of Values of the parameters and as a data base for the new creation of Planned Area.
2. PLANNED AREA
It represents changes planned in the Cellular Network. This area Is used to out of line realise several changes in the network.
3. FALLBACK AREA
It is one snapshot copie of the Valid Area in a specific time and it reflects an historical one of the network, can be used like back-up before some update in the network. A new Planned can be created Area to start off a Fallback Area.
PMR MTR mobile traffic recording For one or more associate MSC's as well as its BSCs Up to 64 IMSIs (to level MSC) Independent measurements by each IMSI Maximum duration of 1 week
CTR cell traffic recording Events (and measurements) in a cell in particular Only one cell by each BSC in the same time Maximum duration of 1 hour RNO MRR NCS/NOX Neighbor Optimization FAS/FOX Frequency Optimization Funciones de la BSC MRR (Measurement Result Recording) mrrfil BAR (Broad Cast Control Channel Allocation List Recording) barfil RIR (Radio Interference Recording) rirfil WCDMA 1. APPLICATION LAYER 2. CONTROL LAYER 3. CONNECTIVITY LAYER APPLICATIONS SGW, MSC, HLR/HSS, IMS, GMSC CONNECTIVITY, SGSN, MGw, GGSN, WCDMA Acsses, GSM Accsses, PSTN, ISDN, INTERNET, INTRANET Red WCDMA DISEO INTERFASE DE AIRE OPTIMIZACIN SERVER MSC SGSN GGSN RNC BSC/TRC MGw BTS Node B WCDMA GSM UE Iub Iur RNC Uu Iu CS Iu PS A-bis Gb A BSC A-ter Um Gn Interfaces Iu interface = The Iu interface connects the UTRAN to the CN and is split in two parts. The Iucs is the interface between the RNC and the circuit switched domain of the CN. The Iups interface is the interface between the RNC and the packet switched domain of the CN. Uu interface = The Uu interface is the WCDMA radio interface with in UMTS. It is the interface through which the UE accesses the fixed part of the network. Iub interface = The Iub interface connects the Node B and the RNC. Iur interface = This RNC-RNC interface was initially designed in order to provide inter RNC soft handover, but more features were added during the development. BASIC CONCEPTS Radio Access Bearer = Service offered by a network WCDMA RAB Configuration (Kbps) Voz 12.2 64 CS 64/64 PS 64/128 PS 64/384 PS 64 HSDPA, 5 CODES PS 57.6 CS 16/64 PS + INTERACTIVE, 8/8 PS 16/128 PS + INTERACTIVE, 8/8 PS 64/64 PS 64/128 PS 64/384 PS Conversacin Streaming Interactivo Background Spreading Factor = it is the process of widening of the signal, with which the bandwidth is increased bases beyond the bandwidth required by a signal, for himself to accommodate the information and to pass on to majors speeds It is important to consider that each Radio Access Bearer handles Spreading Factor (SF) different depending the type on watch that it is asked for. Channel Element = one talks about to the resources required in node B (Hw) to provide capacity for the services asked for by the users such as voice, data, streaming etc SIZING OF NETWORK WCDMA For the calculation of Chanel Elements used in each node B, the following accountants take care who indicate the number to us of Links Radio pmNoOfRadioLinksSf128 pmNoOfRadioLinksSf16 pmNoOfRadioLinksSf256 pmNoOfRadioLinksSf32 pmNoOfRadioLinksSf4 pmNoOfRadioLinksSf64 pmNoOfRadioLinksSf8 In order to obtain the number of CE the accountant by the number of CE is due to multiply indicated in the CE stairs These accountants are classified by Spreading Factor and enter radiolinks that happen between mobile and Node B in a determined period, in such a way that to obtain Channel Elements the count is made of Radiolinks and they are related to the stairs of Channel Elements Channel Element Stair Channel Element in: SF # SF # AMR 12.2 Kbps 64 1 128 1 CS64K 16 4 32 4 PS64K 16 4 32 4 PS128 8 8 16 4 PS384 4 16 8 16 Ul Dl Input data for the design of a network 3G 1. Equipo preliminar (RAN) 2. Naming Convention (RAN) 3. IP ranges (IP) 4. Netwok topology (Tx) 5. Conectividad (Tx) 6. Traffic Model and services to be offered 7. RF nominal plan 8. RF detailled plan 9. CORE network design: SGSN (PS), MGw (CS), OSS (O&M) 10. Sincronization Speech Data Required bandwidth Mbps Required bandwidth Mbps Traffic in E by user (mE) Traffic in Mb by month Traffic in E Kbytes / hour Model of traffic Link Budget = Link Budget intends to estimate the system coverage by analyzing the factors of the propagation of the forward signal and reverse signal, in order to obtain the maximum propagation loss after certain communications quality is ensured. Link Budget KPIs Accessibility = Capacity of the user to obtain a RAB Retenibilidad = Capacity of the user to maintain the service required Counter Detail Rab active failures due to Iu for CS voice Falla en interfase Iu Rab active failures due to radio int for CS voice Mala sincrona en interfase de radio Rab active failures due to BTS for CS voice Desconexin por problemas en la BTS Rab active failures due to Iur for CS voice Desconexin durante el proceso de seleccin de la DRNC Rab active failures due to RNC for CS Voice Llamada cada por causas internas en la RNC Number of RAB active failures caused by UE for CS voice UE no responde al mensaje de establecimiento de RRC Mobility = Capacity of the operator to maintain mobility in all the network Soft Handover = Several Radio Links active at the same time of different Nodes B. (the EU changes of different Node B and in the same frequency). Softer Handover = Special case of Soft handover where the radio links is added or removed on the same Node B. Hard Handover = This type of handover works under the concept of which all the Radio Links assets (old) in the User Equipment are removed before establishing new Radio Link. Hard Handover can be synchronous or non synchronous. The synchronization in handover means that handover is not perceivable by user. Actually handover that he requires a change of frequency (Inter frequency to handover) always is classified like a Hard Handover. IRAT Handover = This type of handover is considered like Hard Handover because it realises between two technologies and it can be realised in both ways 2G-3G and 3G-2G Blocking Rate = Congestion in the cell. CCSR (Call Completation Success Rate) = Completation of successful calls Report Radio Measurements Detail Received total wideband power (RTWP) Total Noise Frequency Ul UTRA in the antenna of the cell Transmitted carrier power Total power TX in DL in the antenna of the cell SIR (signal to interference ratio) Signal Stregth in UL (RSCP) between the signal and mobile and the perceived interference (ISCP) RSCP Received Signal Code Power, is the power of the signal by code SIR error Difference between the intensity of signal measured by the RNC servant and the intensity of signal measured by the moving body Transmitted code power It is the transmitted power of a cell for a dedicated physical channel (DPCH) in Dl Chip Energy Over noise (Ec/No) He is equivalent to the intensity of signal (SIR), but based on measurements of the pilot channel (CPICH) Common Pilot Chanel Control Received Signal code power It is the received power that perceives the EU UTRA received signal strength indicator (RSSI) It is the intensity of received signal that it perceives the EU Node B Dedicated Measurements UE Channels Physical Channel = information container (codes and phase) Transport Channel = Characteristics of transmission Dedicated Channel Common Channel Logical Channel = Specification of the information global content Control Channel Service Channel Transport Channel = Dedicated Transport Channel Dedicated Channel (DCH) Common Channel Broadcast Channel (BCH) Forward Access Channel (FACH) Paging Channel (PCH) Random access channel (RACH) High-speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH) Uplink
Downlink Physical Channel Downlink
Downlink dedicated physical channel (Downlink DPCH) Downlink Common physical channel Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH) Synchronization Channel (SCH) Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) High-Speed Packet Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) Uplink Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (Uplink DPDCH) Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (Uplink DPCCH) High-Speed Dedicated Physical Channel (HS-DPCCH) Uplink Common Physical Channel Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Clasification of Power Control Uplink Power Control Downlink Power Control Open loop power control = estimates of the initial transmit power. Closed loop power control = to rapidly adjust the power in the uplink/downlink during the communication period. inner loop power control = to converge the received SIR to the target SIR by controlling the transmit power of physical channels. outer loop power control = to dynamically adjust the SIR target value of the inner loop control, so as to ensure that the communication quality always meets the requirements. Open loop power control Closed loop power control inner loop power control outer loop power control AMR Coding The AMR speech codec produces a certain number of bits depending on the mode used. The speech encoder output are put in order according to their subjective importance. This bit ordering can be utilized for error protection purposes. Class A contains the bits most sensitive to errors and any error in these bits would result in a corrupted speech frame which needs error correction for proper decoding. It may be the only class protected by a CRC. Class B Classes B and C contain bits where increasing error rates gradually reduce the speech quality, but the decoding of an erroneous frame can be done without significantly degrading the quality. Class B bits are more sensitive to errors than Class C bits. Class C UE Modes and states Idle Mode
Connected Mode (RRC state) Cell_DCCH = A dedicated physical channel is allocated to the UE in both the uplink and the downlink Sets up the RRC connection on the dedicated channel Action The UE uses the common transport channel and then is converted to the dedicated transport channel, Cell_FACH = No dedicated transport channel is allocated to the UE., the UE continuously monitors a downlink FACH channel. Monitors an FACH. Monitors the BCH channel of the current serving cell Transmits uplink control signaling and small data packets on the RACH. Initiates a cell update procedure when the cell becomes another UTRA cell. Cell_PCH = No dedicated channel is allocated to the UE, the DRX technology is adopted for the UE to monitor the information transmitted on the PCH channel at a specific paging time slot. Monitors the paging time slot based on the DRX period and receives the paging messages transmitted on the PCH. Monitors the BCH channel of the current serving cell Initiates the cell update procedure when the cell changes. URA_PCH = No dedicated channel is allocated to the UE, the DRX technology is adopted for the UE to monitor the information transmitted on the PCH channel at a specific paging time slot, no uplink activity is allowed. Monitors the paging time slot based on the DRX period and receives the paging messages transmitted on the PCH. Monitors the BCH channel of the current serving cell Initiates the URA update procedure when the URA changes. No resource is allocated for data transport in the URA_PCH state. SHO System Handover Active Set = Including all cells currently participating in a SHO connection of a UE Monitored Set = Including all cells being continuously monitored by the UE and which are not current included in its active set Detected Set = Including the cells the UE has detected but are neither in the active set nor in the monitored set Process Measurement Decision Execution Measurement Control Measurement execution and the result processing The measurement report Mainly accomplished by UE Based on Measurement The application and distribution of resource Mainly accomplished by RRM in RNC The process of signaling Support the failure drawback Measurement control refresh
Events of reporting Intra-frequency events1A,1B,1C,1D,1F Inter-frequency events 2D,2F,2B,2C Inter-system events 3A,3C Others6G,6F 1A A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range. When the active set of UE is full, UE stops reporting 1A event. 1B A primary pilot channel leavels the reporting range. 1C The primary pilot channel in a non active set is better than the primary pilot channel in an active set 1D The best cell change 1E The measurement value of a primary pilot channel exceeds the absolute threshold 1F The measurement value of a primary pilot channel is lower than the absolute threshold Intra-frequency events 2B The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the non-used frequency is higher than a certain threshold 2C The estimated quality value of the non-used frequency is higher than a certain threshold 2D The estimated quality value of the used frequency is lower than a certain threshold 2F The estimated quality value of the used frequency is higher than a certain threshold Inter-frequency events 3A The estimated quality value of the used UTRAN frequency is lower than a certain threshold, and that of the other system is higher than a certain threshold 3C The estimated quality value of the other system is higher than a certain threshold Inter-system events 6G The time difference between downlink receiving and uplink transmission of the UE is shorter than an absolute threshold 6F The time difference between downlink receiving and uplink transmission of the UE is bigger than an absolute threshold Others Compresed Mode = Measure the inter- frequency cell or inter-system cell FDD mode Downlink compressed = Since one receiver only can work in one frequency, the UE has to stop working if it is going to measure the signal from another frequency cell. To ensure the dowlink service unaffected, the remained data should be sent in the limited time. Uplink Compressed = UE should stop the uplink transmission when the uplink working frequency is very close to the measured frequency, for example GSM 1800/1900 is very close to the UMTS FDD uplink working frequency SRNC/DRNC SRNC and DRNC are on a per connection basis between a UE and the UTRAN The SRNC handles the connection to one UE, and may borrow radio resources of a certain cell from the DRNC Drift RNSs support the Serving RNS by providing radio resources A UE in connection state has at least one and only one SRNC, but can has 0 or multiple DRNCs CRNC The CRNC owns the radio resources of a cell Dynamical control of power for dedicated channels, within limits admitted by CRNC, is done by the SRNC. Scheduling of data for dedicated channels is done by the SRNC, while for common channels it is done by the CRNC Optimization Single Site Verification = The single site verification is a part of the WCDMA network optimization to ensure that the basic functions of the cell are normal, such as call access, call quality, handover and so on 1. Checking warning 2. Checking the state of cell 3. Checking the parameters of radio access network 4. Checking the configuration: SC, Power configuration, neighbor cell table, handovers parameters RF Optimization = Once all the sites in a given area are integrated and verified, RF optimization could begin 1. Optimize CPICH, services coverage and best server 2. Decrease the interference at the minimum level 3. Decrease the pilot pollution at the minimum level 4. Optimize neighbor cells table 5. Solve the call drop caused by RF Parameters Optimization 1. Decrease the access success ratio scanner and UE 2. Decrease the call drop ratio RNC record data 3. Increase the quality of service Statistic tools and KPI 4. MSC & SGSN record if necessary Parameters Adjusment Case Data Analysis Solution GSM
Vs
WCDMA Technology GSM GSM WCDMA Frequency 800 MHz 1900 MHz 800 MHz Frequencies Uplink 890-915 MHz 1850-1910 MHz Frequencies Downlink 935-960 MHz 1930-1990 MHz Wavelength 33 cm 16 cm Bandwidth 25 MHz 60 MHz 5 MHz Duplex Distance 45 MHZ 80 MHz N/A Carrier Separation 200 KHz 200 KHz N/A Radio Channels 125 300 Transmission Rate 270 Kbps 270 Kbps Band (Telcel) B D,F B Modulation GSMK GSMK QPSK Access Method TDMA TDMA WCDMA Data transmission 64 Kbps 64 Kbps Release BSC R06B R06B N/A Release RNC N/A N/A R99 y R5 Nodes MSC (MGw), BSC BTS MSC (MGw), BSC BTS Server (MGw), RNC Node B Voice data transportes TDM/ATM TDM/ATM TDM/ATM/IP Traffic Channels different time slots are allocated to different users different time slots are allocated to different users different users are assigned unique code and transmitted over the same frequency band Data GPRS/EDGE GPRS/EDGE HSDPA, HSUPA STANDAR GSM GSM 3GPP Time Slot 0.577 ms 0.577 ms N/A RATE (Kbps) MODULATION GSM 9.6 GMSK HSCSD 14.4 GMSK GPRS 21.4 GMSK EDGE 69.2 8PSK HSDPA 14 M 16QAM HSUPA 1.4 M DATA COMPARISON