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Various tests used when determining critical preheating temperatures to avoid cold cracking were examined, including the Stout slot wel d, h-slit type, and y-groove restraint tests. Examination of the cracking tests resulted in the proposing of a new carbon equivalent that more satisfactorily assesses the susceptibility of steel to cold cracking.
Various tests used when determining critical preheating temperatures to avoid cold cracking were examined, including the Stout slot wel d, h-slit type, and y-groove restraint tests. Examination of the cracking tests resulted in the proposing of a new carbon equivalent that more satisfactorily assesses the susceptibility of steel to cold cracking.
Various tests used when determining critical preheating temperatures to avoid cold cracking were examined, including the Stout slot wel d, h-slit type, and y-groove restraint tests. Examination of the cracking tests resulted in the proposing of a new carbon equivalent that more satisfactorily assesses the susceptibility of steel to cold cracking.
Sponsor ed by t he Amer i can Wel di ng Soci et y and t he Wel di ng Research Counci l (! Determination of Necessary Preheating Temperature in Steel Welding Findings include a new carbon equivalent to assess the susceptibility of steel to cold cracking more satisfactorily BY N. YURIOKA, H. SUZUKI, S. OHSHITA AND S. SAITO ABSTRACT. Various tests used when determining critical preheating tempera- tures to avoid cold cracking were exam- ined. These included the Stout slot wel d, H-slit type, V-groove restraint, and y- groove restraint tests. Both conventional and newly developed types of steel hav- ing carbon contents ranging between 0.02 and 0.26% were used. Examination of the cracking tests resulted in the proposing of a new car- bon equivalent that more satisfactorily assesses the susceptibility of steel to cold cracking than do CE(IIW) and P cm . It is expressed as: CE: { Si Mn Cu Ni + + + 24 6 15 20 ' C + A(C) Cr + Mo + Nb + V + + 5B } {20 where A(C) = 0.75 + 0.25 tanh (C - 0.12)}. As a parameter describing the proba- bility of the occurrence of cold cracking in steel welding, a cracking index (Cl) was proposed. It is expressed as: Cl = CE + 0.15 JJog H]is + 0.30 og(0.017 KtOw) According to the procedure proposed in this study, the necessary preheating temperatures to avoid cold cracking are determined by satisfying the following criterion: N. YURIOKA, S. OHSHITA and S. SAITO are with the Products R&D Laboratories, and H. SUZUKI is with the Head Office, Nippon Steel Corporation, Japan. Paper presented at the 63rd AWS Annual Meeting, held In Kansas City, Missouri, during April 25-30, 1982. tlOO 2 : (t-ioo)cr where tioo is the cooling time to 100C (212F); this is influenced, not only by the preheating temperature employed, but also by welding heat input, plate thick- ness and preheating method. Critical time (tioo)cr is given as: (t .oo)cr = exp (67.6 Cl 3 - 182.0 Cl 2 + 163.8 Cl - 41.0) Introduction Methods to determine the necessary preheating temperature for the preven- tion of cold cracking in steel welding include the 1974 British Standard 5135 (Ref. 1) and a procedure described in Japan Steel Structure Construction (JSSC - Ref. 2). However, there is a con- siderable difference between the neces- sary preheating temperatures deter- mined by the t wo procedures. British Standard 5135 uses the IIW carbon equivalent as a parameter for determining the preheating temperature, while the JSSC procedure uses Ito's car- bon equivalent, P cm (Ref. 3). The IIW carbon equivalent satisfactorily evaluates the cold cracking susceptibility of ordi- nary carbon or carbon-manganese steels; however, the low-carbon low-alloy steels, such as the recently developed pipeline steels, are more accurately assessed by P cm . This has been a prob- lem, especially in deciding the allowable value for the chemical composition of pearlite-reduced pipeline steels or low- carbon low-alloy structural steels. Experimental Procedure Weld Cracking Tests Stout, et al. (Ref. 4) proposed a slot- wel d cracking test in which the weldabil- ity of pipeline steel, in the case of welding wi th high-hydrogen types of cellulose electrodes, can easily be evaluated. Fig- ure 1 shows the dimensions of the stan- dard test piece used. It was noticed that fluctuations in wi dth of the root opening of this test piece greatly influenced experimental results (Ref. 5). Therefore, slots wi th a 2.4 mm (0.09 in.) opening were machined on the flat plates. The accuracy of the machined openings was within 0.1 mm (0.004 in.). The weld metal was deposited on the slot using flat position welding wi th a 4 mm (0.16 in.) diameter electrode cellulosic- type AWS E7010 in a cold chamber where the ambient temperature was held at 10C (50F). The welding voltage, current and torch speed were approxi- mately 28V, 160A, and 5 mm/ s (11.8 ipm), respectively. In order to investigate cold cracking in the case of low-hydrogen welding, the present study used the results of H-slit tests (Ref. 6, 7), V-groove tests and y- groove tests (Ref. 8). Figure 2 shows the shape of the H-slit test piece in which the restraint intensity is varied wi th a change in the slit length B s . The restraint intensity R F (kgf/mm mm) is a force per unit weld length necessary to reduce a root opening by unit length. Table 1 shows R F for each test piece used in the present study. The meaning of rf and Rp is explained in the Appendix under the heading, "Restraint Stress Acting on Wel d. " In each type of cracking test, test pieces were preheated to the various temperatures up to 200C (392F) until crack initiation was completely stopped. The Stout test pieces were preheated in the furnace, while other test pieces were locally preheated by electrical strip heat- ers in the manner shown in Fig. 2. In the case of multipass welding, the interpass temperatures were kept almost the same WELDI NG RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT 1147-s E E o in 2.4mm through- thickness slit weld ~25~ mm 90- mm 2 5 - mm E E a- CN T w J_ 200mm- H t h thickness Fig. 1 - Shape of Stout slot-weld test piece Fig. 2 (right) Shape of H-slit restraint cracking test piece 2b : width of preheating zone Dimension Bs w R Ls Lc C Type I 0 400 400 100 200 0 (mm) Type I I 5 0 - 1600 400 400 75 150 50 -45'. y 1 f h/ 2 *~ / i / f 1 2mm AA' Section as the preheating temperatures. Each test piece was transversely cut into five sections after more than 72 hours (h) had passed since completion of the welding. Macrographic observation of nital-etched wel d sections led to the determination of the critical preheating temperatures T 0 * at which the occur- rence of cold cracks was prevented. Figure 3 shows an example of a wel d wi th a root crack in the Stout test. Materials The Stout slot weld tests were carried out with various types of steels employed for ordinary structures, pressure vessels, boilers, and pipelines. Their tensile strengths ranged between 40 and 85 kgf / mm 2 (57 and 121 ksi), and their chemical compositions are shown in Table 2. In the Stout test, one type of electrode, i.e., AWS E7010, was used irrespective of the strength level of the tested steel. The hydrogen content in the deposited weld metal using this electrode was 35 ml/100g by JIS glycerin displace- ment method. This value, Hj IS , can be converted to Hiw by the mercury dis- placement method as (Ref. 9): H|,w= 1.30 H,| S + 0.61 (1) Table 3 shows the chemical composi- tions of steels used in the H-slit cracking tests, the V-groove tests and the y- groove restraint tests. These steels were for structural or pressure vessel usage with greater thicknesses up to 100 mm (3.9 in.). Tests, other than the Stout test, employed electrodes whose strength corresponded to those of the steels tested. Table 4 shows nominal yield strengths and hydrogen contents of the welding materials used; welding condi- tions for the cracking tests are also described in Table 4. Results and Discussion Critical Preheating Temperature Measured in Tests Critical preheating temperature T 0 * in the Stout tests is shown in Table 2. The results of the H-slit, V-groove and y- groove restraint tests are summarized in Table 5. K t in Table 5 is the stress concen- tration factor at the notch where a crack is initiated, and its value is given in the Appendix under the heading, "Restraint Stress Acting on Wel d. " The mean stress acting on the wel d metal is given as a function of <r y and Rp as (Ref. 10): Table 1Restraint Slit length B s , mm 0 0 0 0 300 1600 Intensity of H-Slit Test Piece< a > 2-D restraint coefficient, rf Plate thickness kgf / mm 2 mm 69.0 69.0 69.0 69.0 20.0 5.9 h, mm 38 50 75 100 50 50 Restraint intensity RF. kgf / mm mm 2765 3374 4265 4784 998 290 Fig. 3-Root crack in Stout's slot test <T W = 0.050 R F , (R F < 20 cr Y ) ~, CT W = oy + 0.0025 (R F - 20 (r y ), / (R F > 20 (Ty) (2) (a) Conversi on factors: pound f or ce/ i n. 3 = 375.7 X k gf / mm 2 - mm; in. = 25.4 X mm; ksi = 1.422 X kgf / mm mm. The critical preheating temperatures were obtained separately for single-pass root cracking (Fig. 4), multipass root cracking (Fig. 5) and multipass toe crack- ing (Fig. 6) for each steel tested. Toe cracks were not observed in the speci- mens of SM41B, SM53B, HW45, and HW70 steel. T Q * for multi-pass root cracking was found to be less than that for single-pass root cracking by over 50C (122F). Table 5 also lists t 100 , which is the duration of the cooling time to 100C (212F) after welding and corre- sponds to T 0 * measured in the tests. The weldment eventually cools to the ambient temperature whether it is pre- heated or not. Some hydrogen escapes from the wel d metal surface during the cooling period after welding. However, hydrogen escape becomes more and more inactive with a decrease in the temperature of the wel d metal and it becomes negligibly small at temperatures less than 100C (212F). The residual hydrogen in welds con- tributes to the initiation of cold cracking when it cools bel ow 100C (212F) in an 148-s I JUNE 1983 Fig. 4 Single-pass root crack in H-slit test ordinary structural steel wel d, lt follows that the tioo is significant in selecting preheating temperatures. Preheating increases the cooling time to 100C (212F) and thus is effective in preventing the initiation of cold cracking. However, the duration of the cooling time to 100C (212F) is determined, not only by the preheating temperature, but also by the plate thickness, the particular preheating method used and other fac- tors. These relations are shown in Figs. 11 and 12 in the Appendix. Consequently, it is advisable to consider the critical cooling time to 100C (212F) rather than rely solely on the preheating temperature when desiring to avoid cold cracking in steel welding (Ref. 2). = Carbon Equivalent to Assess Cold Cracking Many carbon equivalents have been proposed as parameters indicating a steel's susceptibility to cold cracking at the heat-affected zone. They can be divided into t wo groups wherein CE(IIW) is of the first group, and Ito's carbon equivalent, P cm (Ref. 3), belongs to the second. They are expressed as: Mn Cu + Ni CE(IIW) = C + + v ' 6 15 Cr + Mo + V + : (3) Si Mn Cu Ni P cm = C-F + + + 30 20 20 60 Cr Mo V + + + + 5B 4 20 15 10 P cm has been shown to be reliable for evaluating the cold cracking tendency in low-carbon low-alloy steel (Ref. 11). On the other hand, CE(IIW) is reported to be a more appropriate parameter than P cm for evaluating the cold cracking suscepti- bility of steels whose carbon content is more than 0.16% (Ref. 7). Therefore, it is not possible for one simple carbon equiv- alent formula to describe, overall, the cold cracking tendency of steels if their Table 2- Symbol A B C D E F C H I I K L M N O P Q R S T -Chemical Compositions (%) Steel JIS SM53 JIS SM53B JIS SM50C BS4360 50D ASTM A516 Cr. 70 ASTM A537 C1.2 ASTM A633C ASTM A299 JIS SB49 WES HW45 WES HW45 WES HW70 WES HW70 JIS STK41 API X60 API X65 API X65 API X70 API X70 API X80 Thick- ness, mm 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 12.7 20 14 20 16 20 20 and Critical C .160 .159 .149 .173 .231 .142 .099 .254 .240 .141 .065 .130 .112 .230 .091 .240 .049 .021 .020 .018 Si .40 .37 .25 .45 .27 .41 .35 .27 .29 .30 .28 .29 .24 .04 .29 .35 .29 .14 .13 .16 Preheating Temperatures of Steels Mn 1.41 1.40 1.33 1.48 1.19 1.44 1.46 1.37 .87 1.33 1.38 .88 .87 .68 1.32 1.39 1.56 1.59 1.89 2.01 P .020 .018 .019 .021 0.19 .025 .013 .016 .019 .020 .013 .010 .019 .014 .017 .015 .017 .018 .020 .019 S .008 .012 .005 .006 .007 .003 .004 .005 .005 .006 .003 .005 .006 .012 .003 .012 .005 .003 .002 .003 Cu .01 .01 .01 - .02 - .15 . 14 - .01 .03 .22 .23 .01 .01 .01
Nb .001 .001 CE (IIW) .0292 0.292 0.432 0.369 0.385 0.378 0.513 0.466 0.517 0.416 0.454 0.594 CE eq (5 0.294 0.268 0.430 0.329 0.358 0.356 0.390 0.467 0.516 0.425 0.465 0.562 (a) in. = 25.4 X mm. WELDI NG RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT 1149-s Table 4Welding Electrode AWS E7010 AWS E7010 JIS D4301 JIS D4316 JIS D5016 JIS D5816 JIS D5816 JIS D8016 Materials and Conditions f or Restraint Cracking Tests ( a) Diameter, mm 3.2 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 Nominal yield strength, kgf / mm 2 50 50 40 40 50 60 60 80 Hjis ml /100g 31.8 35.0 32.8 3.7 3.4 0.4 ~ 5.0 0.4 ~ 5.7 2.0 Current, A 130 160 220 230 230 170 230 230 Voltage, V 25 30 28 25 25 25 25 25 Speed, mm/ mi n 290 300 123 115 115 150 115 115 Heat input, J/mm 672 960 3000 3000 3000 1700 3000 3000 Cracking test V-groove test Stout test H-slit test H-slit test H-slit test y-groove test H-slit test H-slit test (a) Conversions: in. = 25.4 X mm; ksi = 1.422 X kgf / mm 2 carbon contents range widely. It is with this point of view in mind that the authors propose the following car- bon equivalent, which has an accommo- dation factor A(C) as a function of the carbon content: CE = C + A(C) 124 Mn Cu 4- + 6 15 Ni Cr 4- Mo + Nb -I- V + + + 5B 20 5 } (5) where A(C) = 0.75 4- 0.25 tanh {20(C - 0.12)}. (6) A(C) increases wi th an increase in carbon content. It approaches 0.5 as the carbon content decreases below 0.08% and 1.0 as it increases above 0.18%. The relationship between this carbon equiva- lent and CE(IIW) is shown in the Appendix under " New Carbon Equivalent." Experimental results from the Stout cracking tests were used to compare the three types of carbon equivalents for validity in assessing the cold cracking tendency of steels. The relation of T 0 * to the three carbon equivalents was plotted in Fig. 7. It is seen that the carbon equivalent expressed in equation (5) had the highest linear correlation coefficient (r = 91.1%); therefore, it is the most reli- able of the three carbon equivalents, provided that the carbon content of the steels to be compared ranges widely. Index to Describe Cracking Probability Ito, ef al. proposed P w (Ref. 3) and Suzuki recently proposed PH (Ref. 11) as parameters to describe the likelihood of cold cracking. The parameters involve chemical composition, hydrogen content and acting stress, which are three major causes of cold cracking in welds. Table 5Results of Restraint Cracking Steel SM41B SM41B SM53B SM53B SM53B SM53B HW45 HW45 HW45 HW45 HW45 HW45 HW45 HW45 HW70 HW70 HW70 HW70 PMS25 PMS25 PMS25 PMS35 PMS35 PMS35 SM41B SM41B SM41B A516 Gr.70 A516 Gr.70 A516 Gr.70 SB49M SB49M SB49M SB56M SB56M SB56M h, mm 38 38 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 38 38 38 32 32 50 50 50 50 75 75 75 75 75 75 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 CE eq (5) .294 .294 430 .430 .430 .430 .356 .356 .356 .358 .358 .358 329 329 .390 .390 .390 .390 .467 .467 467 .516 .516 .516 .268 .268 .268 .425 .425 .425 .465 .465 .465 .562 .562 .562 HJIS, ml / 100g 3.7 32.8 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 0.4 1.3 5.7 .04 2.2 5.0 3.2 31.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.4 3.4 3.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 1.9 1.9 1.9 Tests and Estimated Critical Oy, kgf/ mrri2 40 40 50 50 50 50 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 50 80 80 80 80 50 50 50 60 60 60 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 60 60 Kt, (groove) 8 ( f ) 8( ) 8 ( f ) 8 ( f ) 8 ( f ) 8 ( f ) 8 ( f ) 8 ( f ) 8 ( f ) 4(y) 4(y) 4(y) 1.5(V) 1.5(V) 8 ( f ) 8 ( f ) 8 ( f ) 8 ( f ) 8 ( f ) 8 ( f ) 1.5(toe) 8 ( f ) 8 ( f ) 1.5(toe) 8 ( f ) 8 ( f ) 1.5(toe) 8 ( f ) 8 ( f ) 1.5(toe) 8 ( f ) 8 ( f ) 1.5(toe) 8 ( f ) 8 ( f ) 1.5(toe) RF, kgf/ mm 2 2765 2765 290 3374 3374 3374 3374 3374 3374 2765 2765 2765 1500 1500 3374 3374 998 290 4265 4265 4265 4265 4265 4265 4784 4784 4784 4784 4784 4784 4784 4784 4784 4784 4784 4784 Preheating Temperat kgf/ mm 2 44.9 44.9 14.5 55.9 55.9 55.9 65.4 65.4 65.4 63.9 63.9 63.9 60.8 58.2 84.4 84.4 49.9 14.5 58.1 58.1 58.1 67.7 67.7 67.7 50.0 50.0 50.0 59.5 59.5 59.5 59.5 59.5 59.5 69.0 69.0 69.0 Cl .615 .757 .598 .774 - .774 .581 .658 .754 .490 .601 .654 .462 .611 .753 - .685 .523 .816
556 3664 - 1671 Ref. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 (a) Type of crack: S.R. single pass root crack; M. R. -mul t i pass root crack; M.T, multipass toe crack 150-s|JUNE 1983 Fig. 5 Multipass root crack in H-slit test In this study, a cracking index, based on the same concept as P w or P H , was introduced using the new carbon equiva- lent (CE) from equation (5) as: CI = CE4-0.15 xog HJIS + 0.30 xog(0.017 K, <x w ) (7) A Cl was computed for each of the wel d cracking tests and is also listed in Table 5. The Cl thus obtained were plotted against (tioo)cr corresponding to the T 0 * in Fig. 8 by making use of tioo
To relations shown in Figs. 11 and 12 in the Appendix. Then, a curve repre- senting the relationship between (t 10 o)cr and Cl was obtained by best fitting it to the plotted experimental results in Fig. 8. It was expressed as: (tioo)cr = exp (67.6 Cl 3 - 182.0 Cl 2 4- 163.8 C l - 41.0) (8) The (tioo)cr is the critical value, in that cracking can be prevented under the welding condition described by the cracking index, Cl, if the duration of the cooling to 100C (212F) in actual wel d- ing exceeds the (t 10 o)cr- Determination of Necessary Preheating Temperature The following procedure may be used to determine the necessary preheating temperature in steel welding. It is the same in its basic concept as the proce- dure proposed by JSSC (Ref. 2). 1. Obtain the carbon equivalent of the steel to be wel ded using equation (5). 2. Obtain the hydrogen content of the welding material. 3. Determine K, using the chart in Fig. 9, and <r w using Fig. 10 and equation (2). 4. Calculate Cl using the values of CE from equation (5), HJIS, K t and <T W using equation (7). 5. Calculate (tioo) CT from Cl using equa- tion (8). 6. Finally, select the preheating tem- perature, taking into account h, 2b, and Ej in Figs. 11 and 12 so that the following condition is satisfied: tioo > (tioo)c (9) The necessary preheating tempera- tures were estimated according to the procedure for H-slit tests and others. They are shown as the estimated T 0 * in Table 5. Since the procedure above was entirely based on the wel d cracking tests Fig. 6Multipass toe crack in H-slit test conducted by the authors, it may have some [imitations. Moreover, the fol l ow- ing precautions are required: 1. Unnecessary high preheating tem- peratures are given for the welding of mild steels and for the welding with high-hydrogen welding materials. Both cases did not fit equation (8) as seen in Fig. 8. 2. Wel d metal cracking is more likely t o occur than heat-affected zone crack- ing when welding steels wi th a lower CE or when using high-hydrogen materials. 3. The critical preheating temperature for multipass root cracking is less than that for single-pass root cracking by approximately 50C (90F), provided that interpass temperatures are kept 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 CE(IIW) Pcm CE(Eq.5) Fig. 7-Linear correlation between Stout slow-weld test results and carbon equivalents Fig. 8 (right) Relationship between critical cooling time to 100C and cracking index (Cl) 10000 CO __s 5000 o o O b 1000 o o 500 CD E r - E 100 o 50 o o 5 (tioo)o : - . - - TJ ?/ 1 [ = exp(67.6CI 3 -182.0CI 2 +163.8CI-41.0) 0 <v X /
/ rt m / a r x r .. _ _
- ' I Single pass root crack o Multi pass toe crack i Mild Steel High Hydrogen / 1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 Cracking Index, CI 0.9 1.0 WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT 1151-s Groove type y ( r oot ) Double-Vee ( r oot ) Y ( r oot ) Si ngl e-bevel ( r oot ) V ( r oot ) y . x . Y. V. U ( t oe) T ~ r w ~ ^ K, 4 3.5 4 - 5 6 - 8 1.5 1.5 Fig. 9 Stress concentration factors at root and toe weld positions higher than the preheating tempera- tures. 4. If root cracks are to be removed by backgouging, the preheating tempera- ture for toe cracking (K t = 1.5) may be employed. Conclusions 1. The CE from equation (5) is a more appropriate parameter than CE(IIW) or P cm for assessing the susceptibility of steel to cold cracking. 6000 E | 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 FU=71-r.(arctan(0.017h)-(h 400?\ FEM Analysis for r. 69 ^^^r^^~ Very severe restraint .s^^ ^____- / S^ - ^---' " Ordinary restraint r - = 70kgf mm 2 -mm r, = 60 r . =50 r f =40 / s s ^ ^ ^ "^ r.=30 / / / / ^ ^ """ r = 2 0 /JFJ/\S'^ r f =io 50 100 Plate Thickness. h(mm) 150 200 Fig. 10 Relation of restraint intensity to plate thickness 2. The cracking index, Cl, given by equation (7) satisfactorily describes the likelihood of cold cracking of steel under varying chemical compositions, welding material hydrogen content, and joint restraint intensity. 3. The necessary preheating tempera- ture can be determined by satisfying the condition that t 10 o > (tioo)cr- The critical cooling time (tioo)cr is given as a function of Cl by equation (8). Appendix Restraint Stress Acting on Weld The occurrence of cracking is greatly influenced by the severity of the notch where a crack is initiated. Figure 9 shows the stress concentration factors at weld roots and toes with various types of wel d grooves (Ref. 11). Watanabe, ef al. (Ref. 12) calculated the two-dimensional restraint coefficient, rf, for an H-slit test specimen as: r f = E/{B s + (L c /2L s )B s + B s '} (A1) where E is Young's modulus; B 5 , L c and L s 10000 5000 2 1000 - o 50 100 150 200 * Preheating Temperature, T 0 (C) 250 Fig. II Relation between cooling time to 100C and preheating temperature (Ej = 7,700 //mm) 10000 5000 Q c D C O 1000 500 100 50 - - - : / - 3,000J/mm h = 100mm h=75mm ' h = 50mm h = 38mm r L " - ^ - - h = 25mm ^-^y-^A^rA h = 20 m rn / < ^ 5 $ S 2 - 7 - ^ | - t ^ 2K- h=?nmm / \JC / / / / / / / h = 20mm / / / / h = 25mm / / * / h = 38mm / A. h = 50mm / h=75mm h = 100mm = 100mm 2b = 200mm 2b = 100mm| " 50 100 150 200 * Preheating Temperature, ToCCJ 250 Fig. 12 Relation between cooling time to 100C and preheating temperature (Ej = 3,000 J/mm) 152-s|JUNE 1983 1.0 .0.9 Oi 0 7 0.5 ^ V \ \ \ N \ \ \ v \ \ \ ^ > \ \ \ . / % * , \ \ \ A \ A Y \ A v - *"^ A ( C l - ^ / \ V CF , C / \ Ay^.b) / \ ^ y ^ ~~~. ~~ f v s. c e.fp.5.i =0. 50- ^0.45 = 0.40- ^0.35 - =0.3 " 0.6 UJ LLl o 0.5 Q. CD O O 5 cz UJ o 3S + 5 <o + w'S o + 0.3 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 Carbon Content (%) Fig. 13 Carbon content dependence of accommodation fac- tor, A(C), and CE(IIW) value equal to CEeq/5) are shown in Fig. 2; and B 5 ' is an i magi nal i ncr ement of t he slit l engt h due t o t he elastic react i on of a steel speci men. B s ' is 304 mm (12 in.) f or t ype I speci mens and 446 mm (17.6 in.) f or t ype II. General l y speaki ng, rf is 70 k g f / mm 2
mm (26, 300 I bf / i n. 3 ) f or t he severest restrai nt and about 40 k g f / mm 2 mm (15, 000 I bf / i n. 3 ) f or or di nar y restrai nt (Ref. 10). The restrai nt i nt ensi t y, Rp, is gi ven by t he pr oduct of rf and t he pl at e thi ckness, h, in t he case of t hi n pl at e and pi pe. However , an FEM analysis of t hr ee- di mensi onal elastic test pi eces r eveal ed that Rp di d not i ncrease in pr opor t i on t o h in a great er thi ckness r egi on (Ref. 13). The appr oxi mat e rel at i onshi p bet ween Rr, rf, and h is gi ven as: R F = 71 r f {arct an (0.017 h) - ( h/ 400) 2 } (A2) This rel at i on is graphi cal l y shown in Fig. 10. Cool i ng Time t o 100C The cool i ng t i me t o 100C (212F) af t er t he compl et i on of wel di ng under vari ous condi t i ons is avai l abl e in t he liter- at ure (Ref. 14). For t he l i mi t ed case of local pr eheat i ng by el ect ri c heat ers, t i mes are gi ven in Fig. 11 f or 1,700 J/ mm (43, 180 J/in.) of heat i nput and i n Fig. 12 f or 3, 000 J/ mm (76, 200 J/i n.). New Carbon Equivalent The car bon equi val ent pr oposed CE as cal cul at ed f r om equat i on (5) has an accommodat i on f act or , A(C), whi ch is a f unct i on of t he car bon cont ent of t he steel as: Fig. 14 - Relationship between CE(IIW) and CE eql5) A(C) = 0.75 + 0.25 t anh {20(C-0.12)} (6) The graphi c rel at i on of A(C) t o car bon cont ent , C, is gi ven in Fig. 13. The CE as cal cul at ed f r om equat i on (5) can be r ewr i t t en as: CTeq.,5) at C + A(C) {CE (IIW) 4- 0. 012 - C} (A3) The rel at i onshi p bet ween CE eq .(5) and CE(IIW) was exami ned f or vari ous t ypes of steel , i ncl udi ng t hose listed in Tabl es 2 and 3 and ot her s. It is seen in Fig. 14 t hat equat i on (A3) hol ds f or steels havi ng Nb less t han 0. 02% and Si rangi ng f r om 0.24 t o 0. 48%. Equati on (A3) i mpl i es t hat CE(IIW) val - ues equal t o CE eq ^ si gni fi cantl y i ncrease in t he r egi on of l ower car bon cont ent as shown in t he dot t ed lines in Fig. 13. The present st udy s howed t hat CE eq .(5) is mor e appr opr i at e in assessing steel' s sus- cept i bi l i t y t o col d cracki ng t han CE(IIW). It f ol l ows t hat steel wi t h a l ow car bon cont ent is consi der ed less suscept i bl e t o col d cracki ng, even when t he CE(IIW) of t he steel is hi gh. References 1. British Standard Institute. Dec. 1974 Specification for metal-arc we/ding of carbon and carbon manganese steels. BS5135. 2. JSSC Study Croup for Wel d Cracking. 1972. Prediction of suitable preheating condi- tion to prevent wel d cracking in steel struc- tures. Japan Steel Structure Construction 8(80):22-50. 3. Ito, Y., and Bessyo, K. 1968. Cracking parameter of high strength steels related to heat-affected-zone cracking Rep. 1. /. of lapan Welding Society 37(9):683-991. 4. Stout, R. D., Vasudevan, R., and Pense, A. W. 1976. A field weldability test for pipeline steels. Welding lournal 55(4):89-s to 94-s. 5. Yurioka, N., Ohshita, S., and Tamehiro, H. 1981. Study on carbon equivalents to assess cold cracking tendency and hardness in steel welding. Symposium on Pipeline Welding in the 80's by Australian Welding Research Asso- ciation. 6. Yurioka, N., Yatake, T., Kataoka, R., and Ohshita. S. 1979. Prevention of root cracking in root-pass wel d. /. of Japan Welding Society 48(12):1028-1033. 7. Yatake, T., Yurioka, N., Kataoka, R., and Tsunetomi, E. 1980. Prevention of crackings in multi-pass wel d. /. of Japan Welding Society 49(7):484-489. 8. Bada, T., Yatake, T., Yurioka, N., and Kikuno, T. 1976. Steel and wel d material requirements for the prevention of wel d cracking in heavy wall pipe. Materials engi- neering in the arctic, 216-222. American Soci- ety for Metals. 9. Suzuki. H. 1978. Cold cracking and its prevention in steel welding Rep. 1. Trans, lapan Welding Society 9(2)440-149. 10. Satoh, K., and Ueda, S. 1976. Studies on structural restraint severity relating to weld cracking in lapan. IIW Document X808 76. 11. Suzuki, H. 1979. Cold cracking and its prevention in steel welding Rep. 2. Trans, lapan Welding Society 10(2):82-91. 12. Watanbe, M., and Satoh, K. 1965. Study on restraint intensity and stress on wel d joints. /. of Soc. Naval Arch. Japan 110:349- 358. 13. JSSC Study Group for Wel d Cracking. 1975. Study on an application of oblique-Y groove restraint cracking test of extreme heavy plate, lapan Steel Structure Construc- tion 11(114):24-28. 14. Yurioka, N., Okumura, M., Ohshita, S., and Saito, S. 1981. On the methods determin- ing preheating temperature necessary to avoid cold cracking in steel welding. IIW Document XH-E-10-81. WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT 1153-s