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Abstractin this paper, we propose a digital watermarking

method for stereoscopic video frames. A stereoscopic video frame


is stored as two images and combined by software while
displayed. These two stored images are with high similarity. In
the circumstances, it should be taken into consideration to resist
coalition attacks while developing a watermarking scheme for
stereoscopic videos. As shown in experimental results, the
watermark embedded with the proposed scheme is still
detectable after common image processing operations such as
JPEG compression, Gaussian filtering and sharpening. In the
future, we will develop stereoscopic video watermarking methods
based on the proposed method.
I. INTRODUCTION
Because of the popularity of on-line video sharing sites,
besides p2p and on-line file storage, pirated versions of video
are also distributed by these web sites, now. Up to the present,
an on-line video sharing site has removed these pirated video
according to the reports from users. However, many users
may watch and download the video before the website
removes it. If a pirated version of video can be detected when
it is being uploaded, the economy loss caused by the pirated
version can be future reduced. Thus, we proposed to embed a
watermark into the video content [2-5] before it is published.
When a video clip is uploaded to the on-line video sharing site,
the website will judge if a watermark is present in the video to
confirm its copyright status. If this video clip should not be
shared on the Internet, the web site can then refuse the file
transfer. This detection operation may take a significant
amount of computational cost due to the large amount of
video content. Therefore, the watermark embedding operation
can be time consuming, but the detection method must be
efficient and effective.
In this paper, we proposed a digital watermarking approach
[2] for stereoscopic video frames (i.e., 3D images). With
slight modification, this method could also be applied to
stereoscopic video contents. To increase the efficiency of the
watermark detection operation, the proposed detection method
can increasingly extract watermark data from a portion of a
stereoscopic video frame while the frame is receiving.
Therefore, whether the video frame contain a watermark can
be confirmed according to a part of the image data. Then, the
website may decide to refuse a pirated video content to save
storage and bandwidth.


II. THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM
A stereoscopic video frame contains two images, which are
taken in different positions at the same time. Two cameras
placed side-by-side, approximately 6 cm apart, are used to
capture these images from slightly different positions for the
left and right eyes. An example of stereoscopic video frames
is shown in Figure 1. Since a large amount of contents of
these two images are similar, the coalition attack must be
taken into consideration when a watermark is embedded. In
other words, an attacker may make use of the similarity of
these two images to remove the embedded watermark.
Therefore, the proposed watermarking method will firstly
identify the similar portions of the two images containing in a
stereoscopic video frame. Then, identical watermark data will
be embedded into the same positions of the similar portions to
resist coalition attack.

The proposed watermark embedding method involves eight
steps. These steps are described as follows.
1. A stereoscopic video frame is divided into two images.
The image on the left side is referred to as image A and
the other as image B. Supposed that dimensions of image
A and image B are w u h.
2. Then, mean squared error (MSE) between the right
portion of image A and the left portion of image B with
dimensions i u h, 1d i dw, is calculated. Assumed that
minimal MSE value is obtained when i = W
s
.
3. As shown in figure 2, image A and B are divided into
sub-image a, b, c and d. Sub-image b and c are similar in
the metric of MSE. Thus, sub-image b and c should
contain identical watermark data.
4. Apply discrete wavelet transform to image A and B,

A Robust Watermarking Scheme for Stereoscopic Video Frames
Yueh-Hong Chen
Dept of Comp. Sci. Info. Eng.
Far East University
Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.
yuehhong@gmail.com
Hsiang-Cheh Huang
Dept of Electrical Eng
National Univ. of Kaohsiung
Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
hch.nuk@gmail.com
Figure 1. An example of the stereoscopic video frames. This image is stored
with side-by-side format.
978-1-4673-6199-6/13/$31.00 2013 IEEE
2013 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Consumer Electronics (ISCE)
295


respectively. Then, method proposed in [1] is used to
embed an identical binary watermark into image A and B.
5. Before each watermark bit is embedded, a random
number is generated to decide the watermark bit will be
embedded into sub-image b and c, or sub-image a and d.
6. Assumed that sub-image b and c are chosen. Then,
wavelet coefficients corresponding to sub-image b and c
are random selected. These coefficients are then
modified with the method proposed in [1].to embed the
watermark bit. Since the same random number is used to
select one coefficient from sib-image b and one from
sub-image c, it is clear that they are at the same position
in sub-image b and c.
7. If sub-image a and d are chosen, coefficients at different
positions in sub-image a and d are randomly chosen to
embed the watermark bit.
8. Apply inverse wavelet transform on image A and B and
combine them into a watermarked stereoscopic video
frame. Keep W
s
and the seed of the random number
generator as our secret key.
As described above, each pair of coefficients from sub-
image b and c are at the same position; moreover, the
method proposed in [1] uses the relationship rather than the
value of coefficients to hide watermark data. Therefore, the
watermark may not be removed even an attacker exchange
or average similar pixels in the left image and right image
of a watermarked stereoscopic video frame.
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Up to now, there has been no standard test image in
stereoscopic applications. Therefore, we used a stereoscopic
video frame obtained from a stereoscopic video on Internet as
our test data. The frame is shown in Figure 1. The dimensions
of the frame is 800x600 pixels; that is, left and right images
contained in this stereoscopic video frame are with
dimensions 400u600 pixels. After embedding an 1024-bit
watermark into the image, JPEG compression, JPEG2000
compression, Gaussian filtering and sharpening operation are
applied to evaluate the robustness of the proposed method.
The experimental results are shown in Table 1.

As shown in Table 1, the proposed method would resist to
JPEG compression, JPEG2000 compression, Gaussian
filtering and sharpening. Therefore, the proposed method can
be used for digital right protection. Moreover, the
watermarking scheme proposed in [1] can be detected
progressively, so the method described in this paper is also a
progressive watermarking method. Thus, this method is
suitable for digital right management on the web sites.

IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we proposed a stereoscopic video frame
watermarking scheme, which can immediately extract
watermark data from a portion of a stereoscopic video frame
while a stereoscopic frame is receiving. Moreover, the
proposed scheme has the following additional properties:
1. Progressive detection: when partial image contents are
received, watermarking detection can start to check whether
or not a suspected watermark exits.
2. Early decision: watermark detector can make an early
decision of whether a suspected watermark exists or not,
without waiting to see the whole image contents.
3. Comparing to the watermark embedding process,
watermark detection process is more efficient. The proposed
scheme optimizes robustness of watermarks and quality of
images in the watermark embedding process. Furthermore, the
scheme simplifies the watermark detection process to reduce
the computational cost. In the future, we will develop
stereoscopic video watermarking methods based on the
proposed method to prevent stereoscopic video from being
pirated through on-line video sharing sites.
REFERENCES
[1] Y. H. Chen and H.-C. Huang, "A Progressive Image Watermarking
Scheme for JPEG 2000," Int'l Conf. on Intelligent Information Hiding
and Multimedia Signal Processing, Piraeus-Athens, Greece,2012.
[2] Ingemar Cox, Matthew Miller, and Jeffrey Bloom, Digital
Watermarking: principles and practice, Morgan Kaufmann, 2002.
[3] Maneli Noorkami and Russell M. Mersereau, "A Framework for Robust
Watermarking of H.264-Encoded Video With Controllable Detection
Performance," IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and
Security, vol. 2, no. 1, March 2007.
[4] Jun-Yan Hsieh and Long-Wen Chang, "A high capacity watermarking
for H.264/AVG based on frequency weighting," 2006 International
Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication System,
Tottori, Japan, 2006.
[5] Maneli Noorkami and Russell M. Mersereau, "Digital Video
Watermarking in P-Frames With Controlled Video Bit-Rate Increase,"
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 3, no. 3,
September 2008.
Original frame
Image A
Sub-image b Sub-image a
Image B Sub-image c Sub-image d
Watermark
Embedding Process

Figure 2 An example of dividing a stereoscopic video frame into sub images
during watermark embedding.
TABLE I
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF WATERMARK DETECTION AFTER JPEG
COMPRESSION, JPEG2000 COMPRESSION, GAUSSIAN FILTERING AND
SHARPENING.
Symbol PSNR % of Correct bits
JPEG Compression 30.41 66.4%
JPEG2000 Compression 32.02 69.04%
3 u 3 Gaussian Filtering 28.32 70%
Sharpening 24.18 98.63%
2013 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Consumer Electronics (ISCE)
296

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