Univerzitet u Beogradu

Fakultet politikih nauka

Master akademske studije- Meunarodna bezbednost
Izazovi, rizici i pretnje bezbednosti
Michael ! "nderson
SAETAK
Vuori, Juha A., "Illocutionary Logic and Strands of Securitization A!!lying the Theory of
Securitization to the Study of "on#$e%ocratic &olitical 'rders." European Journal of
International Relations () *+,,-. /0#11.
In this #ork, $uori e%pands our previous discussions about securitization and its elements o&
conte%t, illocution, and perlocution as he applies the theor' to non-democratic s'stems, particularl'
the (eoples) *epublic o& +hina &rom ,-.--,---! /e rein&orces that conte%t and &raming are
essential, especiall' #hen securitization is to be applied over a range o& social political s'stems!
0hen, he traces securitization speech acts #hich occurred during in the cases o& the 10iananmen
Incident2 in ,-.- and +hina)s securitization o& the Falun 3ong in ,---, sho#ing securitization4s
relevance to non-democratic s'stems!
In order to ade5uatel' trace securitization in these t#o cases, $uori re&ines securitization to
remove democratic bias, #hile being care&ul not to 1overstretch2 its concepts! First, he makes it
clear that even despots have some audience some#here, since 16i7n the long term, purel' coercive
rule is impossible2 8$uori, 9.:! "ll societies have rules, and there&ore their o#n de&initions o&
1e%ceptional2 measures appl', as do &undamental concepts o& language abilit' and per&ormative
&orce!
In a non-democratic societ', e%ceptional measures can come in the &orm o& breaking part'
rules, norms o& behavior, etc! /o#ever, unlike ;aever, $uori claims that securitization doesn)t just
allo# e%ceptional measures! <ther goals e%ist &or securitization that ma' not be considered
e%ceptional in di&&erent conte%ts, including control o& societ'! 0his makes securitization more
intuitive &or application to totalitarian regimes! "udiences &or these securitization speech acts can
include po#er&ul elites, &undamentalists, or even multiple, parallel audiences 8including the threat
itsel&:! =ince the goal o& a securitization is ultimatel' legitimization in the e'es o& some audience o&
some act 8and then some &urther perlocutionar' goal:, $uori describes securitization case studies in
+hina using legitimization arguments directed at di&&erent audiences, issued &rom di&&erent actors
#ithin the government!
But &irst, he &urther deconstructs securitization speech acts into their component speech acts,
an important measure #hen #idening securitization)s applicabilit'! =ince the &ive elementar'
speech acts cannot ade5uatel' describe securitization acts, ne# structure is created #here the
securitization process as a comple% speech act, made up o& elementar' speech acts, #ith the basic
&orm o& claim, #arning, and then some t'pe o& directive speech act 8re5uest, claim, declaration, or
re5uirement:! 0he corollar' is a mani&estation o& the 1Five =trands o& =ecuritization!2 0he &ive
strands are di&&erent securitization acts #ith di&&erent goals and possibl' even di&&erent actors! 0he'
are acts #hich> ,: raise an issue, ?: legitimize a &uture act 8;aever)s model:, @: deterAintimidate, B:
legitimize past acts, or C: control!
$uori)s anal'sis o& the (*+ sho#s ho# these di&&erent strands #ere applied in recent histor'
to protect the (art')s &avorite re&erent object> the +hinese socialist s'stem! 0hrough anal'sis o&
conte%t, &raming, and various speech acts, $uori sho#s ho# o&&icials #ere able to mobilize political
and militar' &orce to claim legitimac' #hile crushing the 1rebellion2 and controlling the Falun
3ong! =peech acts speci&icall' placed the issues on the securit' agenda, legitimized the
implementation o& martial la# be&ore it happened, deterred &uture democratic movements b' setting
e%amples, legitimized a&ter-the-&act use o& &orce against students, and &inall' control o& mass
socialAreligious groups through legislation and re-education! In a brie& closing statement, $uori
states that these past comple% speech acts, and other like them, are the securitization processes that
have created the modern social situation in +hina, and i& their legitimac' #anes, so #ill the political
order there!