Gastech2014 Day3

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2014 Conference
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DAY THREE
Wednesday, 26 March 2014
China has huge shale gas potential, which is starting
to be realized. But the challenges involved in meeting
the countrys ambitious production targets could rival the
opportunities on offer, according to Wood Mackenzies
Craig McMahon.
China is forecast to account for almost one-third of
incremental gas demand across the world between now
and 2030, McMahon, head of the consultancys Asia
Pacific Upstream Research team, told delegates.
To put that into perspective, between 2010 and 2030,
we expect gas demand growth in China to total 50 Bcf
per day. China clearly is the global gas demand story,
he said.
The need to supply such a fast-expanding market
plus growing concerns in the country over pollution from
coal-fired power stationsshould provide a major stimu-
lus to exploration efforts across all types of gas, including
conventional, tight and shale supply. While the first two
of these are already being tapped extensively, shale gas
remains the great unknown, raising hopes that Chinas
reserves could do for its economy what US shale reserves
have done for the economy there.
Drilling expansion has been slow in the early stages of
exploration, but the sector has received a major boost with
Sinopecs development of Chinas first commercial shale
gas project at Fuling. Around 100 wells have been drilled
to date, with a typical flowrate of between 2 Bcf and 7
Bcf per day. Typical well costs have been around $15 mil-
lion per well, which is significantly higher than seen in
typical US shale plays, but this does represent a decrease,
compared with earlier Sinopec drilling programs. In 2013,
production was running at some 50 Mcf per day, a figure
that has already grown to around 75Mcf now. By the end
of 2014, Sinopec hopes to produce 300 Mcf per day, with
capacity being put in place to raise that to 500 Mcf per
day by 2015 and 1 Bcf by 2017.
This is all very very positive in terms of development.
It really demonstrates what can be achieved within Chi-
nas shale. However, you would caveat that with the fact
that this is just one developmentand its really quite
a small development, McMahon said. Wood Macken-
zie estimates the Fuling project could contain around
Can China realize its shale gas dreams?
By IAN LEWIS
During mid-morning Tuesday, the
evolving role of Russian gas and LNG in
Asia-Pacific markets was tackled by Jona-
than Stern, chairman and senior research
fellow at the Oxford Institute of Energy
Studies Natural Gas Research Program.
Stern first explained how Russias origi-
nal LNG plan was initially focused on the
US, which, until the shale gas revolution,
was expected to be a net gas importer for
the foreseeable future. However, Russias
LNG strategy is changing, to reflect the
shifting gas supply-and-demand landscape.
As Gazproms LNG focus has switched
to the Asian market, competition from
other Russian players has grown. The end
of Gazproms LNG monopoly opened the
gate for Rosneft and Novatek to actively
compete with Gazprom for customers.
Atlantic-facing LNG projects (Shtok-
man, Leningrad LNG and Pechora LNG)
remain in progress, but these facilities are
unlikely to come onstream until after the
start of the next decade.
However, Novateks Yamal LNG proj-
ect offers gas supply to both the East and
the West, providing clear competition for
Gazprom, which was, until recently, the
only company in Russia allowed to export
LNG. (The Russian government ended
Gazproms LNG monopoly at the end of
2013.) An attractive tax regime, and gov-
ernmental support, make the Yamal LNG
project commercially attractive, Stern said.
Total gas production potential from
existing Russian fields is over 75 billion
cubic meters (Bcm), and up to 100 Bcm,
representing a huge resource potential.
The key to unlocking this potential, Stern
said, is to determine where pipeline and
LNG projects fit together. The Power of
Siberia pipeline and Gazproms proposed
Vladivostok LNG terminal represent $80
B to $90 B of investment, but the suc-
cess of these projects depends on whether
Gazprom can sign a deal with Chinese
National Petroleum Corp. to export gas
along the pipeline to China. Therefore, the
economics of Vladivostok LNG largely
depend on the success of the Power of
Siberia pipeline.
Project negotiations for the Siberian
pipeline and the Vladivostok LNG termi-
nal have been ongoing since the 1990s.
First, there was a standstill over the loca-
tion of the pipeline. Russia is now focused
on an eastern pipeline, which accommo-
dates Chinese wishes for receiving gas.
However, negotiations are now stalled on
pricing, and, according to Stern, both par-
ties believe they have the upper hand in
the talks.
While Gazprom is delaying on these
negotiations, Rosneft and Novatek are
vigorously pursuing alternative projects
and winning customers. If progress on
Vladivostok does not happen in 2014, it
could threaten the viability and relevance
of the project, Stern said.
Russian LNG suppliers compete for the gold
By ADRIENNE BLUME
See CHINA, page 19
DR. JONATHAN STERN,
Oxford Institute of Energy Studies
CRAIG MCMAHON, Wood Mackenzie
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Wednesday, 26 March 20143 Gastech Conference Newspaper
Conference Programme, Wednesday, 26 March
COMMERCIAL STREAM
MORNING
Contracting, Pricing and Trading in Gas and LNG
09:0009:10 Chairmans Welcome
Milo Sjardin, Head of Asia-Pacific, Bloomberg New Energy Finance
09:1009:30 Asias Move to Hub Indexation: Pipe Dream or Prospective Reality?
Chris Holmes, Senior Director Global Gas and LNG, IHS Global
09:3509:55 Qatargas Perspectives on the Evolving Commercial Trends
in the Global LNG Business
Alaa Abujbara, Chief Operating Officer
Commercial and Shipping, Qatargas
10:0010:20 LNG: a Changing Market and the Key Drivers and Inhibitors Examined
Andrew Walker, Vice President Global LNG, BG Group
10:2510:45 How to Escape from Long-Term LNG Sale and Purchase Agreements
Paul Griffin, Global Head of Oil and Gas, Allen & Overy
10:4511:15 Networking Break
11:1511:35 Understanding Evolving LNG Procurement Patterns in Asia
Hiroshi Hashimoto, Senior Analyst, Gas Group,
Institute of Energy Economics, Japan
11:4012:00 LNG Pricing: Oil Linked or Non-Oil Linked Price Indexing?
Paramate Hoisungwan, Senior Analyst, PTT International
12:0512:25 Price Review Clauses in LNG Sale and Purchase Agreements
Jason Bennett, PartnerGlobal Projects Group, Baker Botts LLP
12:3012:50 Will Non-Oil Indexation be the Liberator of Asian Buyers?
Ming Cai, Senior LNG Analyst, Poten & Partners
Reserve Paper: The Role of Shipping in Driving the LNG Growth Business
Deborah Turner, Senior LNG Adviser, Simpson, Spence & Young
12:5014:00 Delegate Lunch
AFTERNOON
Financing, Investing and Developing Gas and LNG Projects
Katan Hirachand, Managing Director, Energy Project Finance,
Socit Gnrale
14:2014:40 Floating LNG: Evolutionary or Revolutionary?
Gaurav Seth, Managing Director, Global Energy Advisory
and Finance Group, Socit Gnrale
14:4515:05 Creating Sustainable LNG Development Projects
Julie Nelson, Director of Government and Public Affairs, BG Group
15:1015:30 Investment Insights into the Future of Floating LNG Projects
Kathleen Eisbrenner, Chief Executive Officer, Next Decade LLC
15:3515:55 LNG Project Financing: Are the Technical Risks Blowing Out?
Sam McCready, Consultant, LNG and Natural Gas Consulting,
Poten & Partners (Australia) Pty Ltd
16:2517:25 SPECIAL PANEL DISCUSSION
New LNG Dawns: Financing and Investing in the New Projects
to Supply Asias Growing Gas Demand
New commercial models and how finance will adapt
The fast-changing landscape of offtakers and suppliers alike
How a new breed of buyer in Asia will attract financing
New sources of finance for LNG projects
Speakers to be confirmed from:
Korea Eximbank
Japan Bank of International Cooperation
International Finance Cooperation
Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation
18:0020:30 Gastech 2015 Launch Party
TECHNICAL STREAM
MORNING
LNG as a Transport Fuel: with Bunkering and Infrastructure Development
Mark Bell, General Manager, Society for Gas as a Marine Fuel (SGMF)
09:1009:40 Development of an Innovative, New LNG-powered Container Ship Design
Krzysztof Kozdron, Managing Director, Schulte Marine Concept
Chris Clucas, Group Fleet Director, Bernhard Schulte
Shipmanagement Ltd.
09:4010:00 Developing Guidelines and Policies for First US Project with LNG as Fuel
William Sember, Vice President Global Marketing, ABS
10:1010:40 Main Engine Gas Injection (ME-GI): Successfully Converting
Large 2-Stroke Diesels to Dual Fuel on Qatari Large LNG Carriers
Thomas Hale, Senior Cryogenic Engineer,
Qatargas Operating Company Ltd
11:1011:40 LNG Bunkering Feasibility Analysis for Koreas Coasts:
Developing a National Infrastructure
Kim Kidong, Principal Research, KOGAS
11:4012:10 Diversifying the Zeebrugge LNG Terminal into a Hub
for Small-Scale LNG
Peter Verhaeghe, Director Technical Operations, Fluxys
12:1012:40 The Technical Implementation of High-Pressure Fuel Gas Supply
Systems for 2-Stroke Engines (ME-GI)
Bjrn Munko, Sales Manager, TGE Marine Gas Engineering GmbH
Reserve Paper: Wrtsils 2-Stroke Low-Pressure Dual Fuel Marine Engines
Rolf Stiefel, Director of 2stroke Sales, Wrtsil Ship Power
12:4014:00 Delegate Lunch
AFTERNOON
Emerging and Ground-Breaking Gas Technologies
Marjan Van Loon, Vice President Liquefied Natural Gas
and Gas Processing, Shell
14:2014:50 A New Offshore Application of Gas-to-Liquid Technology
to Cut Flaring on FPSOs
Francesco Criminisi, FLNG Development Engineer, SBM Offshore
14:5015:20 Emission Reduction by the Use of Supercritical CO2 Cycles
in LNG Liquefaction Plants
Cyrus Meher-Homji, Engineering Fellow and Technology Manager,
Bechtel
15:2015:50 Sulfinol-X: A Solution for LNG Production
from RSH Containing Natural Gas
Jun-ichiro Tanaka, Engineering Consultant, Chiyoda Corporation
Alexandra Anghel, Technology Commercialisation
and Licensing Manager, Shell Research
16:2016:50 Unlocking Small-Scale GTL: A New, Cost-Effective Platform
for Producing Drop-In Fuels from Natural Gas-Derived Syngas
George Boyajian, Vice President Business Development,
Primus Green Energy
16:5017:20 Technology to Achieve High NGL Recovery in a Simple,
Efficient and Robust Process Using a Single Mixed Refrigerant
Kevin L. Currence, Technology ManagerGas Processing,
Black & Veatch
17:2017:50 State-Of-The-Art Nitrogen Removal for Natural Gas Liquefaction
Christopher Ott, Senior Principal Process Engineer,
Air Products & Chemicals Inc.
Reserve Paper: A KOGAS Analysis of Membrane Sloshing
Kyo-Kook Jin, Senior Research Engineer, LNG Tech Center
R&D Division, KOGAS
18:0020:30 Gastech 2015 Launch Party
CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION OPENING TIMES
Conference Exhibition
Monday 24 March 2014 09:0018:00 12:0018:00
Tuesday 25 March 2014 09:0018:00 10:0018:00
Wednesday 26 March 2014 09:0018:00 10:0018:00
Thursday 27 March 2014 09:0013:00 10:0016:00
To see the schedule for Centres of Technical
Excellence (CoTEs), please see page 8
Four Floating Storage and Regasifcation Units (FSRUs) on order from
Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI), for delivery 2014 and early 2015. Two of
the units on long term contracts to Perusahaan Gas Negara, Indonesia and
Klaipedos Nafta, Lithuania
Operating a feet of six LNG carriers, including two regasifcation vessels
A highly skilled organization with a wide range of competence gained
through LNG operation since 1973
A fully integrated company including in-house feet management
FLNG
Transportation
Regasifcation
Governmental policies impact new LNG into Asia
By ADRIENNE BLUME
Day 2 of Gastech featured a number of insightful pre-
sentations from consultancy heads and industry execu-
tives. Among these was Gavin Thompson, the head of
Asia-Pacific gas and power research at Wood Mackenzie,
who presented his views on achieving Asia-Pacific LNG
supply sufficiency.
Asian growth is expected to double every 10 years.
However, across Asia, policy decisionsor a lack of policy
decisionsare impacting new supplies into the region.
Some government policies directly support selected LNG
projects over others, which will have a significant impact
on LNG suppliers risk appetites.
Over 500 million tons per year (MMtpy) of new LNG
supply is proposed worldwide, with 80% of this new capac-
ity coming from the US, Australia, Canada, East Africa,
Russia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Malaysia. The
LNG export push from the US is gaining momentum,
especially with the ongoing tensions between Russia and
Ukraine over Crimea. US governmental support is growing
for the use of domestic LNG exports as a foreign policy
tool, to support energy needs in strategic areas.
Meanwhile, Russias LNG ambitions to Asia are under
threat, due to stalled negotiations on near-term LNG proj-
ects. East Africa and Canada have great resource potential,
but there has been little progress on final investment deci-
sions (FIDs) for East African LNG projects. Some Asian
buyers are taking equity positions in Canadian projects to
guarantee supply. In Australia, 60 MMtpy of expensive
LNG capacity is under construction; however, more cost
assurance is needed before Asian buyers will show an
appetite for supply.
One of the large driving factors for growth in the Asian
gas market is China. There is a large environmental policy
push for improved air quality in China, which will inevi-
tably favor gas, Thompson noted. Across the Pacific basin,
governments are encouraging new entrants into the LNG
sector. India and China are welcoming new LNG players, to
meet their rapid growth in gas demand. The infrastructure
to access LNG is already present in these two countries,
making them accessible to new LNG suppliers.
However, in Japan and South Korea, uncertainty sur-
rounding the use of nuclear energy is impacting the ability
of gas buyers to comfortably establish a long-term gas
demand outlook. Japan has seen some governmental inter-
vention in the LNG market, in an effort to lower LNG
prices, but greenfield LNG is not low-cost, and prices
cannot be brought down to a level where greenfield FID
decisions can be made. In these two countries, new LNG
entrants are encountering substantial competition over
incremental demand growth. Financing for new LNG proj-
ects is becoming more challenging, because of the numer-
ous calls for new pricing schemes that favor buyers.
These challenges and policy decisions are making the
US, Russia and some niche small-scale LNG projects the
front-runners to meet Asian supply. Niche projects, such as
those in West Africa and Malaysia, look promising, but are
characterized by technical risks (i.e., FLNG). Meanwhile,
Australia, Canada and East Africa have acted as bystanders
over the last 12 months, watching the acceleration of US
and Russian LNG.
What are the implications of these changes for Asian
buyers and governments? Buyers and governments are
fundamental to the pace and progress of LNG supply,
Thompson said. Too often, however, policies are creating
uncertainty and confusion about demand outlooks, and that
is slowing the pace of new development.
GAVIN THOMPSON, Wood Mackenzie
BG strives to build new LNG hub in BC
By KURT ABRAHAM
In what could be described as the tri-
als and tribulations of building a new
Canadian LNG export hub, a BG Group
exec on Tuesday morning described the
process by which her company is evalu-
ating whether to make a final investment
decision to build the facility near Prince
Rupert, British Columbia (BC). Elizabeth
Betsy Spomer, senior vice president
for Global Business Development at BG
Group, said that her firm is looking at a
myriad of factors that will influence the
decision whether to construct a 2.9-Bcfd
LNG export plant at Ridley Island, near
Prince Rupert, for $16 billion.
Indeed, there are some significant posi-
tives that prompted BG to propose the
project in the first place. One, the shale gas
basins in Canada are large, undeveloped
and hold over 1,200 Tcf at last estimate.
Two, there is an extensive gas pipeline net-
work upon which to build further. Three,
there is a friendly fiscal regime, charac-
terized by moderate work commitments
and long terms. Last, but not least, BC is
competitive, in terms of shipping distances
to Japan and South Korea, with Australia,
Egypt and Qatar.
But then there are the challenges, said
Spomer, not the least of which has been site
selection for the new facility, which must
be placed on the challenging BC coastline.
Some of the key criteria for site selection
include having sufficient land, assessing
the impact on First Nations, and gaining
sufficient marine access, with deep water
and a turning basin, explained Spomer.
Additional factors included access to infra-
structure, particularly road and rail access,
and the distance of the facility from known
fault lines (earthquakes).
A short list of project sites included Rid-
ley Island, along with Grassy Point and
Lelu Island. In the end, Ridley won out.
In addition to the LNG export facility, BG
would collaborate with Spectra Energy to
build a pipeline from producing fields in
northeastern BC, through Grassy Point and
on down to Ridley Island. There is a lim-
ited number of of good pipeline corridors,
noted Spomer. However, based on the
route chosen, were anticipating building
two 48-in. pipelines with Spectra.
A number of challenges will have to
be overcome to build the pipeline. These
include construction on steep gradients,
working in cold weather, and extensive
rock blasting and excavation. In addition,
there are a number of challenges that must
be solved in building the LNG export facil-
ity. These include varied geography; secur-
ing a license to operate; cost creep; fiscal
creep; and multiple projects competing for
the same markets, causing buyer confusion.
The last item is a major factor, as BG
Groups proposed project is just one of
several LNG export facilities planned for
the Canadian West Coast. Having experi-
enced the process of three identical projects
being constructed on Curtis Island (offshore
Queensland, Australia), I know how things
that make perfect sense (in engineering
offices) dont always happen, said Spomer.
The proposed project draws on BG
Groups considerable international experi-
ence in LNG, and could create consider-
able employment during the construction
and operational phases, including as many
as 3,000 jobs during construction. This
would include 400 to 600 full-time per-
manent positions, and additional spin-off
jobs and economic opportunities. BG and
its contractors would make efforts to fill
jobs locally.
BG said that it continues to examine the
opportunity to build the Ridley Island LNG
facility, and will make a final investment
decision on whether or not to proceed by
mid-decade. Analysts have voiced con-
cerns for some time, that Canadian export
projects could see sharp cost increases if
several LNG export facilities are built at
once on the coast.
ELIZABETH SPOMER, BG Group
Gastech Conference Newspaper 6Wednesday, 26 March 2014
Panama Canal risks not deemed high
for LNG vessels
By IAN LEWIS
Around 100 LNG vessels are likely to sail through the
widened and modified Panama Canal every year, provid-
ing new challenges for both the authorities and the com-
panies involved. However, assessments suggest that risks
from taking LNG through the canal, when its expansion
opens, should not be high and should be containable with
some relatively straightforward measures.
The Panama Canal Authority (ACP) said in March, that
it had reached a deal with a Spanish contractor to end a
dispute over $1.6 billion of cost overruns that had delayed
work on the waterway. As part of the deal, the consortium
(led by Sacyr) and the ACP are to each invest an extra $100
million in the project, due to be completed in 2015. When
carriers do start to pass through, it will be the first time that
laden LNG vessels have ever used the canal.
The current canal configuration involves two sets of
locks on either side of Gatun Lake, the routes high point.
The expansion adds a third set of locks able to handle
larger vessels, including LNG carriers, as well as widening
and deepening some sections of the canal.
Tamunoiyala Koko, Team LeaderHalifax, at Lloyds
Register (LR), told Gastech that a risk assessment carried
out by the ACP, in collaboration with the Society of Inter-
national Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators (SIGTTO)
and LR, showed all hazards considered had risks deemed
to carry, at most, a risk level of Medium.
The assessment used a standard hazard identification
(HAZID) approach, modified for the circumstances of this
study. The risk matrix used rated the risk levels as Low,
Medium, High or Extreme.
The study looked at the suitability of LNG carriers
with capacities up to 170,000 cubic meters, and the
potential risks that they may pose to the safety and secu-
rity of the public and other Panama Canal users. The
main incidents raised were linked to the potential for
human error, mechanical failure or extreme weather con-
ditions, which could result in an LNG carrier grounding
or colliding with passing ships.
The authors recommended that most risks were deemed
to be capable of being handled, using current controls
and safeguards aligned with the widely used principle of
ALARPi.e. ensuring risks are as low as reasonably
practicable. Some attracted extra recommendations.
One of these was the potential for the collision of an
LNG carrier with other vessels in severe weather that
could lead to injuries or fatalities, or pollution and traf-
fic interruption. Here, the assessment recommends car-
rying out simulations of maneuvering abilities under
severe weather with tug assistance. Another is potential
problems that vessels may incur, turning at some bends
in the canal, which the assessment suggests could be
overcome by making traffic one-way at these bends with
extra tugboat support.
The assessment process involved segregating the transit
into a number of sections; identification of hazards unique
to LNG vessel operations; identification of the hazard
causes and consequences; estimation of the severity and
likelihood of the hazard, based on subject matter expertise
and historical data of Panama Canal operational incidents;
risk ranking of, using a risk matrix; and assessment of the
effectiveness of the controls used to manage the risk.
Koko said the estimate of around 100 LNG vessels
sailing through the canal was based on data compiled in
the research period in early 2012. Since then the potential
for LNG exports from the US Gulf region has increased,
raising the prospect that more LNG vessels could seek to
use the canal.
TAMUNOIYALA KOKO, Lloyds Register
Publisher
Bret Ronk
Gastech Contacts
Michael Cluskey
Samantha Ling
Editor
Billy Thinnes
Billy.Thinnes@GulfPub.com
Executive Editor
Kurt Abraham
Contributing Editors
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Ian Lewis
Photographer
Kelly Abraham
Production Manager
Angela Bathe
Artist/Illustrator
David Weeks
Advertising Production Manager
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Gastech
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Visitors to Gastech this year have the
chance to not only voice their opinion on
some of the major issues facing the global
gas industry, but to win a Samsung tablet,
as well. Chevron and Petroleum Economist
have teamed up to run a daily survey and
prize draw throughout Gastech 2014.
The survey comprises a single question
each day, designed to assess delegates
collective opinion on a range of issues,
covering developments in the global gas
industry, and trends in natural gas demand,
production and pricing.
All those polled are automatically
entered into the prize drawing, to win a
Samsung tablet. As well as entry into the
drawing, all respondents will receive, free
while stocks last, a 1GB USB, pre-loaded
with a PDF version of Petroleum Econo-
mists World Gas Map 2014.
On Monday, delegates were asked
whether, in their opinion, there will be a
global shortfall in LNG supply by 2025.
The results of the poll (carried out over
the first three hours of Gastech 2014) were
indicative of the debate within the indus-
try at present. Of the 175 respondents, 77
believed a shortfall was likely, while 98 did
not. The margin of 43% to 57% shows just
how hotly debated the future state of global
supply actually is.
On Wednesday, delegates will be asked
whether they believe that natural gas pricing
will continue to be regionalized by 2020.
Thursdays question asks whether delegates
believe that China could become the worlds
largest shale gas producer by 2035. Mon-
days winner, selected at random from quali-
fying entrants, was Nizam Ahmadi Shah abd
Hakim of Petronas. Pierre Breber, corporate
vice president and president of Chevron Gas
and Midstream, announced the winner.
For a chance to win one of the four Sam-
sung tablets, all visitors to Gastech 2014
need to do is visit Chevrons booth, located
in Hall 3 at E10, at any time during the con-
ference and take part in the daily survey. To
win, delegates must be present at the draw-
ing, which takes place at 4 pm on Wednes-
day and noon on Thursday.
Surveying the show landscape
Petroleum Economists EMILY MACKENZIE (left) presents Mondays winner
NIZAM AHMADI SHAH ABD HAKIM with his prize as PIERRE BREBER from
Chevron Gas and Midstream looks on.
New resource discoveries, advances in
technology and changes to policy have
greatly impacted the LNG industry. As
the industry moves forward, two potential
paths are possible. The first path is based
on low-growth LNG scenarios. Increased
development of indigenous, unconven-
tional gas in key markets, coupled with
cost concerns, reduces the appetite for
investment. The second path focuses on
high-growth LNG scenarios. Slow devel-
opment of unconventional resources, with
increasing market liquidity, will open up
new opportunities.
Current situations in Australia help to
illustrate the first scenario. Billion-dollar
plans for constructing LNG facilities are
being delayed, even halted, as investors
balk at increasingly high development
costs. LNG project managers continue to
work to deploy less costly technologies,
such as floating LNG and monitor com-
petition from other regions, such as North
America. In many instances, project manag-
ers scrambled to develop a skilled regional
workforce. The result has been a decline in
investor confidence, opening the door for
outside LNG export competition.
Conversely, the onward and upward
high-growth scenario is playing out in
places such as China and other countries in
the Asia-Pacific region. China, the worlds
largest energy consumer, continues to lag
behind in shale gas production and remains
highly dependent on imports. This has
spiked competition among LNG exporters.
In both scenarios, the rise in competi-
tion has increased the value chain liquid-
ity. As Australian LNG efforts continue
to falter, LNG providers from across the
globe vie for opportunities, not only in
Australia but in other Asia-Pacific regions
originally mapped to receive Australian
import product. The decline of finan-
cial backers from many LNG projects
has opened the gates for spot sales, and
diversions from smaller LNG providers
are challenging the old long-term project
models. Similar situations are playing out
in China. Despite leadership support and
less public opposition to drilling, Chinas
shale gas production remains far behind
the US and other nations. The continued
import dependence has caused an increase
in value chain liquidity, further challeng-
ing traditional long-term projects, creating
opportunities for smaller natural gas/LNG
providers and spot sales.
LNG developments in other areas
around the world will also impact the future
of LNG in North America. The United
States and Canada are currently entrenched
in a race to export LNG. Although LNG
exports would undoubtedly bolster the
economy in both nations, many hurdles
must be overcome before the projects
can move forward. Initially, both nations
must contend with a strong opposition to
developing shale gas. Expensive and time-
consuming efforts have been necessary to
assure the public and environmental groups
of the safe and non-hazardous procedures
for developing and transporting shale gas.
The development of safe and efficient shale
gas transport vehicles and channels also
commands significant investment in both
talent and resources. Finally LNG export-
ers in both countries must absorb the high
costs associated with the creation of new
LNG export facilities, as well as the con-
version of facilities originally designed
to import LNG without a guarantee of
return on investment. The justification of
this investment is rooted in governmen-
tal approvals to export LNG to non-FTA
approved countries. Strong public and
private sector opposition to such govern-
mental approvals has negatively influenced
policy and derailed investors, stalling the
completion of many LNG facility projects.
Although somewhat of an uphill bat-
tle, it is very likely that both the United
States and Canada will soon become lead-
ing LNG exporters. The anticipated eco-
nomic windfall will likely prevail. Which
nation gets LNG exports to market first,
and when, will greatly impact the global
LNG industry. As with other LNG discus-
sions, only time will tell.
With so many global influencers and
regional scenarios yet to be realized, it
would be difficult to exact a definite path
for LNG. However, it is certain that the
growing demand for import product and
the rise in export opportunities, position
LNG as the global resource of the future.
LNG at a crossroads: The drivers
for future development
By JOBERT E. ABUEVA, The Oxford Princeton Programme
Photo: Dag Myrestrand Statoil
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LNG providers across the globe are vying
for opportunities.
Advanced critical control and process safety solutions
By ROCKWELL AUTOMATION KOREA
A profitable oil and gas plant for onshore and off-
shore applications keeps production levels high without
endangering personnel, assets or the environment with
high availability. Thats the reason why oil and gas cus-
tomers need critical control and process safety.
Among Rockwell Automation solutions, the oil and
gas customer can choose from a wide range of scalable
solutions: TUV-certified SIS and critical control solu-
tion; scalable solutions meeting SIL 1,2,and 3, including
fail-safe and fault-tolerant offering; diverse or common
components; segregated or fully integrated implementa-
tions to satisfy critical requirements for safety, perfor-
mance, integration, availability and costs.
FAULT-TOLERANT CONTROL SYSTEMS
The AADvance solution is a truly distributed, scal-
able architecture, which comprises both a hardware
controller and a software environment that allows cus-
tomers to specify the level of safety integrity and avail-
ability needed throughout plants. AADvance offers a
high level of flexibility from small-quantity I/O to large
systems; non-safety to SIL 3, and fail-safe to multiple
fault-tolerant.
The single greatest threat to safety remains human
error and the AADvance environment helps reduce that
risk. It enables control and update of plant-wide safety
management systems from a single AADvance worksta-
tion, running several projects from that station while
the controllers distributed throughout the plant commu-
nicate intuitively, vastly reducing time spent updating
individual terminals and the possibility of human error.
Moreover, The AADvance environment has been
developed to complement and integrate with PlantPAx,
Rockwell Automations DCS solution, which provides
enterprise level data access to the entire integrated con-
trol and safety solution, from field device to historian,
transforming assets, such as people, processes and tech-
nology into valuable assets that help achieve higher
levels of business performance.
TRUSTED: TRIPLE MODULAR REDUNDANT
SAFETY SOLUTION
Trusted is a Triple Modular Redundant (TMR) con-
troller, which uses RunSafe 3-3-2-0 fault-tolerant con-
trol. It reduces spurious trips, while offering the highest
availability and lowest cost of ownership of any SIL 3
rated safety system. Certified to SIL 3 by TUV, Trusted is
NFPA 72, 85 and 86 compliant. With combined Hardware
Implemented Fault Tolerance (HIFT) and TMR technol-
ogy, it is designed to provide maximum safety and system
availability. Trusted uses control to minimize system trips
and provides high availability, fault tolerance and fail-safe
features as part of its intrinsic, safety-related functionality.
By minimizing nuisance trips or system failures, cus-
tomers can potentially save operation cost including mil-
lions of dollars in lost revenues, equipment replacement
and environmental damage while protecting the most
valuable asset including employees.
Trusted is designed to meet a wide range of safety
requirements and maintain the highest integrity level,
even in the presence of multiple system failures with
using a majority of voting process to identify the source
of a fault. Random hardware failures will cause one of
three control slices to react differently to the others.
This discrepancy will be captured and reported by the
voting system. The Trusted TMR system will always react
immediately to contain system faults, helping to ensure it
meets safety integrity requirements.
Trusted and AADvance help ensure maximum avail-
ability and reliability for a host of various applications
such as including emergency shutdown, high integrity
pressure protection systems, fire and gas detection, burner
management system and turbomachinery control.
Rockwell Automation Korea can be found at Booth
C170.
WEDNESDAY 26 MARCH 2014
OFFSHORE AND SUBSEA TECHNOLOGY LNG AND GAS CARRIER TECHNOLOGY POWER GENERATION
Exhibition Theatre A Exhibition Theatre B Exhibition Theatre C
Introduction
10:3010:35
Introductory remarks Introductory remarks
Luis Benito, Global Strategic Marketing Manager,
Lloyds Register
Introductory remarks
Session 1
10:3511:00
Technical innovationLiBro FLNG
and newly developed LNG ships
Tatsuya Hayashi, Manager, Natural Resources
and Energy Department, ClassNK
Novel design appraisal and survey aspects
of FLNG classication
Daryl Attwood, Overarching Project Manager,
Prelude FLNG Project, Lloyds Register
Securing power generation safety and reliability
with emerging industrial cyber security best practices
Danny Berko, Asia Sales and Marketing,
Waterfall Security Solutions
Session 2
11:1011:35
Cryogenic Spill Protection (CSP) systems for FLNG
Asaf Hisherik, Marketing Manager, Advanced Insulation
Advances in GTT membrane type tank design
for large and small scale LNG carriers
David Colson, Commercial Vice-President, GTT
Pilot building construction of natural gas pressure
generating unit
Sung-Tae Kim, Manager, Trunk Line Improvement,
KOGAS
Session 3
11:4512:10
An operators view of FLNG liquefaction
technology selection
Rakesh Trisal, Principal Process Engineer,
Woodside Energy Ltd.
Alternative support material for independent
LNG tank systems
Kai Ehrich, Research and Development Engineer,
Fraunhofer AGP Rostock
GAS engine ignition PWM module
Fabian Wee, Managing Director,
Integrated Energy Industries Pte. Ltd
Session 4
12:2012:45
First LO-CAT H2S removal system installed
on a FPSO vessel
William Rouleau, Strategy and Marketing Manager,
Merichem
George Choong, Business Development Manager,
Merichem
Innovative ship design and construction amidst
a new regulatory landscape
Parker Larson, Director, Commercial Programs,
General Dynamics NASSCO, DSME, DSEC
Vortex technology radically reduces or
completely eliminates gas preheating upstream
of a power generator
Lev Tunkel, President, Universal Vortex, Inc.
12:4513:45 Lunch Lunch Lunch
Session 5
13:4514:10
Advances in subsea precommissioning
Stephen Thornton, Business Development Manager,
Baker Hughes
Contracting, designing and operating efcient
TFTE LNG carriers
Stavros Hatzigrigoris, Managing Director,
Maran Gas Maritime Inc.
Richard Gilmore, Director Gas Fleet,
Andreas Spertos, Technical Director,
Modularization in power generation sector
a success history
Stefano Sadowski, Sector Development Manager
Power Generation/Renewables, DAppolonia
RINA Group
Session 6
14:2014:45
New subsea technologyuse of compact separation
technologies to enable single phase boosting
Mika Tienhaara, CEO, ASCOM Separation
Aboveground type modular LNG storage tank
Dae-Soon Kim, Senior Executive Vice President/
Research Director, Industrial Research Institute/
Hyundai Heavy Industries. Co. Ltd (HHI)
Petro-SIM 5 game-changing advances
in process simulation
John Koo, Senior Vice President, Technology Asia
Geomarkets, KBC Advanced Technology Pte Ltd
Session 7
14:5515:20
A holistic approach to MEG recovery unit design
Thomas Latta, Principal Process Engineer,
WorleyParsons Canada
2 stroke dual fuel ME-GI engine
a robust gas combustion solution
Ren Sejer Laursen, Promotion Manager,
MAN Diesel & Turbo
Cogeneration: energy production maximising efciency
and minimising environmental impact at all scales
Michael Welch, Industry Marketing Manager
Oil and Gas, Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery Ltd
Session 8
15:3015:55
Floating CNG (FCNG) for ofshore stranded
gas eld development
David Stenning, President and COO, Sea NG
FSRU technology and operationscritical issues
Thanos Koliopulos, Global Manager Special Projects,
Lloyds Register
Use of CNG for power production peak shaving:
CNG storage plant in Grati, Indonesia
Angelo Lo Nigro, Energy Market Development Manager,
DAppoloniaRINA Group
Closing Remarks
15:5516:00
Closing remarks Closing remarks
Luis Benito, Global Strategic Marketing Manager,
Lloyds Register
Closing remarks
16:0017:00 Networking Reception Networking Reception Networking Reception
Centres of Technical Excellence (CoTEs)
CoTEs focus: LNG and gas carrier ship technology
One of the three Wednesday morning
sessions will address LNG and gas carrier
ship technology, with a special focus on
floating liquefaction and regasification and
trends in gas carrier propulsion systems.
From both technology and commercial
perspectives, these are exciting times for
the LNG and LPG shipping industries. And
one of the most exciting developments is the
growing trend for liquefaction of natural gas
and regasification of LNG to be carried out
offshore. Offshore regas has become well
established, with the number of projects set to
grow significantly over coming years. What
we are seeing now is the construction of the
first three floating production, storage and
offloading (FPSO) LNG vessels, which when
they begin operation, will mark the birth of an
industry that has been decades in the making.
Attitudes to the range of applicability of
floating LNG (FLNG) have shifted over
the past couple of years, with near-shore
projects looking increasing attractive as an
alternative to onshore liquefaction plants.
Of the three projects now being con-
structed in Korean and Chinese shipyards,
twothe Shell-led Prelude project and the
Petronas FLNG 1 projectare targeted
at monetizing remote fields, hundreds of
kilometers offshore. The third, however,
for Pacific Rubiales in Colombia, will be
moored near-shore to liquefy onshore gas.
Moreover, several other near-shore proj-
ects are in development, especially in the
United States. This raises the question of
which is likely to be the most popular of
these two options over the long run.
The consensus of three exports we con-
tacted was neatly summarized by Luis
Benito, responsible for global strategic
marketing at Lloyds Register: The loca-
tion of FLNGs will depend on the combi-
nation of investment rationale, contract
requirements and operating conditions/
geography. Technology options, regula-
tory requirements, as well as the commer-
cial contracts in place, will all affect deci-
sion-making . . . Therefore, every FLNG
project needs to be considered as a one-
off investment decision where multiple
factors are at play, no matter the FLNGs
proximity to shore.
The view of David Colson, commercial
vice-president at GTT, is that: Each project
is different and has specific requirements. It
is likely that the large-scale platforms will
find further applicationsShell has already
indicated this, and Petronas has already one
on order and another nearly at FID.
Meanwhile, Bill Howe, CEO of Gascon-
sult LNG, agrees that this is a project-and-
location specific issue.
For projects monetizing smaller remote
gas reserves, we see that simpler lower-cost
technology is required for FLNG, he said.
Our internal studies indicate that using our
ZR-LNG technology, this is commercially
viable for fields up to 2 Tcf with production
capacities of 2 mtpa.
Ship-to-ship transfer. The increasing
popularity of floating storage and regasifi-
cation Units (FSRUs) and the expected
growth in LNG FPSO vessels has led to the
development of several technologies for
ship-to-ship (STS) LNG transfer, which has
become an increasingly common practice.
It was, at one time, a controversial practice
from a safety perspective, but the industry
appears to be much more accepting today.
At Lloyds Register, we worked in the
birth of the first STS gas transfer procedure
back in 2006, said Mr. Benito. A large
number of STS transfers of gas have been
performed since, where our approved pro-
cedures have been applied, so far safely. We
are comfortable with the way we address
the safety of gas STS and continue to work
with many different terminals and operators
around the world, since each STS arrange-
ment and operation may be different from
others already established.
The safety of LNG transfers at sea must
be maintained, Mr. Colson said. This
said, the current application of STS is suc-
cessful and has been proven. The Society
of International Gas Tanker and Terminal
Operators (SIGTTO) has clear guidelines
for the transfer of liquid gases at sea.
LNG carrier propulsion systems.
Another major area of innovation is in
See CoTEs FOCUS, page 9
the propulsion systems used for LNG
carriers, made particularly topical by the
announcement that Qatars LNG compa-
nies are planning to convert some of their
huge fleet to use LNG as fuel.
Traditionally, LNG carriers were
equipped with steam turbine-driven pro-
pulsion plants. However, over the past
decade, other types of propulsion sys-
tems have been considered, using various
configurations of diesel engines, elec-
tric drives and gas turbines. So which is
likely to be the most popular system in
the future?
Efficiencies and fuel optimization
are the future. Dual-fuel or tri-fuel die-
sel electric is now the dominant system,
replacing the less efficient steam plants
except for the Japanese wish to maintain
this type of system, Mr. Colston said.
Future improvements in efficiency may
be obtained with the ME-GI system or the
new Wrtsil competing design.
Operating costs drive decisions. With an
increase in the price of conventional heavy
fuel oils, new regulations governing emis-
sions from ships, and changing perceptions
about future pricing, we are seeing a change
in views on the best engines for gas ships,
Mr. Benito said. New engineering solu-
tions have been developed, creating engines
which are increasing a ships efficiency,
compared with steam-plant propulsion solu-
tions, and the industry is developing several
alternative energy-saving devices which
will optimize the handling of the boil-off
gas (BOG). Nakilat [Qatars LNG shipping
company] has just announced it is retrofit-
ting LNG carriers with gas-capable diesel
engines. This is likely to become an increas-
ingly attractive solution for new-builds,
based on prevailing sentiment.
CoTEs FOCUS, continued from page 8
Scientists devise new,
lower cost method to
create more usable fuels
US scientists from the Florida campus
of The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI)
have devised a new and more efficient
method that has the potential to convert
the major components found in natural gas
into useable fuels and chemicalsopening
the door to cheaper, more abundant energy
and materials with much lower emissions.
The research, which was led by TSRI
Professor Roy Periana, uses chemistry and
nontraditional materials to turn natural gas
into liquid products at much lower tem-
peratures than conventional methods.
We uncovered a whole new class of
inexpensive metals that allows us to pro-
cess methane and the other alkanes con-
tained in natural gas, ethane and propane,
at about 180C or lower, instead of the
more than 500C used in current pro-
cesses, said Dr. Periana. This creates the
potential to produce fuels and chemicals at
an extraordinarily lower cost.
The research was described in a recent
edition of the journal, Science.
The challenge. Methane is the most
abundant compound in natural gas. How-
ever, converting methane into a use-
able, versatile liquid product remains a
costly and complicated process that has
changed little from the original process
developed in the 1940s. But with the boom
in natural gas discovery growing every
day, new processes are needed to convert
methane to fuel and chemicals that can
compete economically with production
from petroleum.
Methane is an alkane at the core of
technologies for converting the alkanes in
natural gas is the chemistry of the carbon-
hydrogen. Because of the high strength of
these bonds, current processes for convert-
ing these alkanes use high temperatures
(more than 500C) that lead to high costs,
high emissions and lower efficiencies.
The development of lower-temperature
(less than 250C), selective, alkane car-
bon-hydrogen bond conversion chemistry
could lead to a major shift in energy and
materials production technology.
An elegant solution. Dr. Periana has
been thinking about this type of problem for
decades. Alkane conversion that operate at
lower temperatures. Use precious metals,
such as platinum, palladium, rhodium, gold,
all too expensive for widespread use.
What we wanted were elements that are
more abundant and much less expensive
that can carry out the same chemistry under
more practical conditions, said Brian G.
Hashiguchi, the first author of the study and
a member of Dr. Perianas lab. We also
wanted to find materials that could convert
methane as well as the other major compo-
nents in natural gas, ethane and propane.
Approaching the problem both theoreti-
cally and experimentally, the team hit on
inexpensive metals known as main group
elements, some of which are byproducts of
refining certain ores. One of the materials
can be made from lead dioxide.
The reaction of alkanes with this class
of materials weve identified is novel, Dr.
Periana said. They can react with methane,
ethane as well as propane at lower tempera-
tures with extraordinarily selectivityand
produce the corresponding alcohols as the
only the desired products.
If successfully developed, new process
using these metals could potentially allow
the large reserves of natural gas in the US
to be used as alternative resources for fuels
and chemicals.
The reaction of methane with a main
salt group. Image courtesy the Periana
Lab at The Scripps Research Institute.
Shell will not pursue
US Gulf Coast GTL project
Shell has announced that the company
will not move forward with its proposed,
140,000-bpd Gulf Coast gas-to-liquids
(GTL) project in Louisiana, and will sus-
pend further work on the project. The
operator carefully evaluated a number of
development options for GTL on the US
Gulf Coast, using natural gas feedstocks.
Despite the ample supplies of natural gas
in the area, Shell has made the decision that
GTL is not a viable option for the company
in North America at this time, due to the
likely development cost of such a proj-
ect, uncertainties on long-term oil and gas
prices and differentials, and a strict capital
discipline.
Regency Energy Partners
to acquire PVR Partners
Regency Energy Partners and PVR
Partners announced that their respective
boards of directors have unanimously
approved a definitive merger agreement,
pursuant to which Regency will acquire
PVR. This acquisition will be a unit-for-
unit transaction, plus a one-time cash pay-
ment to PVR unitholders, that collectively
imply an immediate value for PVR of
approximately $5.6 billion (B), including
the assumption of net debt of $1.8 B.
The transaction will create a gas gather-
ing and processing platform, with a scaled
presence across North Americas high-
growth, unconventional oil and gas plays
in Appalachia, West Texas, South Texas,
the Mid-Continent and North Louisiana.
Following the closing, the name of the
combined company will remain Regency,
with headquarters in Dallas.
The addition of PVRs asset base in
Appalachia and the Mid-Continent region
to Regencys existing footprint in the
Permian basin, South Texas and North
Louisiana will create a diversified, high-
growth midstream company. The Wolf-
camp, Bone Springs, Avalon and Cline
shale plays in the Permian basin; Eagle
Ford in South Texas; Marcellus and Utica
in Appalachia; Granite Wash in Oklahoma
and Texas; and Haynesville and Cotton
Valley in North Louisiana will all be
served by the new company.
Natural gas engines now
certified for mobile use
The US Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) has certified two of GEs
Waukesha natural gas-fueled engine mod-
els for mobile, non-road applications. GE
is offering a lower-cost, lower-emissions
choice for powering drilling rigs and oil-
field equipment, in place of older die-
sel units, as producers seek to meet the
countrys increased demand for cleaner
natural gas.
As GE awaited the EPAs decision to
grant the mobile certification for its VHP
engine family, client Patterson-UTI Drill-
ing replaced existing diesel systems with
three Waukesha VHP L7044GSI gas
engines at a well site in Harrison County,
West Virginia. These units received EPA
permit exemptions pending the agencys
mobile certification ruling. Patterson-
UTI and GE are also working to replace
additional diesel units with EPA-certified
Waukesha L7044GSI-EPA engines in
other locations in Ohio and Colorado.
With performance ratings at alti-
tudes up to 8,000 ft, with no de-rate, the
L7044GSIEPA and L5794GSI-EPA mod-
els use non-selective catalyst reduction
(NSCR) technologycommonly referred
to as a three-way catalystachieving
very low NO
x
, CO and VOC values. This
enables more cost-effective operation and
provides a greater return on investment.
SNC-Lavalin wins
TGI contract in Colombia
SNC-Lavalin has been awarded an
engineering, procurement and construc-
tion (EPC) contract by Transportadora de
Gas Internacional (TGI), for a greenfield
gas compression plant in Cajica, Cundina-
marca, Colombia. A subsidiary of Grupo
Energa de Bogot, TGI is the countrys
largest natural gas transportation company,
with nearly 4,000 km of pipelines.
The project will see TGI add a compres-
sor station to the companys La Sabana
gas pipeline. The gas compressors will
use centrifugal technology and low-noise
electric motors, which require no lubricat-
ing oils and produce no atmospheric emis-
sions. The work will be carried out from
SNC-Lavalins offices in Colombia, with
completion scheduled for 2015.
Technip, Sasol form engineering
alliance for GTL facilities
Technip and Sasol have established an
alliance for front-end engineering ser-
vices for future Sasol GTL projects. The
agreement allows for Technips participa-
tion during the execution stage of future
GTL projects.
As the reference and main execution
center at Technip for GTL, the operating
center in Rome will be in charge of the
alliances management, including coordi-
nation for the hydrocarbon synthesis tech-
nology section between Sasol Technology
and the Technip Stone & Webster Process
Technology center in Boston.
Gas blending retrofit kits
introduced for well stimulation
Caterpillar Oil and Gas has begun full
production of the Dynamic Gas Blend-
ing (DGB) retrofit kit for use on the Cat
3512C (HD) engine used in well stimula-
tion applications. This system will allow
for maximum substitution of diesel fuel
with natural gas during high-pressure
pumping operations, and it is available in
both air-to-air after-cooled (ATAAC) and
separate-circuit after-cooled (SCAC) con-
figurations for 2,250 horsepower (hp) and
2,500 hp at 1,900-rpm ratings. The EPA-
approved DGB kit maintains diesel perfor-
mance levels with up to 70% replacement
of diesel by gas.
Operators can run the system on CNG,
LNG and field gas, with a lower heating
value of 850 Btu to 1,250 Btu. The engine
maintains US EPA Tier 2-level emissions
with the combined muffler and Cat diesel
oxidation catalyst (DOC) included in the
DGB kit.
Additionally, the Cat DGB system was
approved by the EPA as a field fix that
allows the installation of the DGB kit to
convert the diesel engine to run on a com-
bination of diesel and natural gas. The sys-
tem is capable of achieving maximum sub-
stitution at various speeds and loads over
the full operating range, and will automati-
cally adjust to changes in gas quality, with-
out the need to perform any recalibration
or adjustments during or between jobs.
Rolls-Royce to power
Kazakhstan-to-China
gas pipeline
Rolls-Royce has won a $175 million
(MM) contract to supply Asia Gas Pipeline
(AGP) with equipment and related services
to power the flow of natural gas through
Kazakhstans Line C gas pipeline, which is
part of the 1,833-km Central Asia-to-China
gas pipeline network.
Rolls-Royce will supply AGP, a joint
venture between KazMunaiGaz and China
National Petroleum Corp. (CNPC), with
12 RB211 gas turbine-driven pipeline
compressor units, operating at four com-
pressor stations along the 1,115-km Line
C pipeline.
When it reaches full operating capacity
in 2016, the Central Asia-to-China gas pipe-
line network will transport up to 55 billion
cubic meters per year (Bcmy) from Turk-
menistan and Uzbekistan, through Uzbeki-
stan and Kazakhstan to China. The Line C
pipeline in Kazakhstan will contribute up
to 25 Bcmy of the total capacity, including
the potential to supply gas domestically to
the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The contract is in addition to an award
for 11 RB211 gas-turbine-driven pipeline
compressor units secured by Rolls-Royce
in 2009 for AGPs Line A and B pipelines.
Image courtesy of Rolls-Royce.
Crestwood Midstream Partners
buys Arrow Midstream
Crestwood Midstream Partners has
announced that its wholly-owned subsid-
iary, Crestwood Arrow Acquisition, has
agreed to acquire Arrow Midstream Hold-
ings, a privately held midstream company,
for approximately $750 MM, subject to
customary purchase price adjustments.
The acquisition significantly expands
Crestwoods operational footprint in the
Bakken shale, and follows the merger of
Crestwood and Inergy Midstream, which
was completed on Oct. 7, 2013.
Arrow, through its wholly owned subsid-
iaries, owns and operates crude oil, natural
gas and water gathering systems on the Fort
Berthold Indian Reservation, in the core of
the Bakken shale in McKenzie and Dunn
counties, North Dakota. The system con-
sists of over 460 miles (mi) of gathering
pipeline, including 150 mi of crude oil gath-
ering pipeline, 160 mi of natural gas gather-
ing pipeline, and 150 mi of water gathering
lines. Present volumes on the system are
approximately 50,000 bpd of crude oil, 15
MM cubic feet per day (MMcfd) of rich
natural gas and 8,500 bpd of water. Addi-
tionally, the acquired assets include salt
water disposal wells and a 23-acre central
delivery point, with multiple pipeline take-
away outlets and a fully automated truck
loading facility.
The Arrow system is undergoing an
extensive expansion of its gas gathering
capacity to capture flared natural gas vol-
umes. These enhancement projects include
line looping and system compression. There-
after, the systems will be built out to reach
targeted operational throughput capacities
of 125,000 bpd of crude oil, 100 MMcfd of
natural gas, and 40,000 bpd of water.
Wood Group Kenny
to provide gas project services
to Sunbird Energy
Wood Group Kenny (WGK) Australia
has been awarded a contract to provide
engineering and project management ser-
vices to Sunbird Energy for the Ibhubesi
gas project off the west coast of South
Africa. The initial phase of WGKs work
involves the concept and definition phases.
The project is likely to include a subsea
gathering system, an offshore processing
facility, a subsea pipeline of approximately
400 km in length and an onshore plant.
Sunbird Energy executed an agreement
to acquire a 76% stake in the Ibhubesi gas
field in 2012. The Ibhubesi gas project
has multiple development opportunities
to supply the South African energy mar-
ket. Sunbirds joint venture partner in the
project is PetroSA (24%), South Africas
national oil company.
CB&I wins contract for Freeport
LNG liquefaction terminal
CB&I announced that a joint venture
between CB&I and Zachry Industrial Inc.
has been awarded two contracts, each val-
ued at approximately $2.5 B, by FLNG
Liquefaction LLC and FLNG Liquefaction
2 LLC, to construct the first two trains of
the Freeport Liquefaction Project.
The project scope includes EPC work
for the conversion of an existing LNG
regasification terminal in Freeport, Texas
to an LNG liquefaction terminal. The two-
train LNG liquefaction facility will have a
total capacity in excess of 8.8 MMtpy.
In 2012, CB&I and Zachry were con-
tracted to provide FEED services for the liq-
uefaction terminal. The new award includes
a limited notice to proceed on engineering
and procurement services, while the project
awaits final government approval.
Pacific NorthWest LNG taps
BASF gas treating technology
BASF and Pacific NorthWest LNG have
concluded a license agreement on the use of
BASFs OASE technology for the removal
of carbon dioxide and sulfur-containing
components from natural gas for all trains
of Pacific NorthWests proposed LNG
facility near Prince Rupert, British Colum-
bia, Canada. The facility expects to ship
first gas to customers by the end of 2018.
BASFs OASE technology removes
contaminants contained in the gas to enable
liquefaction at temperatures of approxi-
mately 160C. FEED for the LNG facility
is ongoing with three international engi-
neering contractors. The FEED is expected
to be completed in time for a final invest-
ment decision by the end of 2014.
News in brief
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Construction Boxscore Database
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ARKET INTELLIGENCE FOR THE GLOBAL REFINING,
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ICAL AND GAS PROCESSING/LNG INDUSTRIES
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contact information for key personnel
Advanced search that lters the listings by
project type, scope, region, investment and more
Daily updates for new and newly updated projects
The weekly Boxscore Update e-newsletter with
new listings and trends analysis
For more information, contact:
Lee Nichols, Director, Data Division,
at Lee.Nichols@GulfPub.com or
+1 (713) 525-4626
Hydrocarbon Processings Construction Boxscore Database, the
most reliable source to track active construction projects in the rening, petrochemical, gas
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Gastech2014_BoxscoreFULL.indd 1 3/12/14 3:54 PM
Gastech Young Engineer Foundation
hosting networking event this afternoon
The Gastech Young Engineer Founda-
tion (GYEF) is a Gastech initiative that
supports the next generation of engineers
who are moving the industry forward.
One such engineer is Laura Musick, who
works in Black and Veatchs process engi-
neering department. Ms. Musick won the
GYEF Essay Competition, which has pro-
vided her a speaking slot at this years
gathering, along with a whole slew of
other benefits.
According to the foundations state-
ment of purpose, it recognizes the grow-
ing need to attract young talent into the
industry to fill the skills gap. This means
that the GYEF seeks to recognize and
support young energy professionals who
will eventually become the industrys
future leaders.
The GYEF helps bolster the profes-
sional development of engineers currently
in the early stages of their career in the gas
industry, providing successful candidates
with a package of educational and net-
working opportunities. The group will be
on display this evening, as it hosts a net-
working reception from 16:30 to 18:00 in
the Networking Bar on the exhibition floor.
There will be a GYEF Wall of Fame dis-
playing all members of the GYEF, this can
be found in the main lobby of the event.
The GYEF Steering Committee is com-
prised of savvy industry veterans who
help analyze applications, offer program-
ming suggestions and advise participants.
The 2014 GYEF Steering Committee is:
Chris Clucas, Commercial
Director, Bernhard Schulte
Shipmanagement Ltd.
Paul Sullivan, Director of Global
LNG and FLNG, WorleyParsons
Sarah Beacok, Professional
Affairs Director, Energy Institute
Ieda Gomes, Director, Energix
Strategy ltd
Bill Wayne, Director,
Sewallis Consulting
GYEF NETWORKING
RECEPTION
WHEN: 16:30 to 18:00 today
WHERE: Networking Bar
on the exhibition floor
The GYEF helps bolster the professional development of engineers in the early stages of
their career in the gas industry.
The group will host a networking reception in the Networking Bar on the exhibition oor.
GYEF seeks to recognize and support young energy professionals who will eventually
become the industrys future leaders.
Laura Musick is an engineer with
Black and Veatch. She also is one of the
shining stars of the Gastech Young Engi-
neer Foundation (GYEF). She won the
organizations most recent essay contest,
and is attending this years Gastech in
South Korea as a part of her GYEF mem-
bership. She has also been selected to be
a speaker at this years event, expanding
on the concepts she first revealed in her
essay. Ms. Musick was kind enough to
answer some questions for the show daily
newspaper, so that we all might learn
more about GYEF and its helpful impact
on young engineers like Ms. Musick. The
resulting question and answer session is
replicated below.
How did you find out about GYEF, and
what motivated you to apply to join?
I found out about the GYEF through the
floating LNG program manager at Black
and Veatch, who is also a member of Gas-
techs governing body. He sought out
the engineers in our company that would
qualify for the program and encouraged
us to apply. I thought it was an incredible
opportunity to network with other young
engineers in the industry, as well as very
experienced individuals in the industry.
Tell me a little bit about the
GYEF essay contest and your winning
entry what did you write about?
What did you win?
The prompt for the essay contest was
As an engineer, how would you better
promote the role that gas and LNG can
play in delivering cleaner and cheaper
energy for the world?
My essay provides an overview of
the growing global demand for energy,
newly discovered natural gas resources
and the economic and environmental ben-
efits natural gas-fueled electric genera-
tion has compared to other conventional
power generation technologies. Because
I was selected as the winner of the com-
petition, I have been given the chance to
speak at the Gastech 2014 conference
about my essay. Since I was selected
as a GYEF member, I was awarded
the following:
A free delegate pass for Gastech
Korea 2014
A free delegate pass for another
DMG Events Conference between
March 2014 and February 2015
A one year subscription to
Petroleum Economist, Energy
Intelligence and Hydrocarbon
Processing
One years membership to Energy
Institute.
What have you found to be
the most useful part of GYEF?
I expect the most useful part of the
GYEF will be getting introduced to the
newest and most promising advances in
the natural gas industry at Gastech. I also
look forward to meeting other young engi-
neers and hearing about their experiences
thus far in their careers. The subscrip-
tions to all of the technical magazines are
a great educational opportunity. I like to
stay informed on more than just my proj-
ects in the natural gas industry, and having
these subscriptions will make that very
easy for me.
GYEF essay winner
shares thoughts on ever
evolving gas industry
LAURA MUSICK, Black and Veatch
SOLUTIONS
GTT, with over 50 years of experience in the design
of membrane containment systems for liqueed
gas, is your Partner for all your LNG projects.
More than two thirds of the LNG carrier eet are
equipped with GTT membrane technologies. GTT
is concentrating on developments for the future
use of LNG as a fuel for sea-going vessels.
As a world leader in LNG containment systems, GTT is ideally
placed as a solution provider for the whole LNG chain (land/sea
storage, distribution by feeder or barge, bunker tanks, offshore
platforms, etc.).
GTT is ready to accompany you on the seven seas.
T
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GTT (Gaztransport & Technigaz) SA
1 route de Versailles,
78470 Saint-Rmy-ls-Chevreuse - France
Tel: +33 (0)1 30 234 789 - E-mail: commercial@gtt.fr
For Gastech attendees that may
not know, how many GYEF members
are there? Is membership global?
One hundred GYEF members were
selected from the applicants in 2014.
This is the first year of this initiative, so
at the moment the total membership is
just the 100.
What is your current job, and how
does it relate to the global gas
industry?
I currently work in the process engi-
neering department at Black and Veatch.
My focus has been in liquefied natural
gas plants using Black and Veatchs pat-
ented PRICO LNG liquefaction process.
Specifically, I have been working on the
Caribbean FLNG project, which will be
the worlds first floating liquefaction unit.
Floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG)
units are beneficial to the global gas
industry, because they enable clients to
monetize smaller and/or more remote
offshore natural gas reserves. For these
stranded gas locations, a floating LNG
liquefaction plant can offer significant
advantages. This FLNG technology can
help increase the amount of accessible
natural gas worldwide to keep up with
the growing demand for clean energy.
What are you most looking
forward to at Gastech Korea?
I am most looking forward to learning
about the recent technological advances
in the natural gas industry and taking
advantage of the professional develop-
ment opportunities provided at the con-
ference. I hope that by attending confer-
ences like Gastech Korea, I will be able
to take part in the knowledge transfer
that must happen between more expe-
rienced professionals and newer engi-
neers, like myself, to keep the industry
moving forward.
GYEF provides young engineers exceptional networking opportunities.
GYEONGBOKGUNG PALACE
Gyeongbokgung Palace is a royal palace located in northern Seoul. First constructed
in 1395, later burned and abandoned for almost three centuries, and then reconstructed
in 1867, it was the main and largest palace of the ve grand palaces built by the Joseon
Dynasty. The name means palace greatly blessed by heaven. Today, the grounds host the
National Folk Museum of Korea.
Sam McCready, a consultant, for Poten & Partners in Australia,
discusses LNG project financing today at 15:35. His remarks,
a part of the afternoon commercial stream, will be followed by
a special panel discussion on financing new projects in Asia.
Representatives from the Korea Eximbank, the Japan Bank of
International Cooperation, the International Finance Cooperation
and Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation will comprise the panel.
Leak-detection analyzers
map data to Google Earth
Los Gatos Research (LGR), a member
of ABB Group, offers a new natural gas
leak-detection system that quantifies nat-
ural gas leaks and directly maps data to
Google Earth continuously.
The system combines LGRs ultraport-
able methane/carbon dioxide/water (CH
4
/
CO
2
/H
2
O) and CH
4
/H
2
O analyzers with
standard anemometers for wind velocity
and global positioning system detectors
for geographical coordinates. Along with
open-source mapping software, the sys-
tem provides accurate measurements and
a rapid response time.
The systems dynamic range allows users
to measure CH
4
, CO
2
and H
2
O, even if con-
centrations are significantly higher than
typical ambient levels. For example, it can
detect up to 10% methane without compro-
mising sensitivity at ultra-low levels.
Unlike competitive analyzers, which
require a warmup time to thermo-mechani-
cally stabilize, the LGR system allows users
to collect data as soon as the instrument
starts. With license-free software, users can
directly upload the measured concentra-
tions and system parameters in real time
to their own servers, and map the results
directly to Google Earth. The system oper-
ates on a Windows-based laptop computer.
The portable analyzer requires little
power and takes advantage of LGRs pat-
ented technologya fourth-generation,
cavity-enhanced laser absorption spectros-
copy technique. In addition, the analyzers
may be locally controlled using a smart-
phone or tablet, remotely operated via the
Internet, and maintained and cleaned by
users with minimal training.
Technology for controlling
molecular sieve beds
Proper molecular sieve dehydration
system operation is critical to operating
any natural gas processing or LNG plant.
The process hinges on the analyzer that
tests the desiccant dryer outlet gas for
moisture content. A bad measurement can
be a major economic blow or even force
a shutdown of the plant. In response to
this need, some plant managers are turn-
ing to tunable-diode laser (TDL) analyz-
ers. SpectraSensors in Houston, Texas has
provided over 90% of installed extractive
TDL analyzers.
Since a laser beam is used, there is no
physical contact between the gas stream
and the sensor. The measurement result is
fast and accurate, and analyzer operation is
nearly maintenance-free for many years. A
built-in verification system emits an accu-
rate level of moisture for field validation
purposes. Coupled with a high-efficiency
dryer, this validation system solves the
problem of a lack of accurate field refer-
ences for trace moisture analyzers.
With the TDL analyzer, plants have
been able to extend time between desic-
cant drying regenerations by up to 20%.
Fewer regeneration cycles mean less ther-
mal cycling, less thermal damage to the
sieve and longer sieve life. If a plant can
eliminate one extra recharge in 10 years,
the savings could add up to $100,000 in
sieve-replacement costs.
Electrochemical sensors can take up to
an hour or more to report changes in the
moisture level. In comparison, TDL ana-
lyzers measure the absorption of light and
report a fresh reading every 16 seconds.
They also accurately measure moisture in
parts-per-billion levels.
Calculator reduces
pipeline failures
GEs Smallworld maximum allowable
operating pressure (MAOP) calculator
enables companies to calculate the MAOP
for a line/loop of steel transmission pipe-
lines for natural gas in a verifiable, trace-
able and complete method. The instru-
ment is reportedly one of the first industry
solutions to seamlessly integrate MAOP
calculation with geospatial information
systems (GISs).
The calculator is completely custom-
izable and can perform analysis, track-
ing and reporting on the data available
in a pipeline companys current GIS. By
linking records to the original design or
testing information, it helps pipeline com-
panies trace data origination. It can iden-
tify a transmission pipes specific MAOP
through its database of verifiable records.
When MAOP data for a pipe cannot be
located, the MAOP calculator can choose
the worst-case scenario to determine its
maximum pressure limit.
Calculator users can also compare
assessment configurations and results,
track the origin of line data and audit
proof-tracking of changes to data. Pipe-
line companies have the ability to edit and
manipulate line data to fill missing data
gaps, correct data or run what-if scenarios.
The Smallworld MAOP calculator can
calculate the MAOP for a line/loop in
accordance with the US Code of Federal
Regulations 49 CFR 192, and it can cal-
culate the MAOP of any defined pipeline
segment according to Pipeline and Haz-
ardous Material Safety Administration
(PHMSA) guidelines.
System advances performance
monitoring, predictive analytics
Valerus has launched Valerus COM-
MAND on its contract compression fleet
and on facilities it owns and operates. A
step change from traditional supervisory
control and data acquisition (SCADA) and
monitoring systems, it integrates remote
monitoring and analytics, enterprise asset
management (EAM), standard operat-
ing procedures and technical expertise to
deliver actionable information and insight.
This improves safety, service, availability,
reliability and environmental compliance
of surface facilities.
Valerus has partnered with Enbase
Energy Technology to develop the perfor-
mance monitoring and analytics portion,
or predictive SCADA, that automates the
systems real-time data, notifications and
daily reports.
In addition, Valerus has opened a COM-
MAND Center in Houston, Texas.
LNG flow-measurement
technology for low-
temperature conditions
Primary Flow Signals (PFSs) differen-
tial Venturi flowmeters and orifice plates
offer the reliability and comprehensive
readings required in harsh environments,
where the process of gas liquefaction must
be accurately monitored.
Venturi meters used for LNG applica-
tions meet ASME and ISO-5167 standards,
and they provide standard accuracy of
1.0% to 1.5% (per ASME/ISO-5167)
and 0.25% or better, based on hydraulic
laboratory flow calibration. Comprising
carbon steel, stainless steel or virtually any
machinable material requested, Venturi
meters can be incorporated with various
secondary instrumentation systems to sat-
isfy any application requirements.
Using the same principles of Venturi
meters, PFSs orifice meter plates continu-
ously measure fluid flow in pipes. They
are applicable for many diverse, existing
piping schemes, and they require a lower
investment for initial equipment purchase.
PFSs metering solutions are manu-
factured in the US, backed by extensive
laboratory and field testing. They are
ISO 9001ISO 2008 certified, and they
are available with ASME S and U code
stamps, as well as with European PED,
Module H compliance.
Engine upgrades optimize
load acceptance
Upgrades to Caterpillar Global Petro-
leums GCM34 engine series include an
enhanced control strategy with a new
closed-loop air-to-fuel ratio feedback sys-
tem. Key control strategy changes have
improved the engines starting and load
acceptance ability, as well as heightened
engine performance under varying site con-
ditions. Additionally, upgrades to cylinder
heads, check valves, gas admission valves
and spark plugs offer extended mainte-
nance intervals and improved durability.
Built using the proven Cat diesel plat-
form, the GCM34 engines are used in nat-
ural gas storage, gas pipeline compression
and gas reinjection services worldwide.
Available in 12- and 16-cylinder configu-
rations, the GCM34 engines provide 6,135
brake horsepower (bhp) at 750 revolutions
per minute (rpm) and 8,180 bhp at 750
rpm, respectively. The engine has a speed
turndown capability of 40%, delivering
full-rated torque from 450 rpm to 750 rpm.
It can operate continuously at loads as low
as 50% throughout the same speed range.
Additionally, the 16-cylinder engine has a
mechanical efficiency of over 43%, with
fuel consumption rated at a factor of 5,860
Btu/bhp-hr.
Caterpillar is implementing the upgrades
on GCM34 engines across North America,
with the entire fleet expected to be outfitted
by the end of 2013. Additionally, all future
GCM34 gas compression engines will be
equipped with the new configuration.
Dresser-Rands small-scale LNG
marks successful production
Dresser-Rand has reported that its first
small-scale LNG plant, known as LNGo,
has successfully produced LNG. The com-
pany designed, constructed and commis-
sioned the demonstration plant, which has
reached a key milestone with the initial
production of LNG. Extended perfor-
mance and endurance testing is being ini-
tiated as the final step prior to full market
release. The standard LNGo plants are
sized to produce approximately 6,000 gal-
lons per day of LNG.
Dresser-Rand intends to provide the liq-
uefaction process and, depending upon the
plant configuration, potentially include the
associated ancillary gas processing equip-
ment, a power module, and full turnkey
installation and commissioning.
Upstream applications include, among
others, the monetization of flared gas to
increase revenues for oil companies and
reduce their environmental impact; the
production of stranded natural gas fields;
onsite fuel supply for drilling and hydrau-
lic fracturing equipment converted to run
on LNG; and applications for coalbed
methane to fuel mining vehicles. Down-
stream applications include the production
of vehicle-grade LNG, allowing LNG to
compete effectively with diesel fuel on a
cost-per-energy-content basis.
DNV GL recommends safe
and efficient LNG bunkering
DNV GL has launched a recommended
practice (RP) for authorities, LNG bunker
suppliers and ship operators that provides
guidance on how LNG bunkering can be
undertaken in a safe, efficient manner.
Today, 83 LNG-fueled ships are in oper-
ation, or on order, worldwide. These ships
range from passenger ferries, Coast Guard
ships and cargo vessels to tankers and
platform supply vessels. Estimates put the
global LNG-fueled fleet at 3,200 by 2025.
Guidelines released by the Interna-
tional Organization for Standardization
in 2013 define the overall philosophies of
designs and operations relevant to LNG
bunkering, and also suggest a list of 24
functional requirements.
DNV GL offers a more practical guide
with its RP, which will serve as a practical
guide for authorities, LNG bunker suppliers
and ship operators on developing design
solutions and operating procedures to under-
take LNG bunkering safely and efficiently.
Image copyright DNV/Nina E. Rangy.
Gas processing innovations
20 - 21 October 2014
The Savoy Hotel | London | UK
The Global African Investment Summit helps Ghana and other leading
African nations to develop global investment into public-private
partnerships, I commend and commit Ghana and my Ofce to the
summit wholeheartedly. We welcome you all to what is the continents
most signicant economic summit.
John D. Mahama, President of the Republic of Ghana
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBuuuuuuuuuuuuuuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiillllllllllllllllddddddddddddddddiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinnnnnnnnnnnnnnnggggggggggggggg AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAffffffffffffffffrrrrrrrrrrrrrrriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiicccccccccccccccaaaaaaaaaaaaaaasssssssssssssss FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFuuuuuuuuuuuuuutttttttttttttttuuuuuuuuuuuuuurrrrrrrrrrrrrrreeeeeeeeeeeeeee,,,,, TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTThhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrooooooooooooooouuuuuuuuuuuuuuggggggggggggggghhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBuuuuuuuuuuuuuusssssssssssssssiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinnnnnnnnnnnnnnneeeeeeeeeeeeeeessssssssssssssssssssssssssssss PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPaaaaaaaaaaaaaaarrrrrrrrrrrrrrrtttttttttttttttnnnnnnnnnnnnnnneeeeeeeeeeeeeeerrrrrrrrrrrrrrrssssssssssssssshhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiipppppppppppppppsssssssssssssss
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CONTACT:
George Rutter
Sponsorship Sales Manager
+44 (0)20 3615 0393
georgerutter@tgais.com
Victor Cruz
Head of Strategic & Commercial Partnerships
+44 (0)20 3615 2989
victorcruz@dmgevents.com
Use integrally geared compressors
for small-scale LNG
By D. GRABAU, Cameron Process and Compression Systems, Buffalo, New York
In 2012, industry projections called for liquefied natural
gas (LNG) supplies to grow 4.5%/year (yr) to 2030. This
forecast rate of growth is over twice the rate of gas pro-
duction (2.1%/yr) and faster than inter-regional pipeline
trade (3%/yr).
1
Since 2000, challenges in LNG terminal construction
have driven machine manufacturers to design larger LNG
trains, many of which have utilized gas turbines. Plant
capacities in the past decade have expanded from 3.5 mil-
lion tons per year (MMtpy) to 5.5 MMtpy, due primarily
to the availability of large gas fields. Today, smaller, more
remote gas fields have combined with several market driv-
ers (e.g., limited pipeline availability, dropping spot prices,
increased reserves and reduced capital budgets) to force
end users to rethink design.
Although higher train capacities drive economies of
scale, the challenge arises in building smaller plants and
lowering costs. Stranded natural gas reserves, such as US
and Chinese shale gas, make LNG the most feasible means
of transporting and delivering energy to market. Through
plant design standardization and increased equipment
efficiencies, producers can achieve the best balance of
economics, time-to-market and process flexibility. Recent
projects have shown integrally geared compressors (IGCs)
to be advantageous for small-scale liquefaction. Design
considerations, such as zero refrigerant loss, high plant
operational efficiency, use of electric drivers and appropri-
ate specifications, are addressed here.
Also examined are the growing market demand for
small-scale LNG plants, the requirements of mixed-refrig-
erant (MR) compressors, and the market sectors and key
driving factors for LNG operations. Additionally, impor-
tant features and evaluation factors for the main piece of
rotating equipment in the liquefaction system, the MR
compressor, are reviewed.
LNG market drivers. Historically, LNG industry lead-
ers have been driving economies-of-scale through increased
plant sizes. Since the 1970s, LNG train sizes have expanded
from approximately 1 MMtpy to 7.5 MMtpy. The compres-
sor drivers have also evolved from steam turbines to more
economical, large-frame gas turbines and electric motors.
This progression has proven valuable, but large gas fields
are needed to feed these world-scale plants.
In its review of the global gas field outlook, BP forecasts
that shale gas and coalbed methane (CBM) will account
for 63% of North American gas production by 2030. The
company also projects that 46% of Chinas gas produc-
tion growth will come from CBM and shale gas.
1
Many of
these fields are remote onshore (stranded) applications,
with no infrastructure to monetize the product.
Moreover, reduced natural gas spot prices and con-
densed capital budgets have led more companies to pursue
small-scale LNG. While large-scale projects can take years
to design, permit, construct and commission, small-scale
LNG plants can deliver speed (i.e., time to market) and
significantly reduce capital expenditures.
Aside from gas supply and spot pricing, other factors
determining optimal plant size include market demand,
operational flexibility, and optimization of storage and
delivery methodology. Operational flexibility can be
achieved through multiple small trains while retaining
high levels of efficiency. Delivery methods can range
from tractor-trailers to railcars, and normalized loading
frequency can eliminate the need for large storage tanks.
LNG is filling the gap in many markets, including remote
gas delivery networks, peakshaving applications and trans-
portation fuel markets.
LNG in the transportation sector. In the trans-
portation market, there is an ever-present demand for
clean, abundant energy sources. With the recent surge in
natural gas supply in North America, LNG fuel can be
approximately $1 cheaper per diesel-gallon equivalent.
The cost to convert a commercial long-haul truck is less
than $100,000, before tax incentives. At recent gas prices,
owners can expect payback in less than five years.
2
Beyond trucking, marine environmental regulations
may indirectly promote the use of LNG as an alternative
propulsion fuel. These regulations will limit harmful emis-
sions, such as sulfur oxides (SO
x
) and nitrogen oxides
(NO
x
). Switching to LNG will greatly reduce these emis-
sions while keeping gas a cost-competitive fuel.
Other benefits of LNG for transportation are storage
capacity and range. LNG occupies 1/600 of the original
volume of gas and can be stored at near-atmospheric pres-
sure. When compared with compressed natural gas (CNG),
an LNG tank of the same volume provides more than twice
the overall range. The market drivers for natural gas supply
and LNG demand indicate a generally positive outlook for
the small-scale LNG industry.
A place for IGCs. A number of factors go into process
technology and plant design selection; these include plant
scale, energy cost, capital investment and operating plan.
One commonly utilized design is single mixed-refriger-
ant (SMR). The SMR process offers high efficiency and
requires fewer pieces of machinery than do other processes.
Once the optimal process technology is selected, front-
end engineering design can begin for the main compo-
nents, such as the cold box, coolers and MR compressor.
The typical SMR process requires about 260 kilowatts
(kW)370 kW of energy per million cubic feet per day
of LNG capacity. The exact value depends on the system
design parameters, such as feed gas pressure, ambient con-
ditions, and process specifications.
3
The MR compressor is
the main power consumer and is critical to plant operation.
The importance of MR compressors is known, but the
drive arrangements for small-scale applications under
consideration should be understood as well. World-scale
LNG plants have seen a shift from steam turbine drivers to
gas turbines for cost, equipment count and efficiency rea-
sons. Electric motor drivers are becoming more prevalent
at this large scale. An example is the Snhvit LNG facility
in Hammerfest, Norway, where compressors are driven by
electric motors.
4
Furthermore, gas turbine orders for mechanical drivers
have continued to decline. A five-year trend shows a 46%
drop in gas turbine orders from 20072011.
5
Further studies
have shown that electric motors can increase plant availabil-
ity by 3%4% over a gas turbine drive, due to reduced main-
tenance and downtime requirements. When scaling down a
large plant to 1/20 of its sizee.g., 6 MMtpy down to 0.3
MMtpythe driver evaluation criteria remain the same,
but the scales tip heavily in favor of electric motor drivers.
IGCs are well suited for electric motor drivers, because
there is no need for an external gearbox. The main motor
speed is linked to the number of pole pairs and the fre-
quency of the power net. Input speeds of 1,000 rotations
per minute (rpm)3,600 rpm are increased by the large-
diameter bull gear, which drives smaller-diameter pinions
or rotors. These rotors surround the bull gear in an arrange-
ment that allows for up to four pinions per gearbox. Each
pinion has the capacity to drive two impellers mounted
in an overhung configuration; this allows for eight stages
of compression. Each pinion is optimally designed for a
speed that matches the aerodynamic requirements.
When compared to inline compressors (FIG. 1), where
all impellers are driven at the same speed, machine and
stage efficiencies can be higher. Overall, the combination
of electric driver and IGC (FIG. 2) offers a robust compres-
sor solution for refrigerant services.
Most refrigeration systems rely on closed-loop circuits.
For environmental and economic reasons, it is critical
that no refrigerant is released to the atmosphere. One
downside of IGCs, compared to inline compressors, is the
need for additional sealing interfaces on the IGCs. This
challenge is overcome by using dry face seal technology
on all stages of compression.
For lower-pressure stages, tandem seals with intermedi-
ate labyrinths are employed. Tandem seals with carbon-
ring separation seals are very effective for higher-pressure
stages. Moreover, the secondary seals feature a recovery
port that captures the majority of seal leakage ducted to
the compressor inlet.
IGCs easily accommodate interstage cooling for even
greater efficiency. Small-scale LNG plants tend to be air-
FIG. 1. An inline compressor.
FIG. 2. An integrally geared compressor.
FIG. 3. An IGC installation at an LNG plant in Western
Australia. Photo courtesy of Salof.
TABLE 1. Reliability parameters for diferent compressor types
Compressor type
Availability, % Reliability, %
Proactive maintenance
downtime, hrs/yr per ve yrs MTBF, yrs
Best Average Best Average Best Average Best Average
Reciprocating (lubricated) 99.5 97.3 99.8 97.8 120 240 1.5 0.5
Screw (oil-ooded) 99.2 97.7 99.8 98.8 250 300 3 1.5
Screw (oil-free) 99.6 99 99.9 99.7 150 300 10 5
Centrifugal (clean service) 99.9 99.7 1 99.8 12 30 15 8
cooled; seawater and closed-loop cooling systems are
generally not available. Larger interstage pressure drops
of 0.5 bar can be included in the design to accommo-
date the air coolers and associated piping runs. Moreover,
when designing a refrigeration process, intermediate side
streams can also be extracted or inserted, as each stage of
compression is located in a separate casing.
IGCs also offer easier installation, a smaller footprint
and faster commissioning than other compression tech-
nologies; this is attributed to several key design criteria.
First, IGCs do not emit harsh vibrations or pulsations and,
therefore, do not require special foundations. The civil
engineering plan or foundation design only needs to sup-
port the static weight of the compressor package; this saves
engineering costs and material.
Second, IGCs are designed to be packaged as a complete
skid with minimal fieldwork. The package can incorporate
the compressor, interstage piping, control valves, lubrication
system, dry face seal support system and, in most cases, the
main driver base plate. This comprehensive package mini-
mizes customer connections and ensures quality control.
Additionally, the overall footprint can be reduced by
50% when compared to the external gearbox and driver
arrangement for traditional inline compressors. Some
small LNG plant concepts have been designed as a modu-
lar system and can be efficiently mobilized and erected
for even greater speed-to-market than traditional layouts.
Therefore, single-skid IGCs are effectively integrated into
small-scale LNG plant designs (FIG. 3).
IGCs are inherently oil-free, and several unique features
ensure that no lubricant can enter the process gas stream.
The main gearbox bearings utilize oil seals with grooved
rings to eliminate oil migration along the pinion shaft to
the process seals. Some manufacturers also include an
atmospheric gap between the process seal and the oil seal
to further separate the MR from contaminants.
Moreover, when compared to oil-flooded screw com-
pressors, no separation equipment is required to remove
the entrained lubricant from the gas stream. Separation
equipment adds maintenance requirements and can also
fail, sending oil containments into the MR loop. Cen-
trifugal oil-free solutions are specified by many process
licensors as the preferred compression solution. TABLE 1
compares reliability parameters for several different com-
pressor types.
6
The reliability of the MR compressor is paramount to
the successful operation of a liquefaction system. Cen-
trifugal compressors are proven to have the longest mean
time between failures (MTBF), and also show strong
availability of 99.7%. This highly reliable solution is
achieved with a five-year, continuous operation design
philosophy, with several manufacturers reporting eight
years of uninterrupted service.
1
In contrast, screw and
reciprocating solutions require far more maintenance,
although they offer lower initial capital expenditures.
Takeaway. Small-scale LNG will play a predominant role
in shaping the energy landscape of the future. With major
players investing hundreds of millions of dollars in infra-
structure, and no sign of oil prices dropping dramatically,
LNG is the economical, clean, portable energy of the future.
The sun is just beginning to rise on small-scale LNG.
With the use of a standardized scope of supply, and process
and compressor design integration, the future looks bright
for IGC technology.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author thanks Cameron Compression Systems for its permission to present
this article. The author also thanks Nauman Islam, Chuck Impastato and Trevor
Grabau for their assistance with the content of this article, which is a revised ver-
sion of a paper presented at LNG 17 in Houston, Texas on April 18, 2013.
LITERATURE CITED
1
BP Energy Outlook to 2030, BP, January 2012.
2
Van Loon, J. and E. Gismatullin, Shale glut means $1-a-gallon savings at the
pump, Bloomberg, May 22, 2012.
3
Price, B. and S. Hoffart, Developing small-scale LNG plants, Gas Today
Australia, August 2010.
4
Chellini, R., GE Energy restructures, expands power conversion business,
CompressorTechTwo, June 2012.
5
Haight, B., Mechanical drive order survey, CompressorTechTwo, June 2012.
6
Bloch, H. P. and F. K. Geitner, Use equipment failure statistics properly,
Hydrocarbon Processing, January 1999.
DAVID GRABAU is the product manager
for process gas compressors at Cameron Process
and Compression Systems. He has six years of
experience in rotating equipment in the oil and
gas industry, and has been involved in more than
50 projects for fuel gas boosting, refrigeration,
gas processing and other initiatives. In his tenure, Mr. Grabau
has helped develop new applications for integrally geared
compressors in the oil and gas industry. He holds a BS degree
in mechanical engineering and an MBA degree from the State
University of New York at Bufalo.
HydrocarbonProcessing.com | MARCH 2014
ROTATING EQUIPMENT
Compressor failures include
operational and vibration issues
PROCESS SAFETY
Stop storage tank losses with
optimally designed relief valves
REFINING DEVELOPMENTS
New technology upgrades
heavy residuals into synfuels
SPECIAL REPORT:
Corrosion
Control
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Capital city
Seoul
National flag
Taegeukgi
National flower
Mugunghwa (Rose of Sharon)
Population
50.95 million
Foreign residents
1.4 million
Cities and population
Seoul (10.2 million)
Busan (3.5 million)
Incheon (2.8 million)
Daegu (2.5 million)
Daejeon (1.5 million)
Gwangju (1.5 million)
Ulsan (1.1 million)
Median age
38.9 years
FACTS ABOUT SOUTH KOREA
Natural gas is the worlds fastest-growing fossil fuel.
The US Energy Information Agency (EIA) forecasts that
global gas consumption will increase annually to 170 tril-
lion cubic feet (Tcf) by 2035. This increase is led by strong
growth in non-Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD) countries. To meet expected
consumption rates, gas producers will need to increase
supplies by almost 60 Tcf by 2035. In response to this surg-
ing demand, new project development and major capacity
expansions are underway in all parts of the globe.
Europe. This region is the second-largest gas market
in the world, but it may be overtaken by Asia-Pacific by
2015. Natural gas production in Europes OECD coun-
tries is in decline, and development of unconventional
gas reserves is not likely to happen in the near future. This
has forced European nations to become more dependent
on liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports. Conversely, non-
OECD countries, primarily Russia, will see a dramatic rise
in LNG terminal construction.
Russia. Russia contains nearly 21% of all proven natural
gas reserves in the world. With the emergence of global
LNG trade, Russia is keen to develop its LNG export
capacity. Four major LNG terminal projects have been
plannedVladivostok, Yamal, Pechora and Sakhalin.
The Vladivostok, Yamal and Pechora LNG projects are
being developed by Russian state-owned energy company
Gazprom. Combined, these projects represent over 27 mil-
lion tons per year (MMtpy) in LNG capacity expansions
totaling more than $14 billion (B) in investment. The Vladi-
vostok plant is part of Gazproms Eastern Gas Program.
Gas from Russias Far East fields will be transported via
pipeline to the plant. Development of the new fields and
construction of the pipeline are expected to cost $40 B.
The $1.5 B Yamal LNG project will be developed in
three phases, each consisting of 5.5 MMtpy. The feasibility
study for the $4 B Pechora LNG project was completed in
2Q 2013. The Pechora project consists of the development
of Kumzhinskoy and Korovinskoye fields, the develop-
ment of a gas transport infrastructure, and the construction
of the Pechora LNG terminal and a gas treatment plant.
A final investment decision is still being made. One plan
explores the possibility of using a floating liquefied natural
gas (FLNG) vessel instead of an onshore terminal.
Sakhalin is home to Russias only LNG terminal, owned
by Gazprom (FIG. 1). A new, $15 B Sakhalin LNG terminal
is being developed by ExxonMobil and Russian state-
owned energy company Rosneft. The 5-MMtpy terminal
might be the most significant LNG project in the country
since Gazprom is the only state firm legally allowed to sell
gas supplies abroad; the Sakhalin project directly chal-
lenges Gazproms gas export monopoly. Russian Presi-
dent Vladimir Putin has announced a gradual end to Gaz-
proms gas export monopoly by allowing LNG exports
from other companies, but the government has expressed
no movement on Gazproms monopoly via gas pipelines. If
approved, the Sakhalin LNG terminal will begin operations
in 2018, the same year as Vladivostoks commissioning.
This would put state agencies in direct competition for
market share in China, Japan and South Korea.
Ukraine and Poland. Both countries are construct-
ing LNG terminals to reduce dependency on Russian gas
imports. The $2 B Ukraine LNG terminal will be located
on the Black Sea near Odessa. The 10-billion-cubic-meters-
per-year (Bcmy) terminal will be constructed in two phases,
each consisting of 5 Bcmy. Ukraine will use Excelerate
Energys 5-Bcmy FSRU while the onshore terminal is
being constructed. Completion of both phases is scheduled
for 2016. Once operational, the terminal will reduce by
20% the price Ukraine pays for imported gas from Russia.
The Swinoujscie LNG terminal is Polands first LNG
project. The $1.2 B project is located at Swinoujscie on
Polands Baltic coast. The 5-Bcmy terminal is being con-
structed by a Saipem-led consortium, and completion is
scheduled for 2015.
Asia-Pacific. Asia is forecast to become the worlds sec-
ond-largest gas market by 2015. The International Energy
Agency (IEA) expects Asian LNG consumption to annually
increase to 790 Bcm in the same year. Within that time,
Southeast Asia is scheduled to construct a dozen import
terminals, resulting in over 35 Bcm of additional capacity.
India. According to Indias 12th five-year plan, domes-
tic natural gas demand should triple by 2017. At present,
Indian gas production meets only half of domestic demand.
Coupled with this scenario, Reliance Industries Ltd. and
Oil & Natural Gas Corp. have reported falling output from
their offshore blocks. This comes at a time when demand
from gas-consuming industries, such as power and fertil-
izer, is rising steadily. Consequently, India must import
gas, mainly as LNG, to meet domestic demand.
Malaysia. The first construction phase of the $1.3 B
Pengerang Independent Deepwater Petroleum Terminal
(PIDPT) is set for completion in 1Q 2014. This bi-direc-
tional LNG terminal will be the second constructed in
Asia. Singapore LNG commissioned Asias first bidirec-
tional LNG terminal in 2Q 2013.
Additionally, Petronas is constructing a ninth LNG
production train at its Bintulu complex. The new LNG
train will add 3.6 MMtpy of capacity. Once completed, the
Petronas LNG complex will have a combined capacity of
over 27 MMtpy, creating one of the worlds largest LNG
production facilities at a single location. Petronas has also
announced plans to construct two FLNG vessels to extract
natural gas from wells located offshore of Sarawak.
Malaysia is also set to commission the worlds first
LNG regasification unit located on an island jetty. The
3.8-MMtpy Melaka terminal is located approximately 3
kilometers offshore of Sungai Udang Port. Two floating
storage units will receive and store LNG; the facility has
subsea and onshore pipelines connected to the Peninsular
Gas Utilization pipeline network. Melaka is expected to
receive its first LNG cargo in August 2013.
Indonesia. Indonesia is striving to increase LNG export
capacity with BPs Tangguh LNG expansion project and
Mitsubishi Corp., Pertamina and Medcos joint-venture
(JV) Donggi-Senoro LNG project. Combined, these proj-
ects will add 6 MMtpy of LNG capacity by 2018, at a cost
of $15 B. However, the Tangguh expansion projects third
train has been delayed, due to environmental concerns and
a conflict in revenue-sharing.
Australia. The country is focusing on large gas proj-
ects, such as Gorgon, Prelude, Wheatstone, Ichthys, Scar-
borough, Queensland Curtis LNG, Gladstone LNG and
Australia Pacific LNG (FIG. 2). Downstream investments
total about $180 B in LNG terminal construction and an
additional $85 B in floating processing projects, such
as FLNGs. Almost 20 LNG export terminals are either
planned or under construction, with estimated completion
by 2017. This development has put Australia on track to
overtake Qatar as the worlds leading LNG exporter by the
end of the decade.
Japan. As the worlds largest importer of LNG,
Japan has a great need for natural gas to fuel its power
requirements. LNG has played a major role in supplying
energy to the country as it weans off of nuclear power
following the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami and
resulting Fukushima nuclear disaster. LNG imports to
Japan reached 87 MMt in 2012, although the volume
has declined in 2013. Imports could fall even further if
Japan agrees to restart a dozen nuclear reactors, or if it
adds coal-fired power plants to produce electricity more
cheaply than gas-fired plants.
China. LNG imports reached 15 MMt in 2012 and are
expected to double by 2015. To prepare for this increase,
China has planned 15 new import terminals for comple-
tion by 2020. However, these predictions could change, if
China develops its domestic shale gas reserves. According
to the US EIA, China has greater shale gas reserves than
does the US, although exploiting them will not be an easy
task since extraction is more difficult in Chinese shale
plays, due to low organic content. Producers will need to
drill additional and deeper wells to equal US production.
Global gas processing construction outlook, Part 2
By LEE NICHOLS, Hydrocarbon Processing Construction Boxscore Database
FIG. 1. Aerial view of Sakhalin. Photo courtesy of Gazprom.
Darwin
Perth
Perth Basin
0.8 Tcf
North West Shelf
16.3 metric MMt/yr
Pluto 4.3 metric MMt/yr
Pluto T2, T3 8.6 metric MMt/yr
Gorgon 15 metric MMt/yr
Wheatstone 8.6 metric MMt/yr
Producing LNG projects
Under construction
Proposed LNG projects
Gladstone LNG 7.8 metric MMt/yr
Curtis LNG 8.5 metric MMt/yr
Australia Pacic LNG 9 metric MMt/yr
Arrow Energy LNG 8 metric MMt/yr
Newcastle LNG-1
metric MMt/yr
Darwin LNG 3.7 metric MMt/yr
Ichthys 8.4 metric MMt/yr
Sunrise FLNG 4 metric MMt/yr
Prelude FLNG 3.6 metric MMt/yr
Carnarvon
Basin
89.7 Tcf
Browse Basin
33.2 Tcf
Bonaparte Basin
22.2 Tcf
Cooper-Eromanga
Basin
0.9 Tcf
SuratBowen CBM
Basins
35 Tcf
Gippsland and Bas Basins
9.3 Tcf
Other Basins
2.3 Tcf
BASS BASIN
Otway Basin
1.4 Tcf
Western Australia
South Australia
Queensland
Northern
Territory
New South Wales
Tasmania
Adelaide
Melbourne
Canberra
Sydney
Brisbane
Gladstone
Hobart
Karratha
Broome
Victoria
FIG. 2. Overview of Australian LNG projects.
1.5 Tcf to 2 Tcf of gas. So whilst its a
significant breakthrough, at the moment
its probably too early to suggest it is actu-
ally a watershed.
While the market opportunities for Chi-
nas unconventional gas supply look rosy,
the sector faces a number of challenges.
Not least of these is that considerable
uncertainties exist over how much shale
gas there actually is, and how easy it will
be to get it out. While much US shale gas
has been extracted from fairly benign geol-
ogy, exploration acreage in areas, such as
Sechuan, are on much more mountainous
terrain. That adds to drilling complexity,
and the time and effort needed to move
wells from one place to another, all of
which adds to costs, McMahon said.
It also remains unclear how easily Chi-
nese firms will be able to ramp up pro-
duction, if extensive reserves are found.
At present, while foreign firms, notably
Shell, are present as partners in explora-
tion in the Chinese shale sector, national
oil companies (NOCs), such as PetroChina
and Sinopec, dominate the sector. This is a
factor that could militate against entry into
the sector for further foreign and domes-
tic players, whose input could be vital,
if China is to meet its ambitious overall
domestic gas supply targets. PetroChina
currently has focus on developing conven-
tional and tight gas reserves.
At present, the investment climate does
little to support international oil companies
(IOCs), even though they are keen to enter
the Chinese shale market, says McMahon.
Governmental reforms could help pro-
mote third-party participation in the sec-
tor. To that end, recent domestic gas mar-
ket price reforms, which have raised the
domestic gas price, could prove a boon to
exploration, providing NOCs with more
capital to invest in shale gas developments,
and possibly providing a more attractive
climate for IOC investment too.
North American LNG exporters
strive to reach Asia
By ADRIENNE BLUME
Randy Selin, senior market and supply
consultant with ExxonMobil, delivered
the first presentation during the afternoon
of Day 2 at Gastech2, analyzing North
Americas role in supplying LNG to Asia.
Its an exciting time for the indus-
try, but its also the right time to discuss
how the abundant [North American gas]
resource can help meet demand here in
Asia, Selin said. By 2025, a potential
eight new countries may enter the LNG
supply mix, and up to 17 new countries
could be seeking imports. Sellers are look-
ing to economically monetize resources,
and buyers are seeking to secure new and
diverse supply sources. Linking buyers and
suppliers is essential for any North Ameri-
can LNG project to proceed, Selin asserted.
Asian market hunger grows.
By 2025, industrial and residential gas
demand is expected to double in Asia, and
gas in the transport sector is anticipated
to grow at 8% per year through 2040.
Asian gas demand will need to be supplied
through domestic gas production and pipe-
lines from Central Asia and Russia, as well
as by LNG imports.
However, the rate of production
growth cannot keep pace with the much
faster increase in gas demand, Selin
noted. Pipelines can only supply a hand-
ful of Asian countries. By 2040, LNG
imports could satisfy just over 40% of
the regions demand.
Looking ahead, existing LNG proj-
ects and those under construction should
satisfy demand through 2018/2019, but
150 million tons per year (MMtpy) of
new supply capacity, which is yet to be
approved, will be needed to meet Asian
gas demand. Buyers and suppliers must
still agree on long-term contracts before
any of these new projects can be sanc-
tioned, the consultant asserted.
In Canada, there are presently 13 LNG
projects proposed, with 193 MMtpy of
capacity. The US has 31 proposed LNG
projects, with 288 MMtpy of capacity.
Total potential exports from the US and
Canada are pegged at 110 MMtpy by 2030.
North America pushes for LNG
exports. According to ExxonMobil,
the main factors driving North Ameri-
can LNG development are, first, the gas
resource, which must be defined, durable
and economic. Lower shale gas develop-
ment costs, and a liquid market for gas in
Canada and the US, ensure years of gas
available for both domestic needs and
export opportunities, Selin noted. Also
unique to North America, gas resources
are indirectly linked to export facilities,
rather than tied directly to a single export
project, providing a major advantage in
terms of project flexibility.
Regulatory approval, encompassing
exports, project construction and licenses
to non-Free Trade Agreement countries, is
another driver for North American LNG.
Wed like to see the US Department of
Energy progress the remaining export
applications quickly, Selin said, so that
other approvals (such as those required
by the Federal Energy Regulatory Com-
mission) can be granted, allowing project
work to commence. The existing queue
for LNG project approvals is not expected
to be sorted until at least 2016, he noted.
The commercial structure of LNG proj-
ects, which includes project integration,
ownership and tolls, is a third driving fac-
tor. Another element unique to the North
American LNG industry is that project
participants must be well-engaged in the
upstream gas market, if they are to eco-
nomically obtain the required feed gas.
The fourth driver of North American
LNG development includes construc-
tion sanctioning, contract agreements
and financing. Buyers and suppliers must
agree on sanction dates, and on master
sales agreement elements, including
price. These agreements dictate suppliers
expected returns and buyers willingness
to pay.
Abundant gas resourcesencompass-
ing 1,290 Tcf of unconventional gas and
760 Tcf of conventional gas, as of Janu-
ary 2012are available, and work is
slowly progressing to bring that gas to
market. North America has all the com-
ponents required to successfully bring
LNG exports to a global audience, Selin
acknowledged. No project will proceed
without long-term buyer and supplier
agreements; however, when these agree-
ments are struck, projects can proceed
very quickly.
Ultimately, the pace for LNG exports
from North America will be determined
by several factors, including buyer and
supplier contracts, engineering and con-
struction resources and the pace of permit-
ting approvals.
RANDY SELIN, ExxonMobil
CHINA, continued from page 1
The LNG sector, for the first time, is offering inducements to experienced LNG sea-
faring officers to come ashore and manage their ships, according to international recruit-
ment agency, Faststream. The move comes as the shipping industry seeks personnel to
man and manage its growing fleet of LNG carriers, while facing stiff competition for
staff from the growing sector of floating LNG production.
Speaking at Gastech, Faststream managing director Mark Charman said that 127
new LNG vessels were under order, with each needing officers, ratings and experienced
shore-based technical superintendents. These 127 vessels will need an estimated 2,000
officers to serve on them. However, while one-off payments will help some companies
attract experienced staff to manage vessels, Faststream says that the LNG sector needs
to change its recruitment strategies, if it is to attract sufficient personnel to both crew
its ships and manage them ashore.
Companies need to think about their value proposition to candidates, Charman said.
What is it that your company is offeringis it a short-term post with a high salary, or a
longer-term package with further opportunities? Seafarers should not be treated as just
short-term hires, but we need to see how they fit within the wider company.
The LNG sector is plugging the gap by looking to other areas of the shipping industry
for personnel. Increasing numbers of LPG seafarers are transferring to LNG vessels,
electrical officers are coming from other vessel types and even from outside the mari-
time sector, and cruise ship engineers with dual-fuel experience are finding positions
on LNG vessels and ashore.
Companies need to realize just how in demand LNG-experienced engineers are, and
offer them realistic shoreside packages, Charman said. They have tax-free options at
sea, and newbuild and project offers open to them. What is going to motivate them to
come ashore?
Shipping recruiters should be aware that LNG-experienced seafarers are already
being courted by the upcoming FLNG sector, which offers higher pay and short rotations.
The increasing interest in LNG as an alternative marine fuel for vessels is also going to
make recruitment even tougher in the years to come.
According to Faststream data, the average salary for an LNG technical superintendent is
$113,528, while LNG chief engineers command an average annual salary of $121,536.
LNG sector now offers
golden hellos to seafarers
Canada approves Pieridae Energy plan for Goldboro LNG exports
Pieridae Energy Canada reported that the Honourable Randy Delorey, Minister of
Environment for the Province of Nova Scotia, has issued environmental assessment
(EA) approval, with conditions, for the companys proposed Goldboro LNG project.
Goldboro LNG consists of a LNG processing plant and facilities for the storage and
export of LNG, including a marine jetty.
An environmental assessment review panel appointed by the Minister of Environ-
ment conducted a Class Two Environmental Assessment,the provinces most rigorous
form of review.The Minister of Environment accepted the panels recommendation
to approve Goldboro LNG, with certain conditions.
While LNG supply to Asia is set to
remain on an upward track, a host of fac-
torsaffecting both supply and demand
are likely to determine the pace of growth.
But it remains a matter for debate, just what
their impact will be, as demonstrated by
the varied views of leaders at top portfo-
lio LNG companies, in Monday afternoon
session on the global gas trade and Asia-
Pacific region.
Martin Houston of BG said the state-of-
mind of some Asian LNG buyers was caus-
ing atrophy in the business. He described
key elements as the three is: Indecision,
inertia and indexation anxiety. Houston,
who retired as COO of BG in November
2014, but remains at the company for a few
more months, said that these traits were
understandable, because buyers were try-
ing to juggle the quest for cheaper LNG
against the search for security of supply.
He said a recent upward spike in the
price of US gas, which rose above $7 per
MMbtu in February, should help ground
decision-making among buyers in real-
ity, by showing that gas prices could not
automatically be expected to fall, and that
indexation could still lead to price volatility.
While many people regarded the global
market as soon to be awash with LNG,
Houston took a different view, predicting
that the current LNG shortage would not
be offset by new supply as quickly as some
thought. He noted that while around 10
final investment decisions on LNG projects
had been forecast to take place in 2013,
only one materialized. Meanwhile, in the
US, despite the clamor from developers,
only one projectSabine Passhad taken
FID, while more than 200 others were still
seeking the go-ahead.
Despite all the rhetoric and hubris
that our industry generated, LNG will be
shorter for longer than most people are
imagining. Demand is rising strongly.
There are many new markets, and they are
waiting in the wings. As an industry, we are
failing, year-on-year, to meet the targets we
set ourselves, he said
Rising costs, currently besetting some
parts of the LNG industry, could cause a
reevaluation of the idea that increased proj-
ect size would automatically lead to econo-
mies of scale. Part of the solution, Houston
said, was to change the industry through
better government and stakeholder align-
ment; continued technological innovation,
leading to cost reduction; more commercial
pragmatism; and improved cooperation
across the industry.
Philippe Sauquet, CEO of Total Gas &
Power, agreed with Houston that the preoc-
cupation of Asian buyers with establish-
ing a new form indexation linked to prices
elsewhere in the world would not neces-
sarily make the market any more stable,
suggesting that Asian prices could become
beholden to events elsewhere, such as a
cold snap of weather in the US or Europe,
which could push up prices in Asia, even
though there is no direct link to the region.
Roger Bounds, Shells Global Head
of LNG, said his company shared a gen-
eral view across the industry that gas had
a strong future, despite a disappointing
2013, a year which he believed would
prove exceptional. Bounds said he thought
the global LNG business would follow
trends established across its five decades
of development, and continue to more or
less double every ten years
Shells confidence in the continuing
importance of Asia Pacific LNG markets,
both for supply and demand, was the main
driver for the firms decision to move the
headquarters of its integrated gas operations
to Singapore from The Hague, he said.
The threat posed by cheap, abundant
coal to the growth of the gas industrya
major theme at this years Gastechwas
serious, but not one that should be based
on headline pricing alone, panelists said.
David Knipe, Head of Gas Trading
Europe & LNG at BP, told delegates that
there were other factors that needed to be
considered, which, together, could make
gas a more attractive proposition than coal
or nuclear power. These factors include
generating efficiency; cheaper capital and
operating costs of generating equipment;
and, potentially, lower emissions than
coal, should carbon emission costs go up
in the future. Signs that coal prices could
also be on the way up, due to increased
demand, may swing future decision-mak-
ing on new plants toward gas from coal-
fired, he added.
The industry was unlikely to shake
off boom-and-bust cycles, as it strove to
match supply and demand, given the long
lead time for development of LNG proj-
ects, according to Philip Olivier, President
of GDF Suez LNG. While LNG produc-
tion capacity could almost double from
todays roughly 250 MMtpa by 2025,
it would require longer-term projects
planned for after 2020 to come to frui-
tion, he said.
However, he added that some of those
projects could be delayed, if LNG prices
fell, due to several factors. These include
increased supply from the US, or slacker
demand growth from Asia, if existing
Japanese nuclear reactors that were halted
following the Fukushima nuclear disaster,
come back unto operation. South Korea
also continues with plans to build new
nuclear plants.
Portfolio firms downplay benefits
of indexation revamp
By IAN LEWIS
PHILIPPE SAUQUET, Total Gas and Power DAVID KNIPE, BP
MARTIN HOUSTON, BG Group ROGER BOUNDS, Shell
Ampo Poyam Valves, a company that specializes in
high specification valves, will supply a series of cryo-
genic valves for the following projects:
Sabine Pass. Ampo is supplying more than 7,000 ball,
globe and check valves in austenitic stainless steel and
also in WCB, a grade of carbon steel. Sizes vary from
in. to 54 in. For this project, they will produce a 54 in.
cryogenic ball valve, which the company says will be the
largest ever produced. Further, it will also supply 36 in.
and 42 in. cryogenic HIPPS service valves that seal in less
than two seconds.
Dunkerque. The Dunkerque LNG terminal is expected
to be commissioned at the end of 2015 and is the second
largest industrial construction site in France. The ter-
minal will be able to accommodate the worlds largest
LNG tankers and will have sufficient capacity for 13
billion m3 of gas per year, the equivalent of 20% of the
annual natural gas consumption of France and Belgium
combined. In this terminal, which will be the largest ter-
minal in continental Europe, all cryogenic valves will be
provided by Ampo Poyam.
Prelude FLNG. For Prelude FLNG, AMPO will supply
a series of 1,900 cryogenic ball valves, in austenitic stain-
less steel and with a special design for this project. Sizes
will vary from 1 in. to 24 in. and pressure ranges from 150
lbs to 2,500 lbs. Ampo Poyam signed an agreement with
Shell in 2011 to supply high specification valve packages
to the end user all over the world, and in Prelude FLNG
both companies are working hand in hand.
Asia market share. Ampo has a contract for the sup-
ply of cryogenic ball valves for the Hitachi LNG project
in Japan. With this contract, Ampo has increased its mar-
ket share in Asia. The most important LNG projects in this
continent are using Ampo Poyam valves. These include:
Incheon LNG, Tongyoung LNG and
Pyeontaek LNG in Korea
Qingdao LNG, CNOOC Guangdong
Dapeng LNG, CNOOC Fujian LNG,
CNOOC Shanghai LNG, CNPC Dalian
LNG, CNPC Jiangsu LNG, CNOOC
Zhejiang Ningbo LNG, CNOOC Zhuhai
LNG and CNPC Tangshan LNG in China
PTTLNG, ESP and GSP6 in Thailand
SLNG in Singapore
Shakalin LNG in East Russia
MLNG, MLNG DUA debottlenecking in Malaysia
Donggi Sonoro LNG, Bontang LNG
and Tangguh LNG in Indonesia
YUNG-AN LNG, Northern LNG and
CPC-Naphtha cracker No. 6 in Taiwan.
The company has over 50 years experience with
valves and an in-house manufacturing process with its
own foundry.
Ampo is present at Gastech in Booth H110. They are
displaying two valves for the gas industry: a 36 in. ball
valve and a 10 in. butterfly valve.
HIGH SPECIFICATION VALVES FOR THE COMPLETE GAS CHAIN
Weighing the pros and cons of new LNG routes
By IAN LEWIS
As the global LNG market heats up, both buyers and sell-
ers are looking at how they can get gas to market quicker,
which means looking at new time-saving routes, such as
the soon-to-be-expanded Panama Canal and the Arctic
routes, via the Northwest Passage to the north of Canada or
the Northern Sea Route across the top of Russia. But these
routes present some drawbacks, as well as advantages.
Paal Thorsen, BG Groups commercial manager, Projects,
Shipping, put the potential savings into context in a Gastech
technical session on LNG & Gas Shipping & Shipbuilding.
He noted that LNG from a proposed US export terminal
at Lake Charles, Louisiana, where BG is a partner, would
take some 78 days to ship to Tokyo via the Suez Canal and
cost around $2.91$3.90 per MMbtu. Using the Panama
Canal, which is being modified to permit LNG carriers
to pass through it, would cut the journey time to Tokyo
to around 51 days, at cost of $2.16$2.46, before Panama
Canal transit fees are applied.
Thorsen estimated that the economics for most Asian
destinations to the east of Singapore could be improved by
using the Panama Canalwhose expansion is due to be
completed in 2015rather than the Suez Canal.
Thorsen noted that the Panama Canals slot reservation
regime is oriented toward other forms of cargo, so it might
need modifying to meet the needs of LNG shippers. He
said the Panama Canal Authority (ACP) should work with
the industry to form clear guidelines, provide long-term
competitive pricing, and custom fit its reservation regime
to better suit the LNG industry.
For LNG projects further north, Arctic routes to Asian
markets are becoming an enticing possibility, as reduc-
tions in the Arctic ice sheet makes voyages to the north of
Canada and Russia increasingly realistic. The first LNG
vessel to cross the Northern Sea Route, a Gazprom ship,
made the trip in 2012.
However, taking LNG vessels into such pioneering
territory raises a number of questions about the political,
geographical and environmental considerations; inter-
national law regimes and regulatory hurdles; and safety
and operational risks; as well as just how much these new
routes could benefit LNG shipping, Thorsen said.
In the case of the Panama Canal, the benefits are likely
to be offset by the limits to how many ships it can handle
and any size restrictionsnot all LNG carriers will be
able to fit through the improved canal. A wider Panama
Canal will also increase demand from all types of ves-
sels, not just the LNG sector, so transit hold-ups could
add time back on to journeys. Transit fees also add to
costs. These factors need to be weighed against the ben-
efits of slow steaming on longer routes and the shippers
timetable, which may not require such rapid delivery,
Thorsen said.
For the northerly routes, it remains to be seen whether
the savings from shorter journeys via the Arctic could be
wiped out by such factors as the increased cost of using
ice-hardened ships, the need for icebreakers, the cost of
escort ships, uncertainties over how long the ice-free
season will last, environmental concerns, and whether
adequate emergency response measures could be imple-
mented. In an increasingly safety-oriented world, these last
two factors could yet prove major sticking points when
considering whether to let more shipping use Arctic routes.
There are also political issues, While the Northern Sea
Route lies mostly in Russian waters, there is an ongoing dis-
pute over how the northwest passage route should be con-
trolled, involving Canada, the US and European countries
Above all, using either Arctic route remains an opportu-
nistic endeavor for now, whose degree of difficulty is depen-
dent on how long the area is ice-free. While, the ice-free
season has been extending as the Arctic warms up, it is still
restricted mainly to the summer months, and, as Thorsen
points out, there is no guarantee that this trend of longer
ice-free seasons will continue indefinitely.
PAAL THORSEN, BG Group
Africas divergent gas markets
offer distinct promises
By ADRIENNE BLUME
In the late morning of Day 2 at Gastech,
BP Gas Marketing Commercial Advisor
Avril Johnson shared her perspective on
Africas changing role in the global gas
market, using three country case studies
as illustrations.
Johnson explained that the term, Afri-
can gas, is misleading. The countries
must be talked about independently, and
LNG projects must be examined on an
individual basis. She shared some eye-
opening statistics, highlighting the diver-
sity of the regional gas market. Africans
speak more than 2,000 languages, with
200 of those languages spoken in Angola,
alone. Also, the 10 richest countries on the
continent are 25 times wealthier than the
10 poorest countries. This is illustrated by
the fact that South Africans use 100 times
more electricity than do Ethiopians.
There are a number of structural shifts
happening in the various African gas mar-
kets. Between 1980 and 2011, Africas
proven gas reserves rose from 210 trillion
cubic feet (Tcf) to over 500 Tcf. This vol-
ume will grow quickly, as new African gas
prospects are proven. East Africa, alone,
promises to hold hundreds of Tcf of new
resources. By the late 2020s, Africa, as a
whole, is expected to overtake the Middle
East in volumes of LNG exports. This
really highlights the unquestionable poten-
tial of gas on the continent, Johnson said.
Egypt as mature gas player. The
development of Egypts energy industry
has followed the familiar pattern of oil
first, gas later. The country is presently
Africas fifth-largest oil producer and sec-
ond-largest gas producer. However, its gas
exports peaked in 2009 at approximately
2 billion cfd (Bcfd). Notable macroeco-
nomic factors characterizing this country
are political instability, a deteriorating fis-
cal situation and an expensive subsidies
policy. Combined with plateauing gas
production and demand increases of 10%
per year over the last decade, these mac-
roeconomic factors are forcing Egypt to
consider LNG imports in five years.
The Egyptian government is struggling
to balance its domestic gas needs with its
export obligations and its need for foreign
currency. Rolling power blackouts, some of
which have led to factory shutdowns, have
become more common. Egypt continues to
export gas, but at much smaller quantities.
The government aims to meet domestic
demand and create domestic stability in
both the political and energy spheres, but
this may be difficult to achieve in the chal-
lenging macroeconomic environment.
New LNG exporter Angola. To the
south, Angola commenced LNG exports in
2013, marking a shift toward a more gas-
focused future after a strong initial focus
on oil. The country has seen steady energy
investment since 2002, but most of this
investment has concentrated on oil. Pres-
ently, Angolas gas monetization strategy
is focused on export. However, Johnson
noted, the changing market conditions
have forced Angola LNG to market car-
goes away from the initially targeted US.
Despite challenges, Angola exported its
first LNG cargo in 2013.
As in Egypt, however, Angola is strug-
gling to keep up with growing domestic
demand, and blackouts are frequent in the
countrys largest cities. Balancing domestic
demand and exports may become trickier,
Johnson cautioned. For this reason, a com-
prehensive master plan for gas is critical.
Emerging supplier Mozambique.
In East Africa, where development projects
are driven by unassociated gas, the value of
the resource is obvious from the beginning.
Gas catalyzes the energy industry, and
the speed at which East African gas has
made headlines is striking, Johnson said.
In Mozambique, growing political stabil-
ity and increasing resources are helping
to usher in a new wave of LNG projects.
Investment challenges exist, but these are
characteristic of any frontier gas exporter.
However, the countrys evolving fis-
cal and regulatory regime, along with its
upcoming 2014 elections, add an element
of uncertainty to project proposals. Proj-
ects in other countries, such as neighbor-
ing Tanzania, will increase competition
for resources and long-lead items, and so
international financing will be essential for
Mozambiques LNG sector to get off the
ground. But lets not forget that every gas
nation was once a frontier play, and gov-
ernments are capable of managing these
challenges, Johnson remarked.
Mozambique, a gas market in its
infancy, is well-positioned to compete for
the premium Asian market, although it
will contend with geographically well-
placed LNG supplies from Australia and
potentially cheaper LNG exports from
the US. Processing costs, however, are
expected to be relatively inexpensive.
Mozambique will need to offer price and
contractual flexibility to lure customers,
and this will affect the pace and scale of
LNG developments. Given the scale and
unassociated nature of Mozambique gas,
the country must attempt to strike the right
balance from day one.
AVRIL JOHNSON, BP Gas Marketing
Scenes from Gastech
KOGAS Monday evening reception was dazzling.
During the STUDENT PROGRAMME, participants undertook a problem solving
exercise to test their teamwork sills.
Industry veterans CHARLIE DURR and
CHRIS BARTON are leading Wood Group
Mustangs renewed push into the FLNG
market, with innovative strategies to ofer
customers turnkey services that take a
project from concept to completion.
The various Gastech Lounges on the
exhibition oor ofer attendees a respite
from the whirlwind of the show.
The GASTRON technology display
drew many interested visitors.
KAESER KOMPRESSOREN supplies compressors and air technology to the gas market.
The delegate lunch featured grilled
salmon with butter sauce and colorful
grilled vegetables. Dessert ofered a
choice between mocca cake and
strawberry cheesecake.
DR NEVILLE HARGREAVES is business
development director for Velocys. He will
speak Thursday at 12:20 at the CoTEs
Theatre C.
You never know who you are going to meet on the exhibition oor.
Fun was had by all at the Monday
evening reception.
These performers elicited loud applause
from the crowd Monday night.
TIC CORPORATION manufactures and
exports a variety of coating materials.
XXX
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