Question 1

The nuclear reactor consists of many major components to run the power generation
process. For an example, fuel rod is required for the fission reaction to occur. Fuel rod is a
combination of many fuel pallets. The fuel pallet usually made in flat or cylindrical shape.

FIGURE 1.0: Temperature distribution in the fuel pallet

The heat generated in fuel rod usually comes from the fuel pallet itself. As the picture
above, the lowest temperature is at the outer wall of the fuel rod. As the depth increase, the
temperature of fuel rod is also increase. The highest temperature is at the core center of the fuel
pallet. This factor is important to be considered for the design of the temperature distribution in
the fuel rod. Figure above shows that the pcs water actually cools down the fuel pallet from the
outside wall.
From the figure above, the temperature distribution happen in two ways which are
conduction and convection. The conduction heat transfer happen in the fuel pallet itself. Which
means the heat transfer starts from the highest temperature at the center to the lowest temperature
at the outer wall of the fuel pallet. The convection happen at the gap of ziralloy tube and the edge
of cladding. This happen because there is an air gap in between them and that is aloow the
convection to happen.

















Question 2
The heat flow in nuclear reactor starts from the core of the fuel rod. The heat generated
from the fuel rod is then transferred to the moderator and coolant. The moderato is used to
reduce the speed travel of the neutron. The speed of the neutron is quite dangerous because the
higher the speed of neutron, it may lead the explosion to occur at the reactor. The moderator
commonly consists of water. The temperature distribution happened in two ways which are
conduction and convection. The conduction happened in the water and the fuel pallet while the
convection happened in the air gap between the cladding.
To simplify the heat flow in the reactor, the heat generated from the fission is transferred
by the conduction to the fuel rod surface. Then the heat is flow to the coolant that circulates
around the fuel rod by convection. The heat is then passes to the turbines. The function of
coolant fluids is to absorb heat from the fuel rod and avoid the overheating from happen. The
moderator is used as a medium for the reactor to have a higher fission. This is because the
moderator will decrease the speed of neutron and will absorb the energy.
The temperature distribution happen as the formula below:

Where, T is temperature (C) is material density (

)
S is heat source (

) k is thermal conductivity (

)
C is heat capacity (

)
Convection heat transfer formula

Newtons law was explaining the heat transfer from the fuel rod to the moderator.

The application of the convection heat transfer equation when the newtons law is applied. The
convection heat transfer takes place around the gap.

And for the convection heat transfer between cladding and the coolant,