PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR

100 Hours Information Technology Training
(During the month of July, 2008)
The Institute of Chartered Aountants
Infor!ation Tehno"o#$ Trainin# %ro#ra!
Pro&et re%ort
Under Su%er'ision of() Su*!itted B$()
+a#an Shar!a Shi%ra +o$a"
Department Of Computer NRO-0189!1
"#$%R &R%NC" O' N#RC, "#$%R
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Content

Candidate declaration
Acknowledgement
Certifcate
Basic of computer

Internet
Ms Word

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CANDIDATE DECLARATION
# here(y )e*lare that the pro+e*t ,or- for .100 "our/ #nformation 0e*hnology
0raining1 un)er 20he #n/titute of Chartere) %**ountant of #n)ia3 i/ an authenti* ,or-
*arrie) out (y me un)er $uper4i/ion of 2Mr, +a#an Shar!a3 #n/tru*tor, Department of
Computer %ppli*ation, HISAR BRANCH OF NIRC5
Shi%ra +o$a"
NRO0189!1
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Acknowledgement
No ,or- in it/elf *omplete ,ithout *re)it (eing gi4en to the per/on ,ho helpe) in
a*hie4e/ thi/ ta/-5 # here (y ta-e thi/ *han*e to e7pre// my -no,le)ge5 8y /in*ere an)
grateful than-/ to 2Shri S. P. GO!"#, 9re/i)ent of HISAR BRANCH OF NIRC,
Hisar, for pro4i)ing me a *han*e to ,or- in thi/ pro+e*t, the -no,le)ge ine4ita(ly
poli/he) my /-ill/ in )ue *our/e5
# ,oul) li-e to *on4ey my than-/ to $r. Gagan Sharma, my
*omputer tea*her ,ho al,ay/ ga4e 4alua(le /ugge/tion/ an) gui)an*e for *omplian*e of
my pro+e*t5 "e helpe) me to un)er/tan) an) remem(er )etail/ of the pro+e*t that # ,oul)
ha4e other,i/e lo/t5 8y pro+e*t ha/ (een /u**e// only (e*au/e of hi/ gui)an*e5
:a/t (ut not lea/t # ,oul) li-e to than- my (elo4e) parent an) (rother/ for their /upport
an) management5
Shi%ra +o$a"
NRO )-./012.
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CERTIFICATE

0hi/ i/ to *ertify that the 9ro+e*t of 20he #n/titute of Chartere) %**ountant/ of
#n)ia3 i/ a (onafi)e ,or- )one (y Shi%ra +o$a", Reg5no5 NRO -./012. in partial
fulfillment of .0he 100 "our/ #nformation 0e*hnology 0raining1 an) ha/ (een *arrie)
un)er my )ire*t /uper4i/ion an) gui)an*e5 0hi/ report or a /imilar report on the topi* ha/
not (een /u(mitte) for any other e7amination an) )oe/ not form part of any other *our/e
un)ergone (y the *an)i)ate5


+a#an Shar!a
Department Of Computer
"#$%R &R%NC" O' N#RC,
"#$%R
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Computer
Definition()
% *omputer i/ a )e4i*e that a**ept/ information (in the form of
)igitali=e) )ata) an) manipulate/ it for /ome re/ult (a/e) on a
program or /e>uen*e of in/tru*tion/ on ho, the )ata i/ to (e
pro*e//e)
The t3o %rini%a" harateristis of a Co!%uter are()

15 #t re/pon)/ to a /pe*ifi* /et of in/tru*tion/ in a ,ell-)efine) manner5
25 #t *an e7e*ute a prere*or)e) li/t of in/tru*tion/ (a program)5

How Computers Work :-
In%ut () 4Ho3 to te"" it 3hat to do4
#nformation an) program/ are entere) into the *omputer through In%ut de'ies /u*h a/
the 5e$*oard6 dis5s, or through other *omputer/ 4ia net,or- *onne*tion/ or !ode!s
*onne*te) to the #nternet5 0he input )e4i*e al/o retrie4e/ information off )i/-/5
?7ample/ of input )e4i*e/@
o 8ou/e - mo/t *ommon pointing )e4i*e
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o 0ra*- (all - (a/i*ally an up/i)e )o,n mou/e
o Joy/ti*-
o Aame *ontroller
Out%ut() 4Ho3 it sho3s $ou 3hat it is doin#4
Out%ut De'ies )i/play/ information on the sreen 7!onitor8 or the %rinter an) /en)/
information to other *omputer/5 0hey al/o )i/play me//age/ a(out ,hat errors may ha4e
o**urre) an) (ring/ up !essa#e or dia"o# *o9 a/-ing for more information to (e input5
0he output )e4i*e al/o /a4e/ information on the dis5 for future u/e5
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Stora#e ()4Ho3 it sa'es data and %ro#ra!s4
- "ar) )i/- )ri4e/ are an internal, higher *apa*ity )ri4e ,hi*h al/o /tore/ the operating
/y/tem ,hi*h run/ ,hen you po,er on the *omputer5
- B'loppyB )i/- )ri4e/ allo, you to /a4e ,or- on /mall )i/-/ an) ta-e the )ata
,ith you5
Memory: - "How the processor stores and uses immediate data"
- Chen you u/e a program, the *omputer loa)/ a portion of the program from the har)
)ri4e to the mu*h fa/ter memory (R%8)5 Chen you B/a4eB your ,or- or >uit the
program, the )ata get/ ,ritten (a*- to the har) )ri4e5
Proessin#( ) 0he C9D or *entral pro*e//ing unit i/ /ometime/ *alle) the Control Dnit
an) )ire*t/ the operation of the input an) output )e4i*e/5 0he Copro*e//or or the
%rithmeti*-:ogi* Dnit )oe/ arithmeti* an) *ompari/on/5 0he memory or R%8
temporarily /tore/ information (file/ an) program/) ,hile you are u/ing or
,or-ing on them5 0he &#O$ or (a/i* inputEoutput /y/tem *ontrol/ the )ialogue
(et,een the 4ariou/ )e4i*e/5
Soft3are
0he /oft,are i/ the information that the *omputer u/e/ to get the +o( )one5 $oft,are
nee)/ to (e a**e//e) (efore it *an (e u/e)5 0here are many term/ u/e) for pro*e// of
a**e//ing /oft,are in*lu)ing runnin#, e9eutin#, startin# u%, o%enin#, an) other/5
Computer %ro#ra!s allo, u/er/ to *omplete ta/-/5 % program *an al/o (e referre) to a/
an a%%"iation an) the t,o ,or)/ are u/e) inter*hangea(ly5
?7ample/ of /oft,are %ro#ra!s or a%%"iations ,oul) (e the O%eratin# S$ste! (DO$,
Cin)o,/ 97E8illeniumEF9, OE$2, DN#F, 8a*O$ 957E1057 an) 4ariou/ other/),
:ord%roessor (typing letter/), S%readsheet (finan*ial info), Data*ase (in4entory
*ontrol an) a))re// (oo-), +ra%his %ro#ra!, Internet Bro3ser, E!ai" an) many
other/5
%/ ,ell any dou!ent that you *reate, graphi* you )e/ign, /oun) you *ompo/e, file you
ma-e, letter you ,rite, email you /en) or anything that you *reate on your *omputer i/
referre) to a/ /oft,are5 %ll /oft,are i/ /tore) in fi"es5
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$oft,are i/ /tore) on a dis5 or ta%e ,hether that )i/- i/ a f"o%%$, hard dis5, CD, tape or
one of the )o=en/ of other stora#e de'ies a4aila(le5
0here are million/ of )ifferent pie*e/ of /oft,are a4aila(le for almo/t e4ery *on*ei4a(le
nee)5 $oft,are i/ a4aila(le *ommer*ially through /tore/ an) mail or)er an) al/o a4aila(le
on the Internet5 $oft,are i/ al/o a4aila(le through an Open $our*e li*en/e ,hi*h allo,/
anyone to u/e the Open $our*e /oft,are free of *harge a/ long a/ the li*en/e i/
maintaine)5 #f you *anGt fin) the appli*ation that you nee) soft3are de'e"o%!ent
*ompanie/ *an *u/tom )e/ign /oft,are for you5
0he large/t /oft,are *ompanie/ offer pa*-age/ of /oft,are or suites that in*lu)e many of
the program/ that the a4erage per/on or (u/ine// nee)/5 $oft,are pa*-age/ or /uite/
*ontain program/ that ,or- together an) /hare information, ma-ing it ea/ier to *om(ine
that information in 4er/atile ,ay/5 'or e7ample ,hen ,riting a letter you *an get the
mailing a))re// from an a))re// (oo-, in*lu)e a letterhea) from a graphi*/ program an)
in*lu)e) a finan*ial *hart from a /prea)/heet an) *om(ine thi/ *olle*tion of information
in the (o)y of the letter5
The three *asi t$%es of soft3are areH o!!eria", share3are an) o%en soure
/oft,are5 $ome /oft,are i/ al/o relea/e) into the pu(li* )omain ,ithout a li*en/e5
Co!!eria" soft3are *ome/ prepa*-age) an) i/ a4aila(le from /oft,are /tore/ an)
through the #nternet5
Share3are i/ /oft,are )e4elope) (y in)i4i)ual an) /mall *ompanie/ that *annot affor)
to mar-et their /oft,are ,orl) ,i)e or (y a *ompany that ,ant/ to relea/e a
)emon/tration 4er/ion of their *ommer*ial pro)u*t5 Iou ,ill ha4e an e4aluation perio) in
,hi*h you *an )e*i)e ,hether to pur*ha/e the pro)u*t or not5 $hare,are /oft,are often
i/ )i/a(le) in /ome ,ay an) ha/ a noti*e atta*he) to e7plain the legal re>uirement/ for
u/ing the pro)u*t5
O%en Soure /oft,are i/ *reate) (y generou/ programmer/ an) relea/e) into the pu(li*
)omain for pu(li* u/e5 0here i/ u/ually a *opyright noti*e that mu/t remain ,ith the
/oft,are pro)u*t5 Open $our*e /oft,are i/ not pu(li* )omain in that the *ompany or
in)i4i)ual that )e4elop/ the /oft,are retain/ o,ner/hip of the program (ut the /oft,are
*an (e u/e) freely5 8any popular Open $our*e appli*ation/ are (eing )e4elope) an)
upgra)e) regularly (y in)i4i)ual/ an) *ompanie/ that (elie4e in the Open $our*e
*on*ept5
O%eratin# S$ste!s
%ll *omputer/ nee) /ome /ort of O%eratin# S$ste! 7OS85 0he ma+ority of mo)ern home
*omputer/ u/e /ome form of 8i*ro/oftG/ operating /y/tem/5 0he original 8i*ro/oft
operating /y/tem ,a/ *alle) DO$ (Di/- Operating $y/tem) though mo/t *omputer/ u/e
Cin)o,/5 Cin)o,/ *ome/ in 4ariou/ 4er/ion/ (eginning ,ith 4er/ion 657 then 9<, 98,
8? an) *urrently F95
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% fe, *omputer/ u/e #&8G/ OE$25 %ppleG/ 8a* u/e their o,n operating /y/tem
(eginning ,ith O$ 1 though mo/t mo)ern 8a*/ u/e 4er/ion 857 or 9575 %ppleG/ late/t
4er/ion i/ O$ 1051575 #n the pa/t large *ompanie/ an) in/titution/ ,oul) ha4e an
operating /y/tem )e/ign e7*lu/i4ely for them (ut a/ the *ommer*ial operating /y/tem/
(e*ome more /ophi/ti*ate) the (enefit/ of thi/ pra*ti*e i/ (e*oming le// apparent5 $ome
*omputer profe//ional/6 Internet Ser'ie Pro'iders (#$9) an) !ainfra!e *omputer
u/er/ u/e an operating /y/tem /u*h a/ DN#F (or a 4ariant /u*h a/ :inu7), Cin)o,/ N0 or
2000 (Cin2-) or one of the other net,or- or /er4er (a/e) operating /y/tem/5
0here are many /maller operating /y/tem/ out there5 0he pro(lem i/ that /oft,are i/
*urrently (eing )e4elope) only for the main operating /y/tem/ an) only the ne,e/t
4er/ion/ of the/e O$5 8any ol)er *omputer/ ,ith uni>ue operating /y/tem/ ha4e lot/ of
/oft,are alrea)y )e4elope) for them (ut there i/ 4ery little ne, /oft,are (eing )e4elope)
for the ol)er *omputer/5 0he ol)er proprietary operating /y/tem/ are le// li-ely to offer
tehnia" su%%ort than the more mo)ern operating /y/tem/5
0he operating /y/tem *ontrol/ the in%ut and out%ut or )ire*t/ the flo, of information to
an) from the CPU5 8u*h of thi/ i/ )one automati*ally (y the /y/tem (ut it i/ po//i(le to
mo)ify an) *ontrol your /y/tem if you nee) to5
Chen you turn your *omputer on it fir/t nee)/ to loa) the operating /y/tem /ometime/
referre) to a *ootin# u%5 &a/i*ally the *omputer /tart/ from /*rat*h e4ery time you turn
the po,er on5
#t *he*-/ all it/ *omponent/ an) ,ill u/ually )i/play a me//age if there i/ a pro(lem5
:oa)ing the /y/tem i/ u/ually automati*5
On*e the /y/tem i/ loa)e) the u/er *an /tart the appli*ation or program that they are
going to u/e5
8o/t *omputer u/er/ ,ill run 8i*ro/oft Cin)o,/, 8a* O$ or :inu7 a/ their operating
/y/tem5 0he/e O$ are +ra%hi User Interfae 7+UI8 ,hi*h allo,/ the u/er to *ontrol or
run the *omputer u/ing a Mouse an) Ions5 0he u/er /imply mo4e/ the mou/e on a flat
/urfa*e, roll/ the tra*-(all, or mo4e/ their han) o4er the tou*hpa) to *ontrol a pointer5
0hey then *hoo/e the option they ,ant (y pre//ing a (utton or tou*hing the pa)5
Cithout a AD# the u/er *ontrol/ the *omputer u/ing the -ey/ on the -ey(oar)5 0hi/ i/
referre) to a/ a Co!!and Line Interfae 7CLI8,
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Soft3are A%%"iations()
%ppli*ation /oft,are u/e/ the operating /y/tem /oft,are an) pro4i)e/ the real
fun*tionality of a *omputer5 %ppli*ation/ in*lu)e@
- Cor) 9ro*e//ing (8$ Cor), Cor)9erfe*t, %mi555)
- $prea)/heet/ (:otu/ 126, 8$ ?7*el555)
- Data(a/e (D&a/e, 'o7 9ro, Ora*le555)
- 9re/entation (8$ 9o,er9oint, 9er/ua/ion555)
- #nternet &ro,/er/ (Net/*ape Na4igator, 8$ #nternet ?7plorer)
- Aame/
Hard3are
0he hard3are are the part/ of *omputer it/elf in*lu)ing the Centra" Proessin# Unit
7CPU8 an) relate) !irohi%s an) !iro)iruitr$, 5e$*oards, !onitors, ase an)
dri'es (floppy, har), CD, DJD, opti*al, tape, et*555)5 Other e7tra part/ *alle) %eri%hera"
o!%onents or de'ies in*lu)e !ouse, %rinters, !ode!s, sanners, di#ita" a!eras
an) ards (sound, o"our, 'ideo) et*555 0ogether they are often referre) to a/ a %ersona"
o!%uter or PC5
Centra" Proessin# Unit 7CPU8 @-
0hough the term relate/ to a /pe*ifi* *hip or the %roessor a C9DG/ performan*e i/
)etermine) (y the the re/t of the *omputerG/ iruitr$ an) hi%s5
Currently the 9entium *hip or pro*e//or, ma)e (y #ntel, i/ the mo/t *ommon C9D though
there are many other *ompanie/ that pro)u*e pro*e//or/ for per/onal *omputer/5
?7ample/ are the C9D ma)e (y 8otorola an) %8D5
Cith fa/ter pro*e//or/ the "o5 s%eed (e*ome/ more important5 Compare) to /ome of
the fir/t *omputer/ ,hi*h operate) at (elo, 60 !e#ahert; (8"=) the 9entium *hip/
(egan at !< 8"= in the late 1990G/5 $pee)/ no, e7*ee) 6000K 8"= or 6 #i#ahert;
(A"=) an) )ifferent *hip manufa*turer/ u/e )ifferent mea/uring /tan)ar)/ (*he*- your
lo*al *omputer /tore for the late/t /pee))5 #t )epen)/ on the iruit *oard that the *hip i/
hou/e) in, or the !other*oard, a/ to ,hether you are a(le to upgra)e to a fa/ter *hip5
0he mother(oar) *ontain/ the *ir*uitry an) *onne*tion/ that allo, the 4ariou/ *omponent
to *ommuni*ate ,ith ea*h other5
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0hough there ,ere many *omputer/ u/ing many )ifferent pro*e//or/ pre4iou/ to thi/ #
*all the 8028 pro*e//or the a)4ent of home *omputer/ a/ the/e ,ere the pro*e//or/ that
ma)e *omputer/ a4aila(le for the a4erage per/on5 D/ing a pro*e//or (efore the 28
in4ol4e) learning a proprietary /y/tem an) /oft,are5 8o/t ne, /oft,are are (eing
)e4elope) for the ne,e/t an) fa/te/t pro*e//or/ /o it *an (e )iffi*ult to u/e an ol)er
*omputer /y/tem5
<e$*oard @-
0he -ey(oar) i/ u/e) to type information into the *omputer or in%ut information5 0here
are many )ifferent -ey(oar) layout/ an) /i=e/ ,ith the mo/t *ommon for :atin (a/e)
language/ (eing the LC?R0I layout (name) for the fir/t -ey/)5 0he /tan)ar) -ey(oar)
ha/ 101 -ey/5 Note(oo-/ ha4e em(e))e) -ey/ a**e//i(le (y s%eia" -ey/ or (y pre//ing
-ey *om(ination/ (C0R: or Comman) an) 9 for e7ample)5 Er#ono!ia""$ )e/igne)
-ey(oar)/ are )e/igne) to ma-e typing ea/ier5
$ome of the -ey/ ha4e a /pe*ial u/e5 0here are referre) to a/ o!!and 5e$s5 0he 6 mo/t
*ommon are the Control or C0R:, %lternate or %lt an) the $hift -ey/ though there *an (e
more (the Cin)o,/ -ey for e7ample or the Comman) -ey)5 ?a*h -ey on a /tan)ar)
-ey(oar) ha/ one or t,o haraters5 9re// the -ey to get the lo,er *hara*ter an) hol)
$hift to get the upper5
Re!o'a*"e Stora#e and=or Dis5 Dri'es @-
%ll dis5s nee) a dri'e to get information off - or read - an) put information on the )i/- -
or 3rite5 ?a*h )ri4e i/ )e/igne) for a /pe*ifi* type of )i/- ,hether it i/ a CD, DJD, har)
)i/- or floppy5 Often the term G)i/-G an) G)ri4eG are u/e) to )e/*ri(e the /ame thing (ut it
help/ to un)er/tan) that the )i/- i/ the stora#e de'ie ,hi*h *ontain/ *omputer file/ - or
soft3are - an) the )ri4e i/ the me*hani/m that run/ the )i/-5
USB F"ash dri'es or thu!* dri'es ()
0hey ,or- /lightly )ifferently a/ they u/e memory *ar)/ to /tore information on5 Digital
*amera/ al/o u/e 'la/h memory *ar)/ to /tore information, in thi/ *a/e photgraph/5
Mouse@-
8o/t mo)ern *omputer/ to)ay are run u/ing a mou/e *ontrolle) pointer5
Aenerally if the mou/e ha/ t,o (utton/ the left one i/ u/e) to se"et
o(+e*t/ an) te7t an) the right one i/ u/e) to aess !enus5 #f the mou/e
ha/ one (utton (8a* for in/tan*e) it *ontrol/ all the a*ti4ity an) a mou/e
,ith a thir) (utton/ *an (e u/e) (y /pe*ifi* /oft,are program/5
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One type of mou/e ha/ a roun) (all un)er the (ottom of the mou/e that roll/ an) turn/
t,o ,heel/ ,hi*h *ontrol the )ire*tion of the pointer on the /*reen5 %nother type of
mou/e u/e/ an opti*al /y/tem to tra*- the mo4ement of the mou/e5
Note( #t i/ important to *lean the mou/e perio)i*ally, parti*ularly if it (e*ome/ /luggi/h5
% (all type mou/e ha/ a /mall *ir*ular panel that *an (e opene), allo,ing you to remo4e
the (all5 :int *an (e remo4e) *arefully ,ith a tooth pi*- or t,ee=er/ an) the (all *an (e
,a/he) ,ith mil) )etergent5 % (uil) up ,ill a**umulate on the /mall ,heel/ in the
mou/e5 D/e a /mall in/trument or finger nail to /*rape it off ta-ing *are not to /*rat*h the
,heel/5 0ra*- (all/ *an (e *leane) mu*h li-e a mou/e an) tou*h-pa) *an (e ,ipe) ,ith a
*lean, )amp *loth5 %n opti*al mou/e *an a**umulate material from the /urfa*e that it i/ in
*onta*t ,ith ,hi*h *an (e remo4e) ,ith a finger nail or /mall in/trument5
Monitors@-
0he monitor /ho,/ information on the /*reen ,hen you type5 0hi/ i/ *alle) out%uttin#
information5 Chen the *omputer nee)/ more information it ,ill )i/play a me//age on the
/*reen, u/ually through a dia"o# *o95 8onitor/ *ome in many type/ an) /i=e/ from the
/imple mono*hrome (one *olour) /*reen to full *olour /*reen/5
8o/t )e/-top *omputer/ u/e a monitor ,ith a athode tu*e an) mo/t note(oo-/ u/e a
"i>uid r$sta" dis%"a$ (:CD) monitor5
0o get the full (enefit of to)ayG/ /oft,are ,ith full *olour graphi*/ an) animation,
*omputer/ nee) a *olor monitor ,ith a )i/play or #ra%his ard5
Printers(-
0he printer ta-e/ the information on your /*reen an) tran/fer/ it to paper or a hard o%$5
0here are many )ifferent type/ of printer/ ,ith 4ariou/ le4el/ of >uality5 0he three (a/i*
type/ of printer areH dot !atri9, in5&et, an) "aser5
Dot !atri9 %rinters ,or- li-e a type,riter tran/ferring in- from a ri((on to
paper ,ith a /erie/ or Gmatri7G of tiny pin/5
In5 &et %rinters ,or- li-e )ot matri7 printer/ (ut fire/ a /tream of in- from a
*artri)ge )ire*tly onto the paper5
Laser %rinters u/e the /ame te*hnology a/ a photo*opier u/ing heat to tran/fer
toner onto paper5
Mode!@-
% mo)em i/ u/e) to tran/late information tran/ferre) through telephone line/ or *a(le5
0he term /tan)/ for !odu"ate and de!odu"ate ,hi*h *hange/ the /ignal from di#ita",
,hi*h *omputer/ u/e, to ana"o#, ,hi*h telephone/ u/e an) then (a*- again5
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% high /pee) *onne*tion al/o re>uire/ a mo)em (ut (e*au/e the information i/
tran/ferre) )igitally it i/nGt re>uire) to *hange the /ignal from )igital to analog (ut i/ u/e)
to *reate the *onne*tion (et,een your *omputer an) the *omputer you are *onne*ting
,ith5
8o)em/ are mea/ure) (y the /pee) that the information i/ tran/ferre)5 0he mea/uring
tool i/ *alle) the *aud rate5 Originally mo)em/ ,or-e) at /pee)/ (elo, 2;00 (au) (ut
to)ay analog /pee)/ of <,000 are *ommon5 Ca(le, ,irele// or )igital /u(/*ri(er line/
(D$:) mo)em/ *an tran/fer information mu*h fa/ter ,ith rate/ of 600,000 (au) an) up5
8o)em/ al/o u/e Error Corretion ,hi*h *orre*t/ for tran/mi//ion error/ (y *on/tantly
*he*-ing ,hether the information ,a/ re*ei4e) properly or not an) Co!%ression ,hi*h
allo,/ for fa/ter )ata tran/fer rate/5 #nformation i/ tran/ferre) in %a5ets5 ?a*h pa*-et i/
*he*-e) for error/ an) i/ re-/ent if there i/ an error5
%nyone ,ho ha/ u/e) the #nternet ha/ noti*e) that at time/ the information tra4el/ at
)ifferent /pee)/5 Depen)ing on the amount of information that i/ (eing tran/ferre) the
information ,ill arri4e at itG/ )e/tination at )ifferent time/5 0he amount of information
that *an tra4el through a line i/ limite)5 0hi/ limit i/ *alle) *and3idth5
0here are many more 4aria(le/ in4ol4e) in *ommuni*ation te*hnology u/ing *omputer/,
mu*h of ,hi*h i/ *o4ere) in the /e*tion on the Internet5
Sanners (-
$*anner/ allo, you to tran/fer pi*ture/ an) photograph/ to your *omputer5 % /*anner
G/*an/G the image from the top to the (ottom, one line at a time an) tran/fer/ it to the
*omputer a/ a /erie/ of *its or a *it!a%5 Iou *an then ta-e that image an) u/e it in a
paint program, /en) it out a/ a fa7 or print it5 Cith optional O%tia" Charater
Reo#nition (OCR) /oft,are you *an *on4ert printe) )o*ument/ /u*h a/ ne,/paper
arti*le/ to te7t that *an (e u/e) in your ,or) pro*e//or5 8o/t /*anner/ u/e T:AIN
/oft,are that ma-e/ the /*anner a**e//a(le (y other /oft,are appli*ation/5
Di#ita" a!eras ()
0hey allo, you to ta-e )igital photograph/5 0he image/ are /tore) on a memory *hip or
)i/- that *an (e tran/ferre) to your *omputer5 $ome *amera/ *an al/o *apture /oun) an)
4i)eo5
Case @-
0he *a/e hou/e/ the mi*ro*hip/ an) *ir*uitry that run the *omputer5 De/-top mo)el/
u/ually /it un)er the monitor an) to,er mo)el/ (e/i)e5 0hey *ome in many /i=e/,
in*lu)ing )e/-top, mini, mi)i, an) full to,er5 0here i/ u/ually room in/i)e to e7pan) or
a)) *omponent/ at a later time5
- 1; -
&y remo4ing the *o4er off the *a/e you ,ill may fin) plate *o4ere), empty /lot/ that
allo, you to a)) *ar)/5 0here are 4ariou/ type/ of /lot/ in*lu)ing #D?, %$#, D$&, 9C#
an) 'ire,ire /lot/5
Note(oo- *omputer/ may ha4e room to e7pan) )epen)ing on the type of *omputer5 8o/t
Note(oo-/ al/o ha4e *onne*tion/ or port/ that allo,/ e7pan/ion or *onne*tion to e7terior,
peripheral )e4i*e/ /u*h a/ monitor, porta(le har)-)ri4e/ or other )e4i*e/5
Cards - Car)/ are *omponent/ a))e) to *omputer/ to in*rea/e their *apa(ility5 Chen
a))ing a peripheral )e4i*e ma-e/ /ure that your *omputer ha/ a /lot of the type nee)e) (y
the )e4i*e5
Sound ards()
0hey allo, *omputer/ to pro)u*e /oun) li-e mu/i* an) 4oi*e5 0he ol)er /oun) *ar)/
,ere 8 (it then 1 (it then 62 (it5 0hough human ear *anGt )i/tingui/h the fine )ifferen*e
(et,een /oun)/ pro)u*e) (y the more po,erful /oun) *ar) they allo, for more *omple7
mu/i* an) mu/i* pro)u*tion5
Co"our ards()
0hey allo, *omputer/ to pro)u*e *olour (,ith a *olour monitor of *our/e)5 0he fir/t
*olour *ar)/ ,ere 2 (it ,hi*h pro)u*e) ; *olour/ MCA%N5 #t ,a/ ama=ing ,hat *oul) (e
)one ,ith tho/e ; *olour/5 Ne7t *ame ; (it allo,ing for 1 M?A% an) JA% N *olour/
0hen *ame 1 (it allo,ing for 10; *olour/ an) then 2; (it ,hi*h allo,/ for almo/t 1!
million *olour/ an) no, 62 (it i/ /tan)ar) allo,ing monitor/ to )i/play almo/t a (illion
/eparate *olour/5
?ideo ards()
0hey allo, *omputer/ to )i/play 4i)eo an) animation5 $ome 4i)eo *ar)/ allo,
*omputer/ to )i/play tele4i/ion a/ ,ell a/ capture frame/ from 4i)eo5 % 4i)eo *ar) ,ith a
)igital 4i)eo *amera allo,/ *omputer/ u/er/ to pro)u*e li4e 4i)eo5 % high /pee) or
net,or- *onne*tion i/ nee)e) for effe*ti4e 4i)eo tran/mi//ion5
Net3or5 ards()
0hey allo, *omputer/ to *onne*t together to *ommuni*ate ,ith ea*h other5 Net,or-
*ar)/ ha4e *onne*tion/ for *a(le, thin ,ire or ,irele// net,or-/5
Ca*"es *onne*t internal *omponent/ to the Mother*oard, ,hi*h i/ a (oar) ,ith /erie/ of
ele*troni* path ,ay/ an) *onne*tion/ allo,ing the C9D to *ommuni*ate ,ith the other
*omponent/ of the *omputer5
- 1< -
Me!or$()
8emory *an (e 4ery *onfu/ing (ut i/ u/ually one of the ea/ie/t pie*e/ of har),are to a))
to your *omputer5 #t i/ *ommon to *onfu/e hi% !e!or$ ,ith dis5 stora#e5 %n e7ample
of the )ifferen*e (et,een memory an) /torage ,oul) (e the )ifferen*e (et,een a ta(le
,here the a*tual ,or- i/ )one (memory) an) a filing *a(inet ,here the fini/he) pro)u*t
i/ /tore) ()i/-)5 0o a)) a (it more *onfu/ion, the *omputerG/ har) )i/- *an (e u/e) a/
te!%orar$ !e!or$ ,hen the program nee)/ more than the *hip/ *an pro4i)e5
Rando! Aess Me!or$ or RAM i/ the memory that the *omputer u/e/ to temporarily
/tore the information a/ it i/ (eing pro*e//e)5 0he more information (eing pro*e//e) the
more R%8 the *omputer nee)/5
One of the fir/t home *omputer/ u/e) ; 5i"o*$tes of R%8 memory (Commo)ore ;)5
0o)ayG/ mo)ern *omputer/ nee) a minimum of ; 8( (re*ommen)e) 128 8( or more)
to run Cin)o,/ or O$ 10 ,ith mo)ern /oft,are5
R%8 memory *hip/ *ome in many )ifferent /i=e/ an) /pee)/ an) *an u/ually (e
e9%anded5 Ol)er *omputer/ *ame ,ith <12 O( of memory ,hi*h *oul) (e e7pan)e) to a
ma7imum of ;0 O(5 #n mo/t mo)ern *omputer/ the memory *an (e e7pan)e) (y a))ing
or repla*ing the memory *hip/ )epen)ing on the pro*e//or you ha4e an) the type of
memory your *omputer u/e/5 8emory *hip/ range in /i=e from 1 8( to ; A(5 %/
*omputer te*hnology *hange/ the type of memory *hange/ a/ ,ell ma-ing ol) memory
*hip/ o(/olete5 Che*- your *omputer manual to fin) out ,hat -in) of memory your
*omputer u/e/ (efore pur*ha/ing ne, memory *hip/5
Co!%uter ?iruses
% 4iru/ i/ a %ro#ra! )e/igne) (y a *omputer programmer (!a"iious ha5er) to )o a
*ertain un,ante) fun*tion5 0he 4iru/ program *an (e /imply annoying li-e )i/playing a
happy fa*e on the u/erG/ /*reen at a *ertain time an) )ate5 #t *an al/o (e 4ery )e/tru*ti4e
an) )amage your *omputerG/ program/ an) file/ *au/ing the *omputer to /top ,or-ing5
0he rea/on/ ,hy ha*-er/ *reate 4iru/e/ are open for /pe*ulation5 0he mo/t >uote) rea/on
i/ /imply to /ee if it *an (e )one5 Other rea/on/ are :u)ite (a/e) B/ma/h the ma*hineB
moti4ation/, antie/ta(li/hmentEanti-*orporate a*tion/, *riminal intent, an) 4ariou/ other/
that range into the B*on/pira*y theoryB realm5
- 1 -
?iruses ta5e t3o *asi for!s@-
One i/ a *oot setor 4iru/ ,hi*h infe*t the /e*tion of a )i/- that i/ fir/t rea) (y the
*omputer5 0hi/ type of 4iru/ infets the (oot or ma/ter /e*tion of any )i/-/ that it *ome/
in *onta*t ,ith5
0he /e*on) i/ a %ro#ra! 'irus that infe*t/ other program/ ,hen the infe*te) program i/
run or e7e*ute)5 $ome 4iru/e/ infe*t (oth an) other/ *hange them/el4e/ (polymorphi*)
)epen)ing on the program/ they en*ounter5
0hough 4iru/e/ )o not )amage *omputer hard3are there ha4e (een attempt/ to *reate
program/ that ,ill )o thing/ li-e run the har) )ri4e until it fail/ or lo)ge it/elf in the
*omputerG/ *lo*- (,hi*h ha/ a re*hargea(le (attery) allo,ing it to remain a*ti4e e4en
month/ after the *omputer ha/ (een unplugge)5 Other 4iru/e/ affe*t *ertain mi*ro*hip/
(&#O$ *hip for in/tan*e)5 0he/e mi*ro*hip/ nee) to (e mo)ifie) un)er normal *omputer
u/e (ut the 4iru/ program *an pro)u*e *hange/ ,hi*h *au/e them to fail5 Other 4iru/e/
,ill affe*t the *hara*ter/ or image/ )i/playe) on the /*reen ,hi*h may gi4e the
impre//ion of monitor failure5
Jiru/e/ *an *au/e a great )eal of )amage to the *omputer/ it infe*t/ an) *an *o/t a lot of
time an) money to *orre*t it5
Computer 4iru/e/ ha4e (een aroun) for a long time, e4en (efore *omputer/ (e*ame
,i)ely u/e) an) they ,ill li-ely remain ,ith u/ fore4er5 'or that rea/on *omputer u/er/
,ill al,ay/ nee) ,ay/ to prote*t them/el4e/ from 4iru/ program/5 0he main, *ommon
feature of a 4iru/ i/ that it i/ onta#iousP 0heir /ole purpo/e i/ to /prea) an) infe*t other
*omputer/5
% *omputer get/ a 4iru/ from an infe*te) fi"e5
0he 4iru/ might atta*h them/el4e/ to a #a!e, a %ro#ra! ((oth /hare,are an)
*ommer*ial) or a fi"e )o,nloa)e) from a (ulletin (oar) or the #nternet5
Iou *annot get a 4iru/ from a plain e!ai" me//age or from a /imple te9t fileP 0hat i/
(e*au/e the 4iru/ nee)/ to (e GrunG or e9euted (efore it *an ta-e effe*t5 0hi/ u/ually
happen/ ,hen the u/er trie/ to open an infe*te) program, a**e//e/ an infe*te) )i/- or
open/ a file ,ith an infe*te) ma*ro or /*ript atta*he) to it5 % plain email me//age i/ ma)e
up of te7t ,hi*h )oe/ not e7e*ute or run ,hen opene)5
8o)ern email program/ pro4i)e the a(ility to allo, u/er/ to format email me//age/ ,ith
"08: an) atta*h /*ript/ to them for 4ariou/ purpo/e/ an) it i/ po//i(le for a mali*iou/
ha*-er to attempt to /prea) a 4iru/ (y (uil)ing a 4iru/ /*ript into an "08: type of email
me//age5
- 1! -
Chen you are a**epting /oft,are or /*ript/ on #nternet /ite/ or rea)ing mail from
un-no,n /en)er/ it i/ (e/t not to run a program from that /ite or /en)er ,ithout *he*-ing
it ,ith an anti)'irus %ro#ra! fir/t5
Protet $ourse"f()
Iou *an ta-e /afeguar)/ again/t 4iru/ infe*tion5 0he fir/t thing i/ to get an anti-4iru/
program5 8o/t reputa(le *ompanie/ that *reate 4iru/ prote*tion program/ relea/e an
e'a"uation o%$ that a #nternet u/er *an )o,nloa) for free an) u/e for a *ertain amount
of time5 0hi/ anti-4iru/ program ,ill (e a(le to he5 $our o!%uter for 4iru/e/ an)
re%air da!a#e or de"ete fi"es that are infe*te) ,ith 4iru/e/5 Iou may ha4e to repla*e
infe*te) file/ that *annot (e repaire)5
0he /e*on) thing you *an )o i/ %urhase a o%$ of the program5 0he rea/on for thi/ i/
that 4iru/e/ are *on/tantly (eing *reate)5 Chen you pur*ha/e an anti-4iru/ program you
are al/o pur*ha/ing %eriodia" u%dates ,hi*h -eep your anti-4iru/ program up-to-)ate
an) a(le to )eal ,ith ne, 4iru/e/ a/ they are en*ountere)5 Commer*ial 4iru/ program/
al/o allo, the u/er to *u/tomi=e ,hen an) ho, the program ,ill *he*- the *omputer for
4iru/e/5 Iou ,ill nee) to rene, thi/ up)ating /er4i*e perio)i*ally5
#f you fin) that your *omputer ha/ (een infe*te) ,ith a 4iru/ u/e an anti-4iru/ program to
*lean your *omputer an) ma-e /ure to he5 a"" the dis5s that you u/e5 0hi/ in*lu)e/ all
the har) )ri4e/ on your *omputer(/) an) all your floppy )i/-/ an) CD/ a/ ,ell a/ any
me)ia that you /a4e information on5 Remem(er that the 4iru/ *an ea/ily re-infe*t your
*omputer from one infe*te) fileP
#f you ha4e to reloa) your *omputer program/, u/e the original program )i/-/5 Iou may
,ant to *he*- your original )i/-/ (efore rein/talling the /oft,are5 #f your original )i/-/
are infe*te) *onta*t the )i/tri(utor to get repla*ement/5
%l,ay/ ta-e the time to en/ure that your *omputer i/ properly prote*te)5 $pen)ing money
on a goo) 4iru/ *he*-ing program *oul) /a4e you hun)re)/ of )ollar/ an) lot/ of time
later5
% )i/*u//ion of 4iru/e/ ,oul) not (e *omplete ,ithout mentioning hoa9es5 8ali*iou/
people ,ithout programming /-ill/ ,ill /en) out fa-e 4iru/ ,arning/ *au/ing people to
ta-e unne//ary mea/ure/ ,hi*h often *au/e your *omputer harm5 One e7ample trie/ to
get the un/u/pe*ting *omputer u/er to )elete an important /y/tem file (y ,arning them
that it i/ a 4iru/5 % legitimate 4iru/ ,arning ,ill pro4i)e a lin- to a ,e(/ite operate) (y
an anti-4iru/ *ompany ,ith more information a(out that 4iru/5 DonGt for,ar) a 4iru/
,arning until you ha4e *he*- out ,hether it i/ legitimate5
- 18 -
Internet
:hat is the Internet@

0he #nternet or the Net i/ a *olle*tion of *omputer/, all lin-
together, to /hare information glo(ally5 #t ,a/ fir/t
)e4elope) in the D5$5 (y t,o uni4er/itie/ ,ho ,ere (oth ,or-ing on the /ame *ontra*t
an) ,ante) to /hare their )ata5 0hey ,ere fa7ing information (a*- an) forth an) then
retyping it until they *ame up ,ith a pie*e of /oft,are *alle) Uni9 to Uni9 Co%$
Pro#ra! or UUCP5
0he #nternet ,a/ (orn an) ha/ mu/hroome) out,ar) from that point5
0here are ; thing/ that are ne*e//ary to Bget on the netB ,ith a full #ra%hi interfae
(pi*ture, /oun)/, animation, et*555)5
% o!%uter - prefera(ly ,ith a fa/t pro*e//or (aroun) 100 8"= or more) an) lot/
of memory (1 meg or more)
% !ode! - prefera(ly <,000 (au) or high /pee) )igital
Bro3ser Soft3are - often in/talle) ,ith your operating /y/tem or *an (e
do3n"oaded off the #nternet
%n ISP - %n Internet Ser'ie Pro'ider i/ a /er4i*e that *onne*t/ your home or
offi*e *omputer to the #nternet
On*e you ha4e pur*ha/e) an a**ount ,ith an #$9 you ,ill (e gi4en an aount na!e5
0hi/ i/ often your e!ai" address a/ ,ell5 Iou ,ill al/o (e gi4en a %ass3ord an) /houl)
al/o (e pro4i)e) ,ith in/tru*tion/ on ho, to *hange the pa//,or) to a uni>ue an)
per/onali=e)5 0he generi* pa//,or) pro4i)e) ,ith your a**ount /houl) (e *hange to one
of your o,n5 9rote*t your pa//,or) a/ you ,oul) any per/onal i)entifi*ation num(er
(9#N) num(er5
0he #$9 ,ill al/o pro4i)e information on ho, to onfi#ure your soft3are5 0hi/ *an (e
/imple or )iffi*ult )epen)ing on your O%eratin# S$ste!5 On*e *onfigure) you /imply
run the /oft,are to *onne*t your *omputerG/ mo)em to the #$9G/ mo)em, gi4ing you
a**e// to the #nternet5
- 19 -
0here are a num(er of pie*e/ of /oft,are that ,or- together to *onne*t you to the
#nternet5
0he fir/t an) mo/t *ompli*ate) i/ the dia"er or so5et /oft,are5 0hi/ i/ the /oft,are that
ma-e/ the phy/i*al *onne*tion ,ith the #$9G/ *omputer an) the internet5 0hi/ nee)/ to (e
*onfigure) only on*e (ut you ,ill nee) in/tru*tion/ from your #$9 on ho, to )o thi/ a/
ea*h #$9 ha/ a )ifferent /etup5
0he /e*on) pie*e i/ an Internet *ro3ser5 0hi/ i/ the program that lo*ate/ ,e(/ite/ for
you an) allo,/ u/er/ to maneu4er aroun) (surf) the :or"d :ide :e* an) 4ie, ,e(
page/5 $ome of the more popular (ro,/er/ are 8o=illa Firefo9 an) 8i*ro/oftG/
Internet E9%"orer5 (Q8o/ai* ,a/ the fir/t (ro,/er an) mo/t mo)ern (ro,/er/ /till
u/e the (a/i* mo)el that the fir/t (ro,/er u/e)5 $ome other (ro,/er i/ O%era, Safari,
Netsa%e a/ ,ell a/ )o=en/ of other/5 &efore graphi* (ro,/er/ L$n9 ,a/ the mo/t
popular (ro,/er an) i/ /till a4aila(le for te7t (ro,/ing5 Ne, (ro,/er are (eing
)e4elope) an) *urrent (ro,/er/ are *on/tantly up)ating there program/5 #t i/ e7tremely
important to up)ate your (ro,/er e4ery on*e in a ,hile5 $ome #$9 ha4e a %ro%rietar$
t$%e of *ro3ser though mo/t ha4e gi4en up thi/ pra*ti*e a/ it limit/ the u/er/ a(ilitie/ to
(ro,/e the #nternet5
0ype the url or ,e( a))re// of the ,e(/ite that you ,ant to 4i/it in the address *ar of
your (ro,/er an) pre// ?nter or *li*- Ao5 Colle*t your fa4orite ,e(/ite/ (y a))ing them
to your Fa'orites or Boo5!ar5s5 0o go to a 'a4orite or &oo-mar-, *li*- on the menu
an) *li*- on the lin-5
%nother pie*e of /oft,are i/ an e!ai" %ro#ra! 5 0hi/ program *ontrol/
/en)ing, *ompo/ing an) re*ei4ing email5 8o/t email program/ *an al/o (e u/e) to rea)
po/ting/ on ne3s#rou%s5
0here are many )ifferent #$9/5 #f you atten) a uni4er/ity or *ollege or (elong to a military
or go4ernment organi=ation you *an mo/t li-ely get Internet aess through your /*hool
or ,or-5 #f not you ,ill mo/t li-ely (uy a**e// from a o!!eria" %ro'ider5
%nother option, if you are in a ma+or *enter, i/ the Freenet5 8any ma+or *itie/ ha4e
group/ )e4ote) to ma-ing the #nternet a**e//i(le to the greater ma+ority of people an)
*reate 'reenet/ ,hi*h allo,ing mem(er/ free a**e// to the #nternet5 0hey run on pri4ate
an) pu(li* )onation/5 #t i/ an e7*ellent ,ay of learning a(out the #nternet in a helpful
en4ironment5
- 20 -
On*e you are *onne*te) you ,ill ha4e a**e// to E!ai", Ne3s#rou%s, the :or"d :ide
:e* (:::), Fi"e Transfer Protoo" (ft%), Internet Re"a$ Chat (ir), Searh
En#ines, ICQ an) other #nternet $er4i*e/5
History
0he #nternet ,a/ the re/ult of /ome 4i/ionary thin-ing (y people in the early 190/ ,ho
/a, great potential 4alue in allo,ing *omputer/ to /hare information on re/ear*h an)
)e4elopment in /*ientifi* an) military fiel)/5 J5C5R5 :i*-li)er of 8#0, fir/t propo/e) a
glo(al net,or- of *omputer/ in 192, an) mo4e) o4er to the Defen/e %)4an*e) Re/ear*h
9ro+e*t/ %gen*y (D%R9%) in late 192 to hea) the ,or- to )e4elop it5 :eonar) Oleinro*-
of 8#0 an) later DC:% )e4elope) the theory of pa*-et /,it*hing, ,hi*h ,a/ to form the
(a/i/ of #nternet *onne*tion/5 :a,ren*e Ro(ert/ of 8#0 *onne*te) a 8a//a*hu/ett/
*omputer ,ith a California *omputer in 19< o4er )ial-up telephone line/5 #t /ho,e) the
fea/i(ility of ,i)e area net,or-ing, (ut al/o /ho,e) that the telephone lineG/ *ir*uit
/,it*hing ,a/ ina)e>uate5 Oleinro*-G/ pa*-et /,it*hing theory ,a/ *onfirme)5 Ro(ert/
mo4e) o4er to %!RP! in 19 an) )e4elope) hi/ plan for !RP!&ET5 0he/e 4i/ionarie/
an) many more left unname) here are the real foun)er/ of the #nternet5
0he #nternet, then -no,n a/ %R9%N?0, ,a/ (rought online in 199 un)er a *ontra*t let
(y the rename) %)4an*e) Re/ear*h 9ro+e*t/ %gen*y (%R9%) ,hi*h initially *onne*te)
four ma+or *omputer/ at uni4er/itie/ in the /outh,e/tern D$ (DC:%, $tanfor) Re/ear*h
#n/titute, DC$&, an) the Dni4er/ity of Dtah)5 0he *ontra*t ,a/ *arrie) out (y &&N of
Cam(ri)ge, 8% un)er &o( Oahn an) ,ent online in De*em(er 1995 &y June 19!0,
8#0, "ar4ar), &&N, an) $y/tem/ De4elopment Corp ($DC) in $anta 8oni*a, Cal5 ,ere
a))e)5 &y January 19!1, $tanfor), 8#0G/ :in*oln :a(/, Carnegie-8ellon, an) Ca/e-
Ce/tern Re/er4e D ,ere a))e)5 #n month/ to *ome, N%$%E%me/, 8itre, &urrough/,
R%ND, an) the D of #llinoi/ plugge) in5 %fter that, there ,ere far too many to -eep
li/ting here5
0he #nternet ,a/ )e/igne) in part to pro4i)e a *ommuni*ation/ net,or- that ,oul) ,or-
e4en if /ome of the /ite/ ,ere )e/troye) (y nu*lear atta*-5 #f the mo/t )ire*t route ,a/
not a4aila(le, routers ,oul) )ire*t traffi* aroun) the net,or- 4ia alternate route/5
0he early #nternet ,a/ u/e) (y *omputer e7pert/, engineer/, /*ienti/t/, an) li(rarian/5
0here ,a/ nothing frien)ly a(out it5 0here ,ere no home or offi*e per/onal *omputer/ in
tho/e )ay/, an) anyone ,ho u/e) it, ,hether a *omputer profe//ional or an engineer or
/*ienti/t or li(rarian, ha) to learn to u/e a 4ery *omple7 /y/tem
?-mail ,a/ a)apte) for %R9%N?0 (y Ray 0omlin/on of &&N in 19!25 "e pi*-e) the R
/ym(ol from the a4aila(le /ym(ol/ on hi/ teletype to lin- the u/ername an) a))re//5 0he
telnet 'rotocol, ena(ling logging on to a remote *omputer, ,a/ pu(li/he) a/ a Re>ue/t
for Comment/ (R'C) in 19!25
- 21 -
R'CG/ are a mean/ of /haring )e4elopmental ,or- throughout *ommunity5
0he ftp proto*ol, ena(ling file tran/fer/ (et,een #nternet /ite/, ,a/ pu(li/he) a/ an R'C
in 19!6, an) from then on R'CG/ ,ere a4aila(le ele*troni*ally to anyone ,ho ha) u/e of
the ftp proto*ol5
:i(rarie/ (egan automating an) net,or-ing their *atalog/ in the late 190/ in)epen)ent
from %R9%5 0he 4i/ionary 're)eri*- A5 Oilgour of the Ohio College :i(rary Center
(no, OC:C, #n*5) le) net,or-ing of Ohio li(rarie/ )uring the G0/ an) G!0/5 #n the mi)
19!0/ more regional *on/ortia from Ne, ?nglan), the $outh,e/t /tate/, an) the 8i))le
%tlanti* /tate/, et*5, +oine) ,ith Ohio to form a national, later international, net,or-
0he #nternet mature) in the !0G/ a/ a re/ult of the TCP(IP ar*hite*ture fir/t propo/e) (y
&o( Oahn at &&N an) further )e4elope) (y Oahn an) Jint Cerf at $tanfor) an) other/
throughout the !0G/5 #t ,a/ a)opte) (y the Defen/e Department in 1980 repla*ing the
earlier Net,or- Control 9roto*ol (NC9) an) uni4er/ally a)opte) (y 19865
0he Dni7 to Dni7 Copy 9roto*ol (DDC9) ,a/ in4ente) in 19!8 at &ell :a(/5 D/enet ,a/
/tarte) in 19!9 (a/e) on DDC95 Ne,/group/, ,hi*h are )i/*u//ion group/ fo*u/ing on a
topi*, follo,e), pro4i)ing a mean/ of e7*hanging information throughout the ,orl) 5
Chile D/enet i/ not *on/i)ere) a/ part of the #nternet, /in*e it )oe/ not /hare the u/e of
0C9E#9, it lin-e) uni7 /y/tem/ aroun) the ,orl), an) many #nternet /ite/ too- a)4antage
of the a4aila(ility of ne,/group/5 #t ,a/ a /ignifi*ant part of the *ommunity (uil)ing that
too- pla*e on the net,or-/5
$imilarly, &#0N?0 (&e*au/e #tG/ 0ime Net,or-) *onne*te) #&8 mainframe/ aroun) the
e)u*ational *ommunity an) the ,orl) to pro4i)e mail /er4i*e/ (eginning in 19815
:i/t/er4 /oft,are ,a/ )e4elope) for thi/ net,or- an) later other/5 Aate,ay/ ,ere
)e4elope) to *onne*t &#0N?0 ,ith the #nternet an) allo,e) e7*hange of e-mail,
parti*ularly for e-mail )i/*u//ion li/t/5 0he/e li/t/er4/ an) other form/ of e-mail
)i/*u//ion li/t/ forme) another ma+or element in the *ommunity (uil)ing that ,a/ ta-ing
pla*e5
#n 198, the National $*ien*e 'oun)ation fun)e) N$'Net a/ a *ro// *ountry < O(p/
(a*-(one for the #nternet5 0hey maintaine) their /pon/or/hip for nearly a )e*a)e, /etting
rule/ for it/ non-*ommer*ial go4ernment an) re/ear*h u/e/5
%/ the *omman)/ for e-mail, '09, an) telnet ,ere /tan)ar)i=e), it (e*ame a lot ea/ier for
non-te*hni*al people to learn to u/e the net/5 #t ,a/ not ea/y (y to)ayG/ /tan)ar)/ (y any
mean/, (ut it )i) open up u/e of the #nternet to many more people in uni4er/itie/ in
parti*ular5 Other )epartment/ (e/i)e/ the li(rarie/, *omputer, phy/i*/, an) engineering
)epartment/ foun) ,ay/ to ma-e goo) u/e of the net/--to *ommuni*ate ,ith *olleague/
aroun) the ,orl) an) to /hare file/ an) re/our*e/5
Chile the num(er of /ite/ on the #nternet ,a/ /mall, it ,a/ fairly ea/y to -eep tra*- of the
re/our*e/ of intere/t that ,ere a4aila(le5 &ut a/ more an) more uni4er/itie/ an)
- 22 -
organi=ation/--an) their li(rarie/-- *onne*te), the #nternet (e*ame har)er an) har)er to
tra*-5 0here ,a/ more an) more nee) for tool/ to in)e7 the re/our*e/ that ,ere a4aila(le5
0he fir/t effort, other than li(rary *atalog/, to in)e7 the #nternet ,a/ *reate) in 1989, a/
9eter Deut/*h an) hi/ *re, at 8*Aill Dni4er/ity in 8ontreal, *reate) an ar*hi4er for ftp
/ite/, ,hi*h they name) %r*hie5 0hi/ /oft,are ,oul) perio)i*ally rea*h out to all -no,n
openly a4aila(le ftp /ite/, li/t their file/, an) (uil) a /ear*ha(le in)e7 of the /oft,are5 0he
*omman)/ to /ear*h %r*hie ,ere uni7 *omman)/, an) it too- /ome -no,le)ge of uni7 to
u/e it to it/ full *apa(ility5
%t a(out the /ame time, &re,/ter Oahle, then at 0hin-ing 8a*hine/, Corp5 )e4elope) hi/
)i*e !rea Information Ser+er ,)!IS), ,hi*h ,oul) in)e7 the full te7t of file/ in a
)ata(a/e an) allo, /ear*he/ of the file/5 0here ,ere /e4eral 4er/ion/ ,ith 4arying
)egree/ of *omple7ity an) *apa(ility )e4elope), (ut the /imple/t of the/e ,ere ma)e
a4aila(le to e4eryone on the net/5 %t it/ pea-, 0hin-ing 8a*hine/ maintaine) pointer/ to
o4er 00 )ata(a/e/ aroun) the ,orl) ,hi*h ha) (een in)e7e) (y C%#$5 0hey in*lu)e)
/u*h thing/ a/ the full /et of D/enet 're>uently %/-e) Lue/tion/ file/, the full
)o*umentation of ,or-ing paper/ /u*h a/ R'CG/ (y tho/e )e4eloping the #nternetG/
/tan)ar)/, an) mu*h more5 :i-e %r*hie, it/ interfa*e ,a/ far from intuiti4e, an) it too-
/ome effort to learn to u/e it ,ell5
9eter $*ott of the Dni4er/ity of $a/-at*he,an, re*ogni=ing the nee) to (ring together
information a(out all the telnet-a**e//i(le li(rary *atalog/ on the ,e(, a/ ,ell a/ other
telnet re/our*e/, (rought out hi/ "ytelnet *atalog in 19905 #t ga4e a /ingle pla*e to get
information a(out li(rary *atalog/ an) other telnet re/our*e/ an) ho, to u/e them5 "e
maintaine) it for year/, an) a))e) "yCe(Cat in 199! to pro4i)e information on ,e(-
(a/e) *atalog/5
#n 1991, the fir/t really frien)ly interfa*e to the #nternet ,a/ )e4elope) at the Dni4er/ity
of 8inne/ota5 0he Dni4er/ity ,ante) to )e4elop a /imple menu /y/tem to a**e// file/ an)
information on *ampu/ through their lo*al net,or-5



% )e(ate follo,e) (et,een mainframe a)herent/ an) tho/e ,ho (elie4e) in /maller
/y/tem/ ,ith *lient-/er4er ar*hite*ture5 0he mainframe a)herent/ B,onB the )e(ate
initially, (ut /in*e the *lient-/er4er a)4o*ate/ /ai) they *oul) put up a prototype 4ery
>ui*-ly, they ,ere gi4en the go-ahea) to )o a )emon/tration /y/tem5
0he )emon/tration /y/tem ,a/ *alle) a go'her after the D of 8inne/ota ma/*ot--the
gol)en gopher5 0he gopher pro4e) to (e 4ery prolifi*, an) ,ithin a fe, year/ there ,ere
- 26 -
o4er 10,000 gopher/ aroun) the ,orl)5 #t ta-e/ no -no,le)ge of uni7 or *omputer5 #n a
gopher /y/tem, you type or *li*- on a num(er to /ele*t the menu /ele*tion you ,ant5
AopherG/ u/a(ility ,a/ enhan*e) mu*h more ,hen the Dni4er/ity of Ne4a)a at Reno
)e4elope) the -ERO&IC! /ear*ha(le in)e7 of gopher menu/5 #t ,a/ purporte) to (e an
a*ronym for Jery ?a/y Ro)ent-Oriente) Net,i)e #n)e7 to Computeri=e) %r*hi4e/5 %
/pi)er *ra,le) gopher menu/ aroun) the ,orl), *olle*ting lin-/ an) retrie4ing them for
the in)e75 #t ,a/ /o popular that it ,a/ 4ery har) to *onne*t to, e4en though a num(er of
other J?RON#C% /ite/ ,ere )e4elope) to ea/e the loa)5 $imilar in)e7ing /oft,are ,a/
)e4elope) for /ingle /ite/, *alle) JDA"?%D (Jon=yG/ Dni4er/al Aopher "ierar*hy
?7*a4ation %n) Di/play)5
#n 1989 another /ignifi*ant e4ent too- pla*e in ma-ing the net/ ea/ier to u/e5 0im
&erner/-:ee an) other/ at the ?uropean :a(oratory for 9arti*le 9hy/i*/, more popularly
-no,n a/ C?RN, propo/e) a ne, proto*ol for information )i/tri(ution5 0hi/ proto*ol,
,hi*h (e*ame the Corl) Ci)e Ce( in 1991, ,a/ (a/e) on hyperte7t--a /y/tem of
em(e))ing lin-/ in te7t to lin- to other te7t, ,hi*h you ha4e (een u/ing e4ery time you
/ele*te) a te7t lin- ,hile rea)ing the/e page/5 %lthough /tarte) (efore gopher, it ,a/
/lo,er to )e4elop5
0he )e4elopment in 1996 of the graphi*al (ro,/er 8o/ai* (y 8ar* %n)ree//en an) hi/
team at the National Center 'or $uper*omputing %ppli*ation/ (NC$%) ga4e the proto*ol
it/ (ig (oo/t5 :ater, %n)ree//en mo4e) to (e*ome the (rain/ (ehin) &etsca'e Cor'5,
,hi*h pro)u*e) the mo/t /u**e//ful graphi*al type of (ro,/er an) /er4er until 8i*ro/oft
)e*lare) ,ar an) )e4elope) it/ 8i*ro$oft #nternet ?7plorer
$in*e the #nternet ,a/ initially fun)e) (y the go4ernment, it ,a/ originally limite) to
re/ear*h, e)u*ation, an) go4ernment u/e/5 Commer*ial u/e/ ,ere prohi(ite) unle// they
)ire*tly /er4e) the goal/ of re/ear*h an) e)u*ation5 0hi/ poli*y *ontinue) until the early
90G/, ,hen in)epen)ent *ommer*ial net,or-/ (egan to gro,5 #t then (e*ame po//i(le to
route traffi* a*ro// the *ountry from one *ommer*ial /ite to another ,ithout pa//ing
through the go4ernment fun)e) N$'Net #nternet (a*-(one5
Delphi ,a/ the fir/t national *ommer*ial online /er4i*e to offer #nternet a**e// to it/
/u(/*ri(er/5 #t opene) up an email *onne*tion in July 1992 an) full #nternet /er4i*e in
No4em(er 19925 %ll preten/e/ of limitation/ on *ommer*ial u/e )i/appeare) in 8ay 199<
,hen the National $*ien*e 'oun)ation en)e) it/ /pon/or/hip of the #nternet (a*-(one,
an) all traffi* relie) on *ommer*ial net,or-/5 %O:, 9ro)igy, an) Compu$er4e *ame
online5 $in*e *ommer*ial u/age ,a/ /o ,i)e/prea) (y thi/ time an) e)u*ational
in/titution/ ha) (een paying their o,n ,ay for /ome time, the lo// of N$' fun)ing ha)
no appre*ia(le effe*t on *o/t/5
- 2; -
0o)ay, N$' fun)ing ha/ mo4e) (eyon) /upporting the (a*-(one an) higher e)u*ational
in/titution/ to (uil)ing the O-12 an) lo*al pu(li* li(rary a**e//e/ on the one han), an)
the re/ear*h on the ma//i4e high 4olume *onne*tion/ on the other5
8i*ro/oftG/ full /*ale entry into the (ro,/er, /er4er, an) #nternet $er4i*e 9ro4i)er mar-et
*omplete) the ma+or /hift o4er to a *ommer*ially (a/e) #nternet5 0he relea/e of Cin)o,/
98 in June 1998 ,ith the 8i*ro/oft (ro,/er ,ell integrate) into the )e/-top /ho,/ &ill
Aate/G )etermination to *apitali=e on the enormou/ gro,th of the #nternet5 8i*ro/oftG/
/u**e// o4er the pa/t fe, year/ ha/ (rought *ourt *hallenge/ to their /ho,/ &ill Aate/G
)etermination to *apitali=e on the enormou/ gro,th of the #nternet5 8i*ro/oftG/ /u**e//
o4er the pa/t fe, year/ ha/ (rought *ourt *hallenge/ to their )ominan*e5 CeGll lea4e it up
to you ,hether you thin- the/e (attle/ /houl) (e playe) out in the *ourt/ or the
mar-etpla*e5
During thi/ perio) of enormou/ gro,th, (u/ine//e/ entering the #nternet arena /*ram(le)
to fin) e*onomi* mo)el/ that ,or-5 'ree /er4i*e/ /upporte) (y a)4erti/ing /hifte) /ome
of the )ire*t *o/t/ a,ay from the *on/umer--temporarily5 $er4i*e/ /u*h a/ Delphi offere)
free ,e( page/, *hat room/, an) me//age (oar)/ for *ommunity (uil)ing5 Online /ale/
ha4e gro,n rapi)ly for /u*h pro)u*t/ a/ (oo-/ an) mu/i* CD/ an) *omputer/, (ut the
profit margin/ are /lim ,hen pri*e *ompari/on/ are /o ea/y, an) pu(li* tru/t in online
/e*urity i/ /till /ha-y5 &u/ine// mo)el/ that ha4e ,or-e) ,ell are portal /ite/, that try to
pro4i)e e4erything for e4ery(o)y, an) li4e au*tion/5 %O:G/ a*>ui/ition of 0ime-Carner
,a/ the large/t merger in hi/tory ,hen it too- pla*e an) /ho,/ the enormou/ gro,th of
#nternet (u/ine//P 0he /to*- mar-et ha/ ha) a ro*-y ri)e, /,ooping up an) )o,n a/ the
ne, te*hnology *ompanie/, the )ot5*omG/ en*ountere) goo) ne,/ an) (a)5 0he )e*line in
a)4erti/ing in*ome /pelle) )oom for many )ot5*om/, an) a ma+or /ha-eout an) /ear*h for
(etter (u/ine// mo)el/ too- pla*e (y the /ur4i4or/5
% *urrent tren) ,ith ma+or impli*ation/ for the future i/ the gro,th of high /pee)
*onne*tion/5 <O mo)em/ an) the pro4i)er/ ,ho /upporte) them /prea) ,i)ely for a
,hile, (ut thi/ i/ the lo, en) no,5 <O i/ not fa/t enough to *arry multime)ia, /u*h a/
/oun) an) 4i)eo e7*ept in lo, >uality5 &ut ne, te*hnologie/ many time/ fa/ter, /u*h a/
*a(lemo)em/ an) )igital /u(/*ri(er line/ (D$:) are pre)ominant no,5
Cirele// ha/ gro,n rapi)ly in the pa/t fe, year/, an) tra4eller/ /ear*h for the ,i-fi Bhot
/pot/B ,here they *an *onne*t ,hile they are a,ay from the home or offi*e5 8any
airport/, *offee (ar/, hotel/ an) motel/ no, routinely pro4i)e the/e /er4i*e/, /ome for a
fee an) /ome for free5
0he ne7t (ig gro,th area i/ the /urge to,ar)/ uni4er/al ,irele// a**e//, ,here almo/t
e4ery,here i/ a Bhot /potB5 8uni*ipal ,i-fi or *ity-,i)e a**e//, ,i8%F offering (roa)er
range/ than ,i-fi, Jeri=onG/ ?J-DO, an) other format/ ,ill +ou/t for )ominan*e in the
D$% in the month/ ahea)5 0he (attle i/ (oth e*onomi* an) politi*al5
- 2< -
5
:HO RUNS THE INTERNET
The Do!ain Na!e S$ste!
0he #nternet e4ol4e) a/ an e7perimental /y/tem )uring the 19!0/ an) early 1980/5 #t then
flouri/he) after the 0C9E#9 proto*ol/ ,ere ma)e man)atory on the %R9%N?0 an) other
net,or-/ in January 1986H the/e proto*ol/ thu/ (e*ame the /tan)ar) for many other
net,or-/ a/ ,ell5 #n)ee), the #nternet gre, /o rapi)ly that the e7i/ting me*hani/m/ for
a//o*iating the name/ of ho/t *omputer/ (e5g5 DC:%, D$C-#$#) to #nternet a))re//e/
(-no,n a/ #9 a))re//e/) ,ere a(out to (e /tret*he) (eyon) a**epta(le engineering limit/5
8o/t of the appli*ation/ in the #nternet referre) to the target *omputer/ (y name5 0he/e
name/ ha) to (e tran/late) into #nternet a))re//e/ (efore the lo,er le4el proto*ol/ *oul)
(e a*ti4ate) to /upport the appli*ation5 'or a time, a group at $R# #nternational in 8enlo
9ar-, C%, *alle) the Net,or- #nformation Center (N#C), maintaine) a /imple, ma*hine-
rea)a(le li/t of name/ an) a//o*iate) #nternet a))re//e/ ,hi*h ,a/ ma)e a4aila(le on the
net5 "o/t/ on the #nternet ,oul) /imply *opy thi/ li/t, u/ually )aily, /o a/ to maintain a
lo*al *opy of the ta(le5 0hi/ li/t ,a/ *alle) the Bho/t5t7tB file (/in*e it ,a/ /imply a te7t
file)5 0he li/t /er4e) the fun*tion in the #nternet that )ire*tory /er4i*e/ (e5g5 ;11 or !06-
<<<-1212) )o in the D$ telephone /y/tem - the tran/lation of a name into an a))re//5
%/ the #nternet gre,, it (e*ame har)er an) har)er for the N#C to -eep the li/t *urrent5
%nti*ipating that thi/ pro(lem ,oul) only get ,or/e a/ the net,or- e7pan)e),
re/ear*her/ at D$C #nformation $*ien*e/ #n/titute laun*he) an effort to )e/ign a more
)i/tri(ute) ,ay of pro4i)ing thi/ /ame information5 0he en) re/ult ,a/ the Domain Name
$y/tem (DN$) ,hi*h allo,e) hun)re)/ of thou/an)/ of Bname /er4er/B to maintain
/mall portion/ of a glo(al )ata(a/e of information a//o*iating #9 a))re//e/ ,ith the
name/ of *omputer/ on the #nternet5
0he naming /tru*ture ,a/ hierar*hi*al in *hara*ter5 'or e7ample, all ho/t *omputer/
a//o*iate) ,ith e)u*ational in/titution/ ,oul) ha4e name/ li-e B/tanfor)5e)uB or
Bu*la5e)uB5 $pe*ifi* ho/t/ ,oul) ha4e name/ li-e B*/5u*la5e)uB to refer to a *omputer in
the *omputer /*ien*e )epartment of DC:%, for e7ample5 % /pe*ial /et of *omputer/
*alle) Broot /er4er/B maintaine) information a(out the name/ an) a))re//e/ of other
/er4er/ that *ontaine) more )etaile) nameEa))re// a//o*iation/5 0he )e/igner/ of the
DN$ al/o )e4elope) /e4en generi* Btop le4elB )omain/, a/ follo,/@
?)u*ation - ?DD
Ao4ernment - AOJ
8ilitary - 8#:
#nternational - #N0
Net,or- - N?0
(non-profit) Organi=ation - ORA
Commer*ial - CO8
- 2 -
Dn)er thi/ /y/tem, for e7ample, the ho/t name BDC:%B (e*ame BDC:%5?DDB (e*au/e it
,a/ operate) (y an e)u*ational in/titution, ,hile the ho/t *omputer for B&&NB (e*ame
B&&N5CO8B (e*au/e it ,a/ a *ommer*ial organi=ation5 0op-le4el )omain name/ al/o
,ere *reate) for e4ery *ountry@ Dnite) Oing)om name/ ,oul) en) in 25DO,3 ,hile the
en)ing 25'R3 ,a/ *reate) for the name/ of 'ran*e5
0he Domain Name $y/tem (DN$) ,a/ an) *ontinue/ to (e a ma+or element of the
#nternet ar*hite*ture, ,hi*h *ontri(ute/ to it/ /*ala(ility5 #t al/o *ontri(ute/ to *ontro4er/y
o4er tra)emar-/ an) general rule/ for the *reation an) u/e of )omain name/, *reation of
ne, top-le4el )omain/ an) the li-e5 %t the /ame time, other re/olution /*heme/ e7i/t a/
,ell5 One of the author/ (Oahn) ha/ (een in4ol4e) in the )e4elopment of a )ifferent -in)
of /tan)ar) i)entifi*ation an) re/olution /*heme M74iiN that, for e7ample, i/ (eing u/e) a/
the (a/e te*hnology (y (oo- pu(li/her/ to i)entify (oo-/ on the #nternet (y a)apting
4ariou/ i)entifi*ation /*heme/ for u/e in the #nternet en4ironment5 'or e7ample,
#nternational $tan)ar) &oo- Num(er/ (#$&N/) *an (e u/e) a/ part of the i)entifier/5 0he
i)entifier/ then re/ol4e to /tate information a(out the referen*e) (oo-/, /u*h a/ lo*ation
information (e5g5 multiple /ite/) on the #nternet that i/ u/e) to a**e// the (oo-/ or to or)er
them5 0he/e )e4elopment/ are ta-ing pla*e in parallel ,ith the more tra)itional mean/ of
managing #nternet re/our*e/5 0hey offer an alternati4e to the e7i/ting Domain Name
$y/tem ,ith enhan*e) fun*tionality5
0he gro,th of Ce( /er4er/ an) u/er/ of the Ce( ha/ (een remar-a(le, (ut /ome people
are *onfu/e) a(out the relation/hip (et,een the Corl) Ci)e Ce( an) the #nternet5 0he
#nternet i/ the glo(al information /y/tem that in*lu)e/ *ommuni*ation *apa(ilitie/ an)
many high le4el appli*ation/5 0he Ce( i/ one /u*h appli*ation5 0he e7i/ting *onne*ti4ity
of the #nternet ma)e it po//i(le for u/er/ an) /er4er/ all o4er the ,orl) to parti*ipate in
thi/ a*ti4ity5 ?le*troni* mail i/ another important appli*ation5 %/ of to)ay, o4er 0 million
*omputer/ ta-e part in the #nternet an) a(out 65 million ,e( /ite/ ,ere e/timate) to (e
a**e//i(le on the net5 Jirtually e4ery u/er of the net ha/ a**e// to ele*troni* mail an) ,e(
(ro,/ing *apa(ility5
Intro*uction to Internet Terminology
A?I()
%u)io Ji)eo #nterlea4e) i/ % 8i*ro/oft Corporation multime)ia 4i)eo format5 #t u/e/
,a4eform au)io an) )igital 4i)eo frame/ ((itmap/) to *ompre// animation5
Band3idth()
0he *apa*ity of an ele*troni* line, /u*h a/ a *ommuni*ation/ net,or- or *omputer
*hannel, to tran/mit (it/ per /e*on) ((p/)5
- 2! -
Bit!a%()
% repre/entation, *on/i/ting of ro,/ an) *olumn/ of )ot/, of a graphi*/ image in
*omputer memory5 0he 4alue of ea*h )ot (,hether it i/ fille) in or not) i/ /tore) in one or
more (it/ of )ata5 'or /imple mono*hrome image/, one (it i/ /uffi*ient to repre/ent ea*h
)ot, (ut for *olor/ an) /ha)e/ of gray, ea*h )ot re>uire/ more than one (it of )ata5
Bits and *$tes -
Bit /tan)/ for (inary )igit@ 0 or 1
% byte i/ ma)e up of 8 (it/
#t ta-e/ 1 byte to /tore one ASCII *hara*ter ASCII /tan)/ for the %meri*an
$tan)ar) Co)e for #nformation #nter*hange
0he *om(ination of (it/ (,hi*h ma-e/ up one (yte) (elo, repre/ent/ the letter/
(elo,
A 0100 0001
B 0100 0010
C 0100 0011
< /tan)/ for -ilo an) S 102; (2 to the tenth po,er)
M /tan)/ for mega5 % 8&, mega(yte i/ a(out a million (yte/ (102;7102;)
+ /tan)/ for giga5 % A&, giga(yte i/ a(out a (illion (yte/ (102;7102;7102;)
T /tan)/ for tera5 % 0&, tera(yte i/ a(out a trillionP
RAM i/ u/ually mea/ure) in MB
"ar) )i/- /pa*e/ i/ u/ually mea/ure) in gigabytes
B"o#(-
% *"o# i/ information that i/ in/tantly pu(li/he) to a Ce( /ite5 &log /*ripting allo,/
/omeone to automati*ally po/t information to a Ce( /ite5 0he information fir/t goe/ to a
(logger Ce( /ite5 0hen the information i/ automati*ally in/erte) into a template tailore)
for your Ce( /ite5
Boo5!ar5()
% ,ay of /toring your fa4orite /ite/ on the #nternet5 &ro,/er/ li-e Net/*ape or #nternet
?7plorer let you to *ategori=e your (oo-mar-/ into fol)er/5
Boo"ean "o#i ()
% type of logi* (u/ing AND6 OR6 NOT operator/, for e7ample) u/e) (y /ear*h engine/ to
fin) information on the #nternet an) in ele*troni* )ata(a/e/5 ('or e7ample, to fin)
*omputer 4iru/e/ in/tea) of human 4iru/e/, you might try the -ey,or)/ B*omputer/ an)
4iru/e/5B)
- 28 -
Bro3ser()
% /oft,are program that allo,/ u/er/ to a**e// the #nternet5 ?7ample/@
&on.
gra'hical
a u/er interfa*e for *omputer/ ,hi*h allo,/ you to rea) plain te7t, not
pi*ture/, /oun), or 4i)eo, on the #nternet5 #t i/ /tri*tly te7t (a/e), non-
Cin)o,/, an) )oe/ not pla*e high memory )eman)/ on your *omputer5
%n e7ample i/ "$n9 5(http@EElyn75(ro,/er5orgE)
Gra'hical a u/er interfa*e for *omputer/ ,hi*h ena(le/ people to /ee *olor,
graphi*/, an) hear /oun) an) /ee 4i)eo, a4aila(le on #nternet /ite/5
0he/e feature/ are u/ually )e/ignate) (y un)erline) te7t, a *hange of
*olor, or other )i/tingui/hing featureH /ometime/ the lin- i/ not o(4iou/,
for e7ample, a pi*ture ,ith no )e/ignate) *hara*teri/ti*5 ?7ample/ are
Netsa%e an) Internet E9%"orer5
C+I (Common +ate,ay Interfa*e /*ript) - a /pe*ifi*iation for tran/ferring information
(et,een a Ce( /er4er an) a CA# program, )e/igne) to re*ei4e an) an) return )ata5 0he
/*ript *an u/e a 4ariety of language/ /u*h a/ C, 9erl, Ja4a, or Ji/ual &a/i*5 8any html
page/ that *ontain form/ u/e a *gi program to pro*e// the )ata /u(mitte) (y u/er/E*lient/5
Chat()
Real-time, /yn*hronou/, te7t-(a/e) *ommuni*ation 4ia *omputer5
Coo5ie@-
#nformation (in thi/ *a/e DR:/, Ce( a))re//e/) *reate) (y a Ce( /er4er an) /tore) on a
u/erG/ *omputer5 0hi/ information let/ Ce( /ite/ the u/er 4i/it/ to -eep of a u/erG/
(ro,/ing patttern/ an) preferen*e/5 9eople *an /et up their (ro,/er/ to a**ept or not
a**ept *oo-ie/5
C$*er u"ture@-
% *olle*tion of *ulture/ an) *ultural pro)u*t/ that e7i/t on an)Eor are ma)e po//i(le (y
the #nternet, along ,ith the /torie/ tol) a(out the/e *ulture/ an) *ultural pro)u*t/5 Da4i)
$il4er,3Introducing Cyberculture,3
Di#it()
% /ingle *hara*ter in a num(ering /y/tem5 #n )e*imal, )igit/ are 0 through 95 #n (inary,
)igit/ are 0 an) 15 0he o/ an) 1/ e>uate to Bon an) off fun*tion/5 Digiti=ation allo,/ for
perfe*t *opying5 Chen te7t, mu/i*, 4oi*e an) 4i)eo are in )igiti=e), they *an (e
ele*troni*ally manipulate), pre/er4e) an) regenerate) ,ithout )egre)ation of >uality at
high /pee)5 ?a*h *opy of a *omputer file i/ e7a*tly the /ame a/ the original5
- 29 -
Do!ain Na!e()
% metho) of i)entifying *omputer a))re//e/5 Iour e-mail a))re// ha/ a )omain a))re//5
#f you ha4e an Be)uB at the en) of your e-mail a))re// that mean/ your a**ount i/
affiliate) ,ith an e)u*ational in/titution5 % B*omB e7ten/ion mean/ you ha4e a (u/ine//
a**ount5 % go4ernment a**ount ha/ a 5go4 /uffi75
D%i()
Dot/ per in*h are the ,ay the re/olution of )i/play an) printing i/ mea/ure)5
FAQs()
're>uently %/-e) Lue/tion/5 % li/t of >ue/tion/ an) an/,er/ to e7plain pro)u*t/ an)
trou(le/hoot pro(lem/5
Fire3a""@-
0he name Bfire,allB )eri4e/ from the term for a (arrier that pre4ent/ fire/ from
/prea)ing5 % *omputer Bfire,allB i/ a (arrier (et,een your *omputer an) the out/i)e
,orl)5 Ju/t li-e a fire i/ mo/t li-ely to
/prea) through open )oor/ in a (uil)ing, your *omputer i/ mo/t 4ulnera(le at it/ port/
(the )oor/)5 Cithout port/ you *oul) not go on the #nternet or let #nternet traffi* enter
your *omputer5
%n effe*ti4e /oft,are fire,all i/olate/ your *omputer from the #nternet u/ing a *o)e that
/et/ up a (lo*-a)e to in/pe*t ea*h pa*-et of )ata, from or to your *omputer T to
)etermine ,hether it /houl) (e allo,e) to pa// or (e (lo*-e)5
'ire,all /oft,are operate/ in 4ariou/ ,ay/@ 9a*-et filter/ (lo*- traffi* from #9 a))re//e/
an)Eor port num(er/5 9ro7y /er4er/ *an (rea- the *onne*tion (et,een t,o net,or-/5
N%0/ (Net,or- %))re// 0ran/lator/) hi)e/ the #9 a))re//e/ of *lient /tation/ (y
pre/enting one #9 a))re// to the Bout/i)eB ,orl)5 $tateful in/pe*tion 4erifie/ in(oun) an)
out(oun) traffi* to (e /ure the )e/tination an) the /our*e are *orre*t5 'ire,all /oft,are
*an allo, your *omputer to operate in /tealth mo)e, /o that it/ #9 a))re// i/ not 4i/i(le5
F"ash@-
%nimation /oft,are u/e) to )e4elop intera*ti4e graphi*/ for Ce( /ite/ a/ ,ell a/ )e/-top
pre/entation/ an) game/ (Cin)o,/ an) 8a*) (y the *ompany 8a*rome)ia5 'la/h on the
Ce( i/ )i/playe) (y a (ro,/er plug-in5 Non-Ce( pre/entation/ are run (y a 'la/h player,
in*lu)e) on a floppy or CD-RO85 'la/h*an (e u/e) to *reate 4e*tor-(a/e) graphi*/ in
one or more timeline/ that pro4i)e a /e>uential path for a*tion/5
- 60 -
FTP()
D/ing file transfer protocol /oft,are to re*ei4e from uploa)) or /en) to ()o,nloa)) file/
(te7t, pi*ture/, /prea)/heet/, et*5) from one *omputerE/er4er to another5
,#if()
Araphi* inter*hange format i/ the u/ual format for a graphi* that i/ not a photo5 %nimate)
gif file/ are em(e))e) ,ith *o)ing that *reate/ mo4ement ,hen the graphi* i/ a*ti4ate)5
Ho!e %a#e()
Aenerally the fir/t page retrie4e) ,hen a**e//ing a Ce( /ite5 D/ually a BhomeB page a*t/
a/ the /tarting point for a u/er to a**e// information on the /ite5 0he BhomeB page u/ually
ha/ /ome type of ta(le of *ontent/ for the re/t of the /ite information or other material/5
Chen *reating Ce( page/, the BhomeB page ha/ the filename Bin)e75html,B ,hi*h i/ the
)efault name5 0he Bin)e7B page automati*ally open/ up a/ the BhomeB page5
HTML()
% type of te7t *o)e in Hypertext Markup Language ,hi*h, ,hen em(e))e) in a
)o*ument, allo,/ that )o*ument to (e rea) an) )i/tri(ute) a*ro// the #nternet5
HTTP()
0he hypertext transfer protocol (http) that ena(le/ html )o*ument/ to (e rea) on the
#nternet5
H$%erte9t @-
0e7t that i/ non-/e>uential, pro)u*e) (y ,riting in "08: (Hyperte7t Mar-up Language)
language5 0hi/ "08: *o)ing allo,/ the information (te7t, graphi*/, /oun), 4i)eo) to (e
a**e//e) u/ing "009 ("yperte7t 0ran/fer 9roto*ol)5
H$%er"in5()
0e7t, image/, graphi*/ that, ,hen *li*-e) ,ith a mou/e (or a*ti4ate) (y -ey/tro-e/) ,ill
*onne*t the u/er to a ne, Ce( /ite5 0he lin- i/ u/ually o(4iou/, /u*h a/ un)erline) te7t or
a B(uttonB of /ome type, (ut not al,ay/5
Instant Messa#in# (#8) @-
% te7t-(a/e) *omputer *onferen*e o4er the #nternet (et,een t,o or more people ,ho
mu/t (e online at the /ame time5 Chen you /en) an #8 the re*ei4er i/ in/tantly notifie)
that /heEhe ha/ a me//age5
- 61 -
Inter"aed@-
% graphi*/ formatting te*hni>ue that *au/e/ an image to gra)ually appear on your /*reen
in/tea) of appearing all at on*e5 0he image appear/ (lurry at fir/t an) i/ repla*e) (y
/u**e//i4e ,a4e/ of (it /tream/ that gra)ually fill in the mi//ing line/ until the image
fully appear/ in full re/olution5 0hi/ gra)ually ren)ering of the image i/ helpful for Ce(
u/er/ ,ho ha4e /lo, mo)em/ an) *onne*tion/, /in*e thi/ te*hni>ue allo,/ the 4ie,er to
/ee enough of the image to )e*i)e ,hether or not to *ontinue loa)ing it5 'or fa/t
*onne*tion/, there i/ no )i/*erni(le )ifferen*e5
Internet()
% glo(al net,or- of thou/an)/ of *omputer net,or-/ lin-e) (y )ata line/ an) ,irele//
/y/tem/5
IP Address()
#nternet 9roto*ol i/ 0he num(er or name of the *omputer from ,hi*h you /en) an)
re*ei4e information on the #nternet5
AA?A()
% *omputer language, )e4elope) (y $un 8i*ro/y/tem/, that let/ you en*o)e appli*ation/,
/u*h a/ animate) o(+e*t/ or *omputer program/, on the #nternet
Aa'asri%t@-
% Ce( /*ripting language )e4elope) (y Net/*ape5 #t ,a/ )e4elope) in)epen)ently of the
full J%J% language an) i/ an BopenB language, free for anyone to u/e an) a)apt5 'or
e7ample, 0he Ja4a $*ript $our*e ha/ many /*ript/ people *an a)apt for their o,n
purpo/e/5
,&%# 7or &%e#8()
oint photographic expert group i/ a file format for photograph/ on Ce( page/5 0he B+pgB
format *ompre//e/ large photo file/ /o they )onGt ta-e up a/ many -ilo(yte/ of memory5
Listser'()
%n e-mail li/t of e-mail a))re//e/ of people ,ith *ommon intere/t/5 $oft,are ena(le/
people ,ho (elong to a li/t to /en) me//age/ to the group ,ithout typing a /erie/ of
a))re//e/ into the me//age hea)er5 D/ually mem(er/ of the group in the li/t/er4 ha4e to
/u(/*ri(e to the mailing li/t5
- 62 -
Mode! () 7Modu"ation)De!odu"ation8
% )e4i*e that *onne*t/ your *omputer to the #nternet, ,hen you are not *onne*te) 4ia a
:%N (lo*al area net,or-, /u*h a/ at ,or- or on a *ampu/5) 8o/t people *onne*t to a
mo)em ,hen u/ing a home *omputer5 0he mo)em tran/late/ *omputer /ignal/ to analog
/ignal/ ,hi*h are /ent 4ia phone line/5 0he telephone B/pea-/B to the *omputerE/er4er
,hi*h pro4i)e/ your #nternet a**e//5
MPE+()
$ o!ing P icture E xperts G roup
$PEG.
1
'ormat for *ompre//ing 4i)eo ,ith au)io for play(a*- from /torage
me)ia ,ith lo, )ata tran/fer rate/ /u*h a/ CDRO8/ or o4er the
net,or- at
J"$ >uality5
$PEG.
/
'ormat for *ompre//ing 4i)eo ,ith au)io at (roa)*a/t >uality
re/olution for play(a*- in higher )ata tran/fer rate en4ironment/5
D/ually
u/e) for real-time en*o)ing in the profe//ional mar-et, /atellite )igital
tele4i/ion (Dire*0J, D$$&), an) for DJD/ an) other type/ of 4i)eo
CD/5
$P0
$PEG
"ayer 0
'ormat for *ompre//ing au)io only )efine) in (oth 89?A-1 an)
89?A-25 Commonly u/e) for )igital mu/i* playe) on per/onal
*omputer/ (896
/ong/) (ut al/o targete) at appli*ation/ /u*h a/ )igital phone/ an) ne,
har),are 896 player/ inten)e) a/ )i/*man or *ar CD player
repla*ement/5
Mu"ti!edia()
0he Ce(G/ integration of au)io, 4i)eo, graphi*/ an) te7t5
Ne3s#rou%()
%n #nternet B/iteB *entere) aroun) a /pe*ifi* topi* or *our/e5 $ome ne,/rea)er /oft,are
*an Bthrea)B )i/*u//ion /o there *an (e 4ariou/ topi*/ *entere) aroun) a *entral theme5
%n a)4antage o4er e-mail i/ that the me//age/ are ar*hi4e) an) )onGt re/i)e in your e-
mail a**ount, ta-ing up your memory, unle// you /et up a B/ent mailB or B*ar(on *opyB
option5 0he me//age/ *an often (e threa)e) a**or)ing to a parti*ular )i/*u//ion5
PHP()
- 66 -
Hypertext Preprocessor i/ an open /our*e, /er4er-/i)e "08: /*ripting languaage u/e) to
*reate )ynami* Ce( page/5 9"9 i/ em(e))e) ,ithin tag/, /o the author authorr *an mo4e
(et,een "08: an) 9"9 in/tea) of u/ing large amount/ of *o)e5
&e*au/e 9"9 i/ e7e*ute) on the /er4er, the 4ie,er *annot /ee the *o)e5 9"9 *an
perform the /ame ta/-/ a/ a CA# program *an )o an) i/ *ompati(le ,ith many )ifferent
-in)/ of )ata(a/e/5
Porta"@-
% Ce( /ite Bgate,ayB that pro4i)e/ multiple /er4i*e/, ,hi*h *oul) in*lu)e Ce( /ear*hing
*apa(ility, ne,/, free-email, )i/*u//ion group/, online /hopping, referen*e/ an) other
/er4i*e/5 % more re*ent tren) i/ to u/e the /ame term for /ite/ that offer /er4i*e/ to
*u/tomer/ of parti*ular in)u/trie/, /u*h a/ a Ce(-(a/e) (an- Bportal,B on ,hi*h
*u/tomer/ *an a**e// their *he*-ing, /a4ing/ an) in4e/tment a**ount/5
RSS(-
Ri*h Site Summary or RD' MResource %escription 1rame"orkN Site Summary i/
%n F8: format for /haring *ontent among )ifferent Ce( /ite/ /u*h a/ ne,/ item/5 Ho3
does it 3or5@ % Ce( /ite *an allo, other /ite/ to pu(li/h /ome of it/ *ontent (y *reating
an R$$ )o*ument an) regi/ter/ the )o*ument ,ith an R$$ pu(li/her5 % ,e( pu(li/her *an
po/t a lin- to the r// fee) /o u/er/ *an rea) the )i/tri(ute) *ontent on hi/Eher /ite5
$yn)i*ate) *ontent*an *an in*lu)e ne,/ fee)/, li/ting/ of e4ent/, /torie/, hea)line/, et*5
Searh En#ine()
$pe*iali=e) /oft,are, /u*h a/ %ltaJi/ta an) Iahoo, that let/ CCC (ro,/er u/er/ /ear*h
for information on the Ce( (y u/ing -ey,or)/, phra/e/, an) &oolean logi*5 Different
/ear*h engine/ ha4e )ifferent ,ay/ of *ategori=ing an) in)e7ing information5 $ear*h
engine/ are a**e//e) (y typing in the DR: of that engine or u/ing a (ro,/erG/
*ompilation of /ear*h engine/ in it/ #nternet /ear*h fun*tion5
Sho53a'e()
% three )imen/ional (6D) animation te*hnologyEformat *reatae) (y the 8a*rome)ia
*ompany5 8a*rome)ia Dire*tor 9ro)u*e// $ho*-,a4e file/, ,hi*h *an (e 4ie,e)
through a $ho*-,a4e player, a (ro,/erBplug-inB *omputer program or other multime)ia
appli*ation/ that a**e// the player5 $ho*-,a4e *an (e u/e) to *reate more /ophi/ti*ate)
animation/ than the 8a*rome)ia 'la/h format5 $ho*-,a4e u/e/ the 5)ir file e7ten/ion for
/our*e file/ an) 5)*r e7ten/ion for $ho*-,a4e Bmo4ie/5B

Te"net()
0he *omman) to log on to another *omputer on the #nternet5
- 6; -
URL()
% uni4er/al re/our*e lo*ator (a *omputer a))re//) that i)entifie/ the lo*ation an) type of
re/our*e on the Ce(5 % DR: generally /tart/ ,ith Bhttp5B
?etor@-
% line in *omputer graphi*/ )e/ignate) (y it/ en) point/ (7-y or 7-y-= *oor)inate/)5 %
4e*tor layer )oe/ not u/e pi7el/ for /toring image information5 #n/tea), it /tore/ a 4e*tor
o(+e*t a/ a /et of propertie/ that )e/*ri(e it/ attri(ute/, )imen/ion/, an) po/ition in the
image5 ?a*h time an image i/ opene)H the/e propertie/ are u/e) a/ in/tru*tion/ for
)ra,ing the o(+e*t/5 &e*au/e the o(+e*t/ are in)epen)ent element/, you *an mo4e them
,ithout affe*ting the re/t of the image5
?irtua" Co!!unit$ ()
% term *ommonly u/e) to )e/*ri(e a group of people ,ho e7*hange i)ea/ through
*omputer net,or-/, li/t/er4/, ne,/group/, an) Ce(-(a/e) (ulletin (oar)/5 0hey might
not e4er meet fa*e-to-fa*e5 Aenerally the/e people meet o4er the long-term, on a regular
(a/i/, an) /hare their i)ea/ a(out a 4ariety of /u(+e*t/, )epen)ing upon their /pe*ial
intere/t5 0he )i/*u//ion/ *oul) relate to ho((ie/, mu/i*, health, /elf help i//ue/, an)
profe//ional an) /*holarly a*ti4itie/5
?irus@-
% *omputer program u/ually hi))en in an e7i/ting program5 On*e the e7i/ting program
i/ e7e*ute), the 4iru/ program i/ a*ti4ate) an) *an atta*h it/elf to other program/ or file/5
Jiru/e/ *an range from (enign a*ti4itie/ /u*h a/ atta*hing a harmle// me//age to
performing mali*iou/ a*ti4itie/ /u*h a/ )e/troying all the )ata on a *omputer har) )ri4e5
Jiru/e/ are *ommonly )i/tri(ute) a/ e-mail atta*hment/ ,hi*h a*ti4ate ,hen the
atta*hment i/ opene)5 Jiru/ prote*tion /oft,are, up)ate) regularly ,ith the late/t 4iru/
)efinition/, *an help prote*t *omputer/ from 4iru/e/5
:e* Bot@-
% term that applie/ to program/Eapplet/ (ma*ro/ an) intelligent agent/) u/e) on the
#nternet5 $u*h (ot/ perform a repetiti4e fun*tion, /u*h a/ po/ting me//age/ to multiple
ne,/group/ or )oing /ear*he/ for information5
:ide :or"d :e* 7:::8 ()
% hyperme)ia information /torage /y/tem ,hi*h lin-/ *omputer-(a/e) re/our*e/ aroun)
the ,orl)5 Computer program/ *alle) &ro,/er/ ena(le ,or)/ or i*on/ *alle) hyperlin-/
to )i/play, te7t, 4i)eo, graphi*/ an) /oun) on a *omputer /*reen5 0he /our*e of the
material i/ at a )ifferent lo*ation - a )ifferent file in the /ame )ire*tory, a file in another
*omputer, ,hi*h *an (e lo*ate) any,here in the ,orl)5
- 6< -
:ORM@-
% )e/tru*ti4e *omputer program that repli*ate/ it/elf throughout your *omputerG/ har)
)ri4e an) an) memory5 Corm/ u/e up the *omputer/ re/our*e/ an) pull the /y/tem
)o,n5 Corm/ *an (e /prea) in ma//-e-mailing if the u/er open/ an atta*hment5
7B8 % program that mo4e/ through a net,or- an) )epo/it/ information at ea*h no)e for
)iagno/ti* purpo/e/ or *au/e/ i)le *omputer/ to /hare /ome of the pro*e//ing ,or-loa)5
CML (#xtensible Markup Language) @-
#t i/ a le// ro(u/t 4ariety of $A8:, a /y/tem for organi=ing an) tagging element/ of a
)o*ument /o that the )o*ument *an (e tran/mitte) an) interprete) (et,een appli*ation/
an) organi=ation/5 "uman rea)a(le F8: tag/ )efine/ B,hat it i/,B an) "08: )efine/
Bho, it loo-/5B F8: allo,/ )e/igner/ to *reate their o,n tag/5 'or e7ample@
HTML
Ufont /i=eSB2BQJane DoeUEfontQ
U(QMarh B26 .02DUE(Q
CML
Ufir/tNameQJaneUEfir/tNameQ
Ula/tNameQDoeUEla/tNameQ
U)ate&irthQ06-2!-!<UE)ate&irthQ
#n the "08: 4er/ion the tag/ i)entify formatting option/, /u*h a/ font /i=e an) (ol)5 #n
the F8: e7ample, the tag/ i)entify the *ontent5
&e*au/e F8: *an /upport (u/ine//-to-(u/ine// tran/a*tion/ (y ma-ing the tran/mi//ion
an) interpretation of )ata ea/ier, it ha/ the potential to (e*ome the /tan)ar) for the
e7*hange of )ata o4er the #nternet5
Ad'anta#es
Co!!uniation@ -
0he foremo/t target of internet ha/ al,ay/ (een the *ommuni*ation5 %n) internet ha/
e7*elle) (eyon) the e7pe*tation/ 5$tillH inno4ation/ are going on to ma-e it fa/ter, more
relia(le5 &y the a)4ent of *omputer1/ #nternet, our earth ha/ re)u*e) an) ha/ attaine) the
form of a glo(al 4illage5
- 6 -
No, ,e *an *ommuni*ate in a fra*tion of /e*on) ,ith a per/on ,ho i/ /itting in the other
part of the ,orl)5 0o)ay for (etter *ommuni*ation, ,e *an a4ail the fa*ilitie/ of e-mailH
,e *an *hat for hour/ ,ith our lo4e) one/5
Cith help of /u*h /er4i*e/, it ha/ (e*ome 4ery ea/y to e/ta(li/h a -in) of glo(al
frien)/hip ,here you *an /hare your thought/, *an e7plore other *ulture/ of )ifferent
ethni*ity5
Infor!ation()

#nformation i/ pro(a(ly the (igge/t a)4antage internet i/ offering5 0he #nternet i/ a 4irtual
trea/ure tro4e of information5 %ny -in) of information on any topi* un)er the /un i/
a4aila(le on the #nternet5 0he /ear*h engine/ li-e Aoogle, yahoo i/ at your /er4i*e on the
#nternet5 Iou *an almo/t fin) any type of )ata on almo/t any -in) of /u(+e*t that you are
loo-ing for5 0here i/ a huge amount of information a4aila(le on the internet for +u/t a(out
e4ery /u(+e*t -no,n to man, ranging from go4ernment la, an) /er4i*e/, tra)e fair/ an)
*onferen*e/, mar-et information, ne, i)ea/ an) te*hni*al /upport, the li/t i/ en) le//5
$tu)ent/ an) *hil)ren are among the top u/er/ ,ho /urf the #nternet for re/ear*h5 0o)ay, it
i/ almo/t re>uire) that /tu)ent/ /houl) u/e the #nternet for re/ear*h for the purpo/e of
gathering re/our*e/5 0ea*her/ ha4e /tarte) gi4ing a//ignment/ that re>uire re/ear*h on the
#nternet5 %lmo/t e4ery *oming )ay, re/ear*he/ on me)i*al i//ue/ (e*ome mu*h ea/ier to
lo*ate5 Numerou/ ,e( /ite/ a4aila(le on the net are offering loa)/ of information for
people to re/ear*h )i/ea/e/ an) tal- to )o*tor/ online at /ite/ /u*h a/, %meri*a1/ Do*tor5
During 1998 o4er 20 million people reporte) going online to retrie4e health information5
Entertain!ent()

?ntertainment i/ another popular rai/on )GVtre ,hy many people prefer to /urf the
#nternet5 #n fa*t, me)ia of internet ha/ (e*ome >uite /u**e//ful in trapping multifa*ete)
entertainment fa*tor5 Do,nloa)ing game/, 4i/iting *hat room/ or +u/t /urfing the Ce( are
/ome of the u/e/ people ha4e )i/*o4ere)5 0here are numerou/ game/ that may (e
)o,nloa)e) from the #nternet for free5 0he in)u/try of online gaming ha/ ta/te) )ramati*
an) phenomenal attention (y game lo4er/5 Chat room/ are popular (e*au/e u/er/ *an
meet ne, an) intere/ting people5 #n fa*t, the #nternet ha/ (een /u**e//fully u/e) (y
people to fin) life long partner/5 Chen people /urf the Ce(, there are numerou/ thing/
that *an (e foun)5 8u/i*, ho((ie/, ne,/ an) more *an (e foun) an) /hare) on #nternet5
Ser'ies()

8any /er4i*e/ are no, pro4i)e) on the internet /u*h a/ online (an-ing, +o( /ee-ing,
pur*ha/ing ti*-et/ for your fa4orite mo4ie/, gui)an*e /er4i*e/ on array of topi*/
engulfing the e4ery a/pe*t of life, an) hotel re/er4ation/5 Often the/e /er4i*e/ are not
a4aila(le off-line an) *an *o/t you more5
- 6! -
E)Co!!ere(-
?*ommer*e i/ the *on*ept u/e) for any type of *ommer*ial maneu4ering, or (u/ine//
)eal/ that in4ol4e/ the tran/fer of information a*ro// the glo(e 4ia #nternet5 #t ha/ (e*ome
a phenomenon a//o*iate) ,ith any -in) of /hopping, almo/t anything5 Iou name it an)
?*ommer*e ,ith it/ giant tenta*le/ engulfing e4ery /ingle pro)u*t an) /er4i*e ,ill ma-e
you a4aila(le at your )oor /tep/5 #t ha/ got a real ama=ing an) ,i)e range of pro)u*t/
from hou/ehol) nee)/, te*hnology to entertainment5
Disad'anta#es
Theft of Persona" infor!ation()

#f you u/e the #nternet, you may (e fa*ing gra4e )anger a/ your per/onal information
/u*h a/ name, a))re//, *re)it *ar) num(er et*5 *an (e a**e//e) (y other *ulprit/ to ma-e
your pro(lem/ ,or/e5
S%a!!in#(-

$pamming refer/ to /en)ing un,ante) e-mail/ in (ul-, ,hi*h pro4i)e no purpo/e an)
nee)le//ly o(/tru*t the entire /y/tem5 $u*h illegal a*ti4itie/ *an (e 4ery fru/trating for
you, an) /o in/tea) of +u/t ignoring it, you /houl) ma-e an effort to try an) /top the/e
a*ti4itie/ /o that u/ing the #nternet *an (e*ome that mu*h /afer5
?irus threat()

Jiru/ i/ nothing (ut a program ,hi*h )i/rupt/ the normal fun*tioning of your *omputer
/y/tem/5 Computer/ atta*he) to internet are more prone to 4iru/ atta*-/ an) they *an en)
up into *ra/hing your ,hole har) )i/-, *au/ing you *on/i)era(le hea)a*he5
Porno#ra%h$(-

0hi/ i/ perhap/ the (igge/t threat relate) to your *hil)ren1/ healthy mental life5 % 4ery
/eriou/ i//ue *on*erning the #nternet5 0here are thou/an)/ of pornographi* /ite/ on the
#nternet that *an (e ea/ily foun) an) *an (e a )etrimental fa*tor to letting *hil)ren u/e the
#nternet5


- 68 -
Microsoft $ord
Definition()
% full-feature) ,or) pro*e//ing program for Cin)o,/ an) the 8a*into/h from
8i*ro/oft5 #n*lu)e) in the 8i*ro/oft appli*ation /uite, it i/ a /ophi/ti*ate) program ,ith
ru)imentary )e/-top pu(li/hing *apa(ilitie/ that ha/ (e*ome the mo/t ,i)ely u/e) ,or)
pro*e//ing appli*ation on the mar-et5 0he fir/t 4er/ion/ of Cor) *ame out un)er DO$
an) pro4i)e) (oth graphi*/-(a/e) an) te7t-(a/e) interfa*e/ for ,or-ing ,ith a )o*ument5
IMPORTANT FEATURES OF MS):ORD
8/-Cor) not only /upport/ ,or) pro*e//ing feature/ (ut al/o D09 feature/5 $ome of the
important feature/ of 8/-Cor) are li/te) (elo,@
i5 D/ing ,or) you *an *reate the )o*ument an) e)it them later, a/ an) ,hen
re>uire), (y a))ing more te7t, mo)ifying the e7i/ting te7t, )eletingEmo4ing /ome
part of it5
ii5 Changing the /i=e of the margin/ *an reformat *omplete )o*ument or part of te7t5
iii5 'ont /i=e an) type of font/ *an al/o (e *hange)5 9age num(er/ an) "ea)er an)
'ooter *an (e in*lu)e)5
i45 $pelling *an (e *he*-e) an) *orre*tion *an (e ma)e automati*ally in the entire
)o*ument5 Cor) *ount an) other /tati/ti*/ *an (e generate)5
45 0e7t *an (e formatte) in *olumnar /tyle a/ ,e /ee in the ne,/paper5 0e7t (o7e/
*an (e ma)e5
4i5 0a(le/ *an (e ma)e an) in*lu)e) in the te7t5
4ii5 Cor) al/o allo,/ the u/er to mi7 the graphi*al pi*ture/ ,ith the te7t5 Araphi*al
pi*ture/ *an either (e *reate) in ,or) it/elf or *an (e importe) from out/i)e li-e
from Clip %rt Aallery5
4iii5 Cor) al/o pro4i)e/ the mail-merge fa*ility5
i75 Cor) al/o ha/ the fa*ility of ma*ro/5 8a*ro/ *an (e either atta*he) to /ome
fun*tionE/pe*ial -ey/ or to a tool (ar or to a menu5
75 #t al/o pro4i)e/ online help of any option
Basi o%erations of Ms):ord
Create a Dou!ent()
0o *reate a Cor) )o*ument, *li*- the $tart (utton on the Cin)o,/ 0a/-(ar, *hoo/e
9rogram/ an) 8i*ro/oft Cor) from the /u(menu5
Cor) open/ to a (lan- )o*ument ,hi*h ha/ pre/et margin/ an) font /tyle/5 % ne, Cor)
- 69 -
)o*ument i/ name) Do*ument1 until it i/ /a4e) an) rename)5 #f a))itional )o*ument/ are
*reate) (efore you e7it Cor), they ,ill (e name) Do*ument2, Do*ument6 an) /o on5
Create Another Dou!ent ()
0o *reate another )o*ument, /ele*t the 'ile menu an) then Ne, ('ileENe,)5 Cor) ,ill
a/- you ,hi*h BtemplateB you ,ant to u/e5 % template /er4e/ a/ a ma/ter /tyle /heet that
*ontain/ pre/et margin/ an) ta(/ (an) other layout /etting/) ,hi*h are applie) to the ne,
)o*ument ,hen it i/ *reate)5 0he &lan- Do*ument i/ the mo/t *ommonly u/e) template
an) i/ the )efault ,hen you /tart Cor)5
- ;0 -
:or5in# 3ith Fonts()
% font i/ a /et of type *hara*ter/ of a parti*ular typefa*e )e/ign an) /i=e5 D/ually, ea*h
typefa*e (0ime/ Roman, %rial, et*5) i/ ma)e a4aila(le in four 4ariation/@ normal ,eight,
(ol), itali* an) (ol) itali*5 0he )efault font in Cor) i/ 0ime/ Ne, Roman, 10 point5
%ny of the a4aila(le font/ may (e /ele*te) a/ the )efault font5 0o )o /o, /ele*t
'ormatE'ont5 Choo/e the preferre) option/ an) *li*- Default5 'rom no, on until you
*hange it, ea*h time a ne, )o*ument i/ opene), the )efault font ,ill (e the one you +u/t
/ele*te)5
- ;1 -
- ;2 -
Chan#e Fonts for Part of the Dou!ent()
0o *hange a portion of te7t ,ithin a )o*ument, highlight the te7t, an) *li*- the )o,n
arro, ne7t to the 'ont Name on the Cor) tool(ar5 $*roll through the li/t an) /ele*t
another font5 0o /a4e you time /*rolling through the li/t, the font li/t put/ your often-u/e)
font/ at the top5 'or e7ample, if one of your font/ ,ere Jer)ana, it *an (e /ele*te) from
the top of the li/t in/tea) of ha4ing to /*roll )o,n to the JG/5
#f you ha4e not highlighte) te7t (efore, +u/t point the mou/e to the (eginning of the te7t,
pre// the left mou/e (utton )o,n, an) ,hile hol)ing the (utton )o,n, mo4e the mou/e to
the en) of the te7t5 0hen let go of the (utton5 Iou *an mo4e )iagonally o4er the /e*tion to
highlight a re*tangular area5
Chan#e Font Si;e ()
0o *hange font /i=e, highlight the te7t to (e *hange), an) *li*- the )o,n arro, ne7t to
the 'ont $i=e on the Cor) tool(ar5
- ;6 -
Bo"d ) Ita"is E Under"ine ()
0o *hange e7i/ting te7t to (ol), itali*/ or un)erline, highlight the te7t an) *li*- the &, # or
D (utton/ on the Cor) tool(ar5 0o type in ne, te7t ,ith a )ifferent format, /,it*h to the
ne, /tyle (y *li*-ing &, # or D5 0o /,it*h (a*- to normal, *li*- &, # or D ,hen you are
fini/he) typing5
The Ru"er Line()
%t the top of the )o*ument i/ a /et of ruler mar-ing/ that /ho, the margin/ an) ta(/ that
are /et in the )o*ument5 Iou al/o u/e the ruler to /et ta(/ an) margin/5
Settin# Mar#ins()
8argin/ are in4i/i(le line/ that -eep te7t a,ay from the e)ge/ of the page5 0here are
pre/et margin/ at the top, (ottom, left an) right5 0he margin/ at the top an) (ottom allo,
room for hea)er/ an) footer/5
- ;; -
Chan#e Mar#ins for the :ho"e Dou!ent ()
0o *hange 8argin/ for the entire )o*ument, *hoo/e 'ileE9age $etup an) *hange the
num(er/5 &e /ure that Chole Do*ument i/ /ele*te) in the %pply 0o (o75 %/ /oon a/ you
ma-e a *hange, the effe*t *an (e /een in the 9re4ie, area5
0o *hange the )efault margin/ for all your )o*ument/, /ele*t 'ileE9age $etup, /et your
margin/ an) *li*- Default5 Cor) ,ill no, apply your ne, margin /etting/ to all the
)o*ument/ *reate) ,ith that /ame template5
- ;< -
Dra# the Mar#in Mar5ers()
0o *hange margin/, you *an al/o highlight your te7t an) )rag the margin mar-er/ on the
ruler +u/t li-e you )o on an ele*tri* type,riter5 0here i/ an up-arro, mar-er for the right
margin, (ut there are t,o arro,/ for the left margin5 0he )o,n-arro, mar-er i/ for the
fir/t line of the paragraph, an) the up-arro, i/ for the re/t of the paragraph5 0hey mo4e
in)epen)ently /o you *an *reate an in)ent for the fir/t line that i/ either in or out5 Chen
the fir/t line e7ten)/ farther to the left than the (o)y of the paragraph, it i/ *alle) a
Bhanging in)entB or Bhanging paragraphB a/ in the e7ample (elo,5
Han#in# Indent 0he hanging in)ent in thi/ e7ample i/ *reate) (y mo4ing the )o,n-
arro, farther o4er to the left than the up-arro,5
Chan#e Mar#ins for a Setion of Te9t ()
0o *hange margin/ for a /e*tion of the )o*ument, highlight the te7t, an) )rag the margin
mar-er/ to the ne, lo*ation5
Centerin# and Austifiation ()
Cor) automati*ally align/ te7t to the left margin ,ith a ragge) right margin, ,hi*h i/ the
mo/t *ommon /tyle5 0o *hange the alignment, highlight the te7t to (e *hange) an) *li*-
the left, *enter, right or +u/tifie) (utton/, ,hi*h are lo*ate) ne7t to the &, # an) D (utton/
on the Cor) tool(ar5
0o type te7t ,ith a )ifferent alignment, *li*- the appropriate alignment (utton (efore you
/tart typing5 Ju/tifi*ation mean/ (oth left an) right margin/ are /traight li-e a ne,/paper
*olumn5
- ; -
Ta* Sto%s ()
% ta( /top i/ u/e) in a )o*ument to line up *olumn/5 Chen you pre// the 0a( -ey on the
-ey(oar), the /*reen *ur/or mo4e/ to the ne7t ta( /top on the line5
0here are four type/ of ta(/, (ut the mo/t *ommonly u/e) are left aligne) an) )e*imal5
D/e the left ta( to line up *olumn/ of name/, an) u/e the )e*imal ta( to line up *olumn/
of num(er/5
The Four Ta* T$%es Note the /ym(ol on the left /i)e of ea*h e7ample5
Settin# Ta*s ()
0o /et a ta(, (e /ure the ta( /ym(ol on the left /i)e of the ruler i/ /et to the type you ,ant5
#f not, *li*- the /ym(ol until the type you ,ant i/ 4i/i(le5 0hen, *li*- the ruler ,here you
,ant the ta( to go5 0he ta( /top /ym(ol ,ill (e )i/playe) on the ruler5 %fter pla*ing the
ta( /top on the ruler, you *an mo4e it (y )ragging it to a ne, lo*ation5
- ;! -
Sa'e6 C"ose and E9it ()
$a4ing your )o*ument tran/fer/ e4erything on /*reen to the har) )i/- /o you *an retrie4e
it later5 0o /a4e a )o*ument, /ele*t 'ileE$a4e5 Clo/ing your )o*ument )oe/ the /ame thing
(ut al/o remo4e/ the )o*ument from the /*reen5 Chen you are fini/he) ,ith the
)o*ument, /ele*t 'ileEClo/e5
Sa'e As()
0he $a4e %/ fun*tion i/ 4ery u/eful for ma-ing *opie/ of the /ame )o*ument ,ith
)ifferent name/ or /a4ing your )o*ument ,ith the /ame name in )ifferent fol)er/5 0he
)ifferen*e (et,een $a4e %/ an) /a4e i/ that $a4e %/ prompt/ you for a file name,
,herea/ $a4e +u/t ,rite/ the *ontent/ of your /*reen to the /ame file5
Quittin# :ord()
0o >uit Cor), /ele*t 'ileE?7it5 #f you ma)e *hange/ ,ithout /a4ing, Cor) ,ill prompt
you to /a4e the *hange/5

The Defau"t Fo"der ()
Cor) )efault/ to /a4ing your ne, )o*ument in the 8y Do*ument/ fol)er5 Iou *an
o4erri)e that (y /ele*ting another fol)er5 #f you are unfamiliar ,ith file an) fol)er
organi=ation5
Cor) al/o ma-e/ up a ne, name for your file (y ta-ing the fir/t *hara*ter/ of te7t in the
)o*ument5 Iou *an o4erri)e thi/ (y typing )ire*tly on top of the /ugge/te) name5
- ;8 -
O%en a Dou!ent ()
0o open a Cor) )o*ument, /ele*t 'ileEOpen5 $ele*t the fol)er the )o*ument ,a/ /a4e) in,
an) *li*- on the )o*ument to open it5
Cut ) Co%$ E Paste ()
0e7t *an (e mo4e) aroun) ea/ily in Cor)5 0o mo4e a /enten*e or /e*tion of te7t to a
)ifferent lo*ation in a )o*ument, highlight the te7t an) /ele*t ?)itECut, then go to the ne,
lo*ation an) /ele*t ?)itE9a/te5 0o *opy a /ele*tion, /ele*t ?)itECopy in/tea) of ?)itECut5
- ;9 -
The :ord 02 C"i%*oard Is Mono#a!ous ()
Chen te7t i/ *ut in Cor) 9!, it i/ remo4e) from the original lo*ation an) pla*e)
temporarily in the *lip(oar), (ut the *lip(oar) hol)/ only one /ele*tion5 Chen you *ut or
*opy the ne7t time, the ne, /ele*tion i/ pla*e) into the *lip(oar), an) the pre4iou/
/ele*tion i/ lo/t5 $o ,hen you *ut /omething from your )o*ument, (e /ure to pa/te it
/ome,here (efore you *ut or *opy again5 &ut, you *an pa/te the /ame /ele*tion into a/
many pla*e/ or a/ many )o*ument/ a/ you ,i/h a/ long a/ you )o not *ut or *opy
/omething el/e5
The :ord B--- C"i%*oard Ho"ds .B Se"etions ()
Cor) 2000 *an hol) up to 12 /ele*tion/ that ha4e (een *ut or *opie)5 0he only
unfortunate thing i/ that you ha4e to remem(er the /e>uen*e5 Chen you *ut or *opy
/omething in Cor) 2000, the follo,ing *lip(oar) )ialog (o7 ,ill (e )i/playe)5
- <0 -
:ord B--- C"i%*oard ?a*h time you *ut or *opy /omething, a )o*ument i*on i/ a))e)
to thi/ *lip(oar) )ialog5 0o pa/te a /ele*tion, *li*- the appropriate i*on, (ut you ha4e to
remem(er ,hi*h i/ ,hi*h5
:ord B--- C"i%*oard O%tions Iou *an pa/te the entire /e>uen*e of /ele*tion/ into your
)o*ument (y *li*-ing the 9a/te %ll (utton5 0o *lear the entire *lip(oar), *li*- the Delete
%ll (utton5
!n* no2 it is /3 instea* of 1/.
- <1 -
Button=<e$*oard Ti%F Cli*- the/e (utton/ on the Cor) tool(ar to *ut, *opy an) pa/te5
Or4 'ress Ctrl.5 ,cut64 Ctrl.C ,co'y6 an* Ctrl.- (pa/te) on the -ey(oar)5
Undo ()
Cor) let/ you re4er/e the a*tion/ you ta-e5 0o un)o the la/t thing you )i), *hoo/e
?)itEDn)o5 0o Dn)o /e4eral a*tion/, *li*- on the Dn)o li/t (utton on the Cor) tool(ar
an) *li*- a/ far )o,n the li/t a/ you ,ant to go5 %ll the a*tion/ ,ill (e un)one to that
point5
Button=<e$*oard Ti%F Cli*- thi/ (utton on the Cor) tool(ar to un)o your la/t a*tion5
Or, pre// Ctrl-W on the -ey(oar)5
Pa#e *rea5s ()
Chen a page i/ fille) ,ith te7t or image/, Cor) a))/ a ne, page to the )o*ument5 0o
/tart a ne, page (efore the page ,oul) (rea- automati*ally, pla*e the *ur/or at the
)e/ire) lo*ation on the page an) /ele*t #n/ertE&rea-, then *li*- 9age &rea-5
- <2 -
<e$*oard Ti%F 9re// Ctrl.Enter to (rea- the page5
Pa#e Nu!*ers ()
0o a)) page num(er/ to your )o*ument, /ele*t #n/ertE9age Num(er/ to open the 9age
Num(er/ )ialog (o75 &e /ure 9o/ition an) %lignment are /et the ,ay you ,ant5 %/ /oon
a/ you ma-e a *hange, the effe*t *an (e /een in the 9re4ie, area5
S%e"" Che5in# ()
Chen Cor) en*ounter/ a mi//pelle) ,or), it put/ a re) ,iggly line un)erneath it5 0o /ee
Cor)G/ /ugge/tion/ for the *orre*t /pelling, right *li*- on the ,or)5 $ele*t the *orre*t
,or) or /ele*t #gnore %ll to (ypa// it5 #f you u/e thi/ ,or) a lot an) ,ant to a)) it to the
)i*tionary, *li*- %))5 %ll future o**urren*e/ of the ,or) ,ill (e *on/i)ere) *orre*tly
/pelle)5
- <6 -
Ha'e :ord Corret Gour T$%es()
#f you /ele*t %utoCorre*t an) pi*- the *orre*t /pelling, Cor) ,ill automati*ally *orre*t
your mi//pelling ,hene4er you type it5
Turn S%e""he5in# On and Off ()
0o /top Cor) from /pell*he*-ing your ,or)/ a/ you type, /ele*t 0ool/EOption/, *li*- the
$pelling X Arammar 0a( an) )e/ele*t Che*- $pelling a/ Iou 0ype5
- <; -
Button Ti%F Cli*- thi/ (utton on the Cor) tool(ar to *he*- the /pelling of a /ele*te)
,or)5
Find H Re%"ae ()
0o lo*ate a ,or) or phra/e in a Cor) )o*ument, u/e ?)itE'in)5 ?nter the ,or) or phra/e
into the 'in) ,hat@ fiel) an) /ele*t 'in) Ne7t5
0o repla*e a ,or) or phra/e, /ele*t the Repla*e ta( an) enter the te7t to (e foun) an) the
te7t to (e repla*e)5 $ele*t Repla*e for one in/tan*e at a time or Repla*e %ll to *hange all
at on*e5
- << -
:here to Searh ()
'in) an) 'in) an) Repla*e *an (e applie) to an entire )o*ument or to +u/t a portion of it5
0hat *hoi*e i/ ma)e from the $ear*h )rop-)o,n menu, ,hi*h i/ 4ie,e) on the left /i)e
of the )ialog (o7 a(out half ,ay )o,n5 #f thi/ option i/ not /ho,n, *li*- the 8ore (utton
to )i/play the (ottom half of the )ialog ,ith more option/5
Searh Diretion #f thi/ feature i/ not 4i/i(le, *li*- the 8ore (utton on the 'in) X
Repla*e )ialog (o7 to ma-e the option/ 4i/i(le5
Other Features 3e !ust 5no3 ()
'ollo,ing are /e4eral feature/ you might u/e ,hen ,or-ing in Cor)5 0hey are
/ummari=e) here, (ut the )etail/ follo, un)er their o,n topi* hea)ing/5
- < -
Loo5in# For a Better :ord @-
#f youGre /ear*hing for +u/t the right ,or), Cor) *ome/ ,ith a the/auru/ that ,ill let you
*hoo/e from a 4ariety of /ynonym/5
Ta*"es @-
0a(le/ are ro,/ an) *olumn/ of )ata that ha4e their o,n (or)er/, *olor/ an) intere/ting
effe*t/ for )re//ing up your )o*ument/5 'or )etail/, /ee 8$C 0a(le/5
- <! -
Pre'ie3 Mode @-
0he print pre4ie, mo)e let/ you /ee ho, your te7t flo,/ o4er multiple page/ ,ithout
,a/ting paper to fin) out5
- <8 -
Headers and Footers @-
"ea)er/ an) footer/ are (lo*-/ of te7t that appear at the top an) (ottom of e4ery page5
0hey u/ually *ontain information /u*h a/ page num(er/, title, )ate an) /o on55
- <9 -
Insertin# +ra%his @-
Iou *an pla*e a 4ariety of graphi* image/ into a Cor) )o*ument, an) they *an (e re/i=e)
right on the page5
Autosha%es()
- 0 -
MS :ORD B--- MAIL MER+IN+ MADE EASG ()
8ail merge pro4i)e/ a ,ay to *reate *u/tom )o*ument/ for ma// mailing/5 8erge in it/
/impli*ity *om(ine/ a main )o*ument ,ith a )ata /our*e5 'or e7ample, you may ,ant to
/en) a letter ,ith the /ame (a/i* information to /e4eral in)i4i)ual/5 #n thi/ *a/e, you
*reate a (a/i* form fileTa letter5 #n Cor), thi/ (a/i* form i/ *alle) the main )o*ument5
0he part/ of the form, ,hi*h are )ifferent, are *alle) fiel)/5 :a(el/ an) en4elope/ are
other e7ample/ of form file/5
0he *omplementary file i/ a )ata /our*e file, ,hi*h *ontain/ fiel) information to in/ert
into the form5 0he )ata /our*e i/ u/ually a mailing or a))re// li/t of name/Ta )ata(a/e5
% )ata /our*e *an (e merge) ,ith /e4eral )ifferent main )o*ument/ to pro)u*e letter/,
mailing la(el/, an) en4elope/5
0he main )o*ument an) the )ata /our*e *an al,ay/ (e mo)ifie) an) ea/ily merge) again
if mi/ta-e/ o**urH other,i/e, ea*h in)i4i)ual )o*ument ,oul) ha4e to (e in)i4i)ually
e)ite), (not unli-e the )ay/ ,hen ea*h letter ha) to (e type) in)i4i)ually)5
0he 8ail 8erge "elper pro4i)e/ /tep-(y-/tep pro*e)ure/ for *reating a merge)
)o*ument5
Ste%s ()
1. CREATE DATA S!RCE "#$E :-
., Open a ne, )o*ument ,in)o, if ne*e//ary5
B, Choo/e Too"s I Mai" Mer#eJ from the 8ain menu (ar5
K, Cli*- the LCreateM (utton on the Mai" Mer#e He"%er )ialog (o75
N, $ele*t the type of )o*ument you ,ant to *reate from the follo,ing@ 'orm
:etter/Y, 8ailing :a(el/Y, ?n4elope/555, CatalogY, *hoo/e@ For! LettersJ
D, Choo/e the LAti'e :indo3M (utton in/tea) of the MNe, 8ain Do*umentN (utton
to *reate the form letter in the *urrent letter5
0ip@ Iou ,ill not *reate the form no,5 0he )ata /our*e ,ill (e *reate) fir/t5
1, Cli*- the L+et DataM (utton an) *hoo/e LCreate Data SoureJM5 % Create Data
$our*e )ialog (o7 appear/5
- 1 -
2, $ele*t the fiel)/ for the )ata /our*e (y )eleting the fiel)/ you )o not ,ant5 %fter
the fiel)/ ha4e (een *ho/en, *li*- LO<M5
- 2 -
/, 0hi/ )ialog (o7 *ontain/ the fiel)/ mo/t fre>uently u/e) to /et up a )ata /our*e5
0he fiel)/ not u/e) are )elete)5 'iel)/ not )i/playe) *an (e a))e)5 0he po/ition of
the fiel)/ *an (e rearrange) ,ith the Mo'e (utton5
0, Iou ,ill ha4e to type in a uni>ue fiel) name *alle) OrderNu!, an) then *hoo/e
the Add Fie"d Na!e (utton5 Or)erNum ,ill (e a))e) to your li/t of fiel)/5
.-, ?nter the name of the )ata /our*e file5 #t i/ a goo) i)ea to intro)u*e /ome
referen*e to a )ata /our*e in your file name5 'or e7ample, FORM)DS,DOC5
.., %fter the )ata /our*e ha/ (een /a4e), *hoo/e the M?)it Data $our*eN (utton in the
8i*ro/oft Cor) (o7, ,hi*h appear/5
.B, 'ill in the )ata for ea*h re*or) in the Data 'orm5 D/e the LTa*M -ey to mo4e from
one fiel) to the ne7t5 9re// LEnterM or *hoo/e LAdd Ne3M to mo4e to the ne7t
re*or) to a)) ne, )ata5
.K, Choo/e LO<M ,hen all re*or)/ ha4e (een a))e)5 Note that re*or)/ )i/play a
num(er in the lo,er left *orner of the /*reen5 0o 4ie, the re*or)/, *hoo/e the
?ie3 Soure (utton5 %ll )ata /our*e information )i/play/ a/ a ta(le5
.N, %fter entering the re*or)/, /a4e the file a/ FORM)DS,DOC5
0he 'orm youGll (e u/ing i/ repro)u*e) (elo,5 0here are t,o ,ay/ to enter )ata re*or)/
into your Data*ase5 One i/ ,ith the For! (elo, or the Ta*"e that i/ pro)u*e) from thi/
'orm5 #t i/ *ompletely at your )i/*retion a/ to the format you *hoo/e to enter )ata5 'or an
employee not *ompletely *omforta(le ,ith 8i*ro/oft CORD 2000 0a(le/, perhap/ the
form ,oul) (e the (e/t metho) for them5 0he Ta*"e i/ /ho,n (elo, the 'orm5
- 6 -
0hi/ i/ the Data*ase Too"*ar that appear/ ,hen you are in the 0a(le 4ie,ing mo)e5
?a*h o"u!n hea)ing i/ a Mer#e Fie"dH ea*h ro3 i/ a uni>ue Reord5
Tit"e FirstNa!e LastNa!e Address. AddressB Cit$ State Posta"Code OrderNu!
8r5 Ro(ert Woo-en
8;62
Aran)
?lm &l4)5

Citru/
"eight/
C% 9<10 %% 126;
8r5 Cilliam &atey
<2;0
$o(ey
Cir*le
95O5&o7
62;8
Orange4ale C% 9<2 %& 1002
8/5 Ju)y ?l/ten/on
6180
Coo)la-e
"ill/ R)5
'air Oa-/ C% 9<28 %C 226;
%fter *li*-ing LO<M on the la/t re*or) entere) for the )ata /our*e file, you ,ill /ee a
(lan- /*reen ,ith the mail merge tool(ar rea)y for a*tion5 Choo/e the LInsert Fie"dsM
(utton to )i/play all fiel)/ /et up in the )ata /our*e file5 Or, *hoo/e the Edit Data Soure
(utton on the Mai" Mer#e Too"*ar /ho,n a(o4e, itG/ the la/t (utton on the right /i)e5
- ; -
B, CREATE THE FORM LETTER()
#n/ert the Date then lea4e three (6) (lan- line/ (pre// the M?nterN -ey ; time/) (et,een the
)ate an) the fiel) *o)e/, ,hi*h repre/ent the letter a))re//, et*5 Note@ $et up the
)o*ument format/ for the form a/ u/ual5 'or e7ample, a)+u/t top, left an) right
margin/5
Choo/e the M#n/ert 'iel)N (utton an) /ele*t the fiel)/, a/ you nee) them in your form5
(0he 2fiel)/3 in the e7er*i/e are /urroun)e) (y )ou(le angle (ra*-et/ UU QQ5 0he/e
*ome automati*ally, )o not try to type them that ,ay5)
Chen you ha4e in/erte) the fiel)/ an) type) the te7t for the form, /a4e the file5 #n*lu)e
an 28D3 in the file name to help you i)entify it a/ a 2main )o*ument53 $a4e the
pra*ti*e file a/ 'OR8:?00?R-8D5DOC
D/e the information )i/playe) (elo, to enter a/ your 2main )o*ument53
Date (#n/ert Date an) 0imeY from the #n/ert menuH *hoo/e option 6H Dp)ate
automati*ally)
M?nterN -ey ; 7 (Note@ #n*lu)e a /pa*e (et,een ea*h merge fiel) for normal /pa*ing5)
UU0itleQQ UU'ir/tNameQQ UU:a/tNameQQ
UU%))re//1QQ
UU%))re//2QQ
UUCityQQ, UU$tateQQ UU9o/talCo)eQQ
M?nterN -ey 2 7
Dear UU0itleQQ UU:a/tNameQQ@
M?nterN -ey 2 7
0hi/ letter i/ to *onfirm re*eipt of your generou/ or)er from the 'ol/om 8ar-et
Ci)get ?7perien*e5 Ce are pro*e//ing your or)er to)ay an) you /houl) e7pe*t
)eli4ery in three (6) )ay/5
M?nterN -ey 2 7
UU0itleQQ UU:a/tNameQQ, ,oul) you plea/e refer to thi/ or)er num(er
UUOr)erNumQQ, ,hen *alling or *orre/pon)ing a(out your pur*ha/e5
M?nterN -ey 2 7
9lea/e a**ept our /in*ere than-/ for (eing a(le to /er4e you5
M?nterN -ey 2 7
$in*erely,
M?nterN ; -ey 7
8ary %5 Cil)t
Or)ering X $hipping Department
'ol/om 8ar-et Ci)get ?7perien*e
- < -
K,MER+E THE DOCUMENT()
Choo/e the M8ail 8ergeN (utton (6r) (utton from the right) on the mail merge tool(ar,
8erge to Ne, Do*ument, to perform the merge5 9lea/e note that the option (utton
ne7t to 2Don1t print (lan-/ line/ ,hen fiel)/ are empty3 i/ to (e *ho/en5 0hi/
mean/ that if information i/ (lan- in one re*or) the (lan- line ,ill not (e e4i)ent
,hen )ata for that re*or) i/ printe)5 (#n the/e e7er*i/e/, the /e*on) a))re//
UU%))re//2QQ may (e (lan- in /ome of the merge/ /in*e not all ,ill ha4e a 95 O5
&o7 num(er)5 0he Che*- ?rror/Y an) Luery Option/Y *an (e /et, (ut thatG/ for a
more a)4an*e) loo- at 8ail 8erging an) not in*lu)e) in thi/ (a/i* tutorial5
N,EDIT THE MER+ED DOCUMENT ()
Choo/e the M?)it Data $our*eN (utton (fir/t (utton on the right /i)e of the mail merge
tool(ar) to a)) more re*or)/5
%)) the follo,ing information to the Data 'orm@
8r/5 UU0itleQQ
Oim UU'ir/tNameQQ
Cilliam/ UU:a/tNameQQ
<!8 &lue Ra4ine Dri4e UU%))re//1QQ
95 O5 &o7 6299 UU%))re//2QQ
'ol/om UUCityQQ
C% UU$tateQQ
9<60 UU9o/talCo)eQQ
%% 12<0 UUOr)erNumQQ
9erform the merge again (y *hoo/ing the <th (utton from the rightT8erge to a Ne,
Do*ument5
Che*- the )o*ument for a**ura*y5
- -
D,CREATE A LABELS MAIN DOCUMENT ()
Choo/e the 8ail 8erge "elper (utton on the 8ail 8erge tool(ar (or *hoo/e 0ool/ Z 8ail
8erge)5
Cli*- Create an) *hoo/e 8ailing :a(el/H then *li*- Ne, 8ain Do*ument5
Cli*- Aet Data an) then *li*- Open Data $our*e (u/e the )ata /our*e file pre4iou/ly
*reate)T'OR8-D$5DOC)5
- ! -
Cli*- $et Dp 8ain Do*ument5 0he :a(el Option/ )ialog (o7 appear/ (/ho,n (elo,),
)i/playing the /to*- num(er of /e4eral popular la(el /i=e/ of ,ell--no,n ma-er/ of
la(el/ (%4ery)5 Iou nee) to *hoo/e or 4erify (1) printer typeH (2) (ran) name or
la(el pro)u*t/H (6) pro)u*t num(er for the la(el/ - note la(el information )e/*ri(ing
type, height, ,i)th, an) paper /i=e5 Choo/e the Detail/ *omman) (utton to /ee
a))itional /i=e information a(out the la(el5
Choo/e MOON to /ele*t the la(el5 0he la(el i/ no, a main )o*ument,
On the /*reen )i/playing the la(el /heet, *li*- on #n/ert 8erge 'iel) an) *hoo/e the
follo,ing@
- 8 -
UU0itleQQ UU'ir/tNameQQ UU:a/tNameQQ
UU%))re//1QQ
UU%))re//2QQ
UUCityQQ, UU$tateQQ UU9o/talCo)eQQ
To merge la7el form 2ith *ata source8
Cli*- on the M8erge to Ne, Do*umentN (utton on the 8ail 8erge tool(ar5 0he merge)
la(el form appear/5 #f the te7t i/ too /mall, *hoo/e MC0R:NKM%N or ?)it Z $ele*t %ll
to *hange to a larger point /i=e5 (IouGll /ee a page of la(el/ /u*h a/ the/e /ho,n
(elo,5 Chen merge) to your )ata(a/e, ea*h la(el ,ill refle*t the )ata(a/e *ho/en
an) ,ill (e rea)y for /ti*-ing an) mailing5)
$in*e merge) )o*ument/ re>uire more than one file (/ee Cin)o, on the 8enu &ar to
)i/play )o*ument/ in u/e), you *an *lo/e all file/ (y )epre//ing the M$hiftN -ey
,hile *li*-ing on 'ile on the 8enu &ar5 Choo/e Clo/e %ll5 Chen you *hoo/e Clo/e
%ll you are prompte) to /a4e *hange/ to any open )o*ument/ an) to gi4e name/ to
any unname) )o*ument/ (efore Cor) *lo/e/ the file/5
#f you plan on u/ing the/e la(el/ on a regular (a/i/, /a4e ea*h ,ith a uni>ue name an)
youGll (e a(le to print them ,ithout u/ing 8ail 8erge5 %n), you thought thi/ ,a/
har)P
:hat is a Maro()
% ma*ro i/ a tool that allo,/ you to automate ta/-/ an) a)) fun*tionality to your form/,
report/, an) *ontrol/5 'or e7ample, if you a)) a *omman) (utton to a form, you a//o*iate
the (uttonG/ OnCli*- e4ent to a ma*ro, an) the ma*ro *ontain/ the *omman)/ that you
,ant the (utton to perform ea*h time it i/ *li*-e)5
#n %**e//, it i/ helpful to thin- of ma*ro/ a/ a /implifie) programming language that you
,rite (y (uil)ing a li/t of a*tion/ to perform5 Chen you (uil) a ma*ro, you /ele*t ea*h
a*tion from a )rop-)o,n li/t an) then fill in the re>uire) information for ea*h a*tion5
8a*ro/ ena(le you to a)) fun*tionality to form/, report/, an) *ontrol/ ,ithout ,riting
*o)e in a Ji/ual &a/i* for %ppli*ation/ (J&%) (Ji/ual &a/i* for %ppli*ation/ (J&%)@ %
- 9 -
ma*ro-language 4er/ion of 8i*ro/oft Ji/ual &a/i* that i/ u/e) to program 8i*ro/oft
Cin)o,/-(a/e) appli*ation/ an) i/ in*lu)e) ,ith /e4eral 8i*ro/oft program/5) mo)ule5
8a*ro/ pro4i)e a /u(/et of the *omman)/ that are a4aila(le in J&%, an) mo/t people
fin) it ea/ier to (uil) a ma*ro than to ,rite J&% *o)e5
'or e7ample, /uppo/e that you ,ant to /tart a report )ire*tly from one of your )ata entry
form/5 Iou *an a)) a (utton to your form an) then *reate a ma*ro that /tart/ the report5
0he ma*ro *an either (e a /tan)alone ma*ro (a /eparate o(+e*t in the )ata(a/e), ,hi*h i/
then (oun) to the OnCli*- e4ent of the (utton, or the ma*ro *an (e em(e))e) )ire*tly
into the OnCli*- e4ent of the (utton it/elf T a ne, feature in Offi*e %**e// 200!5 ?ither
,ay, ,hen you *li*- the (utton, the ma*ro run/ an) /tart/ the report5
Iou *reate a ma*ro (y u/ing the 8a*ro &uil)er, ,hi*h i/ /ho,n in the follo,ing
illu/tration5
To dis%"a$ the !aro *ui"der()
On the Create ta(, in the Other group, *li*- 8a*ro5 #f thi/ *omman) i/
una4aila(le, *li*- the arro, (eneath either the 8o)ule or the Cla// 8o)ule
(utton, an) then *li*- 8a*ro5
Understand !aros ()
0he term ma*ro i/ often u/e) to refer to /tan)alone ma*ro o(+e*t/ (that i/, the o(+e*t/ that
you /ee un)er 8a*ro/ in the Na4igation 9ane), (ut in reality, one ma*ro o(+e*t *an
*ontain multiple ma*ro/5 #n that *a/e, it i/ referre) to a/ a macro group5 % ma*ro group i/
)i/playe) in the Na4igation 9ane a/ a /ingle ma*ro o(+e*t, (ut a ma*ro group a*tually
*ontain/ more than one ma*ro5 Of *our/e, it i/ po//i(le to *reate ea*h ma*ro in a /eparate
ma*ro o(+e*t, (ut often it ma-e/ /en/e to group /e4eral relate) ma*ro/ into a /ingle ma*ro
o(+e*t5 0he name in the 8a*ro Name *olumn i)entifie/ ea*h ma*ro5
% ma*ro *on/i/t/ of in)i4i)ual ma*ro a*tion/5 8o/t a*tion/ re>uire one or more
argument/5 #n a))ition, you *an a//ign name/ to ea*h ma*ro in a ma*ro group, an) you
*an a)) *on)ition/ to *ontrol ho, ea*h a*tion i/ run5 0he follo,ing /e*tion/ )i/*u// ea*h
of the/e feature/ in more )etail5
Maro na!es ()
#f your ma*ro o(+e*t *ontain/ only one ma*ro, ma*ro name/ are unne*e//ary5 Iou *an
+u/t refer to the ma*ro (y the name of the ma*ro o(+e*t5 "o,e4er, in the *a/e of a ma*ro
group, you mu/t a//ign a uni>ue name to ea*h ma*ro5 #f the 8a*ro Name *olumn i/ not
4i/i(le in the 8a*ro &uil)er, *li*- 8a*ro Name/ in the $ho,E"i)e group on the
De/ign ta(5 8ore information a(out running ma*ro/ in ma*ro group/ appear/ later in thi/
arti*le5
- !0 -
Ar#u!ents ()
%n argument i/ a 4alue that pro4i)e/ information to the a*tion, /u*h a/ ,hat /tring to
)i/play in a me//age (o7, ,hi*h *ontrol to operate on, an) /o on5 $ome argument/ are
re>uire), an) /ome other/ are optional5 %rgument/ are 4i/i(le in the %*tion %rgument/
pane at the (ottom of the 8a*ro &uil)er5
Conditions ()
% *on)ition /pe*ifie/ *ertain *riteria that mu/t (e met (efore an a*tion ,ill (e performe)5
Iou *an u/e any e7pre//ion (e7pre//ion@ %ny *om(ination of mathemati*al or logi*al
operator/, *on/tant/, fun*tion/, an) name/ of fiel)/, *ontrol/, an) propertie/ that
e4aluate/ to a /ingle 4alue5 ?7pre//ion/ *an perform *al*ulation/, manipulate *hara*ter/,
or te/t )ata5) that e4aluate/ to 0rueE'al/e or Ie/ENo5 0he a*tion ,ill not (e e7e*ute) if the
e7pre//ion e4aluate/ to 'al/e, No, or 0 (=ero)5 #f the e7pre//ion e4aluate/ to any other
4alue, the a*tion ,ill (e run5
Iou *an ha4e one *on)ition *ontrol more than one a*tion (y typing an ellip/i/ (555) in the
Con)ition *olumn for ea*h /u(/e>uent a*tion that you ,ant the *on)ition to apply to5 #f
the e7pre//ion e4aluate/ to 'al/e, No, or 0 (=ero), none of the a*tion/ are performe)5 #f
the *on)ition e4aluate/ to any other 4alue, all of the a*tion/ are performe)5
0o )i/play the Con)ition/ *olumn in the 8a*ro &uil)er, on the De/ign ta(, in the
$ho,E"i)e group, *li*- Con)ition/ 5
D/e thi/ e7pre//ion to *arry out the a*tion #f@
MCityNSB9ari/B
9ari/ i/ the City 4alue in the fiel) on the
form from ,hi*h the ma*ro ,a/ run5
DCount(BMOr)er#DNB, BOr)er/B)Q6<
0here are more than 6< entrie/ in the
Or)er#D fiel) of the Or)er/ ta(le5
DCount(B[B, BOr)er Detail/B,
BMOr)er#DNS'orm/PMOr)er/NPMOr)er#DNB)Q6
0here are more than 6 entrie/ in the Or)er
Detail/ ta(le for ,hi*h the Or)er#D fiel)
of the ta(le mat*he/ the Or)er#D fiel) on
the Or)er/ form5
M$hippe)DateN &et,een \2-'e(-200\ %n)
\2-8ar-200\
0he 4alue of the $hippe)Date fiel) on the
form from ,hi*h the ma*ro i/ run i/ no
earlier than 2-'e(-200 an) no later than
2-8ar-2005
'orm/PM9ro)u*t/NPMDnit/#n$to*-NU<
0he 4alue of the Dnit/#n$to*- fiel) on the
9ro)u*t/ form i/ le// than <5
#/Null(M'ir/tNameN) 0he 'ir/tName 4alue on the form from
,hi*h the ma*ro i/ run i/ null (Null@ %
4alue you *an enter in a fiel) or u/e in
e7pre//ion/ or >uerie/ to in)i*ate mi//ing
or un-no,n )ata5 #n Ji/ual &a/i*, the Null
- !1 -
-ey,or) in)i*ate/ a Null 4alue5 $ome
fiel)/, /u*h a/ primary -ey fiel)/, *anGt
*ontain Null5) (ha/ no 4alue)5 0hi/
e7pre//ion i/ e>ui4alent to M'ir/tNameN #/
Null5
MCountryERegionNSBDOB %n) 'orm/P
M$ale/0otal/NPM0otalOr)/NQ100
0he 4alue in the CountryEregion fiel) on
the form from ,hi*h the ma*ro i/ run i/
DO, an) the 4alue of the 0otalOr)/ fiel)
on the $ale/0otal/ form i/ greater than
1005
MCountryEregionN #n (B'ran*eB, B#talyB,
B$painB) %n) :en(M9o/talCo)eN)UQ<
0he 4alue in the CountryEregion fiel) on
the form from ,hi*h the ma*ro i/ run i/
'ran*e, #taly, or $pain, an) the po/tal *o)e
i/ not < *hara*ter/ long5
8/g&o7(BConfirm *hange/]B,1)S1
Iou *li*- OO in a )ialog (o7 in ,hi*h the
8/g&o7 fun*tion )i/play/ BConfirm
*hange/]B5 #f you *li*- Can*el in the
)ialog (o7, %**e// ignore/ the a*tion5
M0empJar/NPM8/g&o7Re/ultNS2
0he temporary 4aria(le that i/ u/e) to
/tore the re/ult of a me//age (o7 i/
*ompare) to 2 (4(Can*elS2)5
0ip 0o *au/e %**e// to temporarily /-ip an a*tion, enter 'al/e a/ a *on)ition5
0emporarily /-ipping an a*tion *an (e helpful ,hen you are trou(le/hooting a ma*ro5
Maro ations ()
%*tion/ are the (a/i* (uil)ing (lo*-/ of ma*ro/5 %**e// pro4i)e/ a large num(er of
a*tion/ from ,hi*h to *hoo/e, ena(ling a ,i)e 4ariety of *omman)/5 'or e7ample, /ome
of the more *ommonly u/e) a*tion/ *an open a report, fin) a re*or), )i/play a me//age
(o7, or apply a filter to a form or report5
Ne3 !aro features in Offie Aess B--2 ()
#n earlier 4er/ion/ of %**e//, many *ommonly u/e) fun*tion/ *oul) not (e performe)
,ithout ,riting J&% *o)e5 #n Offi*e %**e// 200!, ne, feature/ an) ma*ro a*tion/ ha4e
(een a))e) to help eliminate the nee) for *o)e5 0hi/ ma-e/ it ea/ier to a)) fun*tionality
to your )ata(a/e an) help/ ma-e it more /e*ure5
?m(e))e) ma*ro/ Iou no, ha4e the a(ility to em(e) ma*ro/ in any of the
e4ent/ pro4i)e) (y a form, report, or *ontrol5 %n em(e))e) ma*ro i/ not 4i/i(le in
the Na4igation 9aneH it (e*ome/ part of the form, report, or *ontrol in ,hi*h it
,a/ *reate)5 #f you *reate a *opy of a form, report, or *ontrol that *ontain/
em(e))e) ma*ro/, the ma*ro/ are al/o pre/ent in the *opy5
#n*rea/e) /e*urity Chen the $ho, %ll %*tion/ (utton i/ not highlighte) in the
8a*ro &uil)er, the only ma*ro a*tion/ an) RunComman) argument/ that are
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a4aila(le for u/e are tho/e that )o not re>uire tru/te) /tatu/ to run5 % ma*ro (uilt
,ith the/e a*tion/ ,ill run e4en ,hen the )ata(a/e i/ in )i/a(le) mo)e (,hen
J&% i/ pre4ente) from running)5 Data(a/e/ that *ontain ma*ro a*tion/ that are
not on the tru/te) li/t Tor )ata(a/e/ that ha4e J&% *o)e T nee) to (e e7pli*itly
grante) tru/te) /tatu/5
?rror han)ling an) )e(ugging Offi*e %**e// 200! pro4i)e/ ne, ma*ro a*tion/,
in*lu)ing On?rror (/imilar to the BOn ?rrorB /tatement in J&%) an)
Clear8a*ro?rror, that allo, you to perform /pe*ifi* a*tion/ ,hen error/ o**ur
,hile your ma*ro i/ running5 #n a))ition, the ne, $ingle$tep ma*ro a*tion allo,/
you to enter /ingle-/tep mo)e at any point in your ma*ro, /o that you *an o(/er4e
ho, your ma*ro ,or-/ one a*tion at a time5
0emporary 4aria(le/ three ne, ma*ro a*tion/ ($et0empJar, Remo4e0empJar,
an) Remo4e%ll0empJar/) allo, you to *reate an) u/e temporary 4aria(le/ in
your ma*ro/5 Iou *an u/e the/e in *on)itional e7pre//ion/ to *ontrol running
ma*ro/, or to pa// )ata to an) from report/ or form/, or for any other purpo/e that
re>uire/ a temporary /torage pla*e for a 4alue5 0he/e temporary 4aria(le/ are al/o
a**e//i(le in J&%, /o you *an al/o u/e them to *ommuni*ate )ata to an) from
J&% mo)ule/5
Create a !aro()
#n Offi*e %**e// 200!, a ma*ro or ma*ro group *an (e *ontaine) in a ma*ro o(+e*t
(/ometime/ *alle) a /tan)alone ma*ro), or a ma*ro *an (e em(e))e) into any e4ent
property of a form, report, or *ontrol5 ?m(e))e) ma*ro/ (e*ome part of the o(+e*t or
*ontrol in ,hi*h they are em(e))e)5 $tan)alone ma*ro/ are 4i/i(le in the Na4igation
9ane, un)er 8a*ro/H em(e))e) ma*ro/ are not5
8a*ro &uil)er feature/
Create a /tan)alone ma*ro
Create a ma*ro group
Create an em(e))e) ma*ro
?7ample@ ?m(e))ing a ma*ro in the On No Data e4ent of a report
?)it a ma*ro
:earn more a(out ma*ro a*tion/
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Maro Bui"der features ()
Iou u/e the 8a*ro &uil)er to *reate an) mo)ify ma*ro/5 0o open the 8a*ro &uil)er@
On the Create ta(, in the other group, *li*- 8a*ro5 #f thi/ *omman) i/
una4aila(le, *li*- the arro, (eneath either the 8o)ule or the Cla// 8o)ule
(utton, an) then *li*- 8a*ro5
%**e// )i/play/ the 8a*ro &uil)er5
Iou u/e the 8a*ro &uil)er to (uil) the li/t of a*tion/ that you ,ant to *arry out ,hen the
ma*ro run/5 Chen you fir/t open the 8a*ro &uil)er, the %*tion *olumn, the %rgument/
*olumn, an) the Comment *olumn are )i/playe)5
Dn)er %*tion %rgument/, you enter an) e)it argument/ for ea*h ma*ro a*tion, if any are
re>uire)5 % )e/*ription (o7 that gi4e/ you a /hort )e/*ription of ea*h a*tion or argument
i/ )i/playe)5 Cli*- an a*tion or a*tion argument to rea) it/ )e/*ription in the (o75
0he follo,ing ta(le /ho,/ the *omman)/ that are a4aila(le on the De/ign ta( of the
8a*ro &uil)er5
Aroup Comman) De/*ription
0ool/ Run 9erform/ the a*tion/ li/te) in the ma*ro5
$ingle $tep
?na(le/ /ingle-/tep mo)e5 Chen you run the ma*ro in thi/
mo)e, ea*h a*tion i/ performe) one at a time5 %fter ea*h a*tion
i/ *omplete, the 8a*ro $ingle $tep )ialog (o7 i/ )i/playe)5
Cli*- $tep in the )ialog (o7 to a)4an*e to the ne7t a*tion5
Cli*- $top %ll 8a*ro/ to /top thi/ an) any other running
ma*ro/5 Cli*- Continue to e7it /ingle-/tep mo)e an) to
perform the remaining a*tion/ ,ithout /topping5
&uil)er
Chen you enter an a*tion argument that *an *ontain an
e7pre//ion, thi/ (utton i/ ena(le)5 Cli*- &uil)er to open the
?7pre//ion &uil)er )ialog (o7, ,hi*h you *an u/e to (uil) the
e7pre//ion5
Ro,/ #n/ert Ro,/
#n/ert/ one or more (lan- a*tion ro,/ a(o4e the /ele*te) ro,
or ro,/5
Delete
Ro,/
Delete/ the /ele*te) a*tion ro, or ro,/5
$ho,E"i)e $ho, %ll Di/play/ more or fe,er ma*ro a*tion/ in the %*tion )rop-
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%*tion/
)o,n li/t5
0o )i/play a longer li/t of ma*ro a*tion/, *li*- $ho,
%ll %*tion/5 Chen the longer li/t of ma*ro a*tion/ i/
a4aila(le, the $ho, %ll %*tion/ (utton appear/
/ele*te)5 #f you /ele*t a ma*ro a*tion from thi/ longer
li/t of ma*ro a*tion/, then you may nee) to grant the
)ata(a/e e7pli*it tru/t /tatu/ (efore you *an run the
a*tion5
0o /,it*h from a longer li/t of ma*ro a*tion/ to a
/horter li/t that )i/play/ only tho/e ma*ro a*tion/ that
*an (e u/e) in a )ata(a/e that ha/ not (een tru/te),
ma-e /ure that the $ho, %ll %*tion/ (utton i/ not
/ele*te)5
0ip #f the $ho, %ll %*tion/ (utton i/ /ele*te), *li*-
the $ho, %ll %*tion/ (utton to *lear the /ele*tion5
Chen the $ho, %ll %*tion/ (utton i/ not /ele*te), the
/horter li/t of tru/te) ma*ro a*tion/ i/ a4aila(le5
8a*ro
Name/
$ho,/ or hi)e/ the 8a*ro Name *olumn5 8a*ro name/ are
re>uire) in ma*ro group/ to )i/tingui/h the in)i4i)ual ma*ro/
from ea*h other, (ut other,i/e ma*ro name/ are optional5 'or
more information, /ee the /e*tion Create a ma*ro group, later
in thi/ arti*le5
Con)ition/
$ho,/ or hi)e/ the Con)ition *olumn5 Iou u/e thi/ *olumn to
enter e7pre//ion/ that *ontrol ,hen an a*tion i/ performe)5
%rgument/
$ho,/ or hi)e/ the %rgument/ *olumn5 0hi/ *olumn )i/play/
the argument/ for ea*h ma*ro a*tion an) ma-e/ it ea/ier to
rea) through your ma*ro5 #f the %rgument/ *olumn i/ not
)i/playe), you ha4e to *li*- ea*h a*tion an) rea) the
argument/ un)er %*tion %rgument/5 Iou *annot enter
argument/ in the %rgument/ *olumn5
Create a standa"one !aro()
15 On the Create ta(, in the Other group, *li*- 8a*ro5 #f thi/ *omman) i/
una4aila(le, *li*- the arro, (eneath either the 8o)ule or the Cla// 8o)ule
(utton, an) then *li*- 8a*ro5
0he 8a*ro &uil)er i/ )i/playe)5
25 %)) an a*tion to the ma*ro@
o #n the 8a*ro &uil)er, *li*- the fir/t empty *ell in the %*tion *olumn5
o 0ype the a*tion that you ,ant to u/e, or *li*- the arro, to )i/play the
a*tion li/t (a*tion li/t@ 0he li/t that appear/ ,hen you *li*- the arro, in the
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%*tion *olumn of the 8a*ro ,in)o,5), an) then /ele*t the a*tion that you
,ant to u/e5
o Dn)er %*tion %rgument/, /pe*ify argument/ for the a*tion, if any are
re>uire)5 0o /ee a /hort )e/*ription of ea*h argument, *li*- in the
argument (o7, an) then rea) the )e/*ription on the right /i)e of the
argument5
Create a !aro #rou%
#f you ,ant to group /e4eral relate) ma*ro/ in one ma*ro o(+e*t, you *an *reate a ma*ro
group5
15 On the Create ta(, in the Other group, *li*- 8a*ro5 #f thi/ *omman) i/
una4aila(le, *li*- the arro, (eneath either the 8o)ule or the Cla// 8o)ule
(utton, an) then *li*- 8a*ro5
0he 8a*ro &uil)er i/ )i/playe)5
25 On the De/ign ta(, in the $ho,E"i)e group, *li*- 8a*ro Name/ if it i/nGt
alrea)y /ele*te)5 0he 8a*ro Name *olumn i/ )i/playe) in the 8a*ro &uil)er5
Note #n ma*ro group/, ma*ro name/ are ne*e//ary to i)entify the in)i4i)ual
ma*ro/5 0he ma*ro name appear/ on the /ame line a/ the ma*roG/ fir/t a*tion5 0he
ma*ro name *olumn i/ left (lan- for any /u(/e>uent a*tion/ in the ma*ro5 0he
ma*ro en)/ at the ne7t entry in the ma*ro name *olumn5
65 #n the 8a*ro Name *olumn, type a name for the fir/t ma*ro in the ma*ro group5
;5 %)) the a*tion/ that you ,ant the fir/t ma*ro to *arry out@
o #n the %*tion *olumn, *li*- the arro, to )i/play the a*tion li/t5
o Cli*- the a*tion that you ,ant to a))5
o Dn)er %*tion %rgument/, /pe*ify argument/ for the a*tion, if any are
re>uire)5 0o /ee a /hort )e/*ription of ea*h argument, *li*- in the
argument (o7, an) then rea) the )e/*ription on the right /i)e of the
argument5
<5 8o4e to the 8a*ro Name *olumn of the ne7t empty ro,, an) then type a name
for the ne7t ma*ro in the ma*ro group5
5 %)) the a*tion/ that you ,ant the ma*ro to *arry out5
!5 Repeat /tep/ < an) for ea*h ma*ro in the group5
Create an e!*edded !aro ()
?m(e))e) ma*ro/ )iffer from /tan)-alone ma*ro/ in that em(e))e) ma*ro/ are /tore) in
the e4ent propertie/ of form/, report/, or *ontrol/5 0hey are not )i/playe) a/ o(+e*t/ un)er
8a*ro/ in the Na4igation 9ane5 0hi/ *an ma-e your )ata(a/e ea/ier to manage, (e*au/e
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you )onGt ha4e to -eep tra*- of /eparate ma*ro o(+e*t/ that *ontain ma*ro/ for a form or a
report5 D/e the follo,ing pro*e)ure to *reate an em(e))e) ma*ro5
15 Open the form or report that ,ill *ontain the ma*ro in De/ign 4ie, or :ayout
4ie,5 0o open a form or report, right-*li*- it in the Na4igation 9ane, an) then
*li*- De/ign Jie, or :ayout Jie, 5
25 #f the property /heet i/ not alrea)y )i/playe), pre// '; to )i/play it5
65 Cli*- the *ontrol or /e*tion that *ontain/ the e4ent property in ,hi*h you ,ant to
em(e) the ma*ro5
0o /ele*t the entire form or report, *li*- Report in the )rop-)o,n li/t at the top of
the property /heet5
;5 #n the property /heet, *li*- the ?4ent ta(5
<5 Cli*- the e4ent property in ,hi*h you ,ant to em(e) the ma*ro, an) then *li*-
ne7t to the (o75
5 #n the Choo/e &uil)er )ialog (o7, *li*- 8a*ro &uil)er, an) then *li*- OO5
!5 #n the 8a*ro &uil)er, *li*- in the fir/t ro, of the %*tion *olumn5
85 #n the %*tion )rop-)o,n li/t, *li*- the a*tion you ,ant5
95 'ill in any re>uire) argument/ in the %*tion %rgument/ pane an) then mo4e to the
ne7t a*tion ro,5
105 Repeat /tep/ 8 an) 9 until your ma*ro i/ *omplete5
115 Cli*- $a4e, then *li*- Clo/e
0he ma*ro ,ill run ea*h time that the e4ent i/ triggere)5
%**e// allo,/ you to (uil) a ma*ro group a/ an em(e))e) ma*ro5 "o,e4er, only the fir/t
ma*ro in the group run/ ,hen the e4ent i/ triggere)5 $u(/e>uent ma*ro/ are ignore)
unle// they are *alle) from ,ithin the em(e))e) ma*ro it/elf (for e7ample, (y the
On?rror a*tion)5
?7ample@ ?m(e))ing a ma*ro in the On No Data e4ent of a report
Chen you run a report an) it/ )ata /our*e )oe/ not *ontain any re*or)/, the report
)i/play/ an empty page T that i/, a page that ha/ no )ata5 Iou may prefer to ha4e a
me//age (o7 )i/playe) in/tea), an) that the report not (e )i/playe) at all5 D/ing an
em(e))e) ma*ro i/ the i)eal /olution for thi/ /ituation5
15 Open the report in De/ign 4ie, or :ayout 4ie,5
25 #f the property /heet i/ not alrea)y )i/playe), pre// '; to )i/play it5
65 On the property /heet, *li*- the ?4ent ta(5
;5 Cli*- On No Data5
<5 Cli*-
5 #n the Choo/e &uil)er )ialog (o7, *li*- 8a*ro &uil)er, an) then *li*- OO5
!5 ?nter the a*tion/ an) argument/ from the follo,ing ta(le5
%*tion %rgument/
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8/g&o7 No Re*or)/ 'oun)5, Ie/, #nformation, No Data
Can*el?4ent Mno argument/N
85 Note that the pre*e)ing ta(le /ho,/ the argument/ a/ they are )i/playe) in the
%rgument/ *olumn5 0hey are a*tually entere) un)er %*tion %rgument/, a/
)etaile) in the follo,ing ta(le5
%*tion %rgument Jalue
8e//age No Re*or)/ 'oun)5
&eep Ie/
0ype #nformation
0itle No Data
95 Cli*- Clo/e5
0he 8a*ro &uil)er *lo/e/, an) the On No Data e4ent )i/play/ M?m(e))e)
8a*roN5
105 $a4e an) *lo/e the report5
0he ne7t time that you run the report an) no re*or)/ are foun), the me//age (o7 i/
)i/playe)5 Chen you *li*- OO in the me//age (o7, the report *an*el/ ,ithout )i/playing
the empty page
Edit a macro:-
0o in/ert an a*tion ro, Cli*- the ma*ro ro, a(o4e ,hi*h you ,ant to in/ert the
ne, a*tion, an) then on the De/ign ta(, in the Ro,/ group, *li*- #n/ert Ro,/ 5
0o )elete an a*tion ro, Cli*- the a*tion ro, you ,ant to )elete, an) then on the
De/ign ta(, in the Ro,/ group, *li*- Delete Ro,/ 5
0o mo4e an a*tion ro, $ele*t the a*tion (y *li*-ing the ro, /ele*tor to the left of
the a*tion name5 Drag the ro, /ele*tor to mo4e the a*tion to a ne, po/ition5
More a*out !aro ations ()
Chile you are ,or-ing in the 8a*ro &uil)er, you *an learn more a(out an a*tion or
argument (y *li*-ing it, an) then rea)ing the )e/*ription in the (o7 in the lo,er-right
*orner of the 8a*ro &uil)er ,in)o,5 %l/o, ea*h ma*ro a*tion ha/ a "elp arti*le
a//o*iate) ,ith it5 0o learn more a(out an a*tion, *li*- the a*tion in the a*tion li/t, an)
then pre// '15
Run a !aro ()
$tan)alone ma*ro/ *an (e run in any of the follo,ing ,ay/@ )ire*tly (for e7ample, from
the Na4igation 9ane), in a ma*ro group, from another ma*ro, from a J&% mo)ule, or in
re/pon/e to an e4ent that o**ur/ on a form, report, or *ontrol5 % ma*ro em(e))e) in a
form, report, or *ontrol *an (e run (y *li*-ing Run on the De/ign ta( ,hile the ma*ro
- !8 -
i/ in De/ign 4ie,H other,i/e, the ma*ro ,ill only run ,hene4er it/ a//o*iate) e4ent i/
triggere)5
Run a ma*ro )ire*tly
0o run a ma*ro )ire*tly, )o one of the follo,ing@
Na4igate to the ma*ro in the Na4igation 9ane, an) then )ou(le-*li*- the ma*ro
name5
On the Data(a/e 0ool/ ta(, in the 8a*ro group, *li*- Run 8a*ro , *li*- the
ma*ro in the 8a*ro Name li/t, an) then *li*- OO5
#f the ma*ro i/ open in De/ign 4ie,, *li*- Run on the De/ign ta(, in the 0ool/
group5 0o open the ma*ro in De/ign 4ie,, right-*li*- it in the Na4igation 9ane,
an) then *li*- De/ign Jie, 5
Run a ma*ro that i/ in a ma*ro group
0o run a ma*ro that i/ in a ma*ro group, )o one of the follo,ing@
On the Data(a/e 0ool/ ta(, in the 8a*ro group, *li*- Run 8a*ro , an) then
*li*- the ma*ro in the 8a*ro Name li/t5
%**e// in*lu)e/ an entry for ea*h ma*ro in ea*h ma*ro group, in the format
macrogroupname%macroname5
Cli*- OO5
$pe*ify the ma*ro either a/ an e4ent property (e4ent property@ % name) attri(ute
of a *ontrol, form, report, )ata a**e// page, or /e*tion you u/e to re/pon) to an
a//o*iate) e4ent5 Iou *an run a pro*e)ure or ma*ro ,hen an e4ent o**ur/ (y
/etting the relate) e4ent property5) /etting on a form or report or a/ the 8a*ro
Name argument of the Run8a*ro a*tion5 Refer to the ma*ro (y u/ing thi/
/ynta7@
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[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

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