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Research and Analysis Project

Contents Page Number


1. INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 Topic chosen and its context 3
1.2 Reasons or choosing the topic 3
1.3 !ims and ob"ecti#es o the report $
2. IN%OR&!TION '!T()RIN' *
2.1 +ources used and reasons or their use ,
2.2 &ethods used to gather inormation ,
3. !N!-.+I+ /
3.1 %iber0optic techno1og2 3
3.2 %iber0optic app1ications 14
3.3 Transmission histor2 14
3.$ %iber0optics emergence 11
3.* Transmission s2stem in Pa5istan 12
3., Transition rom micro6a#e to optica1 iber s2stem 13
3.7 On0going optica1 iber pro"ect 1$
3./ Impro#ements 1$
$. CONC-U+ION+ 1*
$.1 The success actor o an organisation 1,
$.2 %iber0optic techno1og28 a success actor 1,
$.3 Impact on Pa5istan Te1ecommunication Industr2 1,
$.$ !n o#er#ie6 17
*. !NN)9UR)+ 1/
,.1 !nnexure0I Te1ephone 1ine gro6th 13
,.2 !nnexure0II Te1ephone re#enue gro6th 24
,. :I:-IO'R!P(. 21
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Research and Analysis Project
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1. INTRODUCTION
Research and Analysis Project
We are living in privileged times. The world has witnessed so much that the
scientific and technological development that has taken place is just phenomenal.
Knowledge has not grown; it has exploded (Mr. Saifuddin Adeeb, 2000).
1.1TOPIC C(O+)N !ND IT+ CONT)9T
The topic I have chosen for my research and analysis project is
An analysis of how the application of technology can
contribute to an organisations e!iciency an"#or
e!ecti$eness.%
Events are taking place every fraction of a second. In human history no other
invention has the kind of potential and influence for human welfare and
development as information technology has. Technology especially the
information technology is a lessing for humankind if its proper application
towards the etterment of humanity is ensured. It should e used for further
advancement !Mr. Saifuddin Adeeb, 2000).
Technology has contriuted to a great extent in the advancement of
communication. We have engaged in face"to"face communication# developed
various means to mediate our face"to"face communication in order to
communicate with each other from a distance or to leave a record of our
messages. $ommunication experts elieve that new technologies have reversed
the roles of transportation and communication in our culture. These have
included the petroglyphs of the cave dewellers# the written word# the printing
press and its resulting mass communication# the use of electric technologies such
as morse code# and later# the miniaturisation of such technologies into electronic
devices % telephones# radio# television# and# most recently# the computer (Kethryn
A. Marold & Gwynne Larsen).
1.2R)!+ON+ %OR C(OO+IN' T() TOPIC
Even where my own personal life experiences are concerned# the vastly
fluctuating changes technology and communication advancement have rought
into my life style are tremendous. &rom the horse"driven cart in which I used to
go to school in my hometown when I was four# to the luxury driven car I drive to
work today# there is a great advancement. Today when I send e"mails to my
friends aroad# chat with colleagues# do video"conferencing with relatives# and#
use moile phones# I could not have imagined aout these lessings when I was
a child# as they did not even exist at that time.
I have great passion and have developed interest and it is due to all these exotic
experiences I gained in my life that I am working on this topic. I am very much
impressed y the impact of technology on roadcasting and telecommunication.
We have electronic means of communication that do not re'uire our physical
presence today. We are thus freed from space in our interpersonal
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Research and Analysis Project
communications. This (freed from space) did not egin with the facsimiles and
long"distance phone calls of the twentieth century# however# it really egan to
evolve with the invention of mass communication. We have the technologies of
*amuel &.+. ,orse-s telegraph# .lexander /raham +ell-s telephone# /uglielmo
,arconi-s radio# and 0hilo &ransworth-s television# added them to the technology
of the computer# and come up with a whole new way of communication with each
other (Kethryn A. Marold & Gwynne Larsen).
1.3!I&+ !ND O:;)CTI<)+ O% T() R)PORT
,y aim is to know and demonstrate the impact of technology and its contriutions
towards the dramatic modification in the communication system especially in the
telecommunication system. &rom /raham +ell-s wire phone to a wireless cellular
phone there is great advancement due to the impact of technology. .nalogue
system is modified to digital system# simple coaxial cale is displaced y fier"
optic cale# and tower"to"tower microwave system is replaced y advanced
satellite system. .ll such developments are the results of application of modern
technology with the passage of time.
1esearch on this advancement in the telecom industry y the impact of
technology is the main ojective of the report.
.n important part of the telecommunications infrastructure that supports voice
and data transmission is fier"optic cale. With fier"optic cale# data travels as
light wave transmissions# rather than as digital or analogue electrical
transmissions (www.cciw.co).
This research and analysis is ased on the impact of fier"optic technology on
the 0akistan Telecommunication $ompany 2imited !0T$23# the only oldest
organisation in 0akistan# which provides telecommunication services on a grand
scale.
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Research and Analysis Project
*
&. IN'OR(ATION
)AT*+RIN)
Research and Analysis Project
2.1+OURC)+ U+)D !ND R)!+ON+ %OR T()IR U+)
+eing a different field# I initially understood the world technology. I found ooks to
e the main source of information as the research of the scholars and their after
results can e found in ooks. The other source I used for otaining rich
information and data was the internet# which according to the est of my
understanding was very informative. I also looked into many organisations
influenced y latest technologies# as it was necessary to see how an organisation
can attain perfection. It was ecause of these reasons that I finally aimed at a
decision to work on the &I+E1"40TI$ TE$56424/7 currently in use y the
0akistan Telecommunication $ompany 2imited !0T$23.
2.2&)T(OD+ U+)D TO '!T()R IN%OR&!TION
I searched to know aout the fier"optic technology# what it is and how it works.
&irst step I took was to go through the ooks and articles as ooks are the main
source of information8. the information on the work and research done y
famous people who made histories. &or this purpose I read numerous ooks at
The +ritish $ouncil 2irary and The .sia &oundation 2irary and spent hours in
searching for the information aout the fier"optics structure and technology.
*ince I was working on the impact of fier"optic technology on the efficiency and
effectiveness of 0akistan Telecom Industry# in order to analyse the performance I
went through the annual reports of the 0T$2 for the years ended 9::;"<===.
*econd and the most important step I took was to hook on the Internet# rowse a
lot of sites and extract relevant information# which I feel appropriate and valuale
for the project.
Then I orrowed ooks from my friends who were studying Information
Technology and had many discussions with them on the same topic resulting in a
good understanding of the impact of the fier"optic technology on the
communication usiness.
&inally I preferred to visit the 0T$2-s fier"optics department and there I had
meetings with ,r. /ulahadur# /eneral ,anager &ier 4ptics# ,r. *ikandar .li
*aharan# >ivisional Engineer $o"ordination# ,r. *ohail .hmed# $hief Engineer
!, ? 4"I3 and gathered information aout how did 0T$2 diversify from simple
telegraph lines to the latest fier"optics cale system. 1easons for meeting and
visiting them personally is to know from them aout how much satisfied are they
y the impact of fier"optic technology. We had discussions for many days# which
resulted in a conclusive understanding# elaorated in the analysis section of this
report.
0akistan Telecommunication $ompany 2imited is currently using fier"optics
technology in 0akistan alongwith digital microwave system and enjoying the est
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Research and Analysis Project
of customers- satisfaction and confidence y providing outstanding
telecommunication services to them.
I also went to 0T$2 5ead'uarter# Islamaad and met ,r. Khalid# >eputy /eneral
,anager 1evenues and gathered information regarding the improvements in the
company-s operations.
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Research and Analysis Project
/
,. ANA-./I/
Research and Analysis Project
In the recent years it has ecome apparent that fier"optics are steadily replacing
copper wire as an appropriate means of communication signal transmission.
&ier"optic systems are currently used most extensively as the transmission link
etween terrestrial hardwired systems. They span the long distances etween
local phone systems as well as providing the ackone architecture of a city
phone system. 4ther system users include cale television services# university
campuses# office uildings# industrial plants# and electric utility companies (!erry
Macy).
3.1%I:)R0OPTIC T)C(NO-O'.
. fier"optic system is a system with three main components# a transmitter# a
transmission medium# and a receiver. .s a model it is similar to the copper wire
system that fier"optic is replacing. The difference is that fier"optics use light
pulses to transmit information down fier lines instead of using electronic pulses
to transmit information down copper lines.
Transmitter is the place of origin for information coming on to fier"optic lines.
The transmitter accepts coded electronic pulse information coming from copper
wire. It then processes and translates that information into e'uivalently coded
light pulses. . light"emitting diode !2E>3 or an injection"laser diode !I2>3 can e
used for generating the light pulses. @sing a lens# the light pulses are funneled
into the fier"optic medium where they transmit themselves down the line.
2ight pulses move easily down the fier"optic line ecause of a principle known
as total internal reflection. When this principle is applied to the construction of the
fier"optic strand# it is possile to transmit information down fier lines in the form
of light pulses.
There are generally five elements that make up the construction of a fier"optic
strand# or caleA the optic core# optic cladding# a uffer material# a strength
material and the outer jacket !&ig. 93. The o"tic core is the light"carrying element
at the center of the optical fier. It is commonly made from a comination of silica
and germania. *urrounding the core is the o"tic claddin# made of pure silica. It is
this comination that makes the principle of total internal reflection possile.
%ig. 1. Cut
a6a2 o a iber0
optic cab1e.
*urrounding
the cladding
is a uffer
material used to help shield the core and cladding from damage. . strength
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Research and Analysis Project
material surrounds the uffer# preventing stretch prolems when the fier cale is
eing pulled. The outer jacket is added to protect against arasion# solvents# and
other contaminants.
4nce the light pulses reach their destination they are channeled into the optical
receiver. The asic purpose of an optical receiver is to detect the received light
incident on it and to convert it to an electrical signal containing the information
impressed on the light at the transmitting end. In other words the coded light
pulse information is translated ack into its original state as coded electronic
information. The electronic information is then ready for input into electronic
ased communication devices# such as a computer# telephone# or TB.
3.2%I:)R0OPTIC !PP-IC!TION+
The use of fier"optics was generally not availale until 9:C= when D1oert
,aurer of $orning /lass Works) was ale to produce a fier with a loss of <=
d+Ekm. It was recogniFed that optical fier would e feasile for
telecommunication transmission only if glass could e developed so pure that
attenuation would e <=d+Ekm or less. That is# 9G of the light would remain after
traveling 9 km. TodayHs optical fier attenuation ranges from =.Id+Ekm to
9===d+Ekm depending on the optical fier used. .ttenuation limits are ased on
intended application.
The applications of optical fier communications have increased at a rapid rate#
since the first commercial installation of a fier"optic system in 9:CC. Telephone
companies egan early on# replacing their old copper wire systems with optical
fier lines# initially replacing interoffice trunk lines that clogged duct space.
TodayHs telephone companies use optical fier throughout their system as the
ackone architecture and as the long"distance connection etween city phone
systems.
(!erry Macy)
3.3 TR!N+&I++ION (I+TOR.
0re"historic man used hollow logs# drums and pipes to communicate messages
to others. 2ater on# the optical signals and smoke signals were used as means of
communication. In earliest civiliFations various cominations of torches on high
mountain peaks were used# during night to communicate rapidly over
considerale distances. The optical telegraph techni'ue was adopted to send
messages using lighthouse stations during the 9J
th
century. Then in mid 9JI=s#
the English inventor Tyndall invented the principle of optical transmission of
information in live conductors. Towards the end of 9:
th
century# /raham +ell used
photo phone to send a message to a receiver located at <== meters away. In
9:K;# an .merican scientist# 6orman 1. &rench# invented a system in which
voice was transmitted with the help of light in an optical cale network. In 9:L=s#
with the advent of laser technology and glass fier# the foundation of
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Research and Analysis Project
communication for the modern laser technology was laid (Mr. Si$andar Ali
Saharan).
. rief history of the communication medium is as underA
Coaxia1 Cab1e
*ince 9:;;# coaxial cale has een widely used for information
transmission. Bast transcontinental and international networks were
estalished. $oaxial was reliale and relatively easy to install.
-imitations o coaxia1 cab1e=
The main limitation that inspired researchers to examine new methods of
transmission was limited capacity# and the large amount of signal
repeaters needed. 1epeaters that correct the signal distortion had to e
installed every mile on copper cale.
&icro6a#e +2stem
In the early 9:I=Hs# +ell 2as egan installing the first microwave radio
telephone transmission system. +y 9:J=# a huge network was in place.
$alls were transmitted over radio waves via a series of microwave
towers. $apacity increased as technology evolved# ut microwave
transmission had its own shortcomings.
-imitations o micro6a#e s2stem=
,icrowave signals travel parallel to EarthHs surface in a straight line# ut
they can e locked y any ostacle# such as a tall uilding or mountain.
They have to e supplemented y other telephone systems# such as
underground cales and telephone lines.
3.$ %I:)R0OPTIC+ )&)R')NC)
+y the early 9:J=Hs# small optical fier networks were eing installed# and have
een growing ever since. &ier"optic systems needed less signal repeaters to
correct the signal distortion than coaxial# did not have the delay of satellite
transmission# and had a higher capacity than oth.
&ier"optic cales can transmit
more phone calls than coaxial
cale# microwave radio# or satellite.
Electrical signals travel faster at
higher fre'uencies in optical cales#
and they can carry more than one
set of these signals. /lass fier"optic
cales are less expensive than
copper for telephone companies to
uy and install. . single ;.I"pound
spool of optical fier can carry the
same amount of messages as <==
reels of copper wire that weigh over
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Research and Analysis Project
9L== poundsM 2aser light carries sound
or other data through the optical fiers
in fier"optic cales.
&ier"optic cales transect the country# while undersea fier"optic cales cross"
oceans. The capacity of fier"optic systems continually increases. 4riginally#
copper wires are used to complete the pathway from major fier"optic highways
to individual connections. 5owever# these oundaries are shifting# and local
telephone companies are replacing even these cales with fier"optic links.
@ndersea fier"optic cales cross"oceans and link continents. .ll transcontinental
copper cale networks have een replaced y fier"optic networks# and entirely
new networks are continually eing created. Eventually every continent in the
world will e part of a gloal fier"optic network.
4ptical fiers form the ackone of the gloal telecommunication system. These
remarkale strands of glass""each thinner than a human hair# yet stronger# length
for length# than steel""were designed to carry the vast amounts of data that can
e transmitted via a relatively new form of light""tightly focused laser eams.
Together# lasers and optical fiers have dramatically increased the capacity of the
international telephone system.
(www.%a$.co)
3.* TR!N+&I++ION +.+T)& IN P!>I+T!N
&'hat the tele"hone co"anies are to counication, fiber(o"tics are to the
tele"hone co"anies.) (*ohn +. ,ittner(-..-)
The telecommunication sector around the world is going through a process of
rapid change in information technology. Telecommunication usiness in 0akistan
is currently carried on y The 0akistan Telecommunication $ompany 2imited
!0T$23# estalished in 9::L !formerly it was 0akistan Telecommunication
$orporation"0T$3. In line with gloal trends and for meeting the emerging
demand# the 0T$2 has upgraded its network y introducing the fier"optic
technology. Early application of fier"optic technology occurred soon after
0akistan Telecom realised its potential. If we go in the history of this industry in
0akistan we see how 0T$2 worked with coaxial cales# then the analogue
microwave system and finally launched the fier"optic technology.
In early days telegraphic lines were used as a medium of communication y
which only two persons could communicate with each other. 2ater on Three
&re'uency ,odulation called NK& systems were installed as means of
communication# which carried three speech channels on an overhead physical
line. .fter wards the NK& system was upgraded into Twelve &re'uency
,odulation called N9<& systems# which carried 9< speech channels on the same
overhead physical line. The advancement in the communication technology
continued and in late 9:I=s the coaxial cales were installed# working parallel to
the telegraph lines. *uch cales covered areas etween major cities of the
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Research and Analysis Project
country. Initially ;,5F coaxial cale system was estalished carrying :L=
channels# which was then replaced y 9<,5F coaxial cale system in mid"
seventies !C=s3# which carried <JJ= channels. 4n the other hand alongwith
coaxial cale system in 9:L<"LK# first International ,icrowave Transmission
*ystem was estalished etween Karachi"Tehran".n'ra. In 9:L; first 6ational
,icrowave link having :L= channels plus television !TB3 transmission was
estalished etween 1awalpindi"&aisalaad"2ahore. .longwith the microwave
system development an 9J,5F International $oaxial $ale link was estalished
with India on 2ahore".mritsar route in 9:J;. Then a *umarine $oaxial $ale
link was estalished etween Karachi"@...E. in 9:JL. In late 9:JC microwave
system of 9J== channels plus TB transmission was estalished etween
1awalpindi"Karachi.
,icrowave system worked in oth L,5F and C,5F fre'uencies capale of
carrying :L="9J== channels at a time with repeater installed at every KI";I kms
distance. The microwave system helped preventing loss of cale# patrolling costs
and was cheaper than the cale system. ,icrowave system not only provided
risk free channels to their end users ut also provided audio and video services
to the 0akistan Television $orporation !0TB3.
The increasing demand of the consumers# the unfavorale climate conditions in
most of the areas specially the northern areas of 0akistan# the necessity to cope
with the World $ommunication *tandards# and due to some important features of
the fier"optic cale such as high andwidth# etter voice 'uality# immune to
interference and environment# no cross talk# no noise# no induction and ideal for
digital communication# 0akistan Telecom finally launched the fier"optic
technology in the early :=-s.
(Mr. Si$andar Ali Saharan)
3., TR!N+ITION %RO& &ICRO?!<) TO OPTIC!- %I:)R +.+T)&+
The first ILI ,+ fier"optic system !.lcatel3 was commissioned in &eruary
9::K. It was installed on the eastern ank of the river Indus etween major cities
of the country with an overall channel capacity of CLJ=. 0akistan connected with
an International *umarine 4ptical &ier link# *E.",E"WE"III# in 9::L":C. In
9::J# L<< ,+ optical fier link with a capacity of CIL= channels was
commissioned along west ank of the river Indus# connecting the remaining
major cities and also the towns of the four provinces. *ince then a numer of L<<
,+ links have een estalished for connecting the spur routes with the main
optical fier ackone. 0resently 99; cities and towns are directly connected
through KJC= fier kms of the fier"optic cale network. Initially cale was
imported from .ustralia and Oapan ut now it is eing manufactured locally.
.nalogue exchanges were modified to digital ones called (*ynchronous >igital
5ierarchy). Thousands of channels have now ecome millions. The launch of
fier"optic technology did not result in the elimination of the microwave system
ut off"the"way areas are still connected with main fier"optic route through digital
microwave system. Two routes are currently run along major cities. These routes
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Research and Analysis Project
are also connected with each other at certain places in order to provide ackup in
case of failure of the either route.
(Mr. Si$andar Ali Saharan)
3.7 ON0'OIN' OPTIC!- %I:)R PRO;)CT
>ue to the increased demand of andwidth for data communication# internet and
information technology esides the telephone traffic# 0T$2 has decided to
estalish latest technology of 9=/+ capacity optical fier system on existing
optical fier ackone# which carries 9<=#:L= channels of L; K+.
(Mr. Si$andar Ali Saharan)
3./ I&PRO<)&)NT+
&ier"optics has not only ecome the ackone of the industry ut also a most
reliale medium of communication.
5istory is evident that since 9::< the company has improved in all respects and
the major reason ehind this success is the fier"optic technology and its impact.
,ajor improvements include;
,odernisation and digitisation of analogue network.
1esilience and higher network reliaility.
Improved 'uality of service.
@p gradation of old outside network.
,ore expansion and area covered
1emarkale growth in oth installed and in"service telephone lines
!.nnexure"I3
1apid increase in telephone revenues !.nnexure"II3
&/. !he bur#eonin# "otentials of di#ital switchin#, fiber(o"tics, satellite
counication and intelli#ent co"uter networ$ are bein# e0"loited to atch the
#lobal standards. 1!2 is switchin# hard for odernisation of counication
culture in its ran$s and loo$in# forward to a$e dynaic "ro#ress in "ro3idin# a
s"ectru of odern and useful 3alue added ser3ice to its custoers throu#h its
fiber(o"tic technolo#y and di#ital intelli#ent networ$ in a4or business centres of
the country/.) (1!2(-..5).
1$
Research and Analysis Project
1*
0.
CONC-U/ION/
Research and Analysis Project
$.1 T() +UCC)++ %!CTOR O% !N OR'!NI+!TION
+ehind the success of any organisation there is technology as the main switching
source. 6o dout if such source is used in a wrong way# the same technology
ecomes the reason of failures# destructions or even disasters. 5istory is evident
that it was the atomic technology that destroyed countries and humanity during
the world war"II. 5owever the same atomic technology has helped the countries
to prove themselves ig powers. The opposite impact is due to the difference of
use. .ny technology# whether scientific# mechanical# educational or medical# if
used in a right way# its impact would e the est that a man E organisation can
get. &ier"optic technology has the same results.
$.2 %I:)R0OPTIC T)C(NO-O'.8 ! +UCC)++ %!CTOR
,any of us are familiar with the telephone company commercial showing a pin
dropping as the announcer talks aout the clarity of the telephone conversation.
*uch clarity is possile ecause fier"optic cale is free from interference caused
y over"the"air transmission. With optic fiers# however# there is virtually no
distortion ecause the atmosphere is not used and ecause digital technology
reduces the interference. @sing fier"optic systems to carry voice and pictures
simultaneously has resulted in telephone callers as concerned with how they
(look) over the phones as how they sound (*ohn +. ,ittner(-..-).
&ier"optic cales can e ent and fed through other tuing# much like wires can.
The flexile 'ualities of fier"optic cale ecome especially important in installing
the cales where other pipes and tuing already exist underground.
&ier"optics promises some of the most radical changes in media"distriution
systems. /lasslike fiers fed with laser light increase the amount of information
that can e transmitted through either wired or unwired communication systems.
.dvantages of the system include increased channel capacity and distortion"free
transmission of voice# video# and data communication (*ohn +. ,ittner(-..-).
$ountries that do not keep up with gloal technology often collapse# unale even
to maintain their standards of living# much less increase it. .t the government"to"
government level# the international community should make a firm commitment to
promote scientific and technological capacity in the poor countries.
$.3 I&P!CT ON P!>I+T!N T)-)CO&&UNIC!TION INDU+TR.
The fier"optic technology has successfully coped with the increasing demand.
6ow the traffic runs digitally. It was a successful switch over to the world
technology. &ier"optic technology is interference"free. &urther the scanning rate
is Fero.
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Research and Analysis Project
&/the so"histication of the technolo#y e"loyed by 1!2 has already ensured a
ore reliable ser3ice to its subscriber winnin# to its credit a co"arati3ely hi#her
de#ree of client satisfaction, and indeed this is a #oal to which the co"any is
whole(heartedly coitted. 6t shall reain dedicated to build a world(class
telecounication infrastructure for "resent and future re7uireents of its
custoers blendin# its deterination with 3ision and e0"ertise/.)
(2hairan 1!2(-..5)
$.$ !N O<)R<I)?
+ased on industry activity# it is evident that fier"optics have ecome the industry
standard for terrestrial transmission of telecommunication information. The choice
is not whether to convert to optical fier# ut rather when to convert to optical
fier. The andwidth needs of the Information *uperhighway re'uire a medium#
like optical fier# that can deliver large amounts of information at a fast speed. It
will e difficult for copper cale to provide for future andwidth needs. *atellite
and other roadcast media will undoutedly play a role alongside fier"optics in
the new world telecommunications order. $onsidering all the services that the
telecommunications industries are announcing to e just around the corner# and a
modern society that seems to e expecting them# it is evident that fier"optics will
continue to e a major player in the delivery of these services (!erry Macy).
86t is concei3able that cables of tele"hone wires could be laid under#round or
sus"ended o3erhead, counicatin# with "ri3ate dwellin#s...9ot only so, but 6
belie3e in the future, wires will unite different cities, and a an in one "art of the
country ay counicate with another in a distant "lace.8(( Ale0ander Graha
,ell, -:;:.
Technological development directly depends on the education. +ehind the
success of any nation# education has played a major role. >eveloping countries
are allocating specific udgets for the education sector as an educated nation
can ring dramatic changes in the technological world. 1ecent analysis has
shown that the central .sian countries are far less technologically developed than
the far east .sian countries. 0akistan-s development is still one fourth as
compared to Oapan. The reason eing the lack of educated people and
professionals. The ministry of *cience and Technology of 0akistan is seriously
considering this weakness and is now allocating resources to achieve the
re'uired level of competency in the technological world.
0akistan is full of mineral# human and physical resources. If these resources are
properly used with the help of latest technologies the development would e
unmatchale. 0T$2 and many other organisations are taking old steps in
estalishing advanced institutes of technologies with the collaoration of ministry
of *cience and Technology in all major cities.
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1/
1. ANN+2UR+/
Research and Analysis Project
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