1. INTRODUCTION 2 1.1 Topic chosen and its context 3 1.2 Reasons or choosing the topic 3 1.3 !ims and ob"ecti#es o the report $ 2. IN%OR&!TION '!T()RIN' * 2.1 +ources used and reasons or their use , 2.2 ðods used to gather inormation , 3. !N!-.+I+ / 3.1 %iber0optic techno1og2 3 3.2 %iber0optic app1ications 14 3.3 Transmission histor2 14 3.$ %iber0optics emergence 11 3.* Transmission s2stem in Pa5istan 12 3., Transition rom micro6a#e to optica1 iber s2stem 13 3.7 On0going optica1 iber pro"ect 1$ 3./ Impro#ements 1$ $. CONC-U+ION+ 1* $.1 The success actor o an organisation 1, $.2 %iber0optic techno1og28 a success actor 1, $.3 Impact on Pa5istan Te1ecommunication Industr2 1, $.$ !n o#er#ie6 17 *. !NN)9UR)+ 1/ ,.1 !nnexure0I Te1ephone 1ine gro6th 13 ,.2 !nnexure0II Te1ephone re#enue gro6th 24 ,. :I:-IO'R!P(. 21 1 Research and Analysis Project 2 1. INTRODUCTION Research and Analysis Project We are living in privileged times. The world has witnessed so much that the scientific and technological development that has taken place is just phenomenal. Knowledge has not grown; it has exploded (Mr. Saifuddin Adeeb, 2000). 1.1TOPIC C(O+)N !ND IT+ CONT)9T The topic I have chosen for my research and analysis project is An analysis of how the application of technology can contribute to an organisations e!iciency an"#or e!ecti$eness.% Events are taking place every fraction of a second. In human history no other invention has the kind of potential and influence for human welfare and development as information technology has. Technology especially the information technology is a lessing for humankind if its proper application towards the etterment of humanity is ensured. It should e used for further advancement !Mr. Saifuddin Adeeb, 2000). Technology has contriuted to a great extent in the advancement of communication. We have engaged in face"to"face communication# developed various means to mediate our face"to"face communication in order to communicate with each other from a distance or to leave a record of our messages. $ommunication experts elieve that new technologies have reversed the roles of transportation and communication in our culture. These have included the petroglyphs of the cave dewellers# the written word# the printing press and its resulting mass communication# the use of electric technologies such as morse code# and later# the miniaturisation of such technologies into electronic devices % telephones# radio# television# and# most recently# the computer (Kethryn A. Marold & Gwynne Larsen). 1.2R)!+ON+ %OR C(OO+IN' T() TOPIC Even where my own personal life experiences are concerned# the vastly fluctuating changes technology and communication advancement have rought into my life style are tremendous. &rom the horse"driven cart in which I used to go to school in my hometown when I was four# to the luxury driven car I drive to work today# there is a great advancement. Today when I send e"mails to my friends aroad# chat with colleagues# do video"conferencing with relatives# and# use moile phones# I could not have imagined aout these lessings when I was a child# as they did not even exist at that time. I have great passion and have developed interest and it is due to all these exotic experiences I gained in my life that I am working on this topic. I am very much impressed y the impact of technology on roadcasting and telecommunication. We have electronic means of communication that do not re'uire our physical presence today. We are thus freed from space in our interpersonal 3 Research and Analysis Project communications. This (freed from space) did not egin with the facsimiles and long"distance phone calls of the twentieth century# however# it really egan to evolve with the invention of mass communication. We have the technologies of *amuel &.+. ,orse-s telegraph# .lexander /raham +ell-s telephone# /uglielmo ,arconi-s radio# and 0hilo &ransworth-s television# added them to the technology of the computer# and come up with a whole new way of communication with each other (Kethryn A. Marold & Gwynne Larsen). 1.3!I&+ !ND O:;)CTI<)+ O% T() R)PORT ,y aim is to know and demonstrate the impact of technology and its contriutions towards the dramatic modification in the communication system especially in the telecommunication system. &rom /raham +ell-s wire phone to a wireless cellular phone there is great advancement due to the impact of technology. .nalogue system is modified to digital system# simple coaxial cale is displaced y fier" optic cale# and tower"to"tower microwave system is replaced y advanced satellite system. .ll such developments are the results of application of modern technology with the passage of time. 1esearch on this advancement in the telecom industry y the impact of technology is the main ojective of the report. .n important part of the telecommunications infrastructure that supports voice and data transmission is fier"optic cale. With fier"optic cale# data travels as light wave transmissions# rather than as digital or analogue electrical transmissions (www.cciw.co). This research and analysis is ased on the impact of fier"optic technology on the 0akistan Telecommunication $ompany 2imited !0T$23# the only oldest organisation in 0akistan# which provides telecommunication services on a grand scale. $ Research and Analysis Project * &. IN'OR(ATION )AT*+RIN) Research and Analysis Project 2.1+OURC)+ U+)D !ND R)!+ON+ %OR T()IR U+) +eing a different field# I initially understood the world technology. I found ooks to e the main source of information as the research of the scholars and their after results can e found in ooks. The other source I used for otaining rich information and data was the internet# which according to the est of my understanding was very informative. I also looked into many organisations influenced y latest technologies# as it was necessary to see how an organisation can attain perfection. It was ecause of these reasons that I finally aimed at a decision to work on the &I+E1"40TI$ TE$56424/7 currently in use y the 0akistan Telecommunication $ompany 2imited !0T$23. 2.2&)T(OD+ U+)D TO '!T()R IN%OR&!TION I searched to know aout the fier"optic technology# what it is and how it works. &irst step I took was to go through the ooks and articles as ooks are the main source of information8. the information on the work and research done y famous people who made histories. &or this purpose I read numerous ooks at The +ritish $ouncil 2irary and The .sia &oundation 2irary and spent hours in searching for the information aout the fier"optics structure and technology. *ince I was working on the impact of fier"optic technology on the efficiency and effectiveness of 0akistan Telecom Industry# in order to analyse the performance I went through the annual reports of the 0T$2 for the years ended 9::;"<===. *econd and the most important step I took was to hook on the Internet# rowse a lot of sites and extract relevant information# which I feel appropriate and valuale for the project. Then I orrowed ooks from my friends who were studying Information Technology and had many discussions with them on the same topic resulting in a good understanding of the impact of the fier"optic technology on the communication usiness. &inally I preferred to visit the 0T$2-s fier"optics department and there I had meetings with ,r. /ulahadur# /eneral ,anager &ier 4ptics# ,r. *ikandar .li *aharan# >ivisional Engineer $o"ordination# ,r. *ohail .hmed# $hief Engineer !, ? 4"I3 and gathered information aout how did 0T$2 diversify from simple telegraph lines to the latest fier"optics cale system. 1easons for meeting and visiting them personally is to know from them aout how much satisfied are they y the impact of fier"optic technology. We had discussions for many days# which resulted in a conclusive understanding# elaorated in the analysis section of this report. 0akistan Telecommunication $ompany 2imited is currently using fier"optics technology in 0akistan alongwith digital microwave system and enjoying the est , Research and Analysis Project of customers- satisfaction and confidence y providing outstanding telecommunication services to them. I also went to 0T$2 5ead'uarter# Islamaad and met ,r. Khalid# >eputy /eneral ,anager 1evenues and gathered information regarding the improvements in the company-s operations. 7 Research and Analysis Project / ,. ANA-./I/ Research and Analysis Project In the recent years it has ecome apparent that fier"optics are steadily replacing copper wire as an appropriate means of communication signal transmission. &ier"optic systems are currently used most extensively as the transmission link etween terrestrial hardwired systems. They span the long distances etween local phone systems as well as providing the ackone architecture of a city phone system. 4ther system users include cale television services# university campuses# office uildings# industrial plants# and electric utility companies (!erry Macy). 3.1%I:)R0OPTIC T)C(NO-O'. . fier"optic system is a system with three main components# a transmitter# a transmission medium# and a receiver. .s a model it is similar to the copper wire system that fier"optic is replacing. The difference is that fier"optics use light pulses to transmit information down fier lines instead of using electronic pulses to transmit information down copper lines. Transmitter is the place of origin for information coming on to fier"optic lines. The transmitter accepts coded electronic pulse information coming from copper wire. It then processes and translates that information into e'uivalently coded light pulses. . light"emitting diode !2E>3 or an injection"laser diode !I2>3 can e used for generating the light pulses. @sing a lens# the light pulses are funneled into the fier"optic medium where they transmit themselves down the line. 2ight pulses move easily down the fier"optic line ecause of a principle known as total internal reflection. When this principle is applied to the construction of the fier"optic strand# it is possile to transmit information down fier lines in the form of light pulses. There are generally five elements that make up the construction of a fier"optic strand# or caleA the optic core# optic cladding# a uffer material# a strength material and the outer jacket !&ig. 93. The o"tic core is the light"carrying element at the center of the optical fier. It is commonly made from a comination of silica and germania. *urrounding the core is the o"tic claddin# made of pure silica. It is this comination that makes the principle of total internal reflection possile. %ig. 1. Cut a6a2 o a iber0 optic cab1e. *urrounding the cladding is a uffer material used to help shield the core and cladding from damage. . strength 3 Research and Analysis Project material surrounds the uffer# preventing stretch prolems when the fier cale is eing pulled. The outer jacket is added to protect against arasion# solvents# and other contaminants. 4nce the light pulses reach their destination they are channeled into the optical receiver. The asic purpose of an optical receiver is to detect the received light incident on it and to convert it to an electrical signal containing the information impressed on the light at the transmitting end. In other words the coded light pulse information is translated ack into its original state as coded electronic information. The electronic information is then ready for input into electronic ased communication devices# such as a computer# telephone# or TB. 3.2%I:)R0OPTIC !PP-IC!TION+ The use of fier"optics was generally not availale until 9:C= when D1oert ,aurer of $orning /lass Works) was ale to produce a fier with a loss of <= d+Ekm. It was recogniFed that optical fier would e feasile for telecommunication transmission only if glass could e developed so pure that attenuation would e <=d+Ekm or less. That is# 9G of the light would remain after traveling 9 km. TodayHs optical fier attenuation ranges from =.Id+Ekm to 9===d+Ekm depending on the optical fier used. .ttenuation limits are ased on intended application. The applications of optical fier communications have increased at a rapid rate# since the first commercial installation of a fier"optic system in 9:CC. Telephone companies egan early on# replacing their old copper wire systems with optical fier lines# initially replacing interoffice trunk lines that clogged duct space. TodayHs telephone companies use optical fier throughout their system as the ackone architecture and as the long"distance connection etween city phone systems. (!erry Macy) 3.3 TR!N+&I++ION (I+TOR. 0re"historic man used hollow logs# drums and pipes to communicate messages to others. 2ater on# the optical signals and smoke signals were used as means of communication. In earliest civiliFations various cominations of torches on high mountain peaks were used# during night to communicate rapidly over considerale distances. The optical telegraph techni'ue was adopted to send messages using lighthouse stations during the 9J th century. Then in mid 9JI=s# the English inventor Tyndall invented the principle of optical transmission of information in live conductors. Towards the end of 9: th century# /raham +ell used photo phone to send a message to a receiver located at <== meters away. In 9:K;# an .merican scientist# 6orman 1. &rench# invented a system in which voice was transmitted with the help of light in an optical cale network. In 9:L=s# with the advent of laser technology and glass fier# the foundation of 14 Research and Analysis Project communication for the modern laser technology was laid (Mr. Si$andar Ali Saharan). . rief history of the communication medium is as underA Coaxia1 Cab1e *ince 9:;;# coaxial cale has een widely used for information transmission. Bast transcontinental and international networks were estalished. $oaxial was reliale and relatively easy to install. -imitations o coaxia1 cab1e= The main limitation that inspired researchers to examine new methods of transmission was limited capacity# and the large amount of signal repeaters needed. 1epeaters that correct the signal distortion had to e installed every mile on copper cale. &icro6a#e +2stem In the early 9:I=Hs# +ell 2as egan installing the first microwave radio telephone transmission system. +y 9:J=# a huge network was in place. $alls were transmitted over radio waves via a series of microwave towers. $apacity increased as technology evolved# ut microwave transmission had its own shortcomings. -imitations o micro6a#e s2stem= ,icrowave signals travel parallel to EarthHs surface in a straight line# ut they can e locked y any ostacle# such as a tall uilding or mountain. They have to e supplemented y other telephone systems# such as underground cales and telephone lines. 3.$ %I:)R0OPTIC+ )&)R')NC) +y the early 9:J=Hs# small optical fier networks were eing installed# and have een growing ever since. &ier"optic systems needed less signal repeaters to correct the signal distortion than coaxial# did not have the delay of satellite transmission# and had a higher capacity than oth. &ier"optic cales can transmit more phone calls than coaxial cale# microwave radio# or satellite. Electrical signals travel faster at higher fre'uencies in optical cales# and they can carry more than one set of these signals. /lass fier"optic cales are less expensive than copper for telephone companies to uy and install. . single ;.I"pound spool of optical fier can carry the same amount of messages as <== reels of copper wire that weigh over 11 Research and Analysis Project 9L== poundsM 2aser light carries sound or other data through the optical fiers in fier"optic cales. &ier"optic cales transect the country# while undersea fier"optic cales cross" oceans. The capacity of fier"optic systems continually increases. 4riginally# copper wires are used to complete the pathway from major fier"optic highways to individual connections. 5owever# these oundaries are shifting# and local telephone companies are replacing even these cales with fier"optic links. @ndersea fier"optic cales cross"oceans and link continents. .ll transcontinental copper cale networks have een replaced y fier"optic networks# and entirely new networks are continually eing created. Eventually every continent in the world will e part of a gloal fier"optic network. 4ptical fiers form the ackone of the gloal telecommunication system. These remarkale strands of glass""each thinner than a human hair# yet stronger# length for length# than steel""were designed to carry the vast amounts of data that can e transmitted via a relatively new form of light""tightly focused laser eams. Together# lasers and optical fiers have dramatically increased the capacity of the international telephone system. (www.%a$.co) 3.* TR!N+&I++ION +.+T)& IN P!>I+T!N &'hat the tele"hone co"anies are to counication, fiber(o"tics are to the tele"hone co"anies.) (*ohn +. ,ittner(-..-) The telecommunication sector around the world is going through a process of rapid change in information technology. Telecommunication usiness in 0akistan is currently carried on y The 0akistan Telecommunication $ompany 2imited !0T$23# estalished in 9::L !formerly it was 0akistan Telecommunication $orporation"0T$3. In line with gloal trends and for meeting the emerging demand# the 0T$2 has upgraded its network y introducing the fier"optic technology. Early application of fier"optic technology occurred soon after 0akistan Telecom realised its potential. If we go in the history of this industry in 0akistan we see how 0T$2 worked with coaxial cales# then the analogue microwave system and finally launched the fier"optic technology. In early days telegraphic lines were used as a medium of communication y which only two persons could communicate with each other. 2ater on Three &re'uency ,odulation called NK& systems were installed as means of communication# which carried three speech channels on an overhead physical line. .fter wards the NK& system was upgraded into Twelve &re'uency ,odulation called N9<& systems# which carried 9< speech channels on the same overhead physical line. The advancement in the communication technology continued and in late 9:I=s the coaxial cales were installed# working parallel to the telegraph lines. *uch cales covered areas etween major cities of the 12 Research and Analysis Project country. Initially ;,5F coaxial cale system was estalished carrying :L= channels# which was then replaced y 9<,5F coaxial cale system in mid" seventies !C=s3# which carried <JJ= channels. 4n the other hand alongwith coaxial cale system in 9:L<"LK# first International ,icrowave Transmission *ystem was estalished etween Karachi"Tehran".n'ra. In 9:L; first 6ational ,icrowave link having :L= channels plus television !TB3 transmission was estalished etween 1awalpindi"&aisalaad"2ahore. .longwith the microwave system development an 9J,5F International $oaxial $ale link was estalished with India on 2ahore".mritsar route in 9:J;. Then a *umarine $oaxial $ale link was estalished etween Karachi"@...E. in 9:JL. In late 9:JC microwave system of 9J== channels plus TB transmission was estalished etween 1awalpindi"Karachi. ,icrowave system worked in oth L,5F and C,5F fre'uencies capale of carrying :L="9J== channels at a time with repeater installed at every KI";I kms distance. The microwave system helped preventing loss of cale# patrolling costs and was cheaper than the cale system. ,icrowave system not only provided risk free channels to their end users ut also provided audio and video services to the 0akistan Television $orporation !0TB3. The increasing demand of the consumers# the unfavorale climate conditions in most of the areas specially the northern areas of 0akistan# the necessity to cope with the World $ommunication *tandards# and due to some important features of the fier"optic cale such as high andwidth# etter voice 'uality# immune to interference and environment# no cross talk# no noise# no induction and ideal for digital communication# 0akistan Telecom finally launched the fier"optic technology in the early :=-s. (Mr. Si$andar Ali Saharan) 3., TR!N+ITION %RO& &ICRO?!<) TO OPTIC!- %I:)R +.+T)&+ The first ILI ,+ fier"optic system !.lcatel3 was commissioned in &eruary 9::K. It was installed on the eastern ank of the river Indus etween major cities of the country with an overall channel capacity of CLJ=. 0akistan connected with an International *umarine 4ptical &ier link# *E.",E"WE"III# in 9::L":C. In 9::J# L<< ,+ optical fier link with a capacity of CIL= channels was commissioned along west ank of the river Indus# connecting the remaining major cities and also the towns of the four provinces. *ince then a numer of L<< ,+ links have een estalished for connecting the spur routes with the main optical fier ackone. 0resently 99; cities and towns are directly connected through KJC= fier kms of the fier"optic cale network. Initially cale was imported from .ustralia and Oapan ut now it is eing manufactured locally. .nalogue exchanges were modified to digital ones called (*ynchronous >igital 5ierarchy). Thousands of channels have now ecome millions. The launch of fier"optic technology did not result in the elimination of the microwave system ut off"the"way areas are still connected with main fier"optic route through digital microwave system. Two routes are currently run along major cities. These routes 13 Research and Analysis Project are also connected with each other at certain places in order to provide ackup in case of failure of the either route. (Mr. Si$andar Ali Saharan) 3.7 ON0'OIN' OPTIC!- %I:)R PRO;)CT >ue to the increased demand of andwidth for data communication# internet and information technology esides the telephone traffic# 0T$2 has decided to estalish latest technology of 9=/+ capacity optical fier system on existing optical fier ackone# which carries 9<=#:L= channels of L; K+. (Mr. Si$andar Ali Saharan) 3./ I&PRO<)&)NT+ &ier"optics has not only ecome the ackone of the industry ut also a most reliale medium of communication. 5istory is evident that since 9::< the company has improved in all respects and the major reason ehind this success is the fier"optic technology and its impact. ,ajor improvements include; ,odernisation and digitisation of analogue network. 1esilience and higher network reliaility. Improved 'uality of service. @p gradation of old outside network. ,ore expansion and area covered 1emarkale growth in oth installed and in"service telephone lines !.nnexure"I3 1apid increase in telephone revenues !.nnexure"II3 &/. !he bur#eonin# "otentials of di#ital switchin#, fiber(o"tics, satellite counication and intelli#ent co"uter networ$ are bein# e0"loited to atch the #lobal standards. 1!2 is switchin# hard for odernisation of counication culture in its ran$s and loo$in# forward to a$e dynaic "ro#ress in "ro3idin# a s"ectru of odern and useful 3alue added ser3ice to its custoers throu#h its fiber(o"tic technolo#y and di#ital intelli#ent networ$ in a4or business centres of the country/.) (1!2(-..5). 1$ Research and Analysis Project 1* 0. CONC-U/ION/ Research and Analysis Project $.1 T() +UCC)++ %!CTOR O% !N OR'!NI+!TION +ehind the success of any organisation there is technology as the main switching source. 6o dout if such source is used in a wrong way# the same technology ecomes the reason of failures# destructions or even disasters. 5istory is evident that it was the atomic technology that destroyed countries and humanity during the world war"II. 5owever the same atomic technology has helped the countries to prove themselves ig powers. The opposite impact is due to the difference of use. .ny technology# whether scientific# mechanical# educational or medical# if used in a right way# its impact would e the est that a man E organisation can get. &ier"optic technology has the same results. $.2 %I:)R0OPTIC T)C(NO-O'.8 ! +UCC)++ %!CTOR ,any of us are familiar with the telephone company commercial showing a pin dropping as the announcer talks aout the clarity of the telephone conversation. *uch clarity is possile ecause fier"optic cale is free from interference caused y over"the"air transmission. With optic fiers# however# there is virtually no distortion ecause the atmosphere is not used and ecause digital technology reduces the interference. @sing fier"optic systems to carry voice and pictures simultaneously has resulted in telephone callers as concerned with how they (look) over the phones as how they sound (*ohn +. ,ittner(-..-). &ier"optic cales can e ent and fed through other tuing# much like wires can. The flexile 'ualities of fier"optic cale ecome especially important in installing the cales where other pipes and tuing already exist underground. &ier"optics promises some of the most radical changes in media"distriution systems. /lasslike fiers fed with laser light increase the amount of information that can e transmitted through either wired or unwired communication systems. .dvantages of the system include increased channel capacity and distortion"free transmission of voice# video# and data communication (*ohn +. ,ittner(-..-). $ountries that do not keep up with gloal technology often collapse# unale even to maintain their standards of living# much less increase it. .t the government"to" government level# the international community should make a firm commitment to promote scientific and technological capacity in the poor countries. $.3 I&P!CT ON P!>I+T!N T)-)CO&&UNIC!TION INDU+TR. The fier"optic technology has successfully coped with the increasing demand. 6ow the traffic runs digitally. It was a successful switch over to the world technology. &ier"optic technology is interference"free. &urther the scanning rate is Fero. 1, Research and Analysis Project &/the so"histication of the technolo#y e"loyed by 1!2 has already ensured a ore reliable ser3ice to its subscriber winnin# to its credit a co"arati3ely hi#her de#ree of client satisfaction, and indeed this is a #oal to which the co"any is whole(heartedly coitted. 6t shall reain dedicated to build a world(class telecounication infrastructure for "resent and future re7uireents of its custoers blendin# its deterination with 3ision and e0"ertise/.) (2hairan 1!2(-..5) $.$ !N O<)R<I)? +ased on industry activity# it is evident that fier"optics have ecome the industry standard for terrestrial transmission of telecommunication information. The choice is not whether to convert to optical fier# ut rather when to convert to optical fier. The andwidth needs of the Information *uperhighway re'uire a medium# like optical fier# that can deliver large amounts of information at a fast speed. It will e difficult for copper cale to provide for future andwidth needs. *atellite and other roadcast media will undoutedly play a role alongside fier"optics in the new world telecommunications order. $onsidering all the services that the telecommunications industries are announcing to e just around the corner# and a modern society that seems to e expecting them# it is evident that fier"optics will continue to e a major player in the delivery of these services (!erry Macy). 86t is concei3able that cables of tele"hone wires could be laid under#round or sus"ended o3erhead, counicatin# with "ri3ate dwellin#s...9ot only so, but 6 belie3e in the future, wires will unite different cities, and a an in one "art of the country ay counicate with another in a distant "lace.8(( Ale0ander Graha ,ell, -:;:. Technological development directly depends on the education. +ehind the success of any nation# education has played a major role. >eveloping countries are allocating specific udgets for the education sector as an educated nation can ring dramatic changes in the technological world. 1ecent analysis has shown that the central .sian countries are far less technologically developed than the far east .sian countries. 0akistan-s development is still one fourth as compared to Oapan. The reason eing the lack of educated people and professionals. The ministry of *cience and Technology of 0akistan is seriously considering this weakness and is now allocating resources to achieve the re'uired level of competency in the technological world. 0akistan is full of mineral# human and physical resources. If these resources are properly used with the help of latest technologies the development would e unmatchale. 0T$2 and many other organisations are taking old steps in estalishing advanced institutes of technologies with the collaoration of ministry of *cience and Technology in all major cities. 17 Research and Analysis Project 1/ 1. ANN+2UR+/ Research and Analysis Project !NN)9UR)0I 9 # ; L 9 # I L = 9 # < ; K # I L : 9 # : L L # J = = 9 # I < J # ; C = < # ; K = # = = = 9 # J K = # = = = < # J = = # J I = < # < = I # = = = < # J L < # ; L I < # < < C # C 9 I K # < 9 I # < ; J < # K C L # C J L = I==#=== 9#===#=== 9#I==#=== <#===#=== <#I==#=== K#===#=== K#I==#=== T ) - ) P ( O N )
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Terry ,acy# &ier 4ptic +asis. httpAEEwww.4ak.cats.ohiou.cdu.html httpAEEwww.att.comEtechnologyEforstudentsErainspinEfieroptic.html