Caylus Strategy

1. Introduction

This strategy guide is by no means definitive. Information has been obtained through
observation and repeated trials, and the strategy presented here is a collation of my
findings from these trials. I will attempt to present an effective way of understanding
and playing this game as optimally as possible.

2. Contents/Changes

I will be continually updating this page whenever I come across new insights. This
section tables the various topics and discussions that are presented below, and
documents any changes made to them.

- Basic Strategy
- Conversion Ratios
- The 8 resources
- Discussion of Buildings
- Multiplayer dynamics
- Early game strategy
- Mid game strategy
- End game strategy
- Risk taking
- Case Studies

2a. Terminology

In this guide I will often use terminology which may differ from that in the official
rulebook. Here I will define the terms I use most often in this guide.

Phases
placement phase: phase where players take turns to place workers
activation phase: phase where workers are activated up till the provost, leading to
castle phase: building in the castle
scoring phase: the scoring phases that happen 3 times during the game

Placements
Play on the provost: play on the merchant's guild
Play in first: play in first place in the stables
Play on the money(3 coins): play on the trading house

Buildings
2F: 2 Food 1 Cloth building, I believe its generically called Farm
2C: 2 Cloth 1 Food building, not sure what it's called
2S: 2 Stone building (Quarry)
2W: 2 Wood building
WV or Weak Vendor: 2 coins -> 1 cube building
WM or Weak Market: 1 cube -> 4 coins building
Carp2: the carpenter in front
FF: Food farm >
SF: Stone farm > These 3 refer to the stone buildings which generate commission
WF: Wood farm >
F/W: Red building that produces food/wood
F/C: Red building that produces food/cloth

I should refer to all other buildings by their names.

Resources: All 5 types of resources and money are classified under the broad term
Resources.

3. Basic Strategy

Caylus is a game of conversion. Players start out with resources (cubes and money).
Every move is an attempt to convert some resources into other resources and VP.
Hence, it is apparent that the player who best converts his resources into VP wins.
There are several ways to go about doing this.

a. Making more conversions than other players
Players who make more successful conversions than other players will have an
advantage. The game is designed such that most plays yield a tangible conversion
(with several exceptions, such as spending 4 coins to obtain 3 coins). In some cases,
this conversion may not be optimal (such as playing on the weak vendor or weak
market). However on the whole the more successful moves a player makes, the
stronger the player's position will be. A successful move is defined as a conversion
which yields a tangible benefit, such as any play which is not denied by the provost. An
unsuccessful move is a move which yields no tangible benefit, hence causing a loss of
the playing cost, such as playing on any building and not using its ability, or playing on
the merchant's guild (the provost), which yields no tangible benefit of its own. This is
not to say that you should never make a move which will turn out unsuccessful.
Sometimes it is necessary to make a move which will not succeed to achieve a certain
aim, generally to prevent opponent's moves from succeeding. (Playing on the provost
to move it back is one good example).

There are two recommended ways to obtain more successful conversions than other
players:
1. Playing cheaply after other players have passed. This is accomplished either by
owning the inn, or playing on your own buildings. Needless to say, the more plays you
make, the more conversions you are likely to succeed.

2. Being first in turn order. Being first generally ensures that you make more plays than
everyone else. If someone passes before you, you have made more plays than him,
and potentially other players who pass after him. If you pass first, nobody else can
make more cheap plays than you (unless they have the inn).

b. Making better conversions than other players
Always make the best plays first. Ie. If 2 food/1 cloth(2F) is open, and so is the food
farm(FF) (provides 2 food AND 1 cloth), and both are reasonably far back, always play
on the food farm as opposed to 2F. Likewise, play on vendor before weak vendor, and
market before weak market. These are pretty obvious comparisons. As regards
differences between buildings of the same level, and of different resources or special
squares like the castle, refer to the discussion of buildings for further details.

4. Conversion Ratios

As emphasized in the above section, since the game revolves around conversion, the
optimal strategy to making the best conversions is understanding conversion ratios. I
will refer to a conversion as spending a COST to obtain a BENEFIT. The net gain from
the conversion is the difference between the benefit and the cost.

There are 3 costs associated with each placement:
Placement Cost: The amount of money that it costs to place a worker (typically 1 coin)
Activation Cost: The amount of resources that it costs to use the building's effects (eg.
1 coin 1 cloth for jousting, a stone and another cube for mason)
Opportunity Cost: What you could have placed instead. Think about it as every
placement that you make allows each other player to make one more placement
before you. Therefore you want to make the placements which maximize net gain,
since on the next turn there will be several less options to place on.

The concept of opportunity cost requires some explanation. Since most squares confer
a net benefit when played on, each turn a player gets is an opportunity for him/her to
gain any one of these benefits. The opportunity cost of an action is reduced the more
players already passed, as less players will be able to utilize the remaining squares. The
opportunity cost of an action is also reduced as fewer squares remain because there
are less possible positions other players may play on. This will be covered in more
detail in discussions of passing and the inn. Take note that the opportunity cost of a
placement is zero once all other players have passed, because no other player can
possibly place on a square which you do not play on. Passing hence reduces the
opportunity cost of placement for other players (although it generally increases the
placement cost as well).

There is a fourth cost to placement, but it is a hidden cost, and sometimes it is not
really a cost. I call it the protection cost, or rather, the cost to ensure that your building
gets activated. This will be covered in more detail when the provost is discussed.

There are two benefits associated with each placement:
Direct Benefit: The direct benefit of the placement, be it cubes, VP, etc.
Denial Benefit: In general, every placement prevents all other players from making
that same placement. This is a crucial point to note, and a benefit which is often
overlooked, causing beginners to be often afraid of "playing in front".

The activation and placement cost are easy enough to calculate, and hence derive the
concrete benefit of a building. Lets go through a few examples to prove the point.
Weak Vendor: 2 coins -> 1 cube. Because it takes at least 1 coin to place, the actual
conversion rate is 3 coins -> 1 cube. This should only be carried out if the one cube you
obtain is valued higher than 3 coins.

Building Granary using building track favor: 3 food + 1 gold -> 10 VP and -1 residence.
The intrinsic value of 3 food + 1 gold is 4VP, so the net gain is 6VP and a loss of income
of 1 coin per turn. Naturally, this means that you should consider the income loss as
part of the cost of building the granary (or any prestige building). Anyway, seeing that
the granary (and library) are worth only 6VP, that makes it no better than constructing
a 6 point stone building on the last turn (which is worth 5.66 VP). The exception is if all
the stone buildings have already been constructed.

In order to maximize the conversion rate, choose the buildings which offer the highest
net gain.

One common misconception here is that net gain should be considered in an absolute
sense, rather than in a percentage sense. This is particularly applicable to buildings
with multiple activation options, eg. the church. The first option allows you to convert
3 coins into 3 VP, while the second option allows you to convert 5 coins to 5 VP. To a
beginner, the conversion ratios are seemingly equivalent, because both allow you to
trade coins to VP at a 1 to 1 ratio. But clearly, converting 5 coins provides a higher net
gain. Assume money is valued at about 0.5 VP a coin (this is probably the average
value, mid game), then the first option nets you 1.5VP, while the second nets you
2.5VP. Clearly, the second option is far better.

How then, should we value the different resources in the game, and the various
buildings? We hence proceed to our next discussion...

5. The 8 Resources

Earlier, I defined a resource as the 5 types of cubes and money. How then are there 8
different resources? Basically, a player's worth in the game can be measured or
estimated by his standing in these 8 resources, they are namely the 5 types of cubes,
money, buildings, and position on favor tracks. VP is not classified as a resource, as the
value of VP is constant throughout the game, and VP cannot be spent (losing VP is
another matter altogether).

After preliminary studies, I have came up with a brief model of the value of resources.
First, let us discuss the end game value of resources. Buildings are worth 0VP at the
end game. Normal cubes are worth 1/3VP each, Gold is worth 3VP each, and money is
worth 1/4VP each. Position on favor tracks is worth 0VP. It shouldn't be that hard to
work out these figures or to realize that at the end game, none of these resources has
any potential whatsoever.

However, before the end of the game, each resource is potentially worth more,
because it can potentially be converted to VP. The earlier in the game, the more
opportunities it can be converted to VP, hence resources are generally worth a lot
more in the beginning than in the end game. The only resource whose value seems
somewhat constant and separate from the flow of the game is money, and this is
because each player has a constant source of money, and money is always a part of
conversion cost. The value of money will be discussed in greater detail in a later
section.

In general, as with economics in the real world, the value of each resource depends on
its supply and demand. The more readily available a resource is, the less its value.
Likewise, the more opportunities for a resource to be spent, the more valuable it is. To
a player who cannot build prestige buildings (either because he does not possess a
residence, or he is not at the top of the building track and the architect is absent), gold
is always worth a flat 3VP. On the other hand to a player who can easily access
prestige buildings, gold is worth much more than the base endgame value.

We shall now consider the various consumers and producers of resources in the game,
and hence determine the value of various resources. At the start of the game, there
are 5 cube producers, and several cube consumers. There are 3 ways to get extra
money, and many ways to spend it. First, let us examine the consumers.

The main cube consumer in this game is the castle. To build in the castle, you need 3
different cubes (which I will call a set or a section), one of which must be food. The
first section you build in any phase of the castle is worth 7 points, the second is worth
an additional favor, and any more sections you build might get you more favors. Also
there is the favor for building the most. Naturally, the castle is a pretty good consumer
of cubes because you can spend multiple sets of cubes with one placement. Exact
castle mechanics will be discussed in a subsequent section. The next main consumer is
building. Building using the carpenter consumes wood and another resource, and
building using the building track just consumes one resource. Building residences
consumes cloth, and building using the mason consumes stone. Buildings provide
some of the greatest rewards in the game. Most buildings net you slightly less than
1VP a turn for the rest of the game, and allow you to play on it for 1 coin regardless of
the number of players who passed. Also, the stone farms provide you a cube
whenever activated by another player, thus making them some of the most useful
buildings in the game. Buildings will be discussed in greater detail in the next section.
Lastly, at the start of the game, the jousting square is a good consumer of cubes, as it
provides a favor (It also consumes money).

We can summarize the value of resources as follows:
1. A resource is more valuable if there are more ways to consume it.
2. The castle is the most common consumer of resources - hence a resource is valuable
if it contributes to a set.
3. A resource is more valuable if consuming it provides a better reward.

It can be seen that cloth is the most valuable consumer of resources at the start of the
game, because it can be used for the castle, and jousting. Stone is somewhat useful as
it can be used to make a set in the castle, however, in the absence of the mason stone
is only as valuable as wood. Food would generally be regarded as the 2nd most useful
resource, because not only is it a requirement in the castle, it is also one of the most
common building materials. In particular, it is necessary to build the 3 stone farms
(which are regarded to be the best buildings in the game). Should the mason be built,
stone would become more useful than food, because it provides an additional
consumer of resources (and also because no player starts with any, as opposed to all
players starting with 2 food).

In the mid-game, the value of resources changes according to their scarcity. By this
time, several resource production buildings would have been built. Thus, the more
producers of a resource there is, the less valuable the resource is. Value of resources is
still determined by the same mechanism, number of consumers, except that by this
point, potential consumers are no longer valued as highly as actual consumers are.
What this means is that, if a means of consuming a resource is not present, like for
example, a way to turn cloth into a residence, residences can no longer be considered
a consumer of cloth unless a lawyer is built first. Likewise, gold should not be regarded
as being worth more than 3VP if there is no way to convert it into a prestige building.
At this point, if a player has a lot of gold, he should find ways to convert it into prestige
buildings, if the means of doing so is not immediately available.

In the end game, especially in the last 2 turns, the value of resources drops sharply
towards its end game value. At this point, it is crucial to secure means of converting
the resources effectively into VP, more so than obtaining the resources themselves.
There is no longer any potential value of resources. More will be discussed in end-
game strategy.



6. Discussion of Buildings

Buildings are of key importance in the game. They have 3 key features, all of which
affect the game significantly. In fact, buildings are the one way a game changes from
play to play. A game that sees the lawyer as the first building is going to be significantly
different from one in which the lawyer is not built at all.

These are the main impact of buildings:

a. They affect the supply and demand of resources in the game. The more buildings
that provide a particular resource, the higher the supply of that resource and hence
the lower its value. The more buildings that consume that resource, the higher the
demand of that resource and hence the higher its value. In a game with a marketplace,
a lawyer, and no bank or vendor, the supply of money will be very high, as the market
and lawyer provide a great supply of money, and the lack of a vendor or bank reduces
the amount of money consuming locations to effectively 3 or 4 (placement, provost,
WV, possibly church). However, cubes will be in shortage, as the marketplace and
lawyer both consume cubes, and the lawyer tends to eliminate the cube producing red
buildings from the game. In such a game cubes will become much more valuable than
money.

b. They provide a good source of VP for the owner, at the expense of providing a
service for the other players. Building the mason early will provide a good source of VP
every turn as it is bound to be played on (however this will stop once all the stone
buildings have been constructed). However, it also opens the capability to build stone
buildings to other players. If you are on the building track, you do NOT want to build
the mason. Likewise, building the bank or alchemist provides alternative sources of
gold. You do NOT want to build them early if you cannot utilize the gold effectively (ie.
convert to prestige buildings). It is important to note, though, that buildings also give
you the service, hence you want to build buildings which you would use as well, in
order to make up for one of your shortcomings. If you are not on the building track,
you will want to build the mason to give you access to stone buildings, and the lawyer
and architect to construct residences and prestige buildings. Failure to do so will result
in those becoming inaccessible to you.

c. They can be played on for 1 coin after players have passed. This is a crucial point
beginning players often forget. Leaving your own buildings open till the last few
workers are placed allows you to place cheap workers so as to pass later, even if these
workers will not be activated. When calculating how many more placements an
opponent can make given the number of players passed, do not forget to count the
number of buildings he owns and can play on. Likewise, to eliminate this advantage
from a player (assuming he is not in the inn), play on his buildings early and leave your
own buildings open (unless you are in the inn). This is of particular importance if a
player is going to have to pass early.

6a. Buildings as a source of VP

Buildings provide some of the best VP sources in the game. Apart from its initial VP, it
can provide a steady stream of VP throughout the game. This VP cannot be ignored a
building strategy works precisely because of this effect. A building that is on or before
the bailiff will probably be played on. Buildings will be played on by other players
approximately n-1/n of the time, hence in a game with more players, the benefit of
building as a VP source is greater.

A game of Caylus can last between 9 to 18 turns, although it can possibly finish sooner
than 9 turns, if a lot of production buildings are built. On average though, a game lasts
about 12 turns. Hence, the first building built should see about 12 plays, and in a 4
player game, approximately 9 plays will be by other players. Hence, the first building
spot is worth approximately 9 points during the game. Subsequent buildings are worth
less and less, as they are built later, and will only see significant play once the bailiff
has advanced past them.

All these values are for a 4 player game. For a 3 player game, multiply by about 0.8, for
a 2 player game, multiply by about 0.6, and for a 5 player game, multiply by about 1.1.


Building Position Avg. additional points worth
9 (1st building) 9
10 8
11 8
12 (1st scoring) 7
13 7
14 6
15 5
17 (After gold mine) 4
18 (2nd scoring) 3
19 3
20 2
21 2
22 1
23 1
24 (3rd scoring) 0
25 0

The number above is not fully reflective of actual usage. For example, if the architect
was built in position 10, it would most likely be worth at most 2 or 3 points during the
game, instead of the 9 points predicted. As such, it is a really bad idea to build the
architect that early. Factor in these modifiers for the following buildings.

Lawyer -- Max 6 (-25% for each player on building track)
Mason -- Max 7 (-25% for each player on building track)
Vendor -- 70% usage (100% with market)
Architect -- Max 3 (-1 for each player on building track), 0 if no residences.
Bank -- 50% usage (75% with market)
Alchemist -- 50% or less usage
Tailor -- Max 2
Church -- 50% usage (75% with market)

To read the above chart, if it says Max X, that is the maximum amount of points you
are expected to reap from that building, assuming you too use it on a regular basis.
Why is this the case? For example, a lawyer is expected to be used at most 8 times, as
there are 6 replaceable red buildings, and most players do not replace their own
buildings. If someone is on the building track, he/she most likely does not even need to
use the lawyer to build residences, so subtract some amount of utilization.

If a square says 50% usage, it means it can be expected to be used 50% of the time.
That means, if a building by virtue of its position would earn 8 bonus points, but it is
only used 50% of the time, it should be expected to generate about 4VP by the end of
the game. Buildings such as the bank do not see constant usage as players often do not
have money or the resources necessary to use it. As can be seen, the market improves
the utilization of money based buildings by a lot.

The three stone farms also provide a benefit additional to the VP gained from
placement. Each farm provides the owner with a choice between two cubes whenever
another player activates the building. A cube, as discussed earlier, is worth potentially
a lot more than the 1/3 VP at the end of the game. When used in the 3rd castle phase,
each cube is worth 1VP at least (not counting the favor). When used to build a 6 point
stone building, each cube is worth 3VP. As can be seen, the stone farms are the most
sought after buildings in the game. Each provides its owner with a significant benefit
well and above the placement VPs tabulated above. Try to build them whenever
possible. Also, after building them, you now have a source of cubes no other player
has access to. To make the most of this source of cubes, follow the guidelines
presented in section 5, ie. keep the supply of that cube low by not building the
corresponding wooden production building (another way to think about it is to
preferentially build the stone production buildings for which the wooden production
building of that type has not been built yet). For example, if the 2C and 2F building has
already been built, the value of the food farm is severely reduced. If the wood farm or
stone farm are still available you should build those first. (Probably the stone farm, as
the value of stone/cloth is generally worth higher than food/wood, especially if the 2F
building is already out. Also, increase the demand for that cube: the demand for stone
cubes is greatest in prestige buildings, the demand for cloth cubes is greatest in the
lawyer and jousting, and to a smaller extent the tailor.

In summary, buildings provide a solid consistent source of VP. Stone buildings also
provide a large initial VP for at most 2 cubes. This makes them some of the best ways
to convert cubes into points in the game.

6b. Buildings as a way to shape the game

At the beginning of the game, there are exactly 16 places to play on, of which about 12
are reasonable first-turn plays (gold, the two buildings after the bailiff, and jousting are
rejected as first turn plays). Now, if no buildings are ever built, there will remain these
16 places to play on for the rest of the game. Of course, that will never happen (if
people are playing optimally), because as already discussed above, buildings are a
fantastic source of VP, also, buildings shape the game, by increasing the number of
possible moves, and by controlling the supply and demand of the various resources in
the game. The winner is generally the player who shapes his playing style to the shape
of the game, and/or shaping the game to his playing style and setup.

I have already discussed briefly above that buildings affect the supply and demand of
various resources. Now I will explain exactly how each building affects the supply and
demand of the different resources in detail.

Before I begin, however, I would like make an important distinction. From the table in
section A, we can see how buildings that appear later will see less plays. In particular,
the building spaces can be seen as separated into two segments, before and after the
gold mine. The 7 buildings before the gold mine will see significantly many plays: the
VP gained from having others play on these buildings will generally exceed the original
VP of the building. Also, these buildings will have significant impact on the game. I
refer to these as the 'first 7'. On the other hand, buildings built after the gold mine will
see significantly less plays and are generally built for their building VP, rather than to
accumulate VP from players' placements. These buildings can also be specially built to
make up for the builder's weakness. As such, they generally have little impact on the
game.

When I discuss the impact the various buildings have on the game, I am generally
implying that these buildings appear early enough to shape the game. A building built
much after the gold mine would make no difference than if it were not built at all,
especially in the case of production buildings. Also, the earlier the building, the greater
the impact it will have on the game. Take these into account as we begin our
discussion of the buildings.

Production buildings

In most games, it can be expected that the three stone production buildings will be
built. Hence, when discussing most other buildings, an underlying assumption is that
these three stone buildings will eventually appear. However, if some of the stone
production buildings are not in the first 7, their effect on the supply will not be as
great, and the player can safely ignore or downplay their effect on the game.

2F: Building the 2F production building greatly increases the supply of food in the
game as the 3 stone production buildings already supply 3 food a turn (and potentially
2 more to the owners). Since the main use for food is castle building, the presence of
2F causes the constraining factor in building castle sections to shift to the other
resources. As players find it easy to obtain food, the struggle to obtain effective
combinations of other resources increases. In a game with 2F and no other wood
production building, SF becomes the most powerful building to play on, followed by
WF. Likewise the value of stone and cloth will be significantly higher compared to
food. Even woods value will increase proportionally.

2W: This building is seldom built. Wood is generally regarded as the least valuable
resource. If 2W is built, it becomes even less valuable. This is mainly because there is
no late game consumer of wood cubes, except the castle, and that requires more than
just wood to build.

2S: The 2S increases the supply of stone in the game significantly. Since there is only
one source of stone to begin with, the game would not be saturated with stone just
because of the presence of 2S, as there are enough consumers of stone such as the
castle, mason, and prestige buildings. If 2S is in the game, the supply of stone will not
be that big of an issue. Instead, competition for stone consumers will be fiercer, such
as the usage of the mason to build 6 point stone buildings, and the construction of
prestige buildings. It is highly possible, in a game where 2S and either bank or
alchemist is built, for all the stone prestige buildings to be constructed. Hence, if 2S is
present, focus your efforts on converting all that stone into VP through the mason or
prestige buildings.

2C: The 2C brings the supply of cloth in the game to reasonable levels. In the absence
of 2C, cloth is far and away the scarcest resource, as there is only one original source,
and only 2 individual sources in the 3 stone production buildings (and potentially 2 for
the owners). Cloth is also the most consumed resource in the game, as it is very useful
in the castle (being usually the scarcest non-food resource), required for residences
and jousting, as well as building the church, which provides a favor and is often a hotly
contested stone building. In a game with 2C, cloth is reasonably sufficient, and you
may consider using cloth to build in the castle as opposed to a resource whose wood
production building has not been constructed. Also, since cloth is reasonably present,
jousting becomes a good way of consuming cloth, and residences are always welcome.
In a game without the 2C, cloth becomes a far more scarce resource, so much so that
trips to the vendor are often spent on buying 2 cloth cubes, and cloth is seldom spent
in the castle. Jousting too, should be carried out sparingly, especially if the F/C has
already been replaced by a residence.

Conversion Buildings

Vendor: The vendor is a very popular building to build, and with good reason. Firstly, it
gives 4 points, which is better than the 2 points for the other wood production
buildings. Secondly, and more importantly, it can be built using ANY 2nd cube. That
means its cost is less than the other wood buildings, because generally wood or stone
is used to build it (stone only if the mason is not built). Thirdly, it makes up for
shortages of any particular resource, because the person playing on the vendor will
generally purchase 2 cubes which are in greatest scarcity. However, the downside of
the vendor is that it consumes money, and hence raises the value of money in the
game. In a game with the vendor (and no marketplace), money becomes crucial as it
allows you to spend on the vendor to obtain cubes of your choice. The fact that you
can obtain any cube of choice makes the vendor so powerful, despite its high cost of
activation. Lean towards the money favors and playing on the money in a game with
the vendor.

Market: The market adds a good source of money into the game. Like the vendor, it is
very popular to build. Despite the fact that it consumes 1 cube, this cost is rather
insignificant, as players will most often convert the least valuable cube into 6 coins a
massive benefit. In a game with the marketplace, money will be relatively abundant as
long as you play on the marketplace once in 2 or 3 turns, and occasionally the trading
house. In a game with the market (which is nearly every game), utilizing the money is
the key to victory. Money can be converted at the bank, vendor and church. The bank
and vendor are generally regarded to be more valuable than the church, because
though the church converts at a 1 coin to 1 VP rate, the bank converts at 3 coins to 1
gold, which is worth more than 3 VP if converted to a prestige building. The vendor
converts 1.5 coins to 1 cube of any type, which may be worth more than 1.5VP if used
effectively (like in a prestige building, or stone building).

Church: This is more likely to appear in the first 7 than the bank, and it is built simply
for the favor. Since it offers a pretty poor conversion rate and net gain (as money is
worth pretty much in the early-mid game), it is seldom used unless the marketplace is
also in play. The presence of the church does not really shape the game at all, except
probably to give its owner a place to play when other players have passed.

Bank: This building is unlikely to appear in the first 7. If it does however, it makes gold
very abundant in the game. That greatly favors the construction of prestige buildings.
Should the bank be in play, residences become a very important resource, although
some means of constructing prestige buildings is still needed. Try to get many
residences (the money helps with the purchase of gold too) and the means to build
prestige buildings.

Alchemist/Architect/Tailor: These buildings have nearly no impact on the game, and it
is very rare that they appear in the first 7.

Lawyer: The all important lawyer, which allows residences. The lawyer greatly
increases the value of cloth, as it is required to build a residence. The lawyer also
changes the game greatly, especially if it appears early in the first 7. Because the first
buildings replaced are generally the red buildings, the lawyer will change the supply of
whatever red building is eliminated. The only one which does not really shape the
game is the removal of the carpenter. Removing the weak market reduces the supply
of money, removing any cube source reduces the supply of that cube (removing cloth
is especially drastic, and will cause the lawyer to become somewhat defunct). Lawyers
also increase the amount of money and reduce the number of playable spaces, causing
people to pass earlier and hence save money. The net result is a huge surplus of
money in the game, which should be channeled into the vendor/bank/church if
available.

Mason: The most sought after wooden building in the game, once it is built, at least for
the first few turns. The mason opens up stone buildings to all players, in particular the
three stone production buildings, and the church. As mentioned above, these buildings
are the most valuable in the game, and hence the mason, once it is constructed, is
likely to see a play every turn until these 4 buildings have been constructed, whereby it
will see less frequent plays until all the stone buildings are constructed. The mason
increases the value of stone greatly, potentially making it more valuable than cloth if
the user is not on the building track. A very early mason (1st or 2nd building) will
generally devalue the building track, as players not on the building track will be able to
use the mason to build the all-important production buildings. On the other hand, a
mason that appears slightly later, or after the first production building has been built
using the building track, is generally ineffective at shaping the game as by then, most
players will be on the building track and be using it to build the stone production
buildings. A good piece of advice would be to build the mason early (preferably in the
2nd position) if you do not plan to go on the building track. Another way to think about
it is to not go on the building track if the mason is built early.

6c. Building summary When to build what

What to build and when to build it depends greatly on the nature of the players, and
the playing strategy you choose for the game. Generally, the early game will define
what buildings should appear in the game. As the first 7 buildings affect the game the
most, you should try to build buildings in the first 7 to maximize their impact on the
game. As the buildings progress beyond the first 7, building them is mainly for their
immediate VPs, so less caution can be exercised.

A good way of deciding what to build and when to build it is to follow these few simple
rules:

1. Build to match your favor track weaknesses, and never to make up for opponents
weaknesses. For example, if you are on the building track, do NOT build the mason if
your opponents are not on the building track as well. Likewise, do not build the lawyer.
If you are on the money track, dont build the marketplace, build the vendor and
church instead.

2. Build buildings that you can use most effectively. For example, if you have much
more money than your opponents do, you want to build buildings that consume
money. Likewise, if you are the only player with residences, then building the architect
will benefit only you. It will be likely that your opponents will not use your building at
all. That is not necessarily a bad thing, because generally the benefit a building
provides is better than the 1VP it gives its owner, so losing out that 1VP by using a
building yourself is not a big deal. As an added incentive, you can save the building till
your last worker even if others have passed, since nobody else will play on it.

3. Be wary about the position of the new building. A new building, since it provides a
brand new functionality to the game, is generally going to be rather popular. If it is
well behind the provost, it will be a relatively safe play for the first player, who will
obtain some large benefit. In this case, if you have played in first in the stables, you
might want to consider building a building then seizing it as your first move. A good
example of this is the mason (although it is unlikely that no player has built any
buildings in the first 3 or 4 turns).

4. Flooding the first 7 with buildings is a good strategy. If you own a majority of the
buildings in the first 7 (4 in a 3 or 4 player game, 3 in a 5 player game), you will receive
a majority of the placement points during the game. If you own a large majority (5 in a
3 player game, 4 in a 4 or 5 player game), you will earn a significant number of
placement points each turn and may even avoid your own buildings so as to encourage
greater trading of points (which of course, benefits you the most). In such a game you
want the game to be slow, so play with the provost and move it back often.


7. Multiplayer Dynamics

This section is dedicated to multiplayer dynamics in Caylus games with 3 or more
players. If you only play 2 player Caylus, you may skip this section.

The multiplayer aspect of this game is what differentiates this game tremendously
from other non-random games like chess. It is also what some people might term the
random factor of this game. When viewed from an analytical perspective, there is
nothing random at all about other players moves. The important factor here is
understanding the playing style of your opponents and adjusting your game to suit
that style.

I could probably devote an entire book to multiplayer dynamics. Due to space
constraints, I will break this large chapter down into smaller subsections. Since games
with a different number of players function very differently, there will even be
individual sections for each number of players. Firstly, I will begin by describing
concepts applicable to all numbers of players, then discuss concepts specific to
particular numbers.

Anyhow, this is a brief list of the subsections in this chapter:

A. Basic multiplayer concepts
B. Passing and the Inn
C. The Castle
D. The Provost
E. Turn Order
F. Dealing with different playing styles
G. 3 Player Strategy
H. 4 Player Strategy
I. 5 Player Strategy

7A. Basic Multiplayer Concepts

In a two player game, choices between moves are often dictated by the resulting
benefit to both players. If a move should benefit me more than my opponent, I would
be willing to make it. In a multiplayer game however, it is never that clear cut. If there
is a clear move that would benefit you the most of all players, you would do it. But
what if a move benefits you but benefits another player more? What if a move would
hurt you but hurts a single other player more? Should you make that move?

Firstly, a few simple guidelines on playing style. Players generally respect opponents
who have sportsmanship, and who do not make moves that would potentially spoil the
gaming experience for the other players. In this entire chapter, I will assume that all
players abide by these simple guidelines. Some players may play more aggressively,
others more peacefully and more cooperatively. Some players may undervalue certain
aspects of the game while overemphasizing others (like a player who enjoys hoarding
gold but not building prestige buildings with them, or a player who makes his first
move on the joust square each turn). Such play is not considered against the spirit of
friendly competition (although it is not recommended due to its sub-optimality).
However, there are several no-nos, which should not be done in any case.

a. Never make any move which would hurt your own position the most (or benefit you
the least). For example, as the last player on the bridge, paying to move the provost
forward to enable only other players to receive a benefit (unless doing so achieves a
secondary objective, such as ending the phase).
b. Never deliberately decide the winner through your actions, unless it advances your
own position. For example, as the player clearly in last position, making a play which
would not improve your score relative to any of the other players, but would
significantly affect the placing of the other players.
c. Do not make personal attacks on another player for non-game reasons. This is very
much frowned upon.
d. Do not sacrifice your position to bring down a single other player, unless it benefits
you relative to him. This is an extension of a and c.
e. Try not to hold grudges in-game. Caylus is about advancing your own position and
maximizing your score. Try not to pay back a denial move several turns ago, or make
such destructive moves with the intention of revenge. Vengeful players often do not
perform well, anyway.

The aim of the game is to maximize your own position, with the secondary objective of
maximizing the score difference. It is important to bear this in mind. There are several
different guidelines towards making these crucial multiplayer decisions. Let us
examine them.

a. Make the move that benefits you most relative to the player with the highest
potential score. This may not always be the same player. Sometimes that player will be
you, in which case you make the move relative to the closest player. Potential score is
very hard to estimate. Beginning players often are unable to estimate a players
potential. Of course, the player with the highest potential score at one point in time is
not always going to be the winner. Hopefully this guide will aid you in maximizing your
potential score, and winning.

How should we judge potential score? This is a good guide.

Take each other players current score. Count their useful buildings (buildings which
will see more than 50% usage, according to the chart in section 6A, and which are
currently behind the bailiff). Add/subtract one point for each building they own/dont
own above the average. Multiply this by the expected number of turns left and add it
to their score. Next, add points equal to 1 more than what they would get in the castle,
for every set of cubes they have. For example, in the 3rd scoring phase, a player with 5
sets of cubes can be valued as having 20 more points. This is because cubes can be
converted at a slightly higher rate than the castle. Do this only if the player is
reasonably expected to be able to build them in the castle. (Ie. 5 sets of cubes is worth
5 points if the player has them as leftovers, so dont count them if the player did not
play in the castle or will be unable to build due to the castle being full.) For every stone
farm they have, add 1.5 points per turn left in the game (this is in addition to potential
score for buildings). Stone farms are the most powerful buildings, after all. Add a few
bonus points for the player who has SF if 2S is not out. (It is the best of the 3 stone
farms, unless 2S is out). If 2C is not out, add a few bonus points for the player who has
CF. Comparing these scores should give you a rough idea of who is in the lead.

This style of play is optimal in theory. However it can be very hard to put into practice,
and in a 5 player game, the highest potential player tends to change very often.

b. Make the move that benefits you most absolutely. In this method of play, we do not
consider the impact our moves have on the other players, but simply make moves that
benefit you. This method works best in 5 player, as the move that benefits you the
most is usually the optimal move. In a game with fewer players, the impact a move has
on ones opponents is far more relevant than in a 5 player game. Players who play by
this rule are generally rather peaceful, and do not like to hurt their own position.

The above are only general guidelines. The rest of this chapter will be more specific on
how exactly to go about playing with these guidelines.

B. Passing and the Inn

Briefly, the inn gives the benefit of being able to place a worker for 1 coin, regardless
of the number of players who have passed, at the cost of having one less worker. It
costs 1 coin to place in the inn, and denies any other player from the benefit of the inn
in the subsequent turn. Once a player is in the inn, he may choose to withdraw himself
from the inn when the inn space is activated. Since once you are in the inn, you may
remain in there for more than 1 turn, it is somewhat like an investment. This section
will detail when to undertake the inn investment, and how to maximize its returns.

The total cost of playing in the inn is as follows:
Initial placement cost of playing in the inn (at least 1 coin)
Opportunity cost of playing in the inn as opposed to other spaces
Loss of one worker as long as you remain in the inn

The benefit of playing in the inn is as follows:
Savings on worker placement after other players have passed. This can be significant,
depending on how many players have passed. This also allows the inn player to make
cheap plays to pass last.
Denying any other players the privilege of the inn. (You should recognize this as a
denial benefit.)

The benefit conferred by the inn increases the more players there are. In a 3 player
game, the maximum cost of a placement is 3, if the two other players have passed. The
player in the inn hence saves 2 coins with each placement. On the other hand, in a 5
player game for example, the cost of a placement can go up to 5. The inn player now
would save 4 coins on a placement instead, which is quite significant.

The net gain from the inn is hence the savings from placements after players have
passed and the denial of the inn to all other players, minus the cost of putting a worker
in the inn itself, and the subsequent loss of the worker. One should then place in the
inn only if he expects the savings to outweigh the cost of placing in the inn. To fully
utilize the inn, you need to utilize the savings as much as possible. This means making
as many plays as possible while in the inn, after players have passed. Also, it would
help greatly if players pass early, thus maximizing your benefit. To put it in tangible
terms, to fully benefit from the inn, you must have a sizeable sum of money, AND at
least one player must pass early due to having no money (or whatever other reason).
Again, thinking about it differently, if you have money (at least 7 or 8 to start the turn),
and one other player will start next turn with a low amount of money, you should
probably place in the inn. If one player has 2 or 3 coins to start next turn, he will at
most make 2 or 3 plays then pass, giving you at least 2 plays in which you save money.
The 2 coin savings hence would have outweighed the 1 coin cost of placement in the
inn last turn. If the player with the lowest money has 4 coins, the inn is somewhat less
useful as it gives you only one play in which money is saved (unless for some reason
that player passes earlier). If all players have at least 5 coins, and nobody passes early,
the inn would have lost its benefit entirely.

When to play in the inn?
The answer to this question is the same answer I would give as if the question When
do I play in the XXX? Play in it if the net benefit from that square is greater than any
other available square. Since the inn is a delayed investment, its value is somewhat
low, not to mention, negligible if players do not pass early. The value of the inn
increases greatly as other players run low on money. You should probably play in the
inn if you sense another player starting next turn with 3 coins or less.

The inn sees much greater use in a 5 player game. Passing last is always a strategic
advantage, as it potentially saves you money on moving the provost. Having the inn
may allow you to make a cheap play after players have passed, for the sole purpose of
passing last, even if that worker achieves no real effect.

Minimizing the inn advantage
More often than not, youll find yourself NOT in the inn. In such a situation, taking the
inn is not necessarily the best option. The largest weakness of the inn player is the
worker shortage. This ensures that the inn player is always forced to pass first, due to
lack of workers. By exploiting this weakness, you can turn the advantage of the inn into
a severe disadvantage, possibly causing the inn player to withdraw his worker from the
inn the subsequent turn.

The main way to counter the inn advantage is to not pass. The moment a player not in
the inn passes, if the inn player has any remaining workers, he will experience a huge
advantage as he will be able to place them at a discount. However, playing all your
workers requires at least 6 coins. The solution then is to keep money high (above 8) at
the start of each turn, and deny the inn player money, forcing him to pass early and
miss out on his advantage.

Sometimes, even if you do not pass, there will be players who might inevitably pass
early, giving the inn player an advantage. A workaround would be to build buildings so
you are able to play cheaply on them after players have passed. If you are the inn
player, consider preferentially playing on buildings of players who have not passed to
increase the cost of placement for them, forcing them to pass as well and giving you an
advantage.

The third case: No inn player
At the very beginning of the game, and generally by the mid-game, there will no longer
be a player in the inn. At this point players will often be tempted to pass first, for the 1
coin. A pass will generally encourage other players to pass. Now we will tackle this
question: when should you pass?

Let us do a simple analysis of net benefit from passing:
Increase in placement cost for all other players on non-owned squares
Gain of 1 coin

And the net cost is:
Reduction in opportunity cost for all players who have not passed.
Early passing reduces control over the provost

The cost and benefits, once again, are not very tangible. Lets start with increase in
placement cost. Naturally, this only takes effect IF players play on non-owned squares
after you have passed. If you pass, and all other players pass, this benefit has not been
realized. Likewise, if you pass and the other players continue to play for 1 coin on their
own buildings, this benefit has not been realized at all.

Next, consider the reduction in opportunity cost. The moment you pass, you no
longer contest the remaining squares that round. That means each remaining player
has greater access to the remaining placements, although at a higher placement cost.
This can be a significant benefit, especially if they are not facing the higher placement
cost due to owning buildings and/or the inn.

Lastly, early passing reduces control over the provost. Look at the discussion section
on the provost to understand exactly what that entails.

Hence, you should pass only when the gain from the 1 coin earned and the penalty to
placements for the other players outweighs the benefit gained from your non-
contesting the remaining buildings and your loss of control over the provost. In simpler
terms, pass when the 1 coin is the highest benefit you can obtain.

C. The Castle

The castle is an interesting place. It is unarguably the most complex square of the
whole game. For one placement, you may convert multiple sets of cubes into points
(as long as there are sections left), although at a pretty low rate. The first section
allows direct conversion at 1.66VP a cube, the second section converts at 1.33VP a
cube, and the third section converts at 1VP a cube. The first section in each phase of
the castle is effectively worth 7VP, giving it the best conversion rate at 2.33VP a cube.
Compared to other means of conversion, these are pretty low conversion rates.
Considering that a cube has an intrinsic value of 0.33VP, the third section nets only
2VP every 3 cubes. Converting sections is hence not a fantastic way of generating
points.

The incentives here are the favors. The person that builds the most each turn gets a
favor, and building to a certain threshold gets you another favor. Favors will be
discussed in great detail in Chapter 8. The basic idea is that the benefit of receiving a
favor is the immediate benefit, as well as making all subsequent favors in the same
track better.

Let me summarize the costs and benefits of the castle:
The cost of placing in the castle is the total cost of the placement, and the activation
cost, which are the cubes you plan to turn into castle sections.

The benefit of playing in the castle is the gain in points from converting those cubes,
and the potential of getting an immediate favor (if you built the most), as well as the
guaranteed favors at the end of each phase.

D. The Provost

Some regard control of the provost as the most important aspect of Caylus. Control of
the provost involves two separate aspects, namely, when you need to control the
provost, and how to avoid being controlled by the provost.

(Author's Note: It's been almost two years since I have stopped writing this guide, and
picking it up again will be a little challenging, so pardon me if I repeat myself or
contradict existing points.)

As a quick recap: playing anywhere, including on the provost, takes up a full action,
and hence causes you to give up the opportunity to play anywhere else. As mentioned
many times before, only do so if the benefits of doing so outweighs the cost.

The benefits of the provost are somewhat different from the benefits of other
locations, in that its benefit is the ability to control benefits and/or losses from other
squares, both to yourself and to other players. When you use the provost to move it
back on another player, the benefit to yourself is the denial of the benefit of the
square(s) played on by the other player, or the denial of money to the other player
who has to pay it forward to protect his benefit. When you use the provost to move it
forward for yourself, the benefit to yourself is the reduced opportunity for your
opponents to deny you the benefit to squares you have played on near the front by
seizing the provost square first, and a deterrence to them in paying money to push the
provost back on you.

Briefly then, here are some rough guidelines to when you should, or shouldnt use the
provost, from most compelling to least compelling:

1. Deny multiple spaces with no benefit to yourself

Almost always attempt to deny multiple spaces played on by an opponent. The most
vulnerable spots to denial are the space the provost is on and the two spaces
immediately behind. Occasionally, there may be buildings (such as the gold mine) after
the provost which are played on, which are especially vulnerable to denial.

Bear in mind the discussion in section 7A about players and potential score. It is more
valuable to deny players with a higher potential score, and hence chance of winning,
than someone who is behind.