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  • De Havilland Comet: G ALYP On Display in The Science

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    shah_aditk
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    The document discusses three cases where metal fatigue led to catastrophic failures: 1) In 1854, a railroad accident in France was caused by a broken locomotive axle due to repeated stress and crack growth over time. This highlighted the importance of metal fatigue that was not well understood. 2) In the 1950s, two de Havilland Comet passenger jets broke up in mid-air due to metal fatigue around improperly reinforced windows caused by repeated pressurization of the aircraft cabin during flights. 3) Investigations into these accidents led to improved understanding of fatigue failures and revised safety standards for cabin pressure limits and window designs in future aircraft to reduce stress concentrations.

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    The document discusses three cases where metal fatigue led to catastrophic failures: 1) In 1854, a railroad accident in France was caused by a broken locomotive axle due to repeated stress and crack growth over time. This highlighted the importance of metal fatigue that was not well understood. 2) In the 1950s, two de Havilland Comet passenger jets broke up in mid-air due to metal fatigue around improperly reinforced windows caused by repeated pressurization of the aircraft cabin during flights. 3) Investigations into these accidents led to improved understanding of fatigue failures and revised safety standards for cabin pressure limits and window designs in future aircraft to reduce stress concentrations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    30 просмотров1 страница

    De Havilland Comet: G ALYP On Display in The Science

    Загружено:

    shah_aditk
    The document discusses three cases where metal fatigue led to catastrophic failures: 1) In 1854, a railroad accident in France was caused by a broken locomotive axle due to repeated stress and crack growth over time. This highlighted the importance of metal fatigue that was not well understood. 2) In the 1950s, two de Havilland Comet passenger jets broke up in mid-air due to metal fatigue around improperly reinforced windows caused by repeated pressurization of the aircraft cabin during flights. 3) Investigations into these accidents led to improved understanding of fatigue failures and revised safety standards for cabin pressure limits and window designs in future aircraft to reduce stress concentrations.

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF, TXT или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 1

    Therecovered(shaded)partsofthe

    wreckageofGALYPandthesite
    (arrowed)ofthefailure
    Thefuselagerooffragmentof
    GALYPondisplayintheScience
    MuseuminLondon,showingthe
    twoADFwindowsatwhichthe
    initialfailureoccurred.
    [22]
    Franceasthe"CatastropheferroviairedeMeudon".TheaccidentwaswitnessedbytheBritish
    locomotiveengineerJosephLockeandwidelyreportedinBritain.Itwasdiscussedextensivelyby
    engineers,whosoughtanexplanation.
    Thederailmenthadbeentheresultofabrokenlocomotiveaxle.Rankine'sinvestigationofbroken
    axlesinBritainhighlightedtheimportanceofstressconcentration,andthemechanismofcrack
    growthwithrepeatedloading.Hisandotherpaperssuggestingacrackgrowthmechanismthrough
    repeatedstressing,however,wereignored,andfatiguefailuresoccurredataneverincreasingrateon
    theexpandingrailwaysystem.Otherspurioustheoriesseemedtobemoreacceptable,suchastheidea
    thatthemetalhadsomehow"crystallized".Thenotionwasbasedonthecrystallineappearanceofthe
    fastfractureregionofthecracksurface,butignoredthefactthatthemetalwasalreadyhighly
    crystalline.
    deHavillandComet
    TwodeHavillandCometpassengerjetsbrokeupinmidairand
    crashedwithinafewmonthsofeachotherin1954.Asaresult
    systematictestswereconductedonafuselageimmersedand
    pressurisedinawatertank.Aftertheequivalentof3,000flights
    investigatorsattheRoyalAircraftEstablishment(RAE)wereable
    toconcludethatthecrashhadbeenduetofailureofthepressure
    cabinattheforwardAutomaticDirectionFinderwindowinthe
    roof.This'window'wasinfactoneoftwoaperturesforthe
    aerialsofanelectronicnavigationsysteminwhichopaque
    fibreglasspanelstooktheplaceofthewindow'glass'.Thefailure
    wasaresultofmetalfatiguecausedbytherepeated
    pressurisationanddepressurisationoftheaircraftcabin.Also,
    thesupportsaroundthewindowswereriveted,notbonded,as
    theoriginalspecificationsfortheaircrafthadcalledfor.The
    problemwasexacerbatedbythepunchrivetconstructiontechniqueemployed.Unlikedrillriveting,
    theimperfectnatureoftheholecreatedbypunchrivetingcausedmanufacturingdefectcrackswhich
    mayhavecausedthestartoffatiguecracksaroundtherivet.
    TheComet'spressurecabinhadbeendesignedtoasafetyfactor
    comfortablyinexcessofthatrequiredbyBritishCivil
    AirworthinessRequirements(2.5timesthecabinproofpressure
    asopposedtotherequirementof1.33timesandanultimateload
    of2.0timesthecabinpressure)andtheaccidentcauseda
    revisionintheestimatesofthesafeloadingstrength
    requirementsofairlinerpressurecabins.
    Inaddition,itwasdiscoveredthatthestressesaroundpressure
    cabinapertureswereconsiderablyhigherthanhadbeen
    anticipated,especiallyaroundsharpcorneredcutouts,suchas
    windows.Asaresult,allfuturejetairlinerswouldfeature
    windowswithroundedcorners,greatlyreducingthestress
    concentration.ThiswasanoticeabledistinguishingfeatureofalllatermodelsoftheComet.
    InvestigatorsfromtheRAEtoldapublicinquirythatthesharpcornersneartheComets'window
    openingsactedasinitiationsitesforcracks.Theskinoftheaircraftwasalsotoothin,andcracksfrom
    manufacturingstresseswerepresentatthecorners.
    AlexanderL.Kiellandoilplatformcapsizing
    Fatigue(material)Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(material)
    10of15 9/17/201411:23AM

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